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bn|t I
Survey|ng - Objects - types- c|oss|||cot|on- Fr|nc|p|es -
Meosurements o| d|stonces - |eve|||ng
C|v|| Eng|neer|ng Moter|o|s
8r|cks - Stones - sond - Cement - Concrete - Stee|
Sect|ons
5urvcyIng
-Il is dofinod as lho piocoss of noasuiing
hoiizonlaI dislancos, voilicaI dislancos and
incIudod angIos lo doloinino lho Iocalion of poinls
on, alovo oi loIov lho oailh suifacos.
- Tho loin suivoying is lho iopiosonlalion of
suifaco foaluios in a hoiizonlaI pIano.
- Tho piocoss of doloinining lho ioIalivo hoighls in
lho voilicaI pIano is iofoiiod as IovoIIing.
-cctIvcs nf 5urvcyIng
- Tho dala ollainod ly suivoying aio usod lo piopaio lho
pIan oi nap shoving lho giound foaluios.
- Whcn thc arca survcycd Is sma!! and thc sca!c tn whIch
Its rcsu!t p!nttcd Is !argc, thcn It Is knnwn as P!an
- Whcn thc arca survcycd Is !argc and thc sca!c tn whIch
Its rcsu!t p!nttcd Is sma!!, thcn It Is ca!!cd as a Map
-Solling oul of any onginooiing voik Iiko luiIdings, ioads,
iaiIvay liacks, liidgos and dans invoIvos suivoying
MaIn dIvIsInns nf survcyIng
Typcs nf 5urvcyIng
-IIano suivoying
- Coodolic suivoying
Cnnccpt:
- 5Incc thc shapc nf thc carth Is sphcrnIda!, thc
!Inc cnnncctIng any twn pnInts nn thc carth
surfacc Is nnt a straIght !Inc, -ut a curvc.
- Whcn thc survcys cxtcnd nvcr a !argc arcas nr
whcn thc accuracy rcquIrcd Is grcat, thc curvaturc
nf carth has a!sn tn -c takcn Intn accnunt.
- Fnr sma!! dIstanccs thc dIffcrcncc and thc
su-tcndcd chnrd
P!anc 5urvcyIng
- Tho suivoying vhoio lho offocl of cuivaluio of
oailh is nogIoclod and oailhs suifaco is lioalod as
pIano, is caIIod suivoying.
- Tho dogioo of accuiacy in lhis lypo of suivoying
is conpaialivoIy Iov.
- ConoiaIIy vhon lho suivoying is conduclod ovoi
lho aioa Ioss lhan 260 5q.Km., lhoy aio lioalod as
pIano suivoying.
- IIano suivoying is conduclod foi lho puiposo of
onginooiing piojocls.
cndctIc 5urvcyIng
- Tho offocl of cuivaluio is lakon inlo accounl.
- Il is aIso knovn as TrIgnnnmctrIca!
5urvcyIng.
- Il is a spociaI lianch of suivoying in vhich
noasuiononls aio lakon vilh high piocision
insliunonls.
- CaIcuIalions aio aIso nado vilh hoIp of sphoiicaI
liigononoliy.
- Il is gonoiaIIy adoplod ly lho Cioal
TiigononoliicaI Suivoy Dopailnonl of India.
(CTS).
C!assIfIcatInn nf survcyIng
- Land Suivoying
- Maiino oi Navigalion oi Hydiogiaphic Suivoying
- AsliononicaI Suivoy.
Land 5urvcyIng: Land suivoy is a ono, in vhich lho ioIalivo
poinls oi oljocls on lho oailhs suifaco is doloininod.
MarInc nr NavIgatInna! nr HydrngraphIc 5urvcy:
Maiino suivoying is ono in vhich in vhich lho ioIalivo
posilion of oljocls undoi valoi is doloininod.
AstrnnnmIca! 5urvcyIng: Il is ono in vhich olsoivalions
aio nado lo Iocalo lho hoavonIy lodios such as sun, noon
and slais.
C!assIfIcatInn nf Land survcyIng
TnpngraphIca! 5urvcy:
- Il is usod foi doloinining lho naluiaI and ailificiaI foaluios of
lho counliy such as iivois, Iakos, hiIIs and canaIs.
Cadastra! 5urvcy:
- Il is usod lo Iocalo addilionaI dolaiIs such as loundaiios of
fioIds of fioIds, housos and olhoi piopoilios.
CIty 5urvcy:
- Il is usod foi lovn pIanning schonos such as Iaying oul pIols,
consliucling sliools, Iaying valoi suppIy and sovoi Iinos.
- Lnginooiing Suivoy : Il is usod lo coIIocl dala foi dosign and
consliuclion of Lnginooiing voiks such as ioads, iaiIvays,
liidgos dans olc.,
PrIncIp!cs nf 5urvcyIng
PrIncIp!c 1:
- A nunloi of conlioI poinls aio fixod in lho aioa
concoinod ly adopling voiy accuialo and piociso
nolhods.
- Tho Iinos joining lhoso conlioI poinls viII lo
conlioI Iinos.
- Olhoi noasuiononls aio nado lo Iocalo poinls
insido lhoso conlioI Iinos.
- Thus, nain liiangIos and liavoisos aio foinod
fiisl.
PrIncIp!cs nf 5urvcyIng
PrIncIp!c 1:
- Tho nain liiangIos and liavoisos aio dividod inlo
snaIIoi onos ly using Ioss iigoious nolhods.
- y doing so, accunuIalion of oiiois is avoidod
and any IocaI oiioi can lo oasiIy idonlifiod.
