Andrea Serpas, BISC 1112-11

Exam #1 Study Guide

*Using this outline, be able to extend from the list and identify the who, what, when, where, why
and examples when possible
Chapter 22: Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life
1. Evolution
a. Descent w/ modification;
b. Change in genetic composition rom a population from generation to generation
c. Pattern and process
22.1 The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by
unchanging species
2. Scala Naturae
a. Aristotle
3. Carolus Linnaeus
a. Binomial format
4. Fossils & Strata
5. Cuvier & Paleontology
a. Catastrophism
6. James Hutton
7. Charles Lyell
a. Uniformitarianism
8. Lamarcks Hypothesis of Evolution
a. Use and disuse
b. Inheritance of acquired traits
9. The Voyage of the Beagle
a. Lyells Principles of Geology
b. Andes
i. Evidence acquired
c. Galapagos Island
d. Adaptations
e. Natural selection
f. Alfred Russell Wallace
10. Herbert Spencer
a. Survival of the fittest
11. The Origin of Species
a. Descent w/ Modification
12. Artificial Selection
a. Observation #1
b. Observation #2
13. Thomas Malthus
22.3 Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence
Andrea Serpas, BISC 1112-11

14. Evidence for descent w/ modification
a. Direct observations of evolution
b. Homology
c. Fossil record
d. Biogeography
15. Direct Observations of Evolutionary Change
a. Natural Selection in Response to Introduced Plant Species
b. Evolution of Drug-Resistant Bacteria
16. Homology
a. Homologous structures
b. Vestigial structures
c. Evolutionary Tree
d. Convergent Evolution
e. Analogous
17. Fossil Record
18. Biogeography
a. Geographic distribution of species
i. Continental drift
ii. Slow movement of Earths continents over time
b. Pangaea
c. Endemic
Chapter 23: The Evolution of Populations
19. Evolution
a. Population v. individual
20. Microevolution
a. Causes
i. Gene flow
ii. Natural selection
iii. Genetic drift
23.1 Genetic Variation makes evolution possible
21. Genetic Variation
a. Phenotype v. Genotype
22. Average Heterozygosity
a. Drosophila melanogaster
23. Geographic variation
a. Cline
24. Sources of Genetic Variation
a. Formation of New Alleles
i. Mutation
b. Altering Gene Number of Position
Andrea Serpas, BISC 1112-11

c. Rapid Reproduction
d. Sexual Reproduction
i. Crossing over
ii. Independent assortment of chromosomes
iii. Fertilization
23.2 The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether population is evolving
25. Population
26. Gene pool
27. Hard-Weinberg Principle
a. Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
i. No mutations
ii. Random mating
iii. No natural selection
iv. Extremely large population size
v. No gene flow
23.3 Natural Selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a population
28. Natural Selection
29. Genetic drift
a. Founder effect
b. Bottleneck effect
c. Effects of Genetic Drift
30. Gene Flow
23.4 Natural Selection is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution
31. Relative Fitness
32. Directional, Disruptive, and Stabilizing Selection
33. Sexual Selection
a. Sexual dimorphism
b. Intrasexual selection
c. Intersextual selection
34. Heterozygote advantage
35. Frequency Dependent Selection
36. Reasons for Natural Selections inability to produce perfect organisms
*Review Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle & Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle
37. Cell Division and Cell Cycle
38. Genome, Chromosomes, Chromatin, Somatic Cells, Gametes, Sister Chromatids,
centromere, mitotic spindle, centrosome, aster, kinetochore
39. Interphase
a. G1 phase
b. S phase
Andrea Serpas, BISC 1112-11

c. G2 phase
40. Mitosis
a. Prophase
b. Prometaphse
c. Metaphase
d. Anaphase
e. Telophase
f. Cytokinesis
i. Animal v. Plant cell
g. Binary Fission in Bacteria
i. Origin of replication
Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
41. Heredity & Genetics
42. Asexual reproduction v. sexual reproduction
43. Haploid v. Diploid cells
44. Fertilization
a. Zygote
45. Alternation of generations
46. Meiosis I and Meiosis II
a. Synapsis & crossing over
47. Differences b/w Mitosis and Meiosis
Chapter 24: The Origin of Species
48. Speciation
49. Microevolution v. Macroevolution
24.1 The Biological species Concept emphasizes reproductive isolation

50. Biological species concept
a. Species
b. Significance of gene flow
c. Limitations of concept
51. Reproductive Isolation
a. Hybrids
b. Prezygotic barriers
i. Habitual
ii. Temporal
iii. Gametic
iv. Behavioral
v. Mechanical
c. Postzygotic barriers
i. Reduced hybrid viability
Andrea Serpas, BISC 1112-11

ii. Reduced hybrid fertility
iii. Hybrid breakdown
52. Morphological Species Concept
53. Ecological Species Concept
54. Phylogenetic Species Concept
24.2 Speciation can take place with or without geographic separation
55. Allopatric speciation
56. Sympatric Speciation
a. Polyploidy
i. autopolyploid
ii. Allopolyploid
b. Habitat Differentiation
c. Sexual Selection
Hybrid zones reveal factors that cause reproductive isolation
57. Hybrid zone
a. Patterns within hybrid zone
b. Hybrid Zones overtime
i. Reinforcement
ii. Fusion of species
iii. Stability
24.4 Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly and can result from changes in few or many genes
58. Punctuated equilibria (Eldredge) v. Gradualism (Darwin)
*Review Genomes Gone Wild
59. Size Matters
a. Japanese canopy plant
b. Utricularia gibba
c. junk DNA
60. Carbon Copies
a. Noncoding DNA and genome size
b. MITEs
c. mPing
61. Double the fun
a. Polyploidy
62. Evolution in the fast lane
a. Swapping genes in plants
Chapter 25: The History of Life on Earth
63. Macroevolution
25.1 Conditions on early Earth made the origin of life possible
64. Production of simple cells: four main stages
65. Miller-Urey experiments
Andrea Serpas, BISC 1112-11

