Trigonometry

1
MATHEMATICS
Learners Study and
Revision Guide for
Grade 12
TRIGONOMETRY

RevisionNotes,ExercisesandSolutionHints
by
RoseinnesPhahle
ExaminationQuestionsbytheDepartmentofBasicEducation
PreparationfortheMathematicsexaminationbroughttoyoubyKagisoTrust
2
Contents
Uni t 16
Factorisingtrigonometricexpressions 3
Compoundangleformulae 3
Introducingtrigonometricidentities 4
Specialangles 5
Thesineandcosineofcomplementaryangles 8
Rotationofapointabouttheorigin 10
Examinationquestionswithsolutionhintsandanswers 11
Reductionformulaeanglesgreaterthan
o
90 13
Negativeangles 13
Summaryofresults 15
Solvingtrigonometricratiosortriangleswithoutusingacalculator 18
Generalsolutionsintrigonometry 22
Provingtrigonometricidentities 23
Answerstoalltheexercises 28
Morequestionsfrompastexaminationpapers 34
Answerstopastexaminationpapers 40
How t o use t hi s r evi si on and st udy gui de

1.Studytherevisionnotesgivenatthebeginning.Thenotesareinteractiveinthatinsomepartsyou
arerequiredtomakearesponsebasedonyourpriorlearningofthetopicinclassorfromatextbook.
2.Warmupexercisesfollowthenotes.SomeexercisescarrysolutionHINTSintheanswersection.Do
notreadtheanswerorhintsuntilyouhavetriedtoworkoutaquestionandarehavingdifficulty.
3.Thenotesandexercisesarefollowedbyquestionsfrompastexaminationpapers.
4.Theexaminationquestionsarefollowedbyblankspacesorboxesinsideatable.Dotheworkingout
ofthequestioninsidethesespacesorboxes.
5.AlongsidetheblankboxesareHINTSincaseyouhavedifficultysolvingapartofthequestion.Donot
readthehintsuntilyouhavetriedtoworkoutthequestionandarehavingdifficulty.
6.Whatfollowsnextaremorequestionstakenfrompastexaminationpapers.
7.Answerstotheextrapastexaminationquestionsappearattheend.SomeanswerscarryHINTSand
notestoenrichyourknowledge.
8.Finally,dontbealoner.Workthroughthisguideinateamwithyourclassmates.

Trigonometry
REVISIONUNIT16:TRIGONOMETRY
PRIORKNOWLEDGEASSUMED
InthisUnititisassumedthatyouknowthatthetrigonometricratiosaredefinedinarightangled
triangleandthatyoucanrelatethemtothehypotenuse,oppositeandadjacentsides.
Itisalsoassumedthatyoucanusetheinversekeyonacalculatortoworkouttheanglegiventheratio.
FACTORISINGTRIGONOMETRICEXPRESSIONS
Doyouknowthatyoucanalsofactorisesometrigonometricexpressionsinthesamewayasyou
factorisealgebraicexpressionssuchas:
Differencesoftwosquares: ( )( ) y x y x y x + =
2 2
Sometrinomials: ( )( ) 2 1 2 3
2
+ + = + + x x x x
EXERCISE16.1
Factorisethefollowing(ifyoureatalossastowhattodolookuptheanswerforaHINT):
a. = x x
2 2
sin cos b. = + x x x x
2 2
sin sin cos 2 cos
c. = + + x x x x
2 2
sin sin cos 2 cos d. = + 6 sin sin
2
x x
COMPOUNDANGLEFORMULAE
Completethefollowingformulae:
sin(A+B)=
sin(AB)=
cos(A+B)=
cos(AB)=
= + x x
2 2
sin cos

= x
2
cos
= x
2
sin
Factoriseasadifferenceoftwosquares:
( )( ) cos 1
2
= x
Factoriseasadifferenceoftwosquares:
( )( ) sin 1
2
= x
sin2 x =
= x tan
cos2 x =
orintermsof x sin wecanwritethatcos2 x =
orintermsof x cos wecanwritethatcos2 x =

4
INTRODUCINGTRIGONOMETRICIDENTITIES
Inprovingidentities,youhavetoshowthattheLHS(lefthandside)reducestotheRHS(righthandside)
ortheRHSreducestotheLHSorthatbothLHSandRHSreducetothesameexpression.
EXERCISE16.2
Provethefollowingidentities:
1. Usearightangledtriangletoprovethatthefollowing:
a. 1 cos sin
2 2
= + x x
b.
x
x
x
cos
sin
tan =
2. Write x 3 sin intermsof x sin
3. ( ) ( )
2 2
sin sin sin sin = +
4. ( ) ( ) B A B A B A sin sin 2 cos cos = +
5. x x x
2 2
sin 3 2 2 cos cos = +
6. A
A
A
2
tan
2 cos 1
2 cos 1
=
+
7. x x x 2 cos sin cos

4 4
=
8. A
A
A
tan
2 cos 1
2 sin
=
+

9.

tan
2 cos cos 1
2 sin sin
=
+ +
+

Trigonometry
SPECIALANGLES:
o o o o o
90 and ; 60 ; 45 ; 30 ; 0
InordertoworkoutthetypeofproblemssuchasQuestions3.3andQuestion4(seepage112,forexample)you
willneedtoknowthevalueinsurdformofthetrigonometricratiosofspecialangles.Thesesurdformsarenoton
theformulasheetyouwillbegivenintheexamination.Soyoumustmemorisethemor,ifyouhavedifficulty
rememberingthem,thenyoucanlearnhowtoquicklyderivethemasshownbelow.
Derivations
Specialangles Diagramstobeused
Forangles
o o
30 and 60 :
Asshowninthediagrambelow,wedrawanequilateraltriangleWecanmakethe
sidesanylengthbuttheymustofcourseallbeofequallength.Forthesakeof
conveniencewehavechosenthelengthofeachsidetobe2units.
Wenowdropaperpendicularfromanycorneroftheequilateraltriangletothe
sideoppositethecorner.Thisresultsinanglesofsize
o o
30 and 90 .
6
Callingthelengthoftheperpendicular x ,usePythagorasTheoremtoworkout
thevalueof x leavingyouranswerinsurdform.
Completetheworkingoutof x below:
= +
2 2
1 x
=
2
x
Therefore = x

