Review for Final - Chapter 15

1. A trained therapist who uses psychological techniques to assist someone to overcome excessive
anxiety would generally be best described as a
A) psychoanalyst. B) psychotherapist. C) psychopharmacologist. D) psychodynamic therapist.
2. Schizophrenia is a disorder that is MOST likely to be treated with
A) biomedical therapies. B) behavior therapies. C) psychoanalysis. D) cognitive therapies.
3. Sigmund Freud introduced a form of psychotherapy known as
A) counterconditioning. B) active listening. C) cognitive therapy. D) psychoanalysis.
4. Psychoanalytic techniques are designed primarily to help patients
A) focus on their immediate conscious feelings.
B) feel more trusting toward others.
C) become aware of their repressed conflicts and impulses.
D) develop greater self-esteem.
5. Free association involves the
A) expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier relationships.
B) repeated association of a relaxed state with anxiety-arousing stimuli.
C) uncensored reporting of any thoughts that come to mind.
D) replacement of a negative response to a harmless stimulus with a positive response.
6. Just as Austin began telling his therapist about a painful childhood experience, he complained of a
headache and abruptly ended the session. A psychoanalyst would most likely suggest that Austin's
behavior is an example of
A) resistance. B) transference. C) counterconditioning. D) tardive dyskinesia.
7. The interpretation of dreams is most closely associated with
A) cognitive therapy. B) client-centered therapy. C) systematic desensitization. D) psychoanalysis.
8. The expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier relationships is known as
A) transference. B) resistance. C) meta-analysis. D) the therapeutic alliance.
9. Which form of therapy is most likely to be described as expensive and time-consuming?
A) systematic desensitization B) client-centered therapy C) psychoanalysis D) cognitive therapy
10. A psychodynamic therapist is most likely to
A) help patients identify a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing experiences.
B) suggest interpretive insights regarding patients' difficulties.
C) recommend the use of antipsychotic drugs during the process of psychotherapy.
D) encourage depressed patients to take more responsibility for their failures.
11. The psychoanalytic and humanistic therapies are often referred to as
A) behavior therapies. B) biomedical therapies. C) insight therapies. D) eclectic therapies.
12. Which of the following is considered to be the most nondirective form of therapy?
A) client-centered therapy B) cognitive therapy C) psychoanalysis D) systematic desensitization
13. As a psychotherapist, Dr. Buist does not analyze people's motives or diagnose the nature of their
difficulties because he believes that they are in the best position to diagnose and solve their own
problems. Dr. Buist's position is most characteristic of ________ therapy.
A) cognitive B) psychoanalytic C) operant conditioning D) client-centered
14. Client-centered therapists are most likely to
A) help clients associate anxiety-arousing stimuli with a pleasant state of relaxation.
B) encourage clients to carefully observe the consequences of their maladaptive behaviors.
C) restate and seek further clarification of what clients say during the course of therapy.
D) vigorously challenge clients' self-defeating thoughts.
15. Cindy suggested that her nail biting might be a symptom of unconscious resentment toward her
parents. Her therapist chuckled and said, No, Cindy, your problem isn't unconscious hostility; your
problem is nail biting. Cindy's therapist sounds most like a ________ therapist.
A) behavior B) humanistic C) cognitive D) psychoanalytic
16. Repeatedly introducing people to things they fear and avoid is most characteristic of
A) stress inoculation training. B) exposure therapies. C) behavior modification. D) rTMS.
17. To help Thor overcome his fear of giving public speeches, his therapist instructs him to relax and
then to imagine
speaking to a group of four people. The therapist is using
A) client-centered therapy. B) cognitive therapy. C) systematic desensitization. D) aversive conditioning.
18. Aversive conditioning involves
A) replacing a negative response to a harmless stimulus with a positive response.
B) identifying a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing experiences.
C) associating unwanted behaviors with unpleasant experiences.
D) systematically controlling the consequences of patients' maladaptive behaviors.
19. Influencing patients by therapeutically controlling the consequences of their actions illustrates an
application of
A) humanistic therapy. B) classical conditioning. C) systematic desensitization. D) operant conditioning.
