School of Civil, Environmental and

Mining Engineering
C&ENVENG 3007 / 7007
STRUCTURAL DESIGN III (STEEL)
Semester I, 2014
Dr.Mohamed Ali
Office: N234 (Engineering North)
ali.mohamed@adelaide.edu.au
MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO BENDING MOMENT-Part 1
(SECTION 5: AS4100)
1
Topics covered in this course:
Introduction and Tension Members
Connections Bolted Joints and Welded Joints (Revise your 2
nd
year
SED lecture slides)
Bending Members (Beams) Local and Global Buckling
Structural Analysis (Special emphasis on Column)
Axially Loaded Members (Columns) - Local and Global Buckling
Design of Beam-Columns
Design of Stiffened and Unstiffened Webs of Beams (Design for Shear)
Design of Steel Concrete Composite Beams and Slabs
2
MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO BENDING MOMENT
(SECTION 5: AS4100)
3
Design Bending Moment (M*)
In any design, we first calculate the Design Action
Effects (Internal Member Forces/Stress Resultants)
using Structural Analysis
Design Bending Moment (M*) < Design Moment Capacity
Actions (DL, LL, WL etc.)
Design moment capacity = Nominal moment capacity x Capacity reduction factor
Nominal moment capacity
Structural Strength based on material (sectional area, stress limit)
Structural Stability (Buckling) based on structural geometry (slenderness)
Overview of Steel Design
4
Nominal moment capacity based on strength
Elastic moment capacity
Plastic moment capacity
y
f
y
f
Based on Plate buckling (Local buckling), Nominal moment capacity may be
Less than Elastic moment capacity
In between Elastic moment capacity and Plastic moment capacity
Equal to Plastic moment capacity
This will give Nominal Section Moment Capacity
Member (beam) may have Global buckling before its local buckling which will give
Nominal Member Moment Capacity
5
BUCKLING
The disadvantage of a steel element subjected to compression is that it is prone
to buckle.
The buckling of steel structures essentially arises because the steel component
attains a more favourable equilibrium position when it buckles or moves out of
the plane of loading.
Two modes of buckling encountered in steel beams are
local buckling
Global (lateral torsional/distortional) buckling
Buckling of the steel component usually exhausts its strength and results in
catastrophic failure and therefore means must be established to ensure that
buckling does not occur.
Buckling must not occur if a beam is analysed by using rigid plastic assumptions.
6
Local buckling
Local buckling occurs when the steel component forms 'ripples' with a short half-
wave length over the portion of the steel component in compression.
It may occur in the flange element and compressive portion of the web element
prior to lateral-distortional buckling.
Local buckling may also occur when the steel is in contact with the concrete, such
as in the flange element of a T-beam in positive bending when the flange is
subjected to compression, or in the thin profiled sheeting that is used to make a
composite profiled slab.
Unlike lateral-distortional buckling, local buckling in some cases does not usually
cause immediate catastrophic failure, and there is often a post-buckling reserve of
strength before ultimate conditions are reached.
Generally, local buckling can be prevented by imposing geometrical constraints
on the steel component, such as limiting the width to thickness ratio of the flange
element or the depth to thickness ratio of the web element. These constraints are
used to size the member.
7
Local buckling of the plate elements under compression
