Solution 2

3.1
The modulated signal is
u(t) = m(t)c(t) = Am(t)cos(24 10
3
t)
= A
[
2cos(2
200

t) + 4sin(2
250

t +

3
)
]
cos(24 10
3
t)
= Acos(2(4 10
3
+
200

)t) +Acos(2(4 10
3

200

)t)
+2Asin(2(410
3
+
250

)t+

3
)2Asin(2(410
3

250

)t

3
)
Taking the Fourier transform of the previous relation, we obtain
u(f) = A
[
(f
200

) +(f +
200

) +
2
j
e
j

3
(f
250

)
2
j
e
j

3
(f +
250

)
]

1
2
[
(f 4 10
3
) +(f + 4 10
3
)
]
=
A
2
[(f 4 10
3

200

) +(f 4 10
3
+
200

)
+ 2e
j

6
(f 4 10
3

250

) + 2e
j

6
(f 4 10
3
+
250

)
(f + 4 10
3

200

) +(f + 4 10
3
+
200

)
+ 2e
j

6
(f + 4 10
3

250

) + 2e
j

6
(f + 4 10
3
+
250

)]
To nd the power content of the modulated signal we write u
2
(t) as
u
2
(t) = A
2
cos
2
(2(4 10
3
+
200

)t) +A
2
cos
2
(2(4 10
3

200

)t)
+ 4A
2
sin
2
(2(4 10
3
+
250

)t +

3
) + 4A
2
sin
2
(2(4 10
3

250

)t

3
)
+terms of cosine and sine functions in the first power
Hence,
P = lim
T
T
2

T
2
u
2
(t)dt =
A
2
2
+
A
2
2
+
4A
2
2
+
4A
2
2
= 5A
2
3.7
1. The spectrim of u(t) is
U(f) =
20
2
[(f f
c
) +(f +f
c
)]
+
2
4
[(f f
c
1500) +(f f
c
+ 1500) +(f +f
c
1500) +(f +f
c
+ 1500)]
+
10
4
[(f f
c
3000) +(f f
c
+ 3000) +(f +f
c
3000) +(f +f
c
+ 3000)]
1
2. The square of the modulated signal is
u
2
(t) =400cos
2
(2f
c
t) +cos
2
(2(f
c
1500)t)
+cos
2
(2(f
c
+ 1500)t) + 25cos
2
(2(f
c
3000)t) + 25cos
2
(2(f
c
+ 3000)t)
+terms that are multiples of cosines
If we integrate u
2
(t) from
T
2
to
T
2
, normalize the integral by
1
T
and take the
limit as T , then all the terms involving cosines tend to zero, whereas
the squares of the cosines give a value of
1
2
. Hence, the power content at the
frequency f
c
= 10
5
Hz is P
f
c
=
400
2
= 200, the power content at the frequency
P
f
c
+1500
is the same as the power content at the frequency P
f
c
1500
and equal
to
1
2
, whereas P
f
c
3000
= P
f
c
+3000
=
25
2
.
3.
u(t) = (20 + 2cos(21500t) + 10cos(23000t))cos(2f
c
t)
= 20(1 +
1
10
cos(21500t) +
1
2
cos(23000t))cos(2f
c
t)
This is the form of a conventional AM signal with message signal
m(t) =
1
10
cos(21500t) +
1
2
cos(23000t)
= cos
2
(21500t) +
1
10
cos(21500t)
1
2
The minimum of g(z) = z
2
+
1
10
z
1
2
is achieved for z =
1
20
and it is
min(g(z)) =
201
400
. Since z =
1
20
is in the range of cos(21500t), we con-
clude that the minimum value of m(t) is
201
400
. Hence, the modulation index is
=
201
400
.
4.
u(t) = 20cos(2f
c
t) +cos(2(f
c
1500)t) +cos(2(f
c
+ 1500)t)
+ 5cos(2(f
c
3000)t) + 5cos(2(f
c
+ 3000)t)
The power in the sidebands is
P
sidebands
=
1
2
+
1
2
+
25
2
+
25
2
= 26
The total power is P
total
= P
carrier
+P
sidebands
= 200 + 26 = 226. The ratio
of the sidebands power to the total power is
P
sidebands
P
total
=
26
226
=
13
113
3.14
u(t) = 5 cos 1800t + 20 cos 2000t + 5 cos 2200t
= 20 cos 2000t (1 + 0.5 cos 200t) .
2
1. m(t) = cos 200t, c(t) = 20 cos 2000t.
2. modulation index a is 0.5.
3. ratio is
1
2
a
2
=
1
8
3.24
1. Spectrum illustration
2. For KL = 60, when K = 10, L = 6 orK = 6, L = 10, K +L is minimized.
3. For group 1, to modulate the signal [10, 10 + 4K]kHz to [300, 300 + 4K]kHz,
we nd f
c
1
= 290kHZ. Similarly, for group l, f
c
l
= 290+4K(l 1)kHz, where
1 l L.
4.4
1. The average transmitted power is
1
2
100
2
= 5000.
2. The peak-phase deviation p
max
= k
p
max |m(t)| = max |4 sin 2000t| = 4
3. The peak-frequency deviation is given by
f
max
= k
f
max |m(t)| = max |
1
2
d(t)
dt
| = max |
1
2
8000 cos 2000t| = 4000Hz.
4. It can be an FM or PM signal.
For PM, k
p
m(t) = 4 sin 2000t; for FM, k
f
m(t) = 4000 cos 2000t.
4.6
1. For the narrowband FM signal, f
n
= 0.1 15kHz = 1.5kHz. To achieve
f = 75kHz, the frequency multiplier (the upper one) factor n
1
=
f
f
n
= 50.
Then, according to f
c
= (n
1
+n
2
)f
0
, where f
0
= 100kHz, we have n
2
= 990.
2. The maximum allowable drift of the 100kHz oscillator =
2
50+990
= 1.923
10
3
Hz.
3
4.19
1. The instantaneous frequency is
f
1
(t) = f
c
+k
f
m
1
(t).
The maximum of f
1
(t) is
max{f
1
(t)} = 1.5MHz.
2. The phase of the PM modulated signal is (t) = k
p
m
1
(t) and the instantaneous
frequency
f
PM
1
(t) = f
c
+
1