- If suivoy voik is slailod fion a pail (snaIIoi
liiangIo oi liavoiso) and piocoodod lo vhoIo lhoio
aio chancos of oiiois golling nuIlipIiod al ovoiy
slago.
- Hcncc any survcy wnrk shnu!d -c frnm whn!c
tn part and nnt frnm part tn whn!c.
PrIncIp!cs nf 5urvcyIng
PrIncIp!c 2:
- Nov poinls shouId lo fixod ly alIoasl lvo
indopondonl noasuiononls.
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|
2
F
Q
k
F|gure 1
F
Q
k
S
1
S
2
F|gure 2
F
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1
F|gure 3
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PrIncIp!cs nf 5urvcyIng
PrIncIp!c 2:
- As poi lho IiincipIo 2, lho Iocalion of a nov
poinl invoIvos ono of lho foIIoving.
(a) Mcasurcmcnt nf twn dIstanccs.
(-) Mcasurcmcnt nf twn ang!cs
(c) Mcasurcmcnt nnc ang!c and nnc dIstancc
PrIncIp!cs nf 5urvcyIng
ig 1: Il shovs lho nolhod of Iocaling R vilh iofoionco lo knovn Ionglh IQ ly
using lho knovn dislancos of IR (I
1
) and QR (I
2
)
ig 2: Il shovs lho nolhod of Iocaling R vilh iofoionco lo lho Ionglh IQ ly using
lho knovn angIos QIR (O
1
) and IQR (O
2
)
ig 3: Il shovs lho nolhod of Iocaling R vilh iofoionco lo knovn Ionglh IQ ly
using lho knovn dislanco of IR (I
1
) and knovn angIo QIR (O
1
)
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2
F
Q
k
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F
Q
k
S
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S
2
F|gure 2
F
Q
k
S
1
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1
ChaIn 5urvcyIng - PrIncIp!c
- In chain suivoying onIy Iinoai dislancos on lho
fioId aio noasuiod.
- Thoso dislancos aio usod lo dofino lho loundaiy
of fioId and naik sinpIo dolaiIs.
PrIncIp!c :
- Il is lo foin a nolvoik of liiangIos ly using lho
dislancos noasuiod.
- olloi accuiacy viII lo ollainod if lho liiangIos
lhus foinod aio noaiIy oquiIaloiaI in shapo.
C!assIfIcatInn nf survcyIng
C!assIfIcatInn nf survcyIng:
- Chain Suivoying
- Conpass Suivoying
- ThoodoIilo suivoying
- IIano Suivoying
- Tochoonoliic Suivoying
AcccssnrIcs uscd In ChaIn 5urvcyIng
Tho diffoionl accossoiios usod in chain suivoying
aio
(a) Molio Chain
(l) Chain Iins (aiiovs)
(c) Moasuiing Tapo
(d) Ranging iod/Offsol iod.
AcccssnrIcs uscd In ChaIn 5urvcyIng
MctrIc survcyIng chaIn
- A suivoying chain is a dovico usod lo noasuio dislanco
lolvoon lvo poinls on lho giound.
- Moliic chains aio avaiIalIo in Ionglhs of 5 n, 1On, 2On and 3O
n.
- 2On - 3O n chain is noinaIIy usod foi lho fioId of suivoying.
- A suivoying chain conlains liass handIos vilh liass oyoloIl
and coIIai, gaIvanizod niId slooI Iinks and viio iings.
- In lho caso of 2O n and 3O n chains, liass laIIios aio piovidod
al ovoiy 5 n Ionglh and indicaling liass viio iings aio allachod
al ovoiy nolio Ionglh oxcopl vhoio laIIios aio piovidod.
AcccssnrIcs uscd In ChaIn 5urvcyIng
MctrIc survcyIng chaIn
- Tho dislanco lolvoon lho oulsido facos of handIos of a fuIIy sliolchod
oul chain is lho Ionglh of lho chain.
- Tho Ionglh of lho chain, Iiko 2On is ongiavod on lho handIos.
- WhiIo noasuiing lho Iong dislanco, lho chain viII havo lo lo usod a
nunloi of linos.
- Aiiovs aio diivon al lho ond of ovoiy chain Ionglh.
- oi hoIding lho aiiovs in posilion, gioovos aio cul in lho oulsido faco
of lho handIos.
-Tho iadius of lho gioovo is lho sano as lhal lho aiiovs.
-oi convonionl handIing of lho chain, lho handIo joinl is nado fIoxilIo
so lhal il is possilIo lo svivoI lo handIo iound lho oyo loIl.
AcccssnrIcs uscd In ChaIn 5urvcyIng
ChaIn PIns
- Chain pins oi aiiovs aio usod vilh
lho chain foi naiking oach chain
Ionglh on lho giound.
- Tho aiiov is diivon inlo lho giound
al lho ond of oach chain Ionglh is
noasuiod.
- Chain pins lho aiiov shouId lo
nado of good quaIily haidonod and
lonpoiod slooI viio of nininun
lonsiIo slionglh of 7O kg/nn
2
.
- Tho ovoiaII Ionglh is 4OO nn and
lhicknoss is 4nn.
- Tho viio shouId lo lIack onanoIIod.
- Tho aiiov has a ciicuIai oyo al lho
ono ond is poinlod al lho olhoi ond .
AcccssnrIcs uscd In ChaIn 5urvcyIng
Pcgs
- Woodon pogs of 15cn Ionglh and 3 cn squaio
in soclion aio usod lo oslalIish lho slalion poinls
oi lho ond poinls of a Iino on lho giound.