x
y
Local buckling of the
compression flange
8
Local buckling in
compression flange
9
definitions?
Local buckling: A mode of buckling involving
plate flexure alone without transverse
deformation of the line or lines of intersection of
adjoining plates.
Lateral Distortional buckling: A mode of
buckling involving change in cross-sectional
shape, excluding local buckling
Lateral (Flexural) torsional buckling: A mode
of buckling in which compression members can
bend and twist simultaneously without change of
cross-sectional shape.
* definitions from the Australian/New Zealand CFS standard
Global Buckling - Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB)
Beam is subjected vertical loads bending induces compression
in one flange buckles laterally torsion of the beam
Simply supported
I beam
Cantilever I beam
11 12
13 14
Composite girders in negative moment regions
Lateral-distortional and lateral-torsional buckling take place when a steel section
is loaded in its stronger plane, and a point is reached when the steel moves to a
more favourable equilibrium position by deflecting sideways (or laterally) and
twisting.
The region of the beam over which this buckling takes place is usually quite long.
Lateral-torsional buckling in hogging bending (Figure -a) occurs when the cross-
section remains rigid and does not distort during buckling.
Lateral-distortional buckling (Figure -b) must be accompanied by distortion of the
cross-section, since in negative bending the concrete component (although
cracked) restrains the top tensile region of the steel component, and the bottom
flange may only displace laterally and twist when the web element distorts in the
plane of its cross-section.
15
Nominal moment capacity based on strength
Elastic moment capacity
Plastic moment capacity
y
f
y
f
Based on Plate buckling (Local buckling), Nominal moment capacity may be
Less than Elastic moment capacity
In between Elastic moment capacity and Plastic moment capacity
Equal to Plastic moment capacity
This will give Nominal Section Moment Capacity
Member (beam) may have Global buckling before its local buckling which will give
Nominal Member Moment Capacity
Previous Slide
16
Design of bending members (Clause 5.1)
A beam that is bent about the major principal axis (x-
axis) of its cross-section (analysis is based on elastic
method):
sx x
M M
*
bx x
M M
*
and
4.4) (Clause axis - about x moment beding design :
*
x
M
3.4) (Table 0.9 factor reduction capacity : =
5.2) (Clause axis - about x bend capacity, moment section nominal :
sx
M
5.6) or 5.3 (Clause axis - about x bend capacity, moment member nominal :
bx
M
Usually
sx bx
M M
flange n compressio the of buckling lateral by caused beam the of buckling
torsional lateral on based parameters other some and from calculated is
sx bx
M M
- This is a global buckling of the beam
x
y
17
A beam that is bent about the minor principal axis (y-axis)
of its cross-section (analysis is based on elastic method):
sy y
M M
*
4.4) (Clause axis - y about moment beding design :
*
y
M
5.2) (Clause axis - y about bend capacity, moment section nominal :
sy
M
- The lateral torsional buckling (global buckling) of the beam is not encountered
n compressio under elements plate the of buckling local on based parameters
other some and ) ( modulus section )/elastic ( capacity moment Plastic
and/or ) ( modulus section )/elastic ( capacity moment Elastic
from calculated is simply or , capacity, moment section nominal Ther
S S f M
Z Z f M
M M M
y P
y y
s sy sx
=
=
x
y
18

