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H. E. HOUSE
M EM BER ,4.I EE
Synopsis: Current- temperature charac-
teristics of stranded- aluminum conductor
steel reinforced, known throughout the
industryasACSR,havebeeninvestigated.
The effects of surface conditions, wind
velocity, altitude, and solar radiation are
illustrated for a widely used sizeof con-
ductor; curvesof current- carryingcapacity
versus conductor outside diameter are
givenfor designconditionsof 75 C(degrees
centigrade) conductor temperature and
25 C ambient temperature at 2- fps (feet
per second) wind velocity, Necessary
formulasandtablesto permit computation
of current valuesfor any set of operating
conditionsareincluded. Computedvalues
of current areincloseagreementwith test
data which have obtained by Aluminum
Company of America(Alcoa) and other
investigators.
S
I NCE first introduced by Alcoa in
1909,the use of ACSR for overhead
electric power transmission lines has
grown steadily until it has almost re-
placedcopper for suchuse. I nmost new
construction, aluminuminstead of copper
is being used for overhead distribution
conductors. Because of the presence of
thesteel coreinACSR andits consequent
effect on the electrical characteristics of
theconductor, considerabletest work has
been carried on throughout the years to
evaluate effective resistance. This is
needed to compute the current- carrying
capacity of the conductor. Early in-
vestigations werecarried out by Work for
Alcoaat the Carnegie I nstitute of Tech-
nology,Pittsburgh, Pa.! Thewell- known
publications of Luke' and Schurig and
Frick
3
were followed periodically by
others,4- 8 indicating a strong and con-
tinued interest in the subject.
Results of tests for thedetermination of
theemissivity of stranded- aluminum con-
ductors for surfaceconditions of both new
and weathered conductors werereported
in1956.9
Teststodeterminetheeffective60- cycle
resistance of a great variety of sizesand
.strandings of ACSR have been carried
Paper 58- 41, recommended by the AlEE Trans-
mission and Distribution Committee and approved
by the AlEE Technical Operation. Department for
presentation at the AlEE Winter General M eeting.
New York. N. Y. February 2- 7. 1958. M anu-
script submitted October 16. 1957; made available
for printing November 6. 1957.
H. E. HOUSE and P. D. TUTTLE are with Alcoa
Reeeerch Laboratori~. Massena, N. Y.
FEBRUARY 1959
out at theAlcoaResearchLaboratories at
M assena, N. Y. Conductors werestrung
under tensionona120- ft(foot) test span.
Values of 60- cycleresistance weremeas-
ured up to a conductor temperature of
200 C or 3,000 amperes/square inch if
200 C temperature was not reached.
The method which was used in these
tests. is described by Tompkins, Jones,
andTuttle.!O
A co- operative research program be-
tween the I llinois I nstitute of Tech-
nology, Chicago, I ll., andAlcoaResearch
Laboratories has been completed.P- P
The results of this workprovide a means
of accurate computations of reactance
and resistance for ACSR of any combi-
nation of aluminum and steel stranding.
Because of the tremendous growth of
the electrical utility industry, there re-
main very fewlong transmission lines in
the eastern part of the United States.
Lines that were once long have been
looped into newly constructed sub-
stations. Theload ontheseshort trans-
missionlinesislimited by the heating of
the conductors rather than by stability
and voltage regulation, as was the case
aslateasthe 1930's. For this reason, an
accurate understanding of the thermal
capabilities of the conductors ismoreim-
portant than ever before.
The formuladevelopedby M cAdantsU
for convected- heat lossof singlehorizontal
tubes and wires has been found to give
accurate convected- heat lossfor stranded
conductors. This formulahasbeencom-
bined with theresults of emissivity tests'
anddata onsolar radiation, 14. 16 and field-
test data on absorption of solar and sky
radiation on outdoor test spans of
stranded conductors, inorder to evaluate
the current- carrying capacity of ACSR.
With accurate values of a- cresistancefor
avariety of strandings, it isnowpossible
to compute the current a conductor will
carry for any given set of conditions of
temperature, wind velocity, surface con-
dition, and altitude above sea level,
both with and without the effect of the
sun.
Heat- Balance Equation of Electrical
Conductors
Under steady- state conditions of wind
velocity, temperature, solar radiation,
and electric current, the followingequa-
tion isvalid
(1)
or
I",,~ge~g,-g,
where qe is convected- heat loss, q, is
radiated- heat loss, Iis the current in
amperes, r is the effectivearc resistance
in ohms/ft of conductor, and q. is the
amount of heat received fromsolar and
skyradiation. Eachheat quantity inthe
equation isexpressedinwatts/lineal ft of
conductor.