Leavingyouranswersinsurdform,youcannowrefertothelasttriangleto
completethetablebelow:
=
o
30 sin
=
o
60 sin
=
o
30 cos
=
o
60 cos
=
o
30 tan
=
o
60 tan
Trigonometry
Forangle
o
45
Inthiscasearightangledisoscelestriangleisdrawnasshown:
Wecanmaketheequalsidesanylengthwelike.Butforconveniencewechooseto
makeeachequalto1unitinlength.
Callingthehypotenuse x ,weusePythagorasTheoremtoworkoutthevalueof x
(againleavingtheanswerinsurdform):
=
2
x
=
Therefore = x
Nowyoucanusethetriangletocompletethefollowing(leavingyouranswersin
surdform):
=
o
45 sin
=
o
45 cos
=
o
45 tan

8
Angles
o
0 and
o
90
Youshouldknowoffbyheartthevaluesofthetrigonometricratiosoftheangles
o
0 and
o
90 .Ifyou
dontthenyoucanfigurethemoutfromthegraphsofsine,cosineandtangent.Or,youcouldsimply
useyourcalculatortofindthem.
SUMMARYOFTHERESULTS
Summarisealloftheaboveresultsbycompletingthetablebelow:
sin =
o
0
cos =
o
0
tan =
o
0
sin
o
30 =
cos =
o
30
tan =
o
30
sin
o
45=
cos =
o
45
tan =
o
45
sin
o
60 =
cos =
o
60
tan =
o
60
sin =
0
90
cos =
0
90
tan =
0
90
THESINEANDCOSINEOFCOMPLEMENTARYANGLES
Byobservingthesineofanyangleintheabovetableandthecosineofthecomplementofthatangle,
whatdoyounotice?
Isyourobservationtrueingeneral?
Canyouproveitbydrawingarightangledtriangleandnamingoneoftheangles . Sowhatisthesize
ofthethirdangleintermsof ? Nowuseyourtriangletoprovethegeneralresultthat

( ) =
o
90 cos sin

and

( ) =
o
90 sin cos

Weconcludethatthesineofanangleisequaltothecosineofthecomplementaryangle,andvicea
versa.
Youcouldalsousethecompoundangleformulaetoprovetheabove.Canyoudothatnow?
Trigonometry
EXERCISE16.3
Usecompoundangleformulaeandthevaluesofthetrigonometricratiosofthespecialanglestoprove
thefollowingidentities:
1. ( ) cos 90 sin = +
o
2. ( ) sin 90 cos = +
o
3. ( ) sin 270 cos =

o
4. ( ) cos sin 45 sin 2 =

o
5. ( )
B A
B A
B A
tan tan 1
tan tan
tan
+
= +
6.
A
A
A
2
tan 1
tan 2
2 tan
7. ( )
B A
B A
B A
tan tan 1
tan tan
tan
+

=
8. ( ) ( ) 1 45 tan 45 tan = + D D
o o
EXERCISE16.4
Byusingthecompoundangleformulaeaswellasthesurdformsofthetrigonometricratiosofthe
specialangles,evaluatethefollowing:
1.Usethefactthat
o o o
30 45 15 = toshowthat
2 2
1 3
15 sin

=
o
.
2.Usethefactthat
o o o
30 45 75 + = toshowthat ( )
2
1 3
2
1
75 tan + =
o
.
EXERCISE16.5
Withoutusingacalculator,evaluatethefollowingleavingyouanswersinsurdform:
1. =
o
15 cos

2. =
o
15 sin
3. =
o
15 tan
4. =
o
75 cos
5. =
o
75 sin
6. =
o
75 tan
10
ROTATIONOFAPOINTABOUTTHEORIGINTHROUGHANANGLEOF
o

Sketch x and y axesinthespaceopposite.
MarkapointAwithcoordinates ( ) y x; inthefirst
quadrant(butthepointcouldbeinanyquadrant).Let
thedistanceofAfromtheoriginbe r units.ThatisOA=
r .
LetOAmakeanangleof
o
withthepositivedirection
ofthe x axis.
FromAdropaperpendicularlinetothe x axis.
Lookingatyourdiagramyouhavethat:
cos
r
x
= andsin
r
y
=
sothat
cos r x = and sin r y =
NowAisrotatedthroughanangle
o
toapoint
( ) y x ; A ortheline OAto A O .Thedirectionofthe
rotationcouldbeclockwiseoranticlockwise.Itdoes
notmatterwhichdirectionnordoesthesizeofangle
o
butmakeitanticlockwiseandintothesecond
quadrant.
Inthespaceopposite,sketchboth OAand A O onthe
samesetofaxesshowingtheangles
o
and
o
.
From A dropaperpendiculartothe x axis.
Soyounowwillhave
( ) + = cos r x and ( ) + = sin r y
EXERCISE16.6
Applycompoundangleformulaetotheselastequationstoshowthat
) sin cos ; sin cos ( ' ) ; ( x y y x A y x A +
whichgivesthecoordinatesofAafterrotationabouttheoriginthroughanangleof
o
.
Trigonometry
PAPER2QUESTION3.3 DoE/ADDITIONALEXEMPLAR2008
PAPER2QUESTION4 DoE/NOVEMBER2008
12
PAPER2QUESTION3.3 DoE/ADDITIONALEXEMPLAR2008
Number Hintsandanswers Workoutthesolutionsintheboxes
below
3.3.1 NOTE: This rule you must memorise because it
has not always appeared on the information
sheet given in the examination - see Example
16.5 on page 113.
Rotation about the origin through an angle :