y
Stress Profile
dA
I
My
=
Z: Elastic section modulus
Elastic Moment Capacity at a Section of a Beam (no buckling)
Z
M
c I
M
I
Mc
= = =
/
max
c: extreme fibre distance from NA (max of c
1
and c
2
)
all all
Z Z M = =
max
y all y
f Z Z M = =
Allowable section moment capacity:
Beam section
1
c
max

Maximum bendind stress on the section

Elastic moment capacity of a section :
Idealised Stress strain curve of steel

f
y

y
(Elastic
perfectly
plastic)
NA (centroid)
2
c
19
Concept of Plastic Hinge Plastic Moment Capacity
y
f
y
f
y
f
y
f
y
=
y

y
f
y

y
>
y
>
y
f
y

y
>
y
>

f
y

y
y
=
y
>
y
>>
y
f
y
f
y
>>>
(Rigid
Plastic
Model)

f
y
20
y
f
y
f
Stress Profile Force Profile
C
T
2 2
y
y
Af
f
A
T C
= =
=
y y
y y
P
f S f
Al f Al
l
f A
l C M = = = = =
2 2 2
y y
f Z M =
Plastic Moment Capacity at a section of a Beam (no buckling)
l
S: Plastic section modulus
Z: Elastic section modulus
Plastic moment capacity of the section:
2
A
2
A
l
NA
Elastic moment capacity of the section
:
For rectangular section (bxd):
4
,
6
2 2
bd
S
bd
Z = =
21
Nominal moment capacity based on strength
Elastic moment capacity
Plastic moment capacity
y
f
y
f
Based on Plate buckling (Local buckling), Nominal moment capacity may be
Less than Elastic moment capacity
In between Elastic moment capacity and Plastic moment capacity
Equal to Plastic moment capacity
This will give Nominal Section Moment Capacity
Member (beam) may have Global buckling before its local buckling which will give
Nominal Member Moment Capacity
Previous Slide
22
A
P
=
Column: A slender structural member carries axial compressive load
Compressive Stress:
all
< If - structure is safe
all
> If
- structure is not safe
If the length of a column exceeds a certain value, the
column encounters another mode of failure due to its
long slender geometry (Geometric Failure)
Buckling of the column (Structural Stability)
The structure will fail due to yielding
or fracture (failure) of the material
(Material Failure)
R
R
stress allowable :
all

23
Buckling of Column
Q

If P is less, the column will be straight. If a small load Q is applied, the column
will bend but it will come back to its straight configuration if Q is released.
If the value of P is gradually increased, the above situation will be observed up to
a certain value of P = P
cr
. At P = P
cr
, a small value of Q will go on increasing the
bending deformation. If Q is released, the deformation of the column will stop but
it will not come back to its straight configuration.
If P>P
cr
, a small value of Q will cause excessive bending deformation - failure
P

cr
P
Unstable equilibrium path
Stable equilibrium path
R R
24
W
R
W
R
W
R
Stable Equilibrium Unstable Equilibrium Neutral Equilibrium
Q

Analogy with stability of a spherical body
cr
P P <
cr
P P =
cr
P P >
R R
P

cr
P
Unstable equilibrium path
Stable equilibrium path
2
2
L
EI
P
cr

=
25
P

cr
P
1
e
2
e
3
e
1 2 3
e e e > >
e
L
b a
Real Column
It will have imperfection in the form of initial curvature of the member, eccentricity
in the load and reaction due to imperfect boundaries or other conditions
e
P P
M = Pe
Note: the P- relationship is nonlinear
2
2
4L
EI
P
cr

=
26
2
2
e
cr
L
EI
P

= length Effective :
e
L
Different boundary conditions Effective length concept
2
2
L
EI
P
cr

=
2
2
2
L
EI
P
cr

=
2
2
4
L
EI
P
cr

=
2
2
4L
EI
P
cr

=
Generalized buckling load:
27
2
2
2
2
L
EI
L
EI
P
y
ey
y
cr
y

= =
Plane of Buckling
2
2
2
2
L
EI
L
EI
P
x
ex
x
cr
x

= =
2
2
L
EI
P P
y
cr cr
y

= =
z
Bending about x-axis/in y-z plane:
Bending about y-axis/in x-z plane:
Simply supported in all directions
at both ends
x y
cr cr
P P < as
Critical buckling load:
28
z
x
2
2
2
2
) 2 ( L
EI
L
EI
P
y
ey
y
cr
y

= =
2
2
2
2
) 7 . 0 ( L
EI
L
EI
P
x
ex
x
cr
x

= =
Bending about x-axis/in y-z plane:
Bending about y-axis/in x-z plane:
12
3
ba
I
x
=
x y
I
ab
I > =
12
3
- one end fixed and
other end pinned
- one end fixed and
other end free
Example:
column the of ) ( ratio slendeness
maximum or and of mimimum
on based or and of mimimum be will
2 2
/r L
) /(L I ) /(L I
P P P
e
ey y ex x
cr cr cr
y x
( )
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
/
) / (
r L
E
L
Er
L
A I E
AL
EI
A
P
e e e e
cr
cr