66. Protocells
a. Vesicles
67. Self-Replicating RNA v. DNA
a. Ribozymes
25.2 The fossil record documents the history of life
68. How rocks and fossils are dated
a. Radiometric dating
b. Half-life
c. Trapped radioisotopes
25.3 Key events in lifes history include the origins of single-celled and muticelled organisms
and the colonization of land
69. Geologic record
a. Archaean eon
b. Proterozoic eon
c. Phanerozoic eon
i. Paleozoic era
ii. Mesozoic era
iii. Cenozoic era
70. Stromatolites
71. Photosynthesis and Oxygen Revolution
72. Endosymbiont theory
a. Serial endosymbiosis
b. Evidence supporting endosymbiont theory
73. Earliest Multicellular Eukaryotes
a. Edicaran Biota
74. Cambrian Explosion
75. Colonization of Land
a. Plants, fungi, arthropods
25.4 The rise and fall of groups of organisms reflect differences in speciation and extinction rates
76. Plate Tectonics
a. Continental Drift & Consequences
i. Pangaea
77. Mass Extinctions
a. The Big Five Mass Extinctions
78. Adaptive Radiations
25.5 Major Changes in body form can result from changes in the sequences and regulation of
developmental genes (review section even though not included in syllabus, but discussed in
lecture)
79. Homeotic genes
a. Hox Genes
Andrea Serpas, BISC 1112-11

Chapter 32.1-3: An Overview of Animal Diversity
32.1 Animals are multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes
80. Nutritional Mode
a. Plants, Fungi, and Animals
81. Cell Structure and Specialization
a. Distinction of Animals from other kingdoms
i. Tissues
82. Reproduction and Development
a. Cleavage
b. Blastula
c. Gastrulation
d. Larva & metamorphosis
32.2 The History of animals spans more than half a billion years
83. Neoproterozoic Era
a. Ediacaran biota
84. Paleozoic Era
a. Cambrian explosion
i. Predatory-prey relationships
ii. Atmospheric changes
iii. Changes in regulation of development
b. Amphibians & Amniotes
85. Mesozoic Era
86. Cenozoic Era
32.3 Animals can be characterized by body plans
87. body plan
88. symmetry
a. radial v. bilateral symmetry
i. dorsal & ventral
ii. anterior & posterior
iii. cephalization
89. Tissues
a. Ectoderm
b. Mesoderm
c. Endoderm
i. Diploblastic
ii. Triploblastic
90. Body Cavities
a. Body cavity/coelom
i. Coelomates
ii. Pseudcoelomates
Andrea Serpas, BISC 1112-11

iii. Acoelomates
91. Protostome and Deuterostome Development
a. Cleavage
i. Radial cleavage
ii. Indeterminate cleavage
b. Coelom Formation
i. Archenteron
c. Fate of Blastopore
i. Blastopore (mouth v. anus)
Chapter 28: Protists
92. Protists
a. Modes of nutrition
i. Mixotrophs
93. Endosymbiosis in Eukaryotic Evolution
a. Algae
b. Secondary endosymbiosis
94. Five Supergroups of Eukaryotes
a. Excavata
b. Chromalveolata
c. Rhizaria
d. Arachaeplastida
e. Unikonta
Chapter 34.8: Humans are mammals that have a large brain and bipedal locomotion
95. Derived Characters of Humans
a. Humans v. Apes
96. Paleoanthropology
a. Hominins
b. Austroloptiths
c. Bipedalism
d. Tool Use
e. Early Homo
i. H. habilis
ii. H. ergaster
f. Neanderthals
g. Homo sapiens
i. H. floresiensis
Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
97. Phylogeny
98. Systematics
99. Taxonomy
Andrea Serpas, BISC 1112-11

100. Binomial Nomenclature
a. Binomial
b. Genus
101. Hierarchical Classification
102. Phylogenetic tree
a. Branch points
b. Sister taxa
c. Rooted
d. polytomy
103. Phylocode
104. What we Can and Cannot Learn from Phylogenetic Trees
26.2 Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and molecular data
105. Homologies
106. Analogy
107. Homoplasies
108. Molecular Systematics
26.3 Shared Characters are used to construct phylogenetic trees
109. Cladistics
a. Clades
b. Monophyletic
c. Paraphyletic
d. Polyphyletic
e. Shared ancestral character
f. Shared derived character
g. Outgroup v. ingroup
110. Maximum Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood
26.4 An organisms evolutionary history is documented in its genome
111. Gene families
a. Orthologous genes
b. Paralogous genes
112. Genome Evolution
a. Two emerging patterns