) sin cos ; sin cos ( ' ) ; ( x y y x A y x A +
ispositiveiftherotationisanticlockwise;and
negativeiftherotationisclockwise.
NOTE:Therotationsabouttheoriginthrough
o
90
or
o
180 areobtainedbysubstitutingtheseangles
for .
Answer:
+
2
3
2
;
2
3
2
x y y x
3.3.2 Usetheaboveresult.
Answer:
( ) 3 3 2 ; 3 2 3
Paper2Question4 DoE/November2008
Number Hintsandanswers Workoutthesolutionsinthebox
below
4 Youknowtherulenow.Applyittakinginto
accountthattherotationisclockwiseandsohas
animplicationforthesignoftheangleofrotation.
Answer:
2
2
;
2
2 5
or(3,54;0,71)

Trigonometry
REDUCTIONFORMULAEFORANGLESGREATERTHAN90
o
Inthediagramsbelowshowingthefourquadrants,indicateanddrawthesizeofanglesineach
quadrantintermsof ,
o
180 , +
o
180 and
o
360 .Alsoindicatethetrigonometricratiothat
ispositiveineachquadrant.
-13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
x
y
First
Quadrant
-13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
x
y
Second
Quadrant
-13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
x
y
Third
Quadrant
-13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
x
y
Fourth
Quadrant
NEGATIVEANGLES
Negativeanglesareanglesthataremeasuredinaclockwisedirection.Thus,ifwemeasuretheangle
o
fromtheoriginofrectangularaxesandtakingthepositivedirectionofthe x axisasabaseline,
thentheanglemeasuredwillfallinthe4
th
quadrant,assumingthat
o
isacute.Inthisquadrantcosineis
positiveandtheothertwotrigonometricratiosarenegativesothatyoucannowcompletethe
following:
( ) sin sin = becausesineisnegativeinthefourthquadrant

( ) = cos
( ) = - tan
14
Intheabovewehaveassumedthat isacute.But canbeanysize.
Example: ) 240 sin(

o
=
o
240 sin
Nowreducetheangle
o
201 accordingtothereductionformulae.Thatmeans:
( )
o
240 sin =
o
240 sin

( )
( )
quadrant 2nd in the is angle that the using
sin60 - -
60 180 sin
=
+ =
o
o o

o
sin60 =

2
3
=
ANGLES= ( )
o o
+ 90
Wenowshowanotherwayofreducingsinesandcosinesof ( ) +
o
90 .

Assumethat
o o
+ 90 liesinthe2
nd
quadrantwhichisareasonableassumptionbecauseweareadding
to
o
90 .Thenapplyingthereductionformula:
( ) ( ) [ ]
o o o o o
+ + = + 90 180 sin 90 sin
[ ]
o o o
= 90 180 sin
( )
o o
= 90 sin

o
cos =
Canyoucompletethefollowing?
( ) = + 90 cos
o o

Trigonometry
SUMMARYOFTHERESULTS
Completethefollowingtables:
Quadrant Anglesize Reductionformula Reductionformula Reductionformula
II
( )
o
180
sin ( ) =
o
180
cos ( ) =
o
180
tan ( ) =
o
180

III
( ) +
o
180
sin ( ) = +
o
180
cos ( ) = +
o
180
tan ( ) = +
o
180

IV
( )
o
360
sin ( ) =
o
360
cos ( ) =
o
360
tan ( ) =
o
360

sin ( ) =
o
90
sin ( ) = +
o
90
cos ( ) =
o
90
cos ( ) = +
o
90
tan ( )

tan
1
90 =
o
tan ( ) = +
o
90
sin ( ) = x
cos ( ) = x
tan ( ) = x
Inthefollowing, k :
( ) =
o
360 . sink
( ) =
o
360 . cosk
( ) =
o
360 . tank
EXERCISE16.7
Writedownthevaluesofthefollowingtrigonometricratiosleavingyouranswerinsurdform:
1. cos150
o
=
2. tan135
o
=
3. tan330
o
=
4. cos180
o
=
5. sin240
o
6. cos135
o
7. sin510
o
=
8. cos405
o
=
9. tan(750
o
)
10. sin(675
o
)
11. cos(1140
o
)
12. tan810
o
16
EXERCISE16.8
Writeeachofthefollowingasatrigonometricratioofanacuteangle,forexample:
( )
o o o o
50 cos 130 180 cos 130 cos = =
First,youmustaskyourself:Inwhatquadrantisangle
o
130 ?Thenapplytheappropriatereduction
formulafromthesummaryresultsshownabove.
1.
o
175 sin =
2. =
o
313 tan
3.
o
229 cos
4.
o
328 sin
5.
o
124 tan
6.
o
196 cos
7.
o
672 sin
8.
o
500 tan
9.
o
2108 cos
10. ( )
o
215 sin
11. ( )
o
936 tan
12. ( )
o
247 cos
EXERCISE16.9
Withoutusingacalculator,simplifyeachofthefollowing(wherepossibleleaveanswerinsurdfrom):
1. =
o
120 sin
2. ( ) =
o
120 sin
3. =
o
120 tan
4. =
o
225 cos
5. ( )
o
120 cos
6. =
o
570 sin
7. ( ) =
o
135 tan
8. =
o
840 sin