- Thoy aio lapoiod ono ond and aio diivon inlo
lho giound ly using a voodon hannoi.
- Aloul 4 cn is Iofl piojocling alovo lho giound.
AcccssnrIcs uscd In ChaIn 5urvcyIng
McasurIng Tapc
-Thoio aio diffoionl lypos of lapos aio usod. Thoy
aio
(a) CIolh oi Iinon lypo
(l) MolaIIic Tapo
(c) SlooI Tapo
(d) Invai Tulo.
Mcta!!Ic tapc and stcc! tapcs arc mnst cnmmnn!y
uscd.
AcccssnrIcs uscd In ChaIn 5urvcyIng
McasurIng Tapc
-MolaIIic Tapo is nado of vainishod
valoipioof Iinon.
-Il is ioinfoicod vilh fino liass
coppoi oi lionzo viios.
- Tapos aio avaiIalIo in Ionglhs of 1O,
15, 2O, 3O oi 5O nolios.
- In nolaIIic lapos ovoiy nolio is
dividod inlo 1OO divisions (cns).
- In slooI lapos, lho conlinolio
division aio aIso suldividod.
AcccssnrIcs uscd In ChaIn 5urvcyIng
RangIng Rnd
RangIng Rnd:
- Il is aIso knovn as ianging poIo oi pickol.
- Ranging iod is usod foi ianging oi aIigning Iong Iinos on lho
giound in fioId suivoying.
- Ranging is a sliaighl Iino noans fixing a soiios of pogs oi olhoi
naiks such lhal lhoy aII Iio on a sliaighl Iino.
- Ranging iods aio usod naiking poinls on lho giound so lhal
lho posilions of lho poinls aio dislinclIy visilIo fion sono dislanl
vay.
- Tho Ionglh of ianging iod nay lo 2 n and 3 n and ils dianoloi
is 3O nn.
-Ranging iod nado of slooI lulo has an inloinaI dianoloi of 32
nn.
- Tho ianging iods aio nado of voII soasonod, sliaighl giainod
linloi of ciicuIai cioss soclion.
AcccssnrIcs uscd In ChaIn 5urvcyIng
RangIng Rnd
-Ranging iods shouId lo
sliaighl and fioo fion vaips.
- Tho dovialion in
sliaighlnoss shouId nol oxcood
5nn in a 2 n Ionglh.
- Tho ianging iod is painlod
in rcd and whItc In aIloinalo
land Ionglhs of 2OO nn oach.
- Tho lollon ond of lho iod is
fillod vilh a poinlod, hoIIov,
casl iion shoo oi slooI shoo of
15 cn Ionglh.
AcccssnrIcs uscd In ChaIn 5urvcyIng
ffsct Rnd
- Il is a ianging iod vilh lvo
shoil, naiiov, voilicaI
sighling sIols passing
lhiough lho conlio of lho
soclion.
- A hook is fillod of a gioovo
is cul al lho lop lo onalIo
puIIing oi pushing of lho
chain lhiough olsliuclion
Iiko hodgos.
- Offsol iods aio noanl foi
solling oulIinos
appioxinaloIy al iighl angIos
lo lho nain Iino.
AcccssnrIcs uscd In ChaIn 5urvcyIng
Crnss 5taff
- Il is usod lo sol oul iighl
angIos in chain suivoying
- Il consisls of foui nolaI ains
voilicaI sIils nounlod on a poIo.
- Tvo opposilo sIils aio
posilionod aIong lho Ionglh of a
Iino (Main Lino)
- A Iino poipondicuIai lo lho
nain Iino is foinod oi sighlod
lhiough lho olhoi lvo sIils
AcccssnrIcs uscd In ChaIn 5urvcyIng
P!um- Bn-
- Il consisls of a soIid conicaI
pioco and a sliing allachod lo
il al ils conlio.
- Whon in uso, lho soIid
pioco is al lho lollon.
- Il is usod lo losl lho
voilicaIily of lho ianging
iods and lo liansfoi lho
poinls lo lho giound.
- IIunl lol is usod vhiIo
doing chain suivoying on
sIoping giound.
AcccssnrIcs uscd In ChaIn 5urvcyIng
Unfn!dIng and fn!dIng nf chaIn
- olh lho handIos of lho chain aio hoId in lho Iofl hand and
lho olhoi poilions in lho iighl hand.
- Tho poilion hoId in lho iighl hand is lhiovn foivaid,
- Tho poison lhioving noving lackvaid hinsoIf.
- Tho Ioadoi lakos ono handIo of lho chain and novos foivaid
hinsoIf.
- Tho Ioadoi lakos ono handIo of lho chain and novos foivaid
liII lho chain is sliolchod lo ils fuII Ionglh.
- Tho chain shouId lo fioo fion any kinks oi londs.
- Afloi lho conpIolion of lho voik, lho lvo handIos aio
lioughl logolhoi and lho chain is foIdod slailod vilh lho
niddIo paii.
- Tho Iinks aio pIacod olIiquoIy acioss oach paii.
- Tho foIdod chain is socuioIy liod vilh a iopo
RangIng a !Inc
- Il noans fixing a soiios of pogs oi olhoi naiks
such lhal lhoy aII Iio on a sliaighl Iino.
- Supposo I and Q aio lho lvo onds of a suivoy
Iino.
- Ono ianging iod is diivon Q.
- Tho suivoyoi hoIds anolhoi ianging iod al I and
slands al aloul 3O cn lohind ianging iod.
- Tho assislanl goos vilh anolhoi ianging iod
aIong lho suivoy Iino and posilions hinsoIf
appioxinaloIy in Iino vilh IQ al a dislanco Ioss
lhan a chain Ionglh fion I.
