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Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

Markus Peer Rumpfkeil
January 13, 21!
http://academic.udayton.edu/MarkusRumpfkeil/CFDcourse/Intropresentation.pdf
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"et#s start $it% t%e &FD' (Fluid Dynamics)
(
Fluid dynamics is t%e science of fluid motion)
(
Fluid flo$ is commonly studied in one of t%ree $ays*
+
,-perimental fluid dynamics
+
.%eoretical fluid dynamics
+
/umerically* computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
Experimental
Fluid
Dynamics
Theoretical
Fluid
Dynamics
Computational
Fluid
Dynamics
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0%at is Computational Fluid Dynamics1
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CFD is t%e science of predictin2 fluid flo$, %eat transfer, mass
transfer, c%emical reactions, and related p%enomena 3y sol4in2
t%e mat%ematical e5uations $%ic% 2o4ern t%ese processes usin2
a numerical process)
(
CFD analysis complements testin2 and e-perimentation)
+
Reduces t%e total effort re5uired in t%e la3oratory
+
Rule of t%um3 for airplane desi2n*
1 %r of CFD 6 7 1k
1 %r of $ind tunnel 6 7 1k
1 %r of fli2%t test 6 7 1k
Computer
Science
Engineering:
Heat transfer
Chemical eactions
Computational
Fluid
Dynamics
!athematics
Engineering:
Fluid Flo"
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8pplications of CFD
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8pplications include all fluid dynamics and %eat transfer pro3lems
(
.%ese are numerous9
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8erodynamics of 2round 4e%icles, aircraft, $ind tur3ines, missiles
+
Flo$ and %eat transfer in industrial processes (3oilers, %eat
e-c%an2ers, com3ustion e5uipment, pumps, 3lo$ers, pipin2, etc))
+
:iomedical flo$s (e)2) 3lood flo$)
+
0eat%er modelin2
+
Flo$ and %eat transfer in propulsion and po$er 2eneration systems
+
;entilation, %eatin2, and coolin2 flo$s in 3uildin2s
+
C%emical 4apor deposition (C;D) for inte2rated circuit manufacturin2
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<eat transfer for electronics packa2in2 applications
+
8nd many, many more9
$
:rief <istory of CFD
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"e$is Fry Ric%ardson (1==1>1?@3)
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An 1?22, "e$is Fry Ric%ardson de4eloped t%e first numerical
$eat%er prediction system)
+
Di4ision of space into 2rid cells and t%e finite difference
appro-imations of :Berknes#s Cprimiti4e differential e5uations'
+ <is o$n attempt to calculate $eat%er for a sin2le ei2%t>%our period
took si- $eeks and ended in failure
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<is model#s enormous calculation re5uirements led Ric%ardson to
propose a solution %e called t%e &forecast>factory'
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.%e CfactoryC $ould %a4e filled a 4ast stadium $it% D!, people
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,ac% one, armed $it% a mec%anical calculator, $ould perform part of
t%e calculation
+
8 leader in t%e center, usin2 colored si2nal li2%ts and tele2rap%
communication, $ould coordinate t%e forecast
&
1?3s to 1?@s
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,arliest numerical solution* for flo$ past a cylinder (1?33))
( 8).%om, E.%e Flo$ Past Circular Cylinders at "o$ FpeedsG, Proc) Royal
Fociety, 81!1, pp) D@1>DDD, "ondon, 1?33
(
Ha$a2uti o3tains a solution for flo$ around a cylinder, in 1?@3 3y
usin2 a mec%anical desk calculator, $orkin2 2 %ours per $eek
for 1= mont%s, citin2* &a considerable amount of labour and
endurance)'
( M) Ha$a2uti, E/umerical Folution of t%e /F ,5uations for t%e Flo$
8round a Circular Cylinder at Reynolds /um3er !G, Journal of P%y) Foc)
Japan, 4ol) =, pp) I!I>I@I, 1?@3
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1?Ds and 1?Is
( Durin2 t%e 1?Ds t%e t%eoretical di4ision at "os 8lamos contri3uted many
numerical met%ods t%at are still in use today, suc% as t%e follo$in2 met%ods*
+ Particle>An>Cell (PAC)
+ Marker>and>Cell (M8C)
+ ;orticity>Ftreamfunction Met%ods
+ 8r3itrary "a2ran2ian>,ulerian (8",)
+ k> tur3ulence model
( Durin2 t%e 1?Is a 2roup $orkin2 under D) :rian Fpaldin2, at Amperial Colle2e,
"ondon, de4elop*
+ Para3olic flo$ codes (J,/MAK)
+ ;orticity>Ftreamfunction 3ased codes
+ .%e FAMP", (Femi>Amplicit Met%od for Pressure "inked ,5uations) al2orit%m
+ .%e form of t%e k> e5uations t%at are used today
+ Lp$ind differencin2
+ E,ddy 3reak>upG and Epresumed pdfG com3ustion models
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1?=s and 1??s
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Pre4iously, CFD $as performed usin2 academic, researc% and in>
%ouse codes) 0%en one $anted to perform a CFD calculation,
one %ad to $rite a pro2ram)
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Computer po$er 3ecame readily a4aila3le
(
.%is is t%e period durin2 $%ic% most commercial CFD codes
ori2inated t%at are a4aila3le today*
+ Fluent (LH and LF)
+ CFK (LH and Canada)
+ CFDMM (LF)
+ Ftar CD (LH)
+ Polyflo$ (:el2ium)
+ Flo$ 3d (LF)
+ F"8CF (/or$ay)
+ FCRNL (Japan)
+ Fiemens P"M (Jermany)
+ and many more
1)
8d4anta2es of CFD
(
Relati4ely lo$ cost)
+ Lsin2 p%ysical e-periments and tests to 2et essential en2ineerin2
data for desi2n can 3e e-pensi4e
+ CFD simulations are relati4ely ine-pensi4e, and costs are likely to
decrease as computers 3ecome more po$erful
(
Fpeed)
+ CFD simulations can 3e e-ecuted in a s%ort period of time
+ Ouick turnaround means en2ineerin2 data can 3e introduced early in
t%e desi2n process
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83ility to simulate real conditions)
+ Many flo$ and %eat transfer processes can not 3e (easily) tested,
e)2) %ypersonic flo$
+ CFD pro4ides t%e a3ility to t%eoretically simulate any p%ysical
condition
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8d4anta2es of CFD (2)
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83ility to simulate ideal conditions)
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CFD allo$s 2reat control o4er t%e p%ysical process, and pro4ides t%e
a3ility to isolate specific p%enomena for study
+
,-ample* a %eat transfer process can 3e idealiPed $it% adia3atic,
constant %eat flu-, or constant temperature 3oundaries