20. Mr. Quinones, a fifth-grade teacher, gives a blue plastic star to each student who achieves a high
score on a math or spelling test. At the end of the semester, students can exchange their stars for prizes.
Mr. Quinones' strategy illustrates an application of
A) transference. B) operant conditioning. C) systematic desensitization. D) counterconditioning.
21. Although Ethan is actually doing very well in college, he feels depressed and academically
incompetent. His therapist has instructed him to explain in writing how his good grades resulted from
his own hard work and personal abilities. This therapeutic procedure is most characteristic of ________
therapy.
A) behavior B) cognitive C) psychoanalytic D) humanistic
22. Aaron Beck has used gentle questioning intended to reveal depressed clients' irrational thinking. His
therapeutic approach best illustrates
A) unconditional positive regard. B) systematic desensitization. C) cognitive therapy. D) rTMS.
23. Dr. Jackson reinforces depressed patients for their participation in pleasant activities and trains them
to take increasingly more credit for the rewards they gain from engaging in those activities. Dr. Jackson's
treatment approach best illustrates
A) exposure therapy. C) psychodynamic therapy.
B) client-centered therapy. D) cognitive-behavior therapy.
24. A useful feature of group therapy is that it
A) ensures that therapists will become more emotionally involved in clients' real-life problems.
B) eliminates the possibility that clients will experience anxiety during therapy.
C) encourages clients to improve their communication skills.
D) enables severely disturbed individuals to quickly regain normal social functioning.
25. To help Mrs. Otsuki lose weight, her therapist first attempted to assess whether her weight loss
might be personally threatening to her husband. The therapist's concern is most characteristic of a
A) biomedical therapist. B) client-centered therapist. C) family therapist. D) psychoanalyst.
26. Research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy indicates that
A) clients are generally satisfied with the effectiveness of therapy.
B) clients' perceptions are the best evidence available for the effectiveness of therapy.
C) clients tend to underestimate how much they have improved as a result of therapy.
D) therapy is no more effective than having a friend to talk to.
27. Clients' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are often misleading because clients
A) typically underestimate how much they have improved as a result of therapy.
B) tend to focus on their behavioral changes rather than on changes in their attitudes and emotions.
C) often need to convince themselves that they didn't waste their money on therapy.
D) are often angry about the time-consuming nature of therapy.
28. Therapists' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are likely to be misleading because
A) therapists typically minimize the seriousness of their clients' symptoms when therapy begins.
B) clients typically emphasize their problems at the start of therapy and their well-being at the end of
therapy.
C) clients tend to focus on their observable behavioral problems rather than on their mental and
emotional abilities.
D) therapists typically overestimate their clients' potential levels of adjustment.
29. The beneficial consequence of a person's expecting that a treatment will be therapeutic is known as
A) systematic desensitization. B) the placebo effect. C) transference. D) the therapeutic alliance.
30. Which phenomenon refers to the tendency for extraordinary or unusual events to be followed by
more ordinary events?
A) the placebo effect C) regression toward the mean
B) systematic desensitization D) progressive relaxation
31. Which of the following is a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different
studies?
A) factor analysis B) regression toward the mean C) meta-analysis D) rTMS
32. Statistical summaries of psychotherapy outcome studies indicate that
A) psychotherapy is no more effective than talking to a friend.
B) no single form of therapy proves consistently superior to the others.
C) psychotherapy actually harms just as many people as it helps.
D) it is impossible to measure the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
33. Increasingly, insurer and government support for mental health services requires
A) client-centered therapy. C) evidence-based practice.
B) stress inoculation training. D) facilitated communication.
34. Three benefits attributed to all psychotherapies are
A) an eclectic approach, nondirective treatment, and psychotherapy integration.
B) hope, a new perspective, and a caring relationship.
C) exposure, desensitization, and relaxation.
D) neurogenesis, transference, and spontaneous recovery.
35. Which of the following is most clearly a key contributor to the formation of the therapeutic alliance?
A) progressive relaxation B) an eclectic approach C) patient transference D) an empathic therapist
36. Immigrants from Asia would most likely experience difficulty as clients of American psychotherapists
who emphasize the value of
A) marital fidelity. B) individualism. C) forgiveness. D) humility.