= = = = = Critical buckling stress:
29
Buckling of Plate Elements (Local Buckling)
Plate is two dimensional structure having two way bending (both way
supported) its deformation is represented with the deformed
configuration of its neutral plane/surface (plate mid plane)
Beam/column is one dimensional structure having one way bending its
deformation is represented with the deformed configuration of its neutral
axis (elastic curve)
Top plate element is supported
at its four sides
Compression flange is supported at
three edges - one longitudinal edge
is unsupported
30
x
M
x
Q
y
Q
y
M
x
M
x
Q
x
y
z
y
M
y
Q
xy
M
xy
M
xy
M xy
M
q
Plate Bending Problem
) , ( y x q
z
x
y
dx
dy
xy y x
M M M , ,
Stress resultants:
y x xy y x
Q Q M M M and , , ,
The stress resultants have variation
along any direction these are
defined per unit length
Twisting moment
Bending moments
Shear force
31
Plate Buckling Problem
z
x
y
x
N
x
N
y
N
y
N
xy
N
xy
N
xy
N
xy
N
The buckling may be produced by the in-plane forces N
x
or N
y
or N
xy
or
a combination these in-plane forces. These in-plane forces (membrane
forces) are defined per unit length.
32
2
2
b
D
k N
cr

=
2
3
) 1 ( 12
=
Et
D
Buckling of a rectangular simply supported (all sides) plate
subjected to longitudinal in-plane compression (uniform)
b
L
cr
N
x
y
Critical buckling load (per unit length):
- flexural rigidity (t : plate thickness, : Poissons ratio)
2
2
L
EI
P
cr

=
Note: the denominator is breadth of the plate it is not plate length
Column:
k = 4 if L/b is integer (e.g. 1,2,3). If L/b is not integer, the value of k will is little
more than 4 for design requirement, it is taken as 4.
33
2 2
3 2
) 1 ( 12
4
b
Et
N
cr

=
b
b b b
nb L =
cr
N
( )
2 2
3 2
1 12 b
Et
k N
cr

=
k
b L/
2 6
c
Application
(Case 3, Table 5.2)
b
t
34
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
250
y
e
f
t
b
=
35
b
edge supported Simply
edge Free
L
cr
N
Buckling of a rectangular plate (simply supported at three sides and free at one
longitudinal side) subjected to longitudinal in-plane compression (uniform)
Critical buckling load (per unit length):
( )
2 2
3 2
1 12 b
Et
k N
cr

= 425 . 0 = k
Application
(Case 1, Table 5.2)
c
Critical buckling stress:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
1
1 12 /
1
1 12 1 12

= =
E
k
t b
E
k
b
Et
k
t
N
cr
cr
b
t
Concept of plate slenderness ratio:
t
b
= - plate slenderness ratio
36
The critical buckling stress becomes equal to the yield stress of the plate
- AS 4100 (Table 5.2) recommended this as 16
( ) ( )
2 2
2
1
1 12

= =
E
k f
y cr
Plate slenderness ratio limit corresponding to plate yielding
( )
5 . 17
250 ) 3 0 ( 1 12
1000 200 425 0

2
2
y
=


=
.
.