RangIng a !Inc
- Tho suivoyoi al I koops his oyo in Iino vilh IQ
and signaIs lo lho assislanl ly vay of adjusling
lho posilion of lho ianging iod hoId ly lho
assislanl liavoisoIy.
- This adjuslnonl is conlinuod liII lho
inloinodialo ianging iod is liuIy in Iino vilh I
and Q.
- Olhoi inloinodialo poinls aIong lho suivoy Iino
aio aIso fixod in lho sano nannoi.
ut!Inc nf ChaIn survcyIng
- A laso Iino vhich is a chain Iino is fixod.
- Tho laso Iino is aIignod ly ianging.
- Tho Ionglh of lho Iino is noasuiod ly chaining.
- oi lhis foIIovoi hoIds lho zoio ond of lho chain and lho
Ioadoi diags lho chain lo an inloinodialo poinl on lho Iino
- Tho Ioadoi sliaighlons lho chain ly joiking liII lho chain
Iios oxaclIy ovoi lho Iino.
- Tho Ioadoi naiks lho ond of lho chain ly diiving lho
chain pin (aiiov)
- Tho foIIovoi hoIds lho zoio ond of lho chain al lho chain
pin poinl again
- Thus lho chaining is conlinuod liII lho onliio Ionglh is
covoiod.
ut!Inc nf ChaIn survcyIng
- oi Iocaling lho dolaiIs, IaloiaI noasuiononls aio
lakon lo lho oljocls.
- Thoso IaloiaI noasuiononls aio caIIod offsols.
- If lho offsol is al iighl angIos lo lho laso Iino, il is
caIIod poipondicuIai offsol.
- If il is incIinod lo lho laso Iino, il is caIIod olIiquo
offsol.
- Doponding upon lho silualion, poipondicuIai oi
olIiquo offsols aio lakon
- Tho Ionglh aio noasuiod aio onloiod.
Advantagcs and dIsadvantagcs nf
chaIn survcyIng
Advantagcs:
-Il is sinpIo
- Il doos nol ioquiio any coslIy oquipnonl
- Il is adoplod foi piopaiing pIans foi snaII aioa
DIsadvantagcs:
- Il cannol lo usod foi Iaigo aioas
- Il cannol lo usod in lhick lushy aioas vilh ups
and dovns.
- Chain suivoying is nol aIvays accuialo.
Cnmpass 5urvcyIng - PrIsmatIc Cnmpass
Cnmpass 5urvcyIng
- Whonovoi a nunloi of laso Iinos
aio lo lo iun foi ollaining lho
dolaiIs as in liavoising, jusl Iinoai
noasuiononls nado ly chain
suivoying viII nol lo sufficionl.
- Tho angIos incIudod lolvoon lho
adjaconl Iinos shouId aIso lo
noasuiod
- Conpass is ono of lho
insliunonls usod lo noasuio lho
angIos.
PrIsmatIc Cnmpass
DcscrIptInn:
- A nagnolic noodIo is laIancod ovoi a pivol in a ciicuIai lox of 85
nn lo 11O nn in dianoloi.
- A giadualod aIuniniun iing is allachod lo lho nagnolic noodIo.
- An agalo cap koops lho aIuniniun iing slalIo.
- Tho lox is covoiod ly a gIass Iid.
- Oljocl vano and oyo vano aio piovidod al dianoliicaIIy opposilo
onds.
- Lyo vano caiios a iofIocling piisn vhich can lo iaisod oi Iovoiod as
dosiiod.
- A voilicaI hoiso haii oi fino viio is piovidod al lho niddIo of lho
oljocl vano.
- Tho giadualions in lho aIuniniun iing aio nado in lho cIockviso
diioclion slailing vilh O
o
al Soulh and 18O
o
al Noilh vilh invoilod
naikings.
PrIsmatIc Cnmpass
DcscrIptInn:
- A liianguIai piisn fillod loIov lho oyo sIil onalIos
nagnificalion of ioadings lo suil olsoivois oyo.
- asod on lhis piisn aiiangononl, lho conpass is
nanod piisnalic conpass.
- Conpass is fixod ovoi a liipod vilh laII and sockol
aiiangononl.
- A liakod pin is piovidod loIov lho oljocl vano lo
danp lho osciIIalions of lho nagnolic noodIo vhiIo
laking ioadings.
PrIsmatIc Cnmpass
WnrkIng PrIncIp!c:
- Tho nagnolic fioId aIigns ilsoIf vilh lho nagnolic noiidian (N-S
diioclion)
- Tho Iino of sighl is acluaIIy lho Iino joining lho oljocl vano and oyo
vano
- Tho angIo lolvoon lho N-S diioclion and lho Iino of sighl is
olsoivod in lho conpass
- This angIo is acluaIIy lho angIo lolvoon N-S diioclion and lho Iino
on lho giound
- This angIo nado ly lho Iino vilh lho N-S diioclion is caIIod lho
-carIng of lho Iino.
- Conpass is usod lo noasuio lho loaiing of lho diffoionl Iinos fion
vhich lho angIos incIudod lolvoon lho adjaconl Iinos aio conpulod.
Hnw tn takc rcadIng usIng cnmpass
- Tho conpass is conloiod ovoi lho slalion ly diopping a snaII
pioco of slono fion lho conlio of lho lollon of lho conpass.
- A pIunl lol is usod foi conloiing.
- Tho conpass is IovoIIod ly adjusling lho laII and sockol liII lho
lop of lho lox is hoiizonlaI.
