Lecture 2 - Matrix Algebra

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

(BDA 4033)
Lecture Module 2: Matrix Algebra
Dr. Waluyo Adi Siswanto
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
BDA 4033 Dr. Waluyo Adi Siswanto 2
Topics to
Topics to
Discuss
Discuss
Matrix definition and notation Matrix definition and notation
Definition
Transpose
Symmetric Matrix
Unit Matrix
Matrix Operations Matrix Operations
Addition
Multiplication
Inverse
Orthogonal Matrix Orthogonal Matrix
Solution of Simultaneous Equations Solution of Simultaneous Equations

Matrix Definition
A matrix is an m x n array of numbers arranged in
m rows and n columns
Matrix is t!en described as being of order m x n
[ a]=
[
a
11
a
12
a
1n
a
21
a
22
a
2n
.
a
m1
a
m2
a
mn
]
"o# m
$olumn n
Example Matrix Definition
[ M ]=
[
5 3 3 2
6 5 4 19
] Retangular matrix
[C]=
[
5 3 3
5 4 19
2 4 3
]
Square matrix
[ B]=[ 5 3 3]
Ro! matrix
[ F ]=
[
5
3
3
]
=
{
5
3
3
}
"olumn matrix #Vector Vector$
Vector Vector
2 x %
& x &
' x &
& x '
Transpose Matrix
T!e transpose matrix is obtained by
interhanging ro!s and olumns
interhanging ro!s and olumns
[
a
ij
]
T
=
[
a
ji
]
[C]=
[
5 3 3
5 4 19
2 4 3
]
[C]
T
=
[
5 5 2
3 4 4
3 19 3
]
Diagonal
unc!anged
Transpose Matrix
in OO Spreadsheet
(repare data
(repare area for result
Insert function
TR%NS&OSE TR%NS&OSE
Select t!e
array data
O' O'
To s!o#
T!e result
S(mmetri Matrix
If a s)uare matrix is
equal to its transpose
equal to its transpose*
It is called a symmetric matrix
[
a
]
=
[
a
]
T
[C]=
[
5 3 3
3 4 8
3 8 3
]
[C]
T
=
[
5 3 3
3 4 8
3 8 3
]
[C] is a symmetric matrix
)nit Matrix
T!e
unit
unit +or
Identit(
Identit(, matrix
[I]
[I] is suc! t!at
T!e unit matrix is al#ays a s)uare matrix of any possible
order #it!
eac! element of t!e main diagonal is one and
eac! element of t!e main diagonal is one and
all ot!er elements e)ual to -ero
all ot!er elements e)ual to -ero
[ a] [ I ]=[ I ][ a]=[ a]
[ I ]=
[
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
]
.or example* t!e & x & unit matrix is given by
%ddition of Matries
Matrices of t!e same order can be added toget!er by
summing orresponding elements of the matries summing orresponding elements of the matries
Subtraction is performed in similar manner
Matrices of unli/e order cannot be added or subtracted
[ c
ij
]=[ a
ij
][b
ij
]=[ b
ij
][ a
ij
]
[ A]=
[
1 2
3 2
]
[ B]=
[
1 2
3 1
]
[C]=[ A][ B]=
[
0 4
0 3
]
Multipliation of Matries
T!e number of t!e columns of t!e first matrix must be e)ual to t!e number of
ro#s of t!e second matrix
Matrix multiplication is not cumulative is not cumulative [A][B][B][A]
[ c
ij
]=
e=1
n
a
ie
b
ej
[ A]=
[
2 1
3 2
]
[ B]=
[
1 1
2 0
]
[C]=[ A] [ B]=
[
4 2
7 3
]
Multipliation of Matries
in OO "al Spreadsheet
(repare data
0A1 and 021
Insert function MM)LT MM)LT
Select t!e array data 0A1 and 021
O' O'
To s!o#
T!e result
In*erse of a Matrix
T!e inverse of a matrix is a matrix suc! t!at
[ A]
1
[ A]=[ A] [ A]
1
=[ I ]
[ A]
1
=
[ C]
T
A
=
adj [ A]
A
[C]
A
: $ofactor of matrix
: Determinant of matrix
[ A]
[ A]
"ofator Matrix
[ A]=
[
1 3 2
2 4 2
0 4 1
]
[C]=
[