( )
y
y
f
E k
2
2
1 12

= =
For the present case (k = 0.425, E = 200 Gpa, = 0.3), the above slenderness
limit for a steel having yield stress of 250 MPa is
250
y
e
f
t
b
=
The slenderness limits for different cases presented in Table 5.2 (AS 4100) are
applicable to a steel having yield stress of 250 MPa. In order to use these
slender limits (Table 5.2) to a steel having other yield stress, the slenderness
ratio of the plate elements are defined as follow
Plate element slenderness
37
Rectangular simply supported (all sides) plate subjected to longitudinal
in-plane force (compression at one edge and tension at other edge)
Applications (Case 4, Table 5.2)
c
b
t
c
b
t
b
L
3 / 2b 3 / 2b
3 / 2b
38
Applications (Case 2, Table 5.2)
b
L
Rectangular plate (simply supported at three sides and free at one longitudinal
side) subjected to longitudinal in-plane compression (maximum compression at
the unsupported edge and tension or zero stress at the supported edge)
c
edge Free
edge supported Simply
or
39
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
250
y
e
f
t
b
=
40
M
C
T
b
edge supported Simply
edge Free
L
cr
N
Case 1 (Table 5.2)
Plate with one longitudinal edge supported
and subjected to uniform compression
41
C
T
b
b b b
nb L =
cr
N
Case 3 (Table 5.2)
Plate with both longitudinal edges supported and subjected to uniform compression
42
C
T
Case 4 (Table 5.2)
b
L
3 / 2b 3 / 2b
3 / 2b
Plate with both longitudinal edges supported and subjected to
compression at one edge and tension at the other edge
43
C
T
b
L
edge Free
edge supported Simply
or
Plate with one longitudinal edges supported and subjected to maximum compression
at one unsupported edge and zero or tension at the other edge
Case 2 (Table 5.2)
44
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
250
y
e
f
t
b
=
b
t
45
High residual stress
Cold formed steel sections
Hot rolled steel sections
46
Nominal moment capacity based on strength
Elastic moment capacity
Plastic moment capacity
y
f
y
f
Based on Plate buckling (Local buckling), Nominal moment capacity may be
Less than Elastic moment capacity
In between Elastic moment capacity and Plastic moment capacity
Equal to Plastic moment capacity
This will give Nominal Section Moment Capacity
Member (beam) may have Global buckling before its local buckling which will give
Nominal Member Moment Capacity
y y
f Z M =
y P
f S M =
y e s
f Z M =
?? =
e
Z
47
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
250
y
e
f
t
b
=
b
t
48
Section moment capacity - bending about a principal axis (Clause 5.2)
Nominal section moment capacity:
e y s
Z f M =
modulus section Effective :
e
Z
stress Yield :
y
f
Section slenderness:
/ greater having ) ( element plate the of s slendernes
ey e e s
=
/ greater having ) ( element plate the limitof s slendernes yield
limit s slendernes elastic section :
ey e ey
sy

=
Section slenderness limits:
/ greater having ) ( element plate the limitof s slendernes plastic
limit s slendernes plastic section :
ey e ep
sp

=
Depend on slenderness of different plate elements having the possibility of buckling
c
b
t
250
y
e
f
t
b
=
Ignore this part
49
Type of sections - effective section modulus Z
e
(Clause 5.3.2)
ey e
>
Compact section: buckling of y possibilit having elements plate all for -
ep e

having elements plate all for -
ey e ep
<
Slender section:
Z S Z
c e
5 . 1 and of minimum Z = =
e y s
Z f M =
Non-compact section:
( )
(
(

|
|

\
|

+ = Z Z Z Z
c
ep ey
e ey
e


S: plastic section modulus, Z: elastic section modulus
|
|

\
|
=
e
ey
e
Z Z

2
Or
|
|

\
|
=
s
ey
e
Z Z

: 5.2 Table of 2 Case is it If

c
Calculate Z
e
of the different plate elements
and take the lowest value.
buckling of y possibilit
having elemets plate all for -
buckling of y possibilit
Calculate Z
e
of the different plate elements and take the lowest value
50
c
Z
Z
( )
(
(

|
|

\
|

+ = Z Z Z Z
c
ep ey
e ey
e


2
|
|

\
|
=
e
ey
e
Z Z

|
|

\
|
=
e
ey
e
Z Z

e
Z
compact compact - non slender
Z S
c
5 . 1 and of
minimum Z =
S: plastic section modulus, Z: elastic section modulus
ep

ey

250
y
e
f
t
b
=
Or
e y s
Z f M =
Graphical representation of Z
e
Nominal section moment capacity:
c
b
t
51
55
5
55
175
175
10
10
4
3
3
mm 750 , 403 , 92 2
12
) 175 175 ( 55
12
) 10 175 175 10 ( ) 55 5 55 (
=
+