9. ( ) =
o
120 tan
10. =
o
225 cos
2
11. ( ) =
o
315 sin
2
12. =
o
190 sin
13. =
o
100 cos
14. =
o
390 tan
15. ( ) =
o
258 cos
16. =
o
660 cos
17. ( ) = x
o
90 cos
18. ( ) = x 2 180 sin

o
19. ( ) =
o
180 sin x
20. ( ) =
o
720 cos x
21. ( ) = + x
o
90 cos
22. ( ) = + x
o
540 tan
23. ( ) =
o
330 tan
2
Trigonometry
EXERCISE16.10
Findthevalueof x between
o
0 and
o
90 ineachofthefollowingequations:
1. x sin 60 cos =
o
2. ( )
o o
40 cos 30 sin = + x
3. ( ) ( )
o o
45 sin 30 cos 2 + = + x x
4. ( )
o
60 cos 3 cos + = x x
5. ( )
o
45 sin 2 sin = x x
EXERCISE16.11
Youaregiventhat 2079 , 0 78 cos =
o
,calculatethefollowingwithoutusingacalculator:
1. sin12
o
=
2. cos102
o
=
3. sin102
o
=
4. sin192
o
=

18
SOLVINGTRIGONOMETRICRATIOSWITHOUTUSINGACALCULATOR
Acalculatorisnottobeusedforthesolutionoftheproblemsbelowbutdrawingasketchisessentialin
allcases.
EXERCISE16.12
1.Youaregiventhat
5
3
cos = andthat isanacuteangle,findthevaluesof:
a. sin
b. tan
2.Youaregiventhat
25
7
sin = andthat isanobtuseangle,findthevaluesof:
a. cos
b. tan
3.Youarenowgiventhat
13
5
cos = andthat
o o
360 270 < ,findthevaluesof:
a. sin
b. tan
4.If t x = sin where x isanacuteangle,findthefollowing:
a. x cos
b. x tan
5.If
13
5
sin = and
25
7
cos = andthattheangles and areacute,find:
a. ( ) + sin b. ( ) sin
c. ( ) + cos d. ( ) cos
6.If 7248 , 0 55 , 43 cos =
o
,findusingcompoundangleformulaethevaluesof:
a.
o
55 , 223 cos b.
o
45 , 136 cos
Trigonometry
PAPER2QUESTION4 DoE/ADDITIONALEXEMPLAR2008

20
Number Hintsandanswers Workoutthesolutionsintheboxesbelow
4.1.1 Usethereductionformulaeandsurd
forms,forexample,
( )
o o o o
30 cos 30 360 cos 330 cos = =
2
3
30 cos =
o
cos(angle)=sin(complementofangle)
etc.
tosimplifyeachandeverytermasfaras
possible.
Answer:
2
1

4.1.2 Usethereductionformulae,forexample,
( ) x x 2 sin 2 180 sin =
o
andalsocompoundangleformula,
x x x cos sin 2 2 sin =
andfromandfrommagnitudesover
o
360
suchas
o
720 takeawaymultiplesof
o
360
toreducetoamagnitudelessthan
o
360 .
tosimplifyeachandeverytermasfaras
possible.
Answer:1
4.2 Invokespecialangles,forexample,
( )
o o o
30 45 sin 15 sin =
thenapplyacompoundangleformulaand
thereafterthesurdforms.
Trigonometry
5.1.1 Usethereductionformulaeandsurd
forms.
Notethat
o o
120 480 .Why?
Answer:
2
3
5.1.2 Findawayofinvokingthespecial
angles
o
30 ,
o
45 and/or
o
60 .
Thereafter,useacompoundangle
formula.
Answer:
( )
4
1 3 2

5.2 Usereductionformulae.

22
GENERALSOLUTIONSINTRIGONOMETRY
Intheformulaebelow,calc standsfortheanglegivenbythecalculator.
A. Ifsin k = then
o
360 calc + = n or ( ) + = n n , 360 calc 180
o o

B. Ifcos k = then
o
360 calc + = n or ( ) + = n n , 360 calc
o

C. Iftan k = then + = n n , 180 calc

o

Example:Solve 174 , 0 2 cos = x for
o o
180 180 x .
Solution:calc
o o
100 02 , 100 =
Therefore,
o o
360 . 100 2 n x + = and
o o
360 . 100 2 n x + =
o o
180 . 50 n x + =
o o
180 . 50 n x + =
Solvetheseequationsfor = n ...2,1,0,1,2,..andselectvaluesthatliein [ ]
o o
360 ; 360 .
Answer:
o o o o o o
230 ; 130 ; 50 ; 130 ; 230 ; 310 = x
EXERCISE16.13
Find
a) thegeneralsolutionsand
b) thesolutionsthatliebetween
o
270 and
o
180
ofthefollowingequations:
1. Cos
2
1
=
2. tan =1
3. sin =
2
3

4. 2cos 2 1,2=0
5. tan
3
1
2 =
6. cos sin = 2 cos
7. 2sin
2
sin =1
8. 6cos
2
cos =2
Trigonometry
PROVINGTRIGONOMETRICIDENTITIES
Wementionedatthebeginningofthisunitthatinprovingidentities,youhavetoshowthattheLHS(left
handside)reducestotheRHS(righthandside)ortheRHSreducestotheLHSorthatbothLHSandRHS
reducetothesameexpression.
EXERCISE16.14
1. Provethat ( ) ( ) x x x
o
cos2
2
1
45 cos 45 cos
o
= +
2.2.1 ( ) ( ) 2 cos sin cos sin

2 2
= + +
2.2
2 4 4
cos 2 1 sin cos = +
3. 3.1 Provethat ( ) 1 45 sin 2 2 sin

2
= + x x
3.2 Hencededuce,withouttheuseofacalculator,that
4
3 2
15 sin
2

=

4. Given:
sin
2 cos 2 1
3 sin
=
+

4.1 Provetheaboveidentity.
4.2 Withoutusingacalculator,provethattheidentityisnotvalidfor . 60
o
=
5.5.1 Provethat x
x x
x x
tan
2 cos cos 1
2 sin sin
=
+ +
+