(lA)
CONVECTBD- HEAT Loss
The fundamental relationship for con-
vected- heat lossof singlehorizontal tubes
andwiresisgivenby M cAdants(seerefer-
ence 13, p. 220). This is expressed by
thediniensionlessequation
io, (DoG)o.n
- =0.32+0.43 -
k, ~I
wherehDo/k, is theNusselt number, and
DrIJ/1l1 is the Reynolds number for any
set of conditions. This formulaisrecom-
mended for Reynolds numbers ranging
from0.1to 1,000whichincludeair veloci-
ties up to 2 fps for conductors up to 1.3-
inch diameter.
Theunits usedinelectrical engineering
are watts, degrees centigrade, and feet.
Accordingly, h, the surface coefficientof
heat transfer, is expressed in watts/sq
(square) ft/C; Do is conductor outside
diameter inft; k, isthe thermal conduc-
tivity of air, (watts) (ft)/(sq ft) (C); G
isthemassvelocity of air inI b (pounds)/
hr (hour) (sq ft) cross section, or
the product of air density PI in lb/ft'
times the velocity V in ft/hr. The
quantity IIIis the absolute viscosity of
air in I b- mass/ft- hr. Density, viscosity,
and thermal conductivity are at the
temperature of the air filmgiven by the
relationship
(2)
whereI e istheconductor temperature and
t ,. is the temperature of surrounding air
in C.
Then, for DO PIV/llf=O.l to 1,000,

q. =[ 0.32+0.43( D: : V) o.n] X
kf1rDo ( ) ()
" 1J; t .-t ,. 3
By simplifyingand expressingconduc-
tor diameter D in inches, the following
equation is obtained
House, Tut t le+Current -Carrying Capacit y of A CSR 1169
Table I, Viscosity, Density at See Level to 15,000Ft, and Therm.1Conductivity of Air
Temperature Absolute
Vlseo.ltJ.
III C I :
DeuitJ, " , Thermal
Conductlrit7.
tJ Se. Level 5,000Ft 10,000fa 15,000Ft
32. . .. 0.. .278 55.55 0.0.15 0.0807. . .0.0671. 0.0564 0.0455 O.00739
1.... 5 278 59.73 0.0.21. 0.0793 0.0660 0.00545 0.0447 0.00750
SO 10 283 64.14 0.04.27 0.0779 0.0648. . .0.0535 O.0439 0.00762
69 16 288 68.80 0.0433 0.0765 0.0636 0.0526 0.0431 0.00773
68 20 293 73.70 0.0439 0.0752 0.0626 0.0517 0.042 ..... 0.00784
77 25 298... 78.86 0.0444 0.07.0 0.0616 0.0508 0.0.17 0.00795
8G 30 303 84.29 O.0450 O.0728 O.0606 O.0500 O.0.11. O.00807
95 35 308 89.99 0.0456 0.0716 0.0596 0.0492 0.0404 0.00818
104.... 0 313 95.98 0.0461 0.0704 0.0586 0.0484 0.0397 0.00830
113.... 5 318 102.26 0.0467 0.0693 0.0577 0.0476 0.0391 0.00841
122 50 323 108.85 O.0473 0.0683 0.0568 0.0469 O.0385 O.00852
131. 55 328 115.74 O.0478 0.0672 0.0559 0.0462 0.0379 0.00864
140.. " 60 333 122.96 0.0484 O.0661. 0.0550 O.0454 0.0373 0.00875
149.. " 65 338 130.52 O.0489 O.0662 O. 0542 O.0448 0.0367 O.00886
158 70 343 138.41 0.0494 0.0643 0.0535 0.0442 0.0363 0.00898
167 75 348 146.66 0.0500. '" .0.0634 0.0527 0.0436 0.0358 0.00909
176 80 353 155.27 0.0505 0.0627 0.0522 00431. 00354 0.00921
185 85 358 164.26 0.0510 0.0616 0.0513 0.0423 0.0347 0.00932
194 90 363 173.63 0.0515 0.0608 0.0506 0.0418 0.0343 0.00943
203 95 368 183.40 O.0521. O.0599 0.0498 O.0412 0.0338 O.00952
212 100 373 193.57 O.0526 0.0591. 0.0492 0.0406 0.0333 O.00\;66
Degrees Fahrenheit.