d
dt
(t) =
k
p

d
dt
m
1
(t).
Then we have
max{f
PM
1
(t)} = 10
6
+
3
2
,
min{f
PM
1
(t)} = 10
6

3
2
.
3. The maximum value of m
2
(t) is 1 and it is achieved for t = 0. Hence,
max{f
2
(t)} = 10
6
+ 10
3
= 1.001MHz.
Since, F[sinc(2 10
4
t)] =
1
210
4
(
f
210
4
), the bandwidth of the message is
W = 10
4
. Thus, using Carsons rule, we obtain
B = 2
(
k
f
max[|m(t)|]
W
+ 1
)
W = 22KHz.
6.8
1. P
T
= 40kW, since the channel attenuation is 80dB, we have P
R
= 10
8
P
T
=
4 10
4
W If the noise limiting lter has bandwidth B, then the predetection
noise power is
P
n
= 2

f
c
+
B
2
f
c

B
2
N
0
2
df = N
0
B = 2 10
10
W
In the case of DSB modulation, B = 2W = 2 10
4
Hz, whereas in SSB
modulation B = W = 10
4
Hz. Thus, the predetection signal to noise ratio in
DSB and conventional AM is
(
S
N
)
i
=
P
R
P
n
=
4 10
4
2 10
10
2 10
4
= 100 = 20dB.
and for SSB
(
S
N
)
i
=
P
R
P
n
=
4 10
4
2 10
10
10
4
= 200 = 23dB.
4
2. For DSB, the demodulation gain is 2, hence
(
S
N
)
o,DSB
= 2
(
S
N
)
i,DSB
= 200 = 23dB
3. For SSB, the demodulation gain is 1, hence
(
S
N
)
o,DSB
=
(
S
N
)
i,SSB
= 200 = 23dB
4. For conventional AM with = 0.8 and P
m
n
= 0.2, we have
(
S
N
)
o,AM
=

2
P
m
n
1 +
2
P
m
n
(
S
N
)
i,AM
= 0.126 200 = 25.23 = 14dB
6.9
1. For FM system, according to B = 2(1 +
f
)W, we have
f
= 11.5.
(
S
N
)
oFM
=
3
2
A
2
c
P
M
N
0
W

2
f
{max |m(t)|}
2
,
(
S
N
)
oAM
=
A
2
c
a
2
P
M
2N
0
W
.
Then, we have
(
S
N
)
oFM
/
(
S
N
)
oAM
=
3
2
f
a
2
{max |m(t)|}
2
= 549.1 = 27.4dB.
2.
(
S
N
)
oFM
=
3
2

2
f
P
M
{max |m(t)|}
2
(
S
N
)
b
,
(
S
N
)
oPM
=

2
p
P
M
{max |m(t)|}
2
(
S
N
)
b
.
We have
2
p
= 3
2
f
. Thus
BW
PM
BW
FM
=
2(
p
+1)W
2(
f
+1)W
completes the proof.
5