37. A physician who specializes in the treatment of psychological disorders is called a
A) clinical psychologist. B) behavioral neuroscientist. C) cognitive therapist. D) psychiatrist.
38. Although Dr. Anderson uses systematic desensitization for the treatment of phobias, he prescribes
antianxiety drugs as
well. It is most likely that Dr. Anderson is a
A) psychoanalyst. B) client-centered therapist. C) cognitive therapist. D) psychiatrist.
39. The double-blind technique involves
A) the avoidance of eye contact between patient and therapist during free association.
B) a procedure in which neither patients nor health care staff know whether a given patient is receiving
a drug or a placebo.
C) the simultaneous use of two or more therapeutic treatments in the hope that at least one will be
effective.
D) replacing a positive response to a harmful stimulus with a negative response.
40. Dr. Volz is a researcher who wants to distinguish between the direct effects of a new antianxiety
medication and effects arising from expectations of the drug's effectiveness. Dr. Volz is most likely to
use a procedure known as
A) the double-blind technique. B) meta-analysis. C) EMDR. D) virtual reality exposure therapy.
41. Long-term use of certain antipsychotic drugs can produce involuntary movements of the facial
muscles, tongue, and limbs. This menacing condition is known as
A) serotonin reuptake inhibition. B) tardive dyskinesia. C) Parkinson's disease. D) neurogenesis.
42. Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms following the discontinued use of an antianxiety drug are
indicative of
A) rTMS. B) neurogenesis. C) tardive dyskinesia. D) physiological dependence.
43. Which of the following treatments is most likely to be used only with severely depressed patients?
A) drug therapy B) systematic desensitization C) electroconvulsive therapy D) psychoanalysis
44. Though not performed today, lobotomies provide a historical example of
A) psychosurgery. B) aversive conditioning. C) electroconvulsive therapy. D) systematic desensitization.
45. Antidepressant drugs, a fresh perspective on his problems, and a strong therapeutic alliance all
contributed to helping David recover from a major depressive disorder. An integrated understanding of
David's recovery process is best provided by
A) psychoanalysis. B) the medical model. C) a biopsychosocial approach. D) a client-centered
perspective.
46. Aerobic exercise, adequate sleep, light exposure, and social engagement are important components
of
A) psychopharmacology. C) unconditional positive regard.
B) systematic desensitization. D) therapeutic life-style change.
47. Preventive mental health is based on the assumption that psychological disorders result from
A) repressed impulses and conflicts. C) abnormal personality traits.
B) stressful social situations. D) regression toward the mean.
48. Which approach would attempt to minimize psychological disorders by working to alleviate the
conditions that cause child abuse and illiteracy in society?
A) biomedical therapy B) counterconditioning C) preventive mental health D) token economy
















Review for Final - Chapter 16
1. The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people ________ one another.
A) understand, feel about, and behave toward C) observe, understand, and communicate with
B) think about, influence, and relate to D) understand, predict, and control
2. Caitlin concluded that her husband was late for dinner because he was caught in heavy traffic. Her
conclusion best illustrates
A) deindividuation. B) the bystander effect. C) a situational attribution. D) the reciprocity norm.
3. The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the
impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior is called
A) the bystander effect. C) deindividuation.
B) the fundamental attribution error. D) the mere exposure effect.
4. Recognizing the powerful impact of social influence on others' behaviors is most likely to minimize
A) passionate love. B) social facilitation. C) the mere exposure effect. D) the fundamental attribution
error.
5. Rhonda has just learned that her neighbor Patricia was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby
intersection. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Rhonda to conclude
A) Patricia's brakes must have failed.
B) Patricia's recklessness has finally gotten her into trouble.
C) Patricia's children probably distracted her.
D) The road must have been wet and slippery.
6. In explaining our own behavior or the behavior of those we know well, we often resort to
A) deindividuation. B) social facilitation. C) social loafing. D) situational attributions.
7. Feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in particular ways to objects,
people, and events are called
A) roles. B) norms. C) attitudes. D) attributions.
8. Which of the following individuals is LEAST likely to cheat on his income tax returns?
A) Jake, who loves his country
B) Jonas, who admires personal honesty
C) Mikhail, who positively values paying his full income tax
D) Fabio, who cares little about personal wealth
9. The tendency for initial compliance with a small request to facilitate subsequent compliance with a
larger request is known as the
A) mere exposure effect. C) reciprocity norm.
B) fundamental attribution error. D) foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
10. After giving in to her friends' request that she drink alcohol with them, 16-year-old Jessica found that
she couldn't resist the pressure they exerted on her to try heroin. Her experience best illustrates
A) ingroup bias. B) the mere exposure effect. C) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. D) the bystander
effect.
11. In the years immediately following the introduction of school desegregation in the United States and
the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, White Americans expressed diminishing racial prejudice.
According to the text author, this best illustrated the impact of
A) groupthink on deindividuation. C) bystanders on altruism.
B) actions on attitudes. D) group polarization on stereotypes.
12. The participants in Philip Zimbardo's simulated prison study
A) were assigned the roles of prisoner or guard on the basis of their personality test scores.
B) found it very difficult to play the role of prison guard.
C) were so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued.
D) became a cohesive unit when they pursued superordinate goals.
13. Feeling responsible for behavior that violates our conscience is most likely to contribute to
A) the bystander effect. C) the fundamental attribution error.
B) cognitive dissonance. D) group polarization.
14. When no weapons of mass destruction were found following the U.S. invasion of Iraq, some
Americans revised their memories of the main rationale for going to war. The text author suggests that
we can best explain why people changed their memories in terms of
A) social exchange theory. B) equity theory. C) the two-factor theory. D) cognitive dissonance theory.
15. If one student in a classroom begins to cough, others are likely to do the same. This best illustrates
A) ingroup bias. B) the mere exposure effect. C) the bystander effect. D) the chameleon effect.
16. The text indicates that the clusters of suicides that sometimes follow a highly publicized suicide may
be the result of
A) suggestibility. B) the bystander effect. C) deindividuation. D) social facilitation.
17. Conformity is best described as
A) performing simple tasks more quickly in the presence of others.
B) adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard.
C) neglecting critical thinking in order to preserve group harmony.
D) losing self-awareness in group situations that foster anonymity.
18. Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard
line. His researchwas designed to study
A) the mere exposure effect. B) the fundamental attribution error. C) social facilitation. D) conformity.
19. Naseeb disagrees with his classmates on an issue. During a class discussion of the issue, Naseeb is
MOST likely to conform to his classmates' opinion if he
A) has a high level of self-esteem.
B) does not have to reveal his personal opinion at the close of the class discussion.
C) believes the rest of the class is unanimous in their position.
D) verbally expresses his own unique opinion early in the class discussion.
20. The value of social conformity is most likely to be emphasized in
A) England. B) France. C) Japan. D) North America.
21. In Milgram'sfirst study of obedience, the majority of teachers who were ordered to shock a
learner
A) refused to deliver even slight levels of shock.
B) initially complied but refused to deliver more than slight levels of shock.
C) complied until ordered to deliver intense levels of shock.
D) complied fully and delivered the highest level of shock.
22. When the participants in Milgram's study were later surveyed about taking part in the research,
most reported that they
A) did not believe they were actually delivering shock to the learner.
B) had actually enjoyed shocking the learner.
C) did not regret taking part in the experiment.
D) did not believe the study should be repeated.
23. In all of Milgram's obedience experiments, participants were deceived about
A) the association of the research with a prestigious university.
B) Milgram's professional status as a research psychologist.
C) how much they would actually be paid for participating in the research.
D) the amount of shock the victim actually received.
24. In Milgram's obedience experiments, teachers were LEAST likely to deliver the highest levels of
shock when
A) the experiment was conducted at a prestigious institution such as Yale University.
B) the experimenter became too pushy and told hesitant participants, You have no choice, you must go
on.
C) the teachers observed other participants refuse to obey the experimenter's orders.