~f =absolute viscosity. I b/(hr)(ft). computed from formula in reference 17.
p/ =density, I b of air/ft'. computed from data given in reference 18.
R/ =thermal conductivity of air. watts/(sq ft)(C) at 11- (1.+/0) /2. reference 13. Table Xl.
10=ambient temperature C.
te=conductor temperature C.
g. =[1.01+0.371(D::vt
U
}/(t e-t a)
watts/lineal ft of conductor (3A)
For Reynolds numbers from 1,000 to.
50,000 the following empirical formula is
recommended by M cAdams
hD
o
=O .24(DoG)O .
k, PI
Expressing this in a manner similar to
equation 3(A) gives
0.24lr(DPI V)o.
q. =4.45 - ;;; k/(t .-t a)
watts/ft of conductor (4)
(
D V)O "
=0.1695 ;: k,(t .-t a)
watts/ft of conductor (4A)
Values for P" PI, and klare giveninTable
1.
For convected- heat loss in still air the
followingformula checks closelywith test
data obtained at AlcoaResearch Labora-
tories in aroomfreefromdrafts.
q. =0.072DO71(t. -t
4
)1.21
watts/I t of conductor (4B)
where D is conductor diameter in inches,
t e conductor temperature inC, andt a isthe
temperature of the surrounding air in
C.
RADI ATED- HEAT Loss OF CONDUCTOR
The radiated- heat loss of a conductor
isgiven by the expression
where (1isthe Stefan- Boltzmann constant,
which expressed in electrical engineering
units is 0.5275X 10-
8
watts/sq ft/K4,
where K is temperature in degrees
Kelvin or C+273.
16
The quantity E is
the thermal- emissivity constant whichfor
new conductor is 0.23 and for flat- black
well- weathered conductor 0.91 or possi-
bly higher. The area of acircumscribing
cylinder A isexpressed insqft. Convert-
ing to conductor outside diameter in
inches with temperature inKgives
==0.5275X 10-
1
rDE (K '-K ')
qr 12 e a
where K. is conductor temperature and
Ka is air temperature in K.
Simplifying gives
Qr=O .138D{ (~)4- (~;o)'J
watts/ft of conductor (SB)
Values of (K/lO O )' are giveninTable 1.
SoLAR- HEAT GAI N OF THE CONDUCTOR
Because of the large amounts of power
used by air- conditioning equipment, many
power utilities in the Northern Hemi-
Table II, He.t- Trlnsmlulon Factor for
Altitudes Above Sea Level
Elevation Above
Sea Level, Ft
M ultipUer for
Value. ill Table m
sphere are having lhe yearly peak: loads ';
during July and August. ra,ther than i
December and ~January,." fhe 'effeCt' of ~.i
solarradiatioD ..- ODconductor' 'Wn~ra- ,;;1
ture is more'bpporta'ht thkn" Wbre' be~"1
cause its maximum intensity now'OCcurs. .
at the same time as the peak:load.
The amount of heat received by a flat V
surfaceperpendicular tothesun's rays and
located outside the earth's atmosphere is
approximately 123watts/sq ft of surface.
However, because of the earth's atmos-
phere, part of this energy is absorbed
beforereaching the earth. Points of high
altitude of, e.g., 10.000 ft, such as exist
in the Rocky M ountain area, receive
about 25% more solar energy than sea-
level areas; see Table I I . The amount
of solar heat received by a conductor
also depends on the altitude of the sun
above the horizon and the effective angle
of incidencebetween the direct rays of the
sun and the exposed surface. I n addi-
tion to direct radiation, heat is radiated
fromthesky totheobject. This quantity
also varies with the sun's altitude.
Atmospheric contamination has amarked
effect on the solar heat received.
Considerable work has been doneinthe
fieldof solar- energy studies, inconnection
with the heating of buildings, as asource
of power, and relative to the solar- heat
gain required to be absorbed by air-
conditioning systems. 14. 16
The amount of heat received fromthe
sun and sky may beexpressed as
(6)
(5)
0........................ 1.00
6.000 .............. " 1.16
10.000 ....................... 1.25
15.000 ........................ 1.30
(SA)
where QD is direct solar radiation and
Qd is sky radiation, both in watts/sq ft;
A'is the projected area of the conductor,
and a is the solar- absorption coefficient.
Outdoor tests at M assena indicate this is
0.23for newconductor and 0.97 for black
conductor. For simplicity in computa-
Souree, reference 15.
