4.2.

1 Explain social learning theory, making reference to two relevant studies

-behavior can be learned through observation
-observe models and imitate their behavior
-Bandura et al 1961: Bobo doll experimenta study of aggression
-72 children, split evenly between boys and girls, 3-6 years, single culture
-pruning=eliminate the unnecessary information
(10 min. aggressive play)exposed group
-same sex 18
-opposite sex 18
(10 min. aggressive play)non-exposed group
-same sex 18
-opposite sex 18
no model

Does expulsion in violent games and media increase the violence in children
Evaluation of the theory
3-6 have higher state in cognitive learning
-can we generalize to adults?
-adults are not likely to imitate the behavior of adults of 10 minutes model be enough
-because it is etic, it can be generalized because it is biological
-not ecologically valid because it is a lab experiment
4.2.2 Discuss the use of compliance technique
Matsumoto(2008): Yielding in social pressure in ones public behavior even though ones private belief
may not have changed
-form of social persuasion
-social obligation
-it happens because of the core motives
-compliance technique (Cialdini):
1.Authority
2.Commitment-agree to something, hard to go back
3.Friendship-request from people they like (in-group/out-group)
4.Reciprocity-returning a favor
5.Scarcity/novelty-opportunity seems more valuable when less available
6.Social proof-many people do it
-comply with persons similar to themselves
-different cultures have different levels of social validation compliance
-social validation
-Heavens gate
-religious mindset
-39 suicides
-Jew genocide
-Nazis - brown hair and eyes
-not jewish
-relate to social learning theory
-social identity theory
-commitment
-look towards the reward
-Reciprocity
-same behavioral response as we receive it
-scarcity
-threatened the lack of an object for us to want them
eg. Wii
-limited editions items, sales
-foot in the door
-asking for a smaller request to lead to a larger request
-persuade people to buy
-free trial and subscriptions
-bait and switch
-say/do something that captures the attention and then switches the focus
-cognitive dissonance
-cheaper stuff then introduce the expensive things
-friendship/liking
-relationship shared between 2 or more people
-reciprocates
-inuences, shared same interests
-comply more to request made my friends
-getting people to like you
-liking includes: similarity, attractiveness, compliments, previous relationships
-gender role: girls are more likely to comply to requests
eg. car shows, cosmetic products, personal trainers: attractive people to show
-link to the need to belong, social validation, social identity theory
-authority
-more obedient to people with power/higher status
-professional/religious/parents/media/celebrity authority
-Milgram experiment
-factors: status, location, personal responsibility, peer support, legitimacy
-behavior psychology
-operant/conditioning
-interaction between the environment and the individual
-goal gradient
-accelerate behavior when reaching the goal
-behavior changes when approaches the reward
4.2.3 Evaluate research on conformity to group norms
Ash (1995)
-deny what they see to conform to the group pressure
Generalizability
-not so much
-small sample size
-no cross cultural
-what about individualist culture
Reliability
-controlled experiment, can be replicated
-simple experiment, replicated many times
Applicability
-highly applicability
Validity
-not ecologically valid
Ethics
-deception
4.2.4 Discuss factors inuencing conformity
Conformity
inuenced by: friends, social groups, authority
-informational
-how we learn to do things physically
-normative
-satisfying the need to belong the group
-core motives comes in
-inuenced by factors:
-group size
-unanimity
-condence
-self-esteem
-in-group:gender, race, age, authority/respect, religion
-group think
-cognitive dissonance (conicting thoughts: comfortable to rationalize or conform)
-conversion (minority group inuence)
-group polarization
-creation of group side
-group polarization perspectives
-social comparison
-self-catagorization
4.2.5 Dene the term culture and cultural norms
Denition of culture
Lonner (1995)
common rules that regulation interactions and behavior in a group, shared values and
attitudes
Hofstede (1995)
collective mental programming, that is the software of the mind that guides a group of
people in their daily interactions and distinguishes them from other people
Matsumoto (2004)
dynamic system of rules explicit and implicit established by groups in order to ensure
their survival involving attitudes, believes, behavior, values and norms
-some rules are implicit and some groups are explicit
Norm: culturally appropriate response to a normal situation
-impression of safety and belonging
-many of this is learned implicitly
4.2.7 Using examples, explain emic and etic concepts
Etic- common to all (universe)
(biological common language structure)
Emic - culture specic manifestation
(culturally specic language structure)
Social identity theory
-mirror neurons-motor command neurons
-neurons for sensory and touch
-amplify the sense of being touched when someone is touching another person
-but receptor sends a feedback signal to prevent the feeling about being touched
-comes from both environment and the gene
-exposure to 3D violence (mirror neurons)-before puberty
Social inuence.