D) the learner said he had a heart condition.
25. Norman Triplett observed that adolescents wound a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone
working simultaneously on the same task. This best illustrates
A) the mere exposure effect. B) the bystander effect. C) social facilitation. D) group polarization.
26. The tendency for people to exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common
goal is known as
A) deindividuation. B) the bystander effect. C) social loafing. D) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
27. Blindfolded subjects were observed to clap louder when they thought they were clapping alone than
when they thought they were clapping with others. This best illustrates
A) the mere exposure effect. B) social loafing. C) group polarization. D) the foot-in-the-door
phenomenon.
28. Individuals who are normally law-abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a mob.
This change in behavior is best understood in terms of
A) social facilitation. B) the mere exposure effect. C) deindividuation. D) ingroup bias.
29. Masked bandits might be more likely than unmasked bandits to physically injure their victims due to
A) deindividuation. B) group polarization. C) the mere exposure effect. D) social facilitation.
30. If the political conservatism of students who join fraternities and sororities is greater than that of
students who do not, the gap in the political attitudes of the two groups will probably widen as they
progress through college. This would be best explained in terms of
A) social loafing. B) the bystander effect. C) deindividuation. D) group polarization.
31. By providing prospective terrorists with electronic chat rooms for interfacing on line with others who
share their attitudes, the Internet most likely serves as a medium for
A) social facilitation. B) the bystander effect. C) group polarization. D) cognitive dissonance.
32. Research indicates that minorities are most influential when they
A) argue positions widely divergent from those of the majority.
B) make use of emotional rather than logical appeals.
C) acknowledge the wisdom of the majority position.
D) unswervingly hold to their own position.
33. An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members is called
A) scapegoating. B) deindividuation. C) discrimination. D) prejudice.
34. Arturo believes that most young women from California are extremely good-looking and that
extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical. His beliefs are examples of
A) stereotypes. B) mirror-image perceptions. C) sexual discrimination. D) deindividuation.
35. If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as strong
when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this would be considered
to illustrate
A) deindividuation. B) implicit prejudice. C) cognitive dissonance. D) the fundamental attribution error.
36. Hostilities between the Iraqi Sunni and Shia and between Northern Ireland Protestant and Catholic
illustrate the irony that sometimes the greatest dislike is expressed between groups that
A) experience deindividuation. C) demonstrate groupthink.
B) value the reciprocity norm. D) are much more alike than different.
37. The ingroup is the set of people with whom we share a common
A) social norm. B) dispositional attribution. C) identity. D) situational attribution.
38. Six-year-old Ezra believes that boys are better than girls, while 5-year-old Arlette believes that girls
are better than boys. Their beliefs most clearly illustrate
A) the two-factor theory. B) deindividuation. C) ingroup bias. D) the mere exposure effect.
39. Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans. This venting of
hostility can best be explained in terms of
A) the mere exposure effect. B) the just-world phenomenon. C) the bystander effect. D) scapegoat
theory.
40. The just-world phenomenon often leads people to
A) dislike and distrust those who are wealthy.
B) believe that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer.
C) express higher levels of prejudice after suffering frustration.
D) respond with kindness to those who mistreat them.
41. Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that
A) human aggression is an unlearned instinct.
B) there is no physiological basis for aggression in humans.
C) animals can be bred for aggressiveness.
D) neural influences contribute to aggressive behavior by males but not by females.
42. After Ravi lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors
intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation. Ravi's behavior is best explained in terms of
the
A) foot-in-the-door phenomenon. C) frustration-aggression principle.
B) mere exposure effect. D) fundamental attribution error.
43. A gap between modest goal attainments and very high goal expectations is most likely to trigger
A) group polarization. B) deindividuation. C) frustration. D) equity.
44. Bullying younger children earns Diego the attention and respect of many classmates. As a result, his
bullying behavior increases. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is a(n)
A) reaction to frustration. B) instinctive behavior. C) learned response. D) product of deindividuation.
45. Parents who discipline their children with beatings are often teaching aggression through the
process of
A) social facilitation. B) deindividuation. C) modeling. D) cognitive dissonance.