4 2
4 1
2 2
0 1
2 4
0 4

3 2
4 1

1 2
0 1

1 3
0 4
3 2
4 2

1 2
2 2

1 3
2 4
]
=
[
12 22 8
11 1 4
2 2 2
]
%d+oint and Determinant Matrix
$ontinuing t!e previous result
adj [ A]=[C]
T
=
[
12 11 2
2 1 2
8 4 2
]
det [ A]=A=11
4 2
4 1
31
2 2
0 1
21
2 4
0 4

=10
Determinant of a Matrix
(repare data 0A1
and place for result
Insert function MDETERM MDETERM Select t!e array data 0A1
O' O'
To s!o#
T!e result
In*erse of a Matrix
(repare data 0A1
Insert function MIN,ERSE MIN,ERSE Select t!e array data 0A1
O' O'
To s!o#
T!e result
Orthogonal Matrix
A matrix 0A1 is an ort!ogonal matrix if
[ A]
1
=[ A]
T
[ A]=
[
!os60d"# sin60d"#
sin60d"# !os60d"#
]
=
[
0.5 0.87
0.87 0.5
]
[ A]
T
=
[
0.5 0.87
0.87 0.5
]
[ A]
1
=
[
0.5 0.87
0.87 0.5
]
Matrix 0A1 is an ort!ogonal matrix
Solution Methods
of Simultaneous Linear Equations
"epresentation of linear e)uations in Matrix
Matrix Inversion Met!od
$lassical Met!ods
$ramer3s "ule Met!od
4aussian 5limination Met!od
4auss6Siedel Iteration Met!od

Linear Equations in Matrix
a
11
x
1
a
12
x
2
a
1n
x
n
=c
1
a
21
x
1
a
22
x
2
a
2n
x
n
=c
2
a
n1
x
1
a
n2
x
2
a
nn
x
n
=c
n
T!e e)uation can be #ritten in Matrix
[
a
11
a
12
a
1n
a
21
a
22
a
2n
.
a
n1
a
n2
a
nn
] {
x
1
x
2
x
n
}
=
{
c
1
c
2
c
n
}
[ K ] {x}={F} or
{x}=[ K ]
1
{F} t!en
Example &ro-lem ./0
a 7rite t!e simultaneous e)uation in Matrix
b .ind t!e un/no#n variables x'* x2 and x& from t!e
follo#ing e)uations
x
1
3 x
2
2 x
3
=2
2 x
1
4 x
2
2 x
3
=1
4 x
2
x
3
=3
[
1 3 2
2 4 2
0 4 1
]
{
x
1
x
2
x
3
}
=
{
2
1
3
}
[ K ] {x}={F} or
{x}=[ K ]
1
{F} t!en
Sol*ing Simultaneous Equation
{
x
1
x
2
x
3
}
=
{
4.1
1.1
1.4
}
T!e result:
"ramer1s Rule Method
[
1 3 2
2 4 2
0 4 1
]
{
x
1
x
2
x
3
}
=
{
2
1
3
}
x
1
=
2 3 2
1 4 2
3 4 1

1 3 2
2 4 2
0 4 1
=4.1
x
2
=
1 2 2
2 1 2
0 3 1

1 3 2
2 4 2
0 4 1
=1.1 x
3
=
1 3 2
2 4 1
0 4 3
1 3 2
2 4 2
0 4 1
=1.4
2auss Elimination
4auss 5limination is based on triangularisation of t!e coefficient matrix
and evaluation of t!e un/no#ns by bac/6substitution starting from t!e last
e)uation
T!e form can be summarised in general form by
a
ij
=a
ij
a
kj
a
ik
a
kk
k=1$2$, n1
i =k1$, n
j=k ,, n1
x
i
=
1
a
ii
a
i , n1

r=i1
n
a
ir
x
r

Example &ro-lem ./.
2 x
1
2 x
2
1 x
3
=9
2 x
1
1 x
2
=4
1 x
1
1 x
2
1 x
3
=6
a .ind t!e un/no#n variables x'* x2 and x& from t!e
follo#ing e)uations* using 4auss 5limination Met!od
b 8erify t!e result in Speads!eet
n=3
k=1$2
i=2$3
j =1$2$3$4
Since t!e order of matrix is n9&*
t!e index for solving t!is problem
T!e running index #ill be +for n9&,
/ 9 '
i 9 2
: 9 ' to %
$alculate a
i:
ie a
2'
a
22
a
2&
a
2%
i 9 &
: 9 ' to %
$alculate a
i:
ie a
&'
a
&2
a
&&
a
&%
/ 9 2
i 9 &
: 9 2 to %
$alculate a
i:
ie a
&2
a
&&
a
&%