5.2 Forwhatvaluesofxistheidentitynotvalidifx e |u; 18u].
6. Provethat x
x
x
tan
2 cos 1
2 sin
=
+

7. Provethat
tan
2 sin
2 cos 1
=

24
ANSWERSTOALLTHEEXERCISES
EXERCISE16.1
1.HINT:Recallthefactorizationofalgebraic
expressions:
a.
2 2

b.
2 2
2 +
c.
2 2
2 + + a
d. 6
2
+
Satisfyyourselfthatyoucanfactoriseeachofthe
aboveexpressionsbyfactorizingthem.
Thencheckifyouhavefactorisedcorrectlyby
multiplyingthefactorstoseeifyougetbackthe
expressions.
Eachofthetrigonometricexpressionsinthis
exerciseareofthesameformasthealgebraic
expressionsabove.Theythusfactoriseinthe
sameway.Justlet x cos = and x sin = and
youwillseethesimilarity.
Noanswersaregivenbecausetodosowouldrob
youoftheopportunitytodothefactorizations
yourself.
EXERCISE16.2
1.HINT:Ifyoucannotprovetheseformulaeyou
canlookthemupinyourtextbook.
2.HINT:Split x 3 into ( ) x x 2 + andthereafter

applythecompoundangleformulafor
( ) B A+ sin .
Answer: x x x
3
sin 4 sin 3 3 sin =

HINT:AgeneralHINTtosolvingidentities:
Identitieshavetwosides:alefthandside(LHS)
andarighthandside(RHS).Provingidentities
meansshowingthatthetwosidesareidentical
eventhoughtheydonotlookalike.
Whatyoumustdoistoshowthatoneside
reducestoanexpressionthathasthesamelook
astheotherside.
Onesideofanidentitymayalreadybesosimple
thatitcannotbesimplifiedfurther.Youdont
choosethissidetoworkonbecausethereis
nothingyoucandotomakeitlookmoresimple.
Youmustchoosethesidethatdoesnotlook
simple,thesidethatlookscomplicatedbecause
thisisthesideyoucanunravelstepbystepuntilit
lookslikethesidethatissimple.
However,thereareidentitiesinwhichneitherside
lookssimple.Inthesecases,youmusttakeeach
sideinturn,manipulateitstepbystepuntilyou
cannotsimplifyitfurther.Thetwosideswillreduce
toexpressionsthatlookalike.
Thethirdprobleminthisexerciseisfullyworked
outbelowinordertoshowyouhowtosetout
provingidentities.
3.HINT:ChoosetoworkontheLHSbecauseyou
canexpanditasshownbelowitisthesideto
whichyoucandosomething!
LHS= ( ) ( ) + sin sin

=
[ ][ ] cos sin cos sin cos sin cos sin +
=
2 2 2 2
cos sin cos sin
= ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
sin 1 sin sin 1 sin
=

2 2 2 2 2 2
sin sin sin sin sin sin +
=
2 2
sin sin
=RHS
( ) ( )
2 2
sin sin sin sin = +
Asyouwillhavenoticedfromtheabove,the
answertoprovinganidentityisnotasimple
statementoravalue.Buttheanswerconsistsin
workingoutinalogicalstepbystepprocessto
showthatonesideofanidentitycanbereduced
tolookliketheotherside;orbothsidescanbe
workedupontoshowthattheyreducetothe
Trigonometry
sameexpression.Forthisreason,noanswersare
providedtotherestoftheidentityquestions.
Onlyhintsaregiven.
4.HINT:OntheRHSisasingletermwhichisnot
onlysimpleenoughbutcannotbesimplifiedany
further.Youmustthereforechoosetoworkon
theLHStoreduceitstepbysteptillitisthesame
expressionasontheRHS.
5.HINT:Neithersidelookssimplerthanthe
other.Sochooseeithersidetoworkonandshow
itreducestotheother.
6.HINT:TheRHSconsistsofasinglesimpleterm.
WorkontheLHS.TheangleontheLHSisadouble
angle2AwhereastheoneontheRHSisasingle
angleA.Thissuggeststhatcos2Amustbe
replacedbyitsformulaintermsofasingleAand
1willalsohavetobereplaced.Bywhat?
7.HINT:Againyouhavenooptionbuttoworkon
theLHSbecausetheRHSismadeupofasingle
termthatissimpleenough.FactorisetheLHSasa
differenceoftwosquares.Oneofthefactorswill
beyetanotherdifferenceoftwosquareswhich
youmustfactorise.
8.HINT:Applysomeofthehintsgivenabove.
9.HINT:Applysomeofthehintsgivenabove.
EXERCISE16.3:
1. HINTS:Generallyasabove
5. HINT:Asageneralruleinsimplifying
anexpressionthatcontainsthe
( ) angle tan ratioreplacethisratioby
( )
( ) angle
angle
cos
sin
.Soreplace ( ) B A+ tan by
( )
( ) B A
B A
+
+
cos
sin
.
6. HINT:Write2Aas(A+A)andthen
replaceBinQuestion5byA.
7. HINT:YoucanproceedasinQuestion5
above,oryoucanlookatABasA+(B)
andusetheformulayouderivedin
Question5.
8. HINT:Itstimetoleaveyoutoyour
owndevicestoprovethisidentity!
EXERCISE16.4
HINTS:Toinvokethespecialanglesyoumust
makethefollowingconversions:
o o o
30 45 15 =
o o o
30 45 75 + =
EXERCISE16.5
1. ( )
( )
4
1 3 2
or 1 3
2 2
1 +
+
2. ( )
( )
4
1 3 2
or 1 3
2 2
1