46. Compared with their nonplaying counterparts, kids who play a lot of violent video games have been
found to
A) experience fewer angry feelings. C) get into more arguments and fights.
B) see the real world as less dangerous. D) earn better grades in school.
47. Professor Lindsten emphasized that aggressive behavior often involves the interactive influence of
personal frustration, exposure to aggressive models, and heightened levels of arousal. The professor's
emphasis best illustrates
A) attribution theory. B) the reciprocity norm. C) social facilitation. D) a biopsychosocial approach.
48. When Armen first heard the hit song Gotta Love It, he wasn't at all sure he liked it. The more often
he heard it played, however, the more he enjoyed it. Armen's reaction illustrates
A) the bystander effect. C) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
B) social facilitation. D) the mere exposure effect.
49. Research on physical attractiveness indicates that
A) babies prefer attractive over unattractive faces.
B) most children perceive themselves to be physically unattractive.
C) young adults' physical attractiveness fails to predict their frequency of dating.
D) adults' incomes are unrelated to whether they are plain looking or very attractive.
50. People with more symmetrical faces are perceived as more
A) deindividuated. B) sexually prejudiced. C) sexually aggressive. D) sexually attractive
51. We are likely to prefer as friends those who are similar to us in
A) attitudes. B) intelligence. C) age. D) any of these areas.
52. Equity and self-disclosure are important to the development of
A) groupthink. B) deindividuation. C) Companionate love. D) social facilitation.
53. A gradual escalation of intimacy is most positively related to a gradual escalation of
A) cognitive dissonance. B) social facilitation. C) groupthink. D) self-disclosure.
54. The presence of many bystanders at the scene of an emergency increases the likelihood that any
individual bystander will
A) notice the emergency.
B) report the emergency to the police.
C) fail to interpret the incident as an emergency.
D) assume responsibility for personally intervening in the emergency.
55. As Arlette walks through a shopping mall, she happens to pass an older woman who is sitting on a
bench, clutching her arm, and moaning in pain. The presence of many other shoppers in the mall will
most likely increase the probability that Arlette will
A) experience contempt for the older woman. C) experience a sense of empathy for the older woman.
B) help the woman by calling an ambulance. D) fail to notice the older woman's problem.
56. Diffusion of responsibility often plays an important role in the
A) mere exposure effect. B) other-race effect. C) bystander effect. D) fundamental attribution error.
57. Which theory suggests that altruistic behavior is governed by calculations of rewards and costs?
A) attribution theory C) cognitive dissonance theory
B) social exchange theory D) the two-factor theory of emotion
58. Two social norms that influence altruistic behavior are
A) reciprocity and social responsibility. C) reciprocity and social facilitation.
B) social-responsibility and social exchange. D) social facilitation and social exchange.
59. Mrs. Crane frequently thinks she has to shout at her husband in order to get his attention, but he
thinks she yells because she's angry. Mr. Crane typically feels he has to shout back at his wife in order to
defend himself, but she thinks his screaming proves that he's hostile. This couple's experience best
illustrates
A) scapegoating. B) deindividuation. C) superordinate goals. D) mirror-image perceptions.
60. Initially prejudiced heterosexuals are likely to develop more accepting attitudes toward homosexuals
following the experience of
A) social facilitation. B) mirror-image perceptions. C) face-to-face contact. D) deindividuation.
61. After their country was ravaged by a series of earthquakes, two bitterly antagonistic political groups
set aside their differences and worked cooperatively on effective disaster relief. This cooperation best
illustrates the importance of
A) mirror-image perceptions. C) superordinate goals.
B) the just-world phenomenon. D) the mere exposure effect.
62. Two friends quarreled over possession of a single orange without realizing that one of them simply
wanted orange juice and the other simply wanted the orange peel to make a cake. This classic episode
best illustrates that people sometimes fail to recognize
A) the mere exposure effect. C) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
B) win-win solutions. D) deindividuation.
63. A sincere word of apology often helps to reduce the tension between two conflicting parties. This
best illustrates the value of
A) the mere exposure effect. B) social facilitation. C) groupthink. D) conciliation