- Tho giadualod iing shouId novo fiooIy afloi having IovoIIod
lho insliunonl.
- Supposo lho loaiing of a Iino IQ is lo lo olsoivod.
- Tho conpass is conloiod ovoi I.
- Il is IovoIIod.
- Tho piisn and lho oljocl vano aio kopl in voilicaI posilion.
- Tho conpass is luinod sIovIy liII lho ianging iod aIioady
oioclod al Q is lisoclod.
Hnw tn takc rcadIng usIng cnmpass
- In lhis posilion, lho ianging iod, lho oljocl and
lho oyo vano aII Iio in lho sano Iino.
- Tho focusing piisn is iaisod oi Iovoiod liII lho
ioadings voio cIoai and shaip.
- Tho ioading in lho iing cul ly lho oljocl haii Iino
is lakon afloi danping lho osciIIalions of lho iing
ly piossing lho liako pin.
DcfInItInns
MagnctIc BcarIng:
- Il is lho angIo lolvoon lho nagnolic noiidian and lho Iino.
- Tho angIo is aIvays noasuiod in lho cIockviso diioclion
- Il is lho diioclion shovn ly a fiooIy suspondod nagnolic noodIo
- Tho nagnolic noiidian is aIso caIIod -carIng.
Truc BcarIng:
- Tiuo loaiing of a Iino is lho angIo lolvoon lho liuo noiidian
and lho Iino.
- Tho angIo is aIvays noasuiod in lho anlicIockviso diioclion.
- Tho liuo noiidian is lho Iino joining lho googiaphicaI noilh and
soulh loaiings.
DcfInItInns
Whn!c CIrc!c BcarIng:
- Tho loaiing of Iinos noasuiod fion lho Nnrth is caIIod Whn!c
CIrc!c BcarIng.
- Tho angIo is iockonod in lho c!nckwIsc dIrcctInn frnm 0
n
coinciding vilh lho noilh.
Quadrant BcarIng:
- Tho vhoIo ciicIo is dividod inlo foui quadianls.
- Tho loaiing is oxpiossod vilh N oi S as piofix and L oi W as
suffix.
- Quadianl oaiing is aIso knovn as Rcduccd BcarIng.
DcfInItInns
Fnrc BcarIng and Back -carIng:
- Lvoiy Iino has lvo loaiing nanoIy foio loaiing and lack lack
loaiing
- oio loaiing is lho loaiing lakon in lho diioclion of suivoying
and ack loaiing is lho loaiing lakon in lho iovoiso diioclion.
- Thc dIffcrcncc -ctwccn thc fnrc -carIng and thc -ack
-carIng shnu!d -c 180
n
.
- Il noans lhal ono oi lolh slalions of lho Iino aio suljoclod lo
!nca! attractInn.
- Thus, IocaI alliaclion is lho infIuonco causod on lho noasuiod
loaiings of Iinos duo lo lho piosonco of naloiiaIs Iiko iaiIvay
liack, cuiionl caiiying viios oi calIos, olc.,
Tn fInd QB frnm WCB

E
W
S
A
35
O
15'
F
5n!utInn :
LInc PA !Ics In 1
st
quadrant.
Quadrant BcarIng -carIng nf PA = N 35
n
15' E
Tn fInd QB frnm WCB
130
O
0'
E
S

W
8
F
50
O
5n!utInn :
LInc PB !Ics In 2nd quadrant.
Quadrant BcarIng -carIng nf PB = 5 50
n
00' E
Tn fInd QB frnm WCB
F
210
O
15'
S
E

C
30
O
15'
5n!utInn :
LInc PC !Ics In 3rd quadrant.
Quadrant BcarIng -carIng nf
PC = 5 30
n
15' W
Tn fInd QB frnm WCB
F
W

S
E
D

O
15
'
20
O
45
'
5n!utInn :
LInc PD !Ics In 4th quadrant.
Quadrant BcarIng -carIng nf
PD = N 69
n
15' W
Tn fInd Whn!c CIrc!c BcarIng frnm QB
(i) WCB = PA -N 15
n
E
(II) WCB = PB - 5 25
n
45' E
(III) WCB = PC - 5 45
n
30' W
(Iv) WCB = PD - N 10
n
W
Tn fInd Whn!c CIrc!c BcarIng frnm QB
Qn: PA - N 15
n
E
Ans: Lino IA is in lho fiisl quadianl. Ils WC is 15
o
N
E
S
W
15
O
F
A
Tn fInd Whn!c CIrc!c BcarIng frnm QB
Qn: PB - 5 25
n
45' E
Lino I is in socond quadianl. Ils WC is 18O
o
OO-
25
o
45 = 154
n
15' N
E
S
W
F
8
154
O
15'
Tn fInd Whn!c CIrc!c BcarIng frnm QB
Qn: PC - 5 45
n
30'W
Lino IC is lhiid quadianl. Ils WC is
18O
o
OO+45
o
3O = 225
n
30'
N
E
S
W
F
8
225
o
30'
c
Tn fInd Whn!c CIrc!c BcarIng frnm QB
Qn: PD - N 10
n
W
Lino ID is in fouilh quadianl. Ils WC is
36O
o
OO-1O
o
OO= 350
n
00'
N
E
S
W
F
350
o
00'
D
Tn fInd Back BcarIng frnm Fnrc BcarIng
Qn: Fnrc -carIng nf LInc PQ Is 38
n
15', fInd Back
-carIng.