3.
1 3
1 3
+

4. ( )
( )
4
1 3 2
or 1 3
2 2
1

5. ( )
( )
4
1 3 2
or 1 3
2 2
1 +
+
6.
1 3
1 3
EXERCISE16.6
HINT:Ahintisgiveninthequestiontellingyou
whattoapply.Afterapplyingthecompoundangle
formulae,youmustreplace cos r and sin r by
x and y asobtainedinthenotesintroducingthe
exercise(onpage103).
26
EXERCISE16.7
1.HINT:Question1isfullyworkedoutbelowand
givesahintusingthereductionformulaeasto
howtosolveQuestions2to6.
( )
2
3
30 cos 30 180 cos 150 cos = = =
o o o o
2.1
3.
3
1

4.1
5.
2
3

6.
2
1

7.HINT:First,youmustreducetheanglebytaking
awaymultiplesof
o
360 :
( )
o o o o
150 sin 360 1 510 sin 510 sin = =
Thenusethereductionformulae:
( )
2
1
30 sin 30 180 sin 150 sin = + = =
o o o o
8.
2
1
9.
3
1
10.
2
1
11.
2
1
12.Undefined.
EXERCISE16.8
HINT:Thishasbeengivenatthebeginningofthe
exercise.Hintsinthepreviousexercisealsocome
intoplay.Workouteachquestioninalogicalstep
bystepway.
1.
o
5 sin
2.
o
47 tan
3.
o
49 cos
4.
o
32 sin
5.
o
56 tan
6.
o
16 cos
7.
o
48 sin
8.
o
40 tan
9.
o
52 cos
10.
o
35 sin
11.
o
36 tan
12.
o
67 cos
EXERCISE16.9
1.
2
3
2.
2
3

3. 3
4.
2
1

5.
2
1

6.
2
1

7.1
8.
2
3
9. 3
10.
2
1
11.
2
1
12.
o
10 sin
13.
o
80 cos
14.
3
1
15.
o
78 cos
16.
2
1
17. x sin
18. x 2 sin
19. x sin
20. x cos

Trigonometry
21. x sin
22. x tan
23.
3
1
EXERCISE16.10
TheHINTSaregivenfirstandtheanswersfollow
below.
1.HINT:Usethesineandcosineof
complementaryangles.
2.HINT:Usethesineandcosineof
complementaryangles.
3.HINT:Usethecompoundangleformulae,
substituteinthesurdformsandsimplify.
ANSWERS:
1.
o
30 = x
2.
o
20 = x
3.
o o
31 98 , 30
2 1
1 6
tan
1
=
+

=

x
4.
o
89 , 10
3 3
1
tan
1
=
=

x
5.
o
675 , 73
1 2
2
tan
1
=
=

x
EXERCISE16.11
HINT:Deployallthetechniquesyouhavelearntin
theaboveexercises.
1. 0,2079
2. 0.2079
3. 0.2079
4. 0,2079
EXERCISE16.12
1.HINT:Bydefinition
hypoyenuse
adjacent
= cos .
Drawaroughrightangledtriangle.Markoneof
theanglesas .
Wearegiventhat
hypotenuse
adjacent
= =
5
3
cos .
Somarkthesideadjacenttoangle as3unitsin
lengthandthehypotenuseas5unitsinlength.
Next,usePythagorasTheoremtoworkoutthe
lengthofthesideoppositetoangle .
Usingthetriangleyoushouldgetthefollowing
answers:
a)
5
4
sin =
b)
3
4
tan =
2.HINT:Theangle inthiscaseisobtuseandso
youneedtodoasmallroughsketchofrectangular
axesandsituatetheanglesoitoverlapsintothe
secondquadrant.Thendoasabovebutusingthe
definitionofsine.Youshouldget:
a)
25
24
cos

=
b)
25
7
tan =
3.HINT:Firstdetermineinwhichquadrantto
situatetheangle andtherightangled
triangle.Thenproceedasabovetogetthe
followinganswers:
a)
13
12
sin =
b)
5
12
tan =
28
4.HINT:Refertothedefinition:
hypotenuse
opposite
x = sin
Write t intheform
1
t
sothesideoppositeangle
x is t unitsinlengthandthehypotenuseis1unit
inlength.
Theanswersbecome:
a) 1 cos = t x
b)
1
tan
=
t
t
x
5.HINT:First,applytheappropriatecompoundangle
formula.
Inthisformulayouknowthevaluesof sin and

cos becausethesearegiven.
Whatwedonotknowarethevaluesof sin and

cos .Wemustcalculatethese.
Todoso,roughlyconstructtworightanglestriangles.
Inoneyouuse
hypotenuse
opposite
= =
13
5
sin
tolabelthesidesandangle appropriately.
Fromthistriangle,usePythagorasTheoremtowork
outtheadjacentsidetoangle .
Youcannowwritedownthevalueof cos .
Intheothertriangle,youuse
hypotenuse
adjacent
= =
25
7
cos
Fromthetriangle,workoutthesideoppositetoangle
.
Youcannowwritedownthevalueof sin .
Youarenowinapositiontomakesubstitutions
intothecompoundformulaof ( ) + sin and
calculatethevalue.
Answers:
a.
325
323
b.
325
253