k=1$2$, n1
i =k1$, n
j=k ,, n1
T!e running index #ill be +for n9&,
/ 9 '
i 9 2
: 9 ' to %
$alculate a
i:
ie a
2'
a
22
a
2&
a
2%

a
ij
=a
ij
a
kj
a
ik
a
kk
[ a]=
[
2 2 1
2 1 0
1 1 1
]
a
21
=a
21
a
11
a
21
a
11
=22
2
2
=0
a
22
=a
22
a
12
a
21
a
11
=12
2
2
=1
a
23
=a
23
a
13
a
21
a
11
=01
2
2
=1
a
24
=a
24
a
14
a
21
a
11
=49
2
2
=5
i 9 &
: 9 ' to %
$alculate a
i:
ie a
&'
a
&2
a
&&
a
&%

a
ij
=a
ij
a
kj
a
ik
a
kk
[ a]=
[
2 2 1
2 1 0
1 1 1
]
a
31
=a
31
a
11
a
31
a
11
=12
1
2
=0
a
32
=a
32
a
12
a
31
a
11
=12
1
2
=0
a
33
=a
33
a
13
a
31
a
11
=11
1
2
=0.5
a
34
=a
34
a
14
a
31
a
11
=69
1
2
=1.5
/ 9 2
i 9 &
: 9 2 to %
$alculate a
i:
ie a
&2
a
&&
a
&%

a
ij
=a
ij
a
kj
a
ik
a
kk
[ a]=
[
2 2 1
2 1 0
1 1 1
]
a
32
=a
32
a
22
a
32
a
22
=01
0
1
=0
a
33
=a
33
a
23
a
32
a
22
=0.51
0
1
=0.5
a
34
=a
34
a
24
a
32
a
22
=1.55
0
1
=1.5
x
i
=
1
a
ii
a
i , n1

r=i1
n
a
ir
x
r
x
3
=
1
a
33

a
34
0
=
1
0.5
1.5=3
x
2
=
1
a
22

a
24
a
23
x
3
=
1
1
[513]=2
x
1
=
1
a
11

a
14
a
12
x
2
a
13
x
3
=
1
2
[92213]=1
8erification using inverse matrix in ;; Spreads!eet
2auss Siedel Iteration Method
4auss6Siedel met!od is based on iterative approac!
x
1
=
1
a
11
c
1
a
12
x
2
a
13
x
3
a
1n
x
n
x
2
=
1
a
22
c
2
a
21
x
1
a
23
x
3
a
2n
x
n
x
n
=
1
a
nn
c
n
a
n1
x
1
a
n2
x
2
a
n, n1
x
n1
A good initial guess

x
i
=
c
i
a
ii
Example &ro-lem ./3
4x
1
x
2
=2
x
1
4%
2
x
3
=5
x
2
4%
3
x
4
=6
x
3
2%
4
=2
a .ind t!e un/no#n variables x'* x2 and x& from t!e
follo#ing e)uations* using 4auss6Siedel Iteration approac!
b 8erify t!e result in Speads!eet
A good initial guess
x
i
=
c
i
a
ii
[ a]=
[
4 1 0 0
1 4 1 0
0 1 4 1
0 0 1 2
]
{
c
}
=
{
2
5
6
2
}
x
1
=0.5 x
2
=1 x
3
=1 x
4
=1
x
1
=
1
4
2x
2
=0.75
x
2
=
1
4
5x
1
x
3
=1.68
x
3
=
1
4
6x
2
x
4
=1.672
x
4
=
1
2
2x
3
=0.16
.irst trial Second trial
x
1
=
1
4
21.68=0.992
x
2
=
1
4
50.9921.672=1.899
x
3
=
1
4
61.8990.16=1.944
x
4
=
1
2
21.944=0.028

Lecture 2 - Matrix Algebra

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Lecture 2 - Matrix Algebra

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Авторское право:

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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

Matrix definition and notation Matrix definition and notation

Matrix Operations Matrix Operations

Orthogonal Matrix Orthogonal Matrix

Solution of Simultaneous Equations Solution of Simultaneous Equations

"epresentation of linear e)uations in Matrix

Matrix Inversion Met!od

$ramer3s "ule Met!od

4aussian 5limination Met!od

4auss6Siedel Iteration Met!od

BDA 4033 Dr. Waluyo Adi Siswanto 24

A good initial guess

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