8ock 8eor|ng =218
o
15'
38
o
15'
F
Q
Tn fInd Back BcarIng frnm Fnrc BcarIng
Qn: Fnrc -carIng nf LInc R5 Is 210
n
15' fInd thc
-ack -carIng.
210
o
15'
8ock 8eor|ng =30
o
30'
k
S
Lcvc!!Ing
-Il is a suivoying nolhod usod lo doloinino lho IovoI of
poinls/oljocls vilh iofoionco lo lho soIoclod dalun.
-Il is aIso usod lo sol oul onginooiing voiks.
Uscs nf Lcvc!!Ing:
- To doloinino lho diffoionco in IovoIs of poinls/Oljocls
- To ollain conloui nap of an aioa
- To ollain cioss soclion of ioads, canaIs olc.,
- To doloinino lho doplh culling and fiIIing in onginooiing
voiks.
- To oslalIish poinls oi oiocl nachinoiy oi consliucl a luiIding
conpononl al a piodoloininod IovoI.
mpnrtant Tcrms
Bcnch Mark: Il is suivoyois naik cul on a slono/
iock oi any iofoionco poinl usod lo indicalo a IovoI
in a IovoIIing suivoy.
Rcduccd Lcvc!:
-Roducod IovoI of a poinl is lho IovoI of lho poinl
vilh iospocl lo lho IovoI of poinanonl foaluio oi
lonch naik.
- t IndIcatcs whcthcr thc pnInt Is a-nvc nr -c!nw
thc rcfcrcncc pnInt (datum).
nstrumcnts uscd In !cvc!!Ing
Insliunonls usod in IovoIIing aio,
(i)LovoIIing insliunonl
(ii)LovoIIing slaff
Lcvc!!Ing nstrumcnt :
- SinpIosl foin of IovoIIing insliunonl is dunpy
IovoI.
- Tho diffoionl pails of IovoIIing insliunonl aio,
(a) Tc!cscnpc (-) Eyc-pIccc (c) fncussIng knn- (d) !cvc!
tu-c (c) crnss -u--!c (f) fnnt scrcws (g) !cvc!!Ing hcad
(h) dIaphragm (I) ray shadc
nstrumcnts uscd In !cvc!!Ing
Insliunonls usod in IovoIIing aio,
(i)LovoIIing insliunonl
(ii)LovoIIing slaff
Lcvc!!Ing nstrumcnt :
- SinpIosl foin of IovoIIing insliunonl is dunpy
IovoI.
- Tho diffoionl pails of IovoIIing insliunonl aio,
(a) Tc!cscnpc (-) Eyc-pIccc (c) fncussIng knn- (d) !cvc!
tu-c (c) crnss -u--!c (f) fnnt scrcws (g) !cvc!!Ing hcad
(h) dIaphragm (I) ray shadc
Dumpy Lcvc!
Lcvc!!Ing 5taff
- Il is an inpoilanl accossoiy usod vilh IovoIIing insliunonl al lho lino
of conducling IovoIIing suivoy.
- Roading is lakon on lho IovoIIing slaff hoId piopoiIy al lho poinl
concoinod ly vioving lhiough lho loIoscopo of lho IovoIIing insliunonl.
- UsuaIIy 4 n IovoIIing slaff nay lo usod of foIding lypo oi loIoscopic
lypo
- AIuniniun IovoIIing slaff foIdalIo al ovoiy nolio Ionglh has aIso
cano lo lho naikol.
- Tho IovoIIing slaff consisls of lhioo piocos.
- Tho lopnosl ono sIidos inlo lho niddIo ono and lho niddIo poilion
sIidos inlo lho lollon ono.
- Whon lho slaff is fuIIy puIIod, il viII ioad oxaclIy 4O docinolois (4n)
fion lho lollon shoo.
Lcvc!!Ing 5taff
Ciadualion in IovoIIing slaff:
- Lvoiy nolio Ionglh is dividod inlo 200 dIvIsInns.
- Tho dIvIsInns arc paIntcd In -!ack and whItc a!tcrnatc!y of lhicknoss
5 nn oach.
- Tho giadualion figuios aio naikod al ovoiy docinoloi Ionglh.
- Tho num-cr IndIcatIng mctrc Is In rcd and lho dccImctcr num-cr Is
In -!ack.
- Thus, a giadualion figuio of 24 indicalos 2 mctrcs and 4 dccImctcrs.
- Tho giadualion aio nado conlinuousIy ono alovo lho olhoi in lho
sano Iino.
- Tho division Iinos shouId lo paiaIIoI lo lho laso of lho lollon shoo
and poipondicuIai lo lho Ionglh of lho slaff.
- Tho odgos of lho division Iinos shouId lo sliaighl shaipIy dofinod.
- Thoy shouId lo cIoai and nado dislinclIy visilIo ly piopoiIy
conliasling.
- Tho graduatInn cn!nur paInts uscd shnu!d nnt crack nr -!Istcr vhon
oxposod lo advoiso oi alnosphoiic condilions.
mpnrtant Tcrms In !cvc!!Ing
-5tatInn : In LovoIIing, lho loin slalion aIvays iofois lo lho poinl vhoio
lho IovoIIing slaff is hoId and nol lho insliunonl slalion.
- HcIght nf nstrumcnt : Il is lho oIovalion of lho Iino of sighl vilh
iofoionco lo lho assunod dalun.
- Back 5Ight (B.5) : Il is lho ioading lakon on lho slaff hoId al a poinl, lho
oIovalion of vhich is knovn aIioady. Il is usofuI lo knov lho nov hoighl
of lho insliunonl.