c.
325
36

d.
325
204
e.
36
323

f.
204
253

6.Answers
a. 7248 , 0 55 , 223 cos =
o
b. 7248 , 0 45 , 136 cos =

o
EXERCISE16.13
NOTE:Thegeneralsolutionsarenotcompleteif
youdonotwrite n .
1(a)
o o
360 60 + = n , n
(b)
o
60 =
2(a)
o o
180 45 + = n , n
(b)
o o o
135 ; 45 ; 225 =
3(a)
} 360 240 { } 360 60 {
o o o o
U + + n n ,
n
(b)
o o
60 ; 120 =
Trigonometry
NOTEhowtheaboveanswerin(a)hasbeenwritten
intermsofthesymbols U andwhich
comefromsettheory. U standsforunion
andformemberof.Thebrackets{..}enclose
aset.Inthecaseofthefirstbrackets,itmeansallthe
anglesgivenby
o o
360 60 + n for n andin
thecaseofthesecondbracketitmeansalltheangles
givenby
o o
360 240 + n for n .
Ineachcasetheanglesformaset.
Writing {..} U {..}for n meansthat

takesthevaluesofalltheanglesineachsetforwhich
n .
4(a)
o o
180 57 , 26 + = n , n
o o o o o
43 , 153 ; 57 , 26 ; 57 , 26 ; 43 , 153 ; 57 , 206 =
5(a)
o
120 = n , n
(b)
o o o o
120 ; 0 ; 120 ; 240 =
6(a)
o o
90 15 + = n , n
(b)
o o o o o
165 ; 75 ; 15 ; 105 ; 195 =
7(a)
o o
360 90 + = n or
o o
180 45 + = n ,
n
(b)
o o o o
90 ; 45 ; 90 ; 135 =
8(a)forall n
o o o o o o
360 90 or 360 150 or 360 30 + + + = n n
(b)
o o o o
150 ; 90 ; 30 ; 210 =
9(a)forall n
( ) ( )
o o o
U 360 19 , 48 360 120 + + n n
(b)
o o o o o
120 ; 19 , 48 ; 19 , 48 ; 120 ; 240 =
10(a)forall n
o o o o o
360 52 , 75 or ; 360 180 ; 360 + + = n n n
(b)
o o o o o
180 ; 52 , 75 ; 0 ; 52 , 75 ; 180 =
EXERCISE16.14
IdentitiesweredealtwithinExercise16.2anda
HINTgiventhereastohowtosolveidentities.
OnlyHINTSgiveninthisexercisearefor:
4.2Theidentityisundefinedifthedenominator
Isequaltozero.Thatis,
0 2 cos 2 1 = +
Solvethisequationandseewhatyouget.
5.1
o
90 = x because x tan isundefinedatthis
valueof x .

30
PAPER2QUESTIONS5 DoE/ADDITIONALEXEMPLAR2008
PAPER2QUESTIONS6 DoE/NOVEMBER2008
PAPER2QUESTIONS5 DoE/PREPARATORYEXAMINATION2008
Giventhefollowingidentity:
SinA A
A A
A
A
A
+
= +
cos
cos sin
2 cos
2 sin
2 cos
1
5.1 Statethevaluesof Aforwhichtheaboveidentityisundefined. (2)

5.2 Henceprovethegivenidentity. (6)[8]
6.1 Expresscos x 2 intermsofsin x . (1)
6.2 Withoutusingacalculator,determinethegeneralsolutionof 0 sin 2 cos = + x x (6)[7]

Trigonometry
5.1.1 Drawarightangledtriangle.
Bydefinition
hypotenuse
adjacent
1
cos = = =
t
t x
Usetheabovedefinitionofcosineand
Pythagorastheoremtoworktheunitsineach
lengthofthetriangle.
Answer:
t
t
x

=
1
tan
5.1.2 Usecompoundangleformulaon x 2 sin .
x cos isgivenas t .Usethetrianglein5.1.1

abovetoworkout x sin .
Substitutefor x cos and x sin intheformula

for x 2 sin .
Answer:
2
2 t t
5.2.1 Whensolvingidentitiesalwayschoosethe
morecomplicatedsidetoworkon.Theside
thatissimplecannotbesimplifiedfurther.
Soput
x x
x x
LHS
2 2
cos sin 1
cos sin
+
=
Andsimplifyasfaraspossibleusing
appropriatecompoundangleandreduction
formulae.
5.2.2 Comparewith5.2.1aboveandyouwillsee
thatwhatineffectyouhaveis
0 tan
2
1
= x
whichisasimpleequation.
Answer: + = k k x ; 180 . 0
o o
32
6.1.1 NeithertheLHSnortheRHSoftheidentity
lookssimple.Sochooseanysideandworkon
ittoshowthatitisidenticalwiththeother
otherside.
Or,workinturnoneachsideandshowthat
thesidessimplifytothesameexpression.
Whenprovingidentities,alwaysreplacetan x
by
x
x
cos
sin
.
Youmayneedtoreplace1by x x
2 2
cos sin + ,
orviceversa.
Factorise,multiplyoutbrackets,sumup
fractions,doanyoralloftheseprocedures,
whicheverisappropriate,tosimplifyinorder
toproveidentities.
6.1.2 Isolatetan x ,thatisdoatranspositionso

thatyouhavetan x standingaloneonthe
LHS.
Solvefor x usingtheinversetankeyonyour
calculator.
Expresstheanswergivenbythecalculatoras
ageneralsolution.
Answer:
o o
180 . 3 , 281 k x + = or
o o
180 . 3 , 101 k x + =
6.2.1 Inordertorelate toitscorrectquadrant,

yourdiagrammusttakeintoaccountthesign
ofcos whichwillcomefromthegivensign
of p andalsothegivenrangeof .
Answer:
p
p
2
- 5 -
tan =
6.2.2 Quickesttousetheformulaofcos2 in
termsofcos .
Answer:
5
5 2
cos2
2
=
p