+ + + + +
= I
3
mm 480 , 499
10 175
750 , 403 , 92
=
+
= =
c
I
Z
c
Elastic section modulus :
c
I
Z =
Plastic section modulus :
y
P
f
M
S = Plastic moment capacity :
y P
Sf M =
Example 1: Calculate the nominal section moment capacity of a steel beam bend
about the major principal axis (x-x) of its the cross-section shown below. The
section is heavily welded longitudinally. The yield stress of the steel is 500 MPa.
x x
52
55
5
55
175
175
10
10
kN 575 1000 / 500 ) 55 5 55 ( 10
1 1
= + + = =
y
f A F
1
F
2
F
2
F
1
F
2
l
1
l
mm 360 2 / 10 175 175 2 / 10
1
= + + + = l
kN 5 . 437 1000 / 500 175 5
2 2
= = =
y
f A F mm 175 2 / 175 2 / 175
2
= + = l
kNm 56 . 283 1000 / ) 175 5 . 437 360 575 (
2 2 1 1
= + = + = l F l F M
P
Plastic moment capacity :
53
3
mm 120 , 567 1.5 and of minimum = = Z S Z
c
3
mm 480 , 499 = Z
3
mm 220 , 749 480 , 499 5 . 1 5 . 1 = = Z
2
6
mm 120 , 567
500
10 56 . 283
=

= =
y
P
f
M
S
kNm 56 . 283 =
P
M
Plastic section modulus :
Plate slenderness and their limits
55
5
55
175
175
10
10
Compression flange:
78 . 7
250
500
10
55
250
= = =
y
e
f
t
b

8 =
ep
14 =
ey

Case 1, Table 5.2:

The section is compact based on this plate element
54
55
5
55
175
175
10
10
c
99
250
500
5
2 175
250
=

= =
y
e
f
t
b

82 =
ep
115 =
ey

Plate slenderness and their limits

Web plate:
Case 4, Table 5.2:
The section is non-compact based on this plate element
( )
(
(

|
|

\
|

+ = Z Z Z Z
c
ep ey
s ey
e


Effective section modulus:
( )
3
mm 275 , 532 480 , 499 120 , 567
82 115
99 115
480 , 499 =
(

\
|

+ =
3
mm 120 , 567 = =
c
Z
3
mm 480 , 499 = Z
Nominal section moment capacity: kNm 14 . 266 10 / 275 , 532 500
6
= = =
e y s
Z f M
55
400
400
12
12
12
3 3
mm 10 470 =
yy
Z
3 3
mm 10 724 =
yy
S
Example 2: Calculate the nominal section moment capacity of a steel beam bend
about minor principal axis (y-y) of its the cross-section shown below. The section
is heavily welded longitudinally. The yield stress of the steel is 400 MPa.
y
y
Plate slenderness and their limits
Flange plate:
45 . 20
250
400
12
2 / ) 12 400 (
250
=

= =
y
e
f
t
b

8 =
ep
22 =
ey

Case 2, Table 5.2:

The section is non-compact based on this plate element
3 3
mm 10 705 1.5 and of minimum = = Z S Z
c
3 3 3
mm 10 705 10 470 5 . 1 5 . 1 5 . 1 = = =
yy
Z Z
Note: Dont consider the web plate (zero stress)
56
( )
(
(

|
|

\
|

+ = Z Z Z Z
c
ep ey
s ey
e


Effective section modulus:
( )
3 3 3 3 3
mm 10 496 10 470 10 705
8 22
45 . 20 22
10 470 =
(

\
|

+ =
Nominal section moment capacity:
kNm 4 . 198 10 / 10 496 400
6 3
= = =
e y s
Z f M
3 3
mm 10 470 = Z
3 3
mm 10 705 =
c
Z
45 . 20 =
e

8 =
ep
22 =
ey

57