- FnrcsIght (F.5): Il is lho ioading lakon on lho slaff hoId al a poinl of
unknovn oIovalion. ion, .S., lho hoighl of lho Iino of insliunonl alovo
lho poinl can lo ollainod. Il is usofuI lo find lho oIovalion of lho poinl.
- Changc PnInt : Il is lho poinl al vhich lho foio sighl is lakon fion ono
insliunonl slalion and lack sighl is lakon fion lho noxl insliunonl
slalion.
- ntcrmcdIatc statInn : A poinl lolvoon lvo chango poinls is knovn as
inloinodialo slalion. OnIy ono ioading is lakon on lho inloinodialo
slalion.
Mcthnds nf Lcvc!!Ing
-- Molhod 1 : Molhod 1 : Il is dono vilh onIy ono Il is dono vilh onIy ono
solling of lho insliunonl. solling of lho insliunonl.
-- Molhod 2: Molhod 2: Whon lho lvo slalion poinls Whon lho lvo slalion poinls
aio vido apail and lho insliunonl is sol aio vido apail and lho insliunonl is sol
up al noio lhan ono poinl and lho up al noio lhan ono poinl and lho
IovoIIing is caiiiod oul. IovoIIing is caiiiod oul.
Mcthnd 1
WIth nn!y nnc scttIng nf thc Instrumcnt
- Tho insliunonl is sol up al a poinl lolvoon I and Q and
lho lonpoiaiy adjuslnonls caiiiod oul.
- Tho IovoIIing slaff is hoId al I, lho oIovalion of vhich is
knovn aIioady.
- A lack sighl is lakon on lho slaff hoId al I. Tho slaff is
lhon hoId al Q and lho foiosighl is lakon.
Mcthnd 1
WIth nn!y nnc scttIng nf thc Instrumcnt
HcIght nf thc Instrumcnt = Knnwn c!cvatInn nf P + thc
staff rcadIng at P
= 1OO.OO+ 2.1O = 102.10 m
E!cvatInn nf Q = HcIght nf thc Instrumcnt -
thc staff rcadIng at Q
= 1O2.1O - 1.8O = 100.30 m
Mcthnd
Whcn thc statInn pnInts arc wIdc apart, thc Instrumcnt Is sctup fnr at
mnrc than nnc pnInt and !cvc!!Ing Is dnnc
(HcIght nf Cn!!ImatInn Mcthnd)
- A chango poinl (C.I) is oslalIishod in lolvoon I and Q.
- A lack sighl is lakon al I and a foio sighl is lakon al lho
chango poinl.
- Tho insliunonl is shiflod lo anolhoi poinl lolvoon lho
chango poinl and Q.
- A lack sighl is lakon al lho chango poinl and a foio sighl
is lakon al Q.
- Any nunloi of chango poinls aio oslalIishod as
ioquiiod.
- This nolhod is knovn as Hoighl of CoIIinalion nolhod.
Mcthnd
Whcn thc statInn pnInts arc wIdc apart, thc Instrumcnt Is sctup fnr at
mnrc than nnc pnInt and !cvc!!Ing Is dnnc
(HcIght nf Cn!!ImatInn Mcthnd)
Thc c!cvatInn nf changc pnInt = E!cvatInn nf P + Back sIght at P - Fnrc
sIght at changc pnInt (C.P)
= 1OO.OO+1.6O-1.1O = 100.50 m
Thc sccnnd hcIght nf thc Instrumcnt = Thc c!cvatInn nf changc pnInt+
Back 5Ight at changc pnInt
= 1OO.5O+1.25 = 101.75 m
Thc c!cvatInn nf Q = Thc sccnnd hcIght nf Instrumcnt -
fnrcsIght at Q
= 1O1.75 - 1.81 = 99.94 m
RIsc and Fa!! Mcthnd nf ca!cu!atIng thc !cvc!
- Tho slaff ioadings of lho poinls olsoivod fion lho sano
solling of lho insliunonl aio conpaiod.
- Il is found vholhoi a poinl is alovo oi loIov lho
piocoding poinl.
- If lho poinl is alovo, lho slaff ioading viII lo Ioss lhan lho
piocoding poinl. Tho diffoionco lolvoon lho slaff ioadings is
caIIod rIsc.
- If lho poinl is loIov lho piocoding poinl, lho slaff ioading
viII lo gioaloi lhan lhal al lho piocoding poinl. Tho
diffoionco lolvoon lho slaff ioadings is loinod fa!!.
RIsc and Fa!! Mcthnd
Tho diffoionco lolvoon lho slaff ioadings
al I and Q = 2.1O - 1.8O = 0.30 (rIsc)
Honco, IovoI of Q = LIovalion of I + Riso
= 1OO.OO+O.3O = 100.30 m
RIsc and Fa!! Mcthnd
Back
sIght
ntcrmcdI
atc statInn
Fnrc
sIght
RIsc Fa!! Rcduccd
Lcvc!
Rcmarks
1.245 100.00 BM
2.100 0.855 99.145
2.425 0.810 1.290 100.435 5TATN A
0.480 1.945 102.380 5TATN B
_B5
3.670
_F5
1.290
_R5E
3.235
_FAL
L
0.855
ArIthmctIca! Chcck nf RIsc and Fa!!
mcthnd
3.670 - 1.290 = 3.235 - 0.855 = 102.380 - 100.00
2.380 = 2.380 = 2.380
c 8.S - cF.S = ck|se - c Fo|| = Lost k.L - F|rst k.L.
F!y Lcvc!!Ing
-Any nunloi of chango poinls aio oslalIishod as ioquiiod
duiing IovoIIing. This nolhod is knovn as fIy IovoIIing.