Trigonometry
5.1 Divisionbyzeroisnotpermitted.Thusthe
identityisundefinedifthedenominatorson
bothsidesareequaltozero.
ThevaluesofAforwhichtheidentityis
undefinedaregivenbysolutionstothetwo
equations:
1. cos2A=0
2. cosASinA=0ortanA=1(why?)
Obtaingeneralsolutionstotheseequations.
Answer:thetwogeneralsolutionsboildown
toonegeneralsolution(howcome?)whichis
A= + k k , 90 . 45
o o
5.2 Neithersidelookssimple.Soseeifyoucan
workoneachofthesidestoreducethemto
thesameexpression.
6.1 Reducingthe x 2 ontheLHStoasingle x
thatisontheRHSwillrequireuseofa
compoundangleformula.Dojustthatand
thenfinishoffwithanexpressionthatisin
termsofsin x only.
Answer:cos x 2 =12sin x
2
6.2 Usetheanswerto6.1toreplacecos x 2 .
Whatyougetisaquadraticequationinsin x .
Ifyoucannotseethisthenput winplaceof
sin x andyouwillseeaquadraticequationin
w .Solvethisequation.
Answers:
o o
360 . 210 k x + =
o o
360 . 90 k x + = and
o o
360 . 330 k x + =

34
MOREQUESTIONSFROMPASTEXAMINATIONPAPERS
Ex empl ar 2008

Pr epar at or y Ex ami nat i on 2008
Trigonometry
QUESTIONS4
Answerallquestionswithoutusingacalculator.
ShowALLcalculations.
4.1 If a = sin and

o o
180 90 < < ,determineusingasketchthevalueof tan intermsof a .
(4)
4.2 Simplifythefollowing:
( )
o
o o
300 sin
135 cos 2 15 sin +
(7)
4.3 Simplifythefollowingexpressiontoonetrigonometricratioof :
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
o o
o o
315 tan 360 sin
90 cos 180 sin . sin

+ +

(6)[17]

36
Feb Mar c h 2009

Trigonometry
November 2009 (Unused paper )

38
November 2009(1)

Trigonometry
Feb Mar c h 2010

40
ANSWERS
Exemplar2008
4.1
3
2

4.21
4.3Proofrequired.Provideaproofandcheck
withtheteacherifitiscorrect.
4.4.1Proofrequired.Provideaproofandcheck
4.4.2 + = k k ; 360 60
o o

5.1Sheusedanincorrectexpansionof
( ) B A+ sin
5.2 ( )
2
1
2
2
t t +
6.3 ( ) a a C ;
PreparatoryExamination2008
4.1
2
1
tan
a
a
=
4.2
3 2
6 2 3
+
or
( )
3 2
3 3 2
+

4.3 sin
Feb/March2009
5.1 x sin
5.2 x tan
6.1.1 p =
o
113 cos
6.1.2
2
1 23 cos p =
o
6.1.3
2
1 2 46 sin p p =
o
6.2.1
13
12
cos =
6.2.2 ( )
65
33
cos = +
6.3
o
54 , 29 = x or
o
46 , 330
November2009(Unusedpapers)
5.1.1
12
5
tan =
5.1.2
169
60
sin cos =
5.2 x tan
5.31
5.4
o o
360 08 , 209 + = k x
o o
360 92 , 330 + = k x
o o
360 92 , 150 + = k x
or
o o
360 08 , 29 + = k x
k
5.5
o
60 = x or
o
240 = x

6.1.1
2
1 24 cos p =
o
6.1.2
2
3p
withtheteacherifitiscorrect

Trigonometry
November2009(1)
8.1
15
8
tan =
8.2 ( )
17
15
90 sin = +
o
8.3
289
161
2 cos =
9.11
9.2
3
1

9.3
o o
360 30 + = k x ; k
Thereareotherpossibleformsofthe
answer.
Feb/March2010
9.1.1
5
7
cos sin = +
9.1.2
7
24
2 tan =
9.2.2
3
2
10.1.1 q p + =
o
48 sin
10.1.2 q p =
o
24 sin
10.1.3
( ) q p
q p
+
=
2
24 cos
o
or
( )
+ + =
2
1 1
2
1
24 cos q p
o
or
( )
2
1 24 cos q p =
o
10.3.2Undefinedfor
o o
360 180 + = k x , k

Trigonometry

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1

How t o use t hi s r evi si on and st udy gui de

2. Write x 3 sin intermsof x sin

4. ( ) ( ) B A B A B A sin sin 2 cos cos = +

7. x x x 2 cos sin cos

3. ( ) sin 270 cos =

4. ( ) cos sin 45 sin 2 =

cos r x = and sin r y =

-13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

-13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

-13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

-13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

( ) sin sin = becausesineisnegativeinthefourthquadrant

Intheabovewehaveassumedthat isacute.But canbeanysize.

Example: ) 240 sin(

Quadrant Anglesize Reductionformula Reductionformula Reductionformula

18. ( ) = x 2 180 sin

C. Iftan k = then + = n n , 180 calc

2.2.1 ( ) ( ) 2 cos sin cos sin

3. 3.1 Provethat ( ) 1 45 sin 2 2 sin

5.2 Forwhatvaluesofxistheidentitynotvalidifx e |u; 18u].

2.HINT:Split x 3 into ( ) x x 2 + andthereafter

LHS= ( ) ( ) + sin sin

Inthisformulayouknowthevaluesof sin and

Whatwedonotknowarethevaluesof sin and

b. 7248 , 0 45 , 136 cos =

Writing {..} U {..}for n meansthat

5.1 Statethevaluesof Aforwhichtheaboveidentityisundefined. (2)

5.1.2 Usecompoundangleformulaon x 2 sin .

x cos isgivenas t .Usethetrianglein5.1.1

Substitutefor x cos and x sin intheformula

6.1.2 Isolatetan x ,thatisdoatranspositionso

6.2.1 Inordertorelate toitscorrectquadrant,

4.1 If a = sin and

Feb Mar c h 2009

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