Compre%ensi4e information)
+
,-periments only permit data to 3e e-tracted at a limited num3er of
locations in t%e system (e)2) pressure and temperature pro3es, %eat
flu- 2au2es, etc)))
+
CFD allo$s t%e analyst to e-amine a lar2e num3er of locations in t%e
re2ion of interest, and yields a compre%ensi4e set of flo$ parameters
for e-amination

Furt%er use of t%e CFD analysis tool)

+ QptimiPation
+ Lncertainty Ouantification
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"imitations of CFD
(
P%ysical models)
+ CFD solutions rely upon p%ysical models of real $orld processes
(e)2) tur3ulence, compressi3ility, c%emistry, multip%ase flo$, etc))
+ .%e CFD solutions can only 3e as accurate as t%e p%ysical models
on $%ic% t%ey are 3ased
(
/umerical errors)
+ Fol4in2 e5uations on a computer in4aria3ly introduces numerical
errors
1) Round>off error* due to finite $ord siPe a4aila3le on t%e computer)
Round>off errors $ill al$ays e-ist (can 3e small in most cases)
2) .runcation error* due to appro-imations in t%e numerical models)
.runcation errors $ill 2o to Pero as t%e 2rid is refined)
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poor *etter
Fully De+eloped ,nlet
-rofile
Computational
Domain
Computational
Domain
.niform ,nlet
-rofile
"imitations of CFD (2)
(
:oundary conditions)
+ 8s $it% p%ysical models, t%e accuracy of t%e CFD solution is only as
2ood as t%e initialR3oundary conditions pro4ided to t%e numerical
model
+ ,-ample* flo$ in a duct $it% sudden e-pansion) Af flo$ is supplied to
domain 3y a pipe, you s%ould use a fully>de4eloped profile for
4elocity rat%er t%an assume uniform conditions
1#
1$
1%
1&
1'
1(
2)
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2#
2$
2%
2&
2'
2(
Fummary
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CFD is a met%od to numerically calculate fluid flo$ and %eat
transfer)
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Currently, its main application is as an en2ineerin2 met%od, to
pro4ide data t%at is complementary to t%eoretical and
e-perimental data) .%is is mainly t%e domain of commercially
a4aila3le codes and in>%ouse codes at lar2e companies)
(
CFD can also 3e used for purely scientific studies, e)2) into t%e
fundamentals of tur3ulence) .%is is more common in academic
institutions and 2o4ernment researc% la3oratories) Codes are
usually de4eloped to specifically study a certain pro3lem)
CFD is a challenging and exciting field
to be working in!