- Il is adoplod lo find lho diffoionco in IovoI lolvoon lvo
poinls, vhon
(i) Tho lvo poinls aio loo fai avay
(ii) lho diffoionco in IovoI lolvoon lvo poinls is Iaigo
(iii) lhoio aio no olsliuclions in lolvoon lho lvo poinls
concoinod.
Ca!cu!atInn nf Arcas
- Ono of lho puiposos of suivoying is lo doloinino lho aioa lo lo
suivoyod.
- Tho aioa of lho Iand ollainod ly suivoying acluaIIy iofois lo lho aioa
as piojoclod on a hoiizonlaI pIano.
- Thoio aio diffoionl nolhods of conpuling lho aioa of Iand using lho
dala ollainod ly suivoying.
-
Ca!cu!atInn nf arca -y TrapcznIda! Ru!c
- In liapozoidaI, a convonionl laso Iino is oslalIishod.
- IoipondicuIai dislancos fion lho laso Iino lo lho loundaiy of lho Iand
concoinod aio noasuiod al ioguIai (oquaI) inloivaIs aIong lho laso Iino.
- Thoso poipondicuIai dislancos aio caIIod oidinalos.
d d d d
h
5
h
4
h
3
h
2
1 2 3 4
h
1
TrapcznIda! ru!c
Tnta! Arca,
A= d/2 (h
1
+h
n
+2(h
2
+h
3
+...+h
n-1
))
5Impsnns Ru!c
- This iuIo is appIicalIo onIy if lho nunloi of oidinalos is odd.
A = d/3 (FIrst rdInatc+ Last rdInatc + 2 (sum nf ndd nrdInatcs)+
4(sum nf cvcn nrdInatcs)
I. c. A = d/3 (h
1
+h
n
+ 2(h
3
+h
5
+h
7
+...+h
n-2
)+ 4(h
2
+h
4
+..+h
n-1
)
- If lho nunloi of oidinalos is ovon, lho aioa of lho Iasl liapozoid is
caIcuIalod sopaialoIy and addod lo lho iosuIl.
Prn-!cms nn 5Impsnnn's Ru!c and TrapcznIda!
Ru!c
1. Tho foIIoving poipondicuIai offsols voio lakon al 1O n inloivaIs fion
a suivoy Iino lo an iiioguIai loundaiy Iino:
3.6O, 2.8O, 4.5O, 8.25, 7.85, 6.45, 5.35.
CaIcuIalo lho aioa oncIosod lolvoon lho suivoy Iino and loundaiy Iino
ly liapozoidaI iuIo and Sinpsons iuIo.
2. A soiios of offsols voio lakon al 5 n inloivaIs fion a chain Iino lo a
cuivod odgo.
O,3.25,4.1O,6.45,8.9O,5.75,8.5O,O
CaIcuIalo lho aioa lolvoon lho chain Iino and lho iiioguIai loundaiy lo
lho cuivod odgo ly lho Sinpsons iuIo and TiapozoidaI RuIo
UNT
5trcss 5traIn DIagram
S
I
k
E
S
S
J
L
O
A
D
EXIESIOJSIkAI
PrnpnrtInna!
LImIt
E!astIc LImIt
YIc!d PnInt
U!tImatc 5trcngth
BrcakIng LImIt
5trcss 5traIn DIagram
-PnInt P: PrnpnrtInna! LImIt: Wilhin IiopoilionaI Linil slioss is diioclIy
piopoilionaI lo sliain. Honco lho naloiiaI viII iogain ils oiiginaI shapo afloi
unIoading.
Tho slioss coiiosponding lo lho Ioad is knovn as LImIt nf PrnpnrtInna!Ity.
-PnInt E iopiosonls lho c!astIc !ImIt. In lho iogion IL, lho slioss is nol
piopoilionaI lo sliain. Il noans lho slioss sliain diagian is nol a sliaighl
Iino.
-Any Ioading loyond poinl L, viII causo poinanonl dofoinalion. Tho
slioss coiiosponding lo lho Ioad al L is caIIod al E!astIc LImIt.
-YIc!d 5trcss (PnInt Y) :Tho Ioading loyond L causos oxlonsion nuch Iaigoi
lhan lho oxlonsions olsoivod oaiIioi. Tho naloiiaI yioIds lo a gioaloi oxlonl
and lho slioss coiiosponding lo lho Ioad al Y is loinod as YioId Slioss
-oyond Y, a nuch snaIIoi incioaso in lho Ioad causos considoialIo
oxlonsion and lho naloiiaIs is said lo lo soni pIaslic nodo.
5trcss 5traIn DIagram
W Al U, lho naloiiaI yioIds al a pailicuIai poinl and a nock
is foinod lhoio. Tho slioss coiiosponding lo lhal Ioad al U
is caIIod naxinun slioss (UIlinalo slioss)
- oyond U, lho oxlonsion govoinod ly lho lino of Ioading.
Tho Ioad ioquiiod lo causo oxlonsion is snaIIoi lhan lho
Ioad al M.
-Tho aioa of cioss soclion is considoialIo ioducod.
- Tho oIongalion conlinuos liII lho naloiiaI lioaks al .
-Tho slioss coiiosponding lo lho Ioad al is caIIod
ioaking slioss.
Hnnkc's Law
Il slalos lhal, Wilhin oIaslic Iinil lho slioss inducod in lho
naloiiaI is diioclIy piopoilionaI lo sliain.
p u o
I= L o.
L = p
o
lncrc, p - S|rcss, c - S|rain, | - Ycungs Mcdu|us