T.bl. III. Total Heat Received by Surflce
at Se. Level Normal to Sun's Rays
Q., Watts/Sq Ft
Solar
Altitude,
HDecreea
Clear
Atmosphere
lDdu.trial
Atmosphere
5 21. 7 12.6
10 40.2 ,22.3
15 , 54.2 30.5
20 , 64 ......... , 39.2
25 71.6, ,46.6
30 , 77,0 , .53.0
35 81.6 67.5
40 84.8 61.5
45 , .. 87.. , 64. 5
50 90.0 67.5
60 92.9 .. , 71.6
70 95.0, 75.2
S O . . . . . . . 95.8 77.
90............. 96.4 78.9
Seuree, referenee 14.
1170 House, Tut t le-Current -Carrying Capacit y of A CSR
FEBRUARY 1959
{ )
Table I V. Altitude and Azimuth in Degrees
<of'Sun .tVarioul Latitudes at Declination of
!l.O Degrees, Northern Heml.phere, June
10 .nd July 3*
Local SUJI Time
Decree& 10:00A.M .
North
Latitude He z,
2:00 P.M .
Be Zc
12Noon
H. Zc
20... 62 78 ~.. 0 62 282
25... 62 88 88 1SO 62 272
30.. 62 98 83 180 62 262
35 .... 61. 107 78 180 61. 253
40.. 60 1I b 73 180 60 245
45 ... 57 122 68 180 57 238
50 .... 54 128 li3 1SO 54 232
60 ... 47 137 'i3 180 47 223
70 .... 40 143 43 180 40 :H7
Source, references 19 and 20.
tion, Table I I I shows total heat received
from both direct and sky radiation for
both clear and industrial atmosphere.
This introduces a small amount of error
as sky radiation does not depend on the
angle of incidence. However, this error
cannot be detected in the final value of
conductor current. I n the case of a
round, horizontally placed conductor, the
angle 8is given by
D=cos- 1[cosn, cos(Z.-ZI) (6A)
where He is the altitude of the sun above
the horizon, Ze is the azimuth of the sun,
and ZI is the azimuth of the conductor
(north- south line ZI=1800). See Table
I V for altitude and azimuth of sun at
various latitudes.
Computation of Current- Carrying
Capacity
Combining the various components of
heat loss and heat gain, the following
formula results
1-
SAM PLE COM PUTATI ON
I n the sample computation the follow-
ing conditious apply:
Drake conductor, 795 M CM (thousand
circular mils), 26/7 ACSR, (new)
windvelocity=2 fpsat sealevel
air temperature=25 C=t
conductor temperature =75 C=1.
conductor outside diameter =1.108inches
conductor a-c resistance=0.0265 ohm/
1,000ft
K.=75+273=348
Ka =25 +273=298
t ,=(75+25)/2=50
E=O.23
p,=0.0683 (Table I )
,u,=0.0473 (Table I )
k,=0.O O 852 (Table I )
V=3,600X2=7,200 ft/hr
,By substituting thesevalues, thefollow-
ing results:
~000r--------'----'------. ----r---'---------'----'
2000~------~----~-----+--~~--~------~~--~
NEWCO NDUCTO R10. 000 FT. El. . - S UNI
NEWCO NDUCTO R- S UN
NEWCO NDUCTO R- NO S UN J
BLACKCO NDUCTO R- S UN
BLACK CO NDUCTO R- NO S UN
I
i
:
100,~ ~ ~ ~~~~1 - - - - ~- - - - - - - 7- - - - ~
0. 1 0. 2 O. ~ 0. 5 0. 7 I
CO NDUCTO R DIAMETER - INCHES
! I I I I I I I I I II ill: I!
:::: "
CQ CQ ClI",
I I i I
. ~ 1'.
( 7)
! Ie (
- [ 1.01+O.371( 1.108XO.0683X7,2000'- '~~j r.
g,- 20.95W'~'!kl:f~t~~!l;
! IT 0.138X 1.l08XO.23(146.66- 78.86)
- 2.37 watts/ft (9)
Assume the following: azimuth of line
135 degrees, latitude 35 degrees north,
clear atmosphere, 12noon..
H.=78
Ze=I80
ZI=135
Q,=95+0.6=95.6 watts/I t! (10)
8=cos- 1[cos 78Xcos (180- 135)
. =cos-
1
0.147=81.55 (11)
sin 81.55=0.986
1.108
!I ,=0.23XO.986X95.6X
12
=2.01 watts/ft (12)
=~120.95+2.37 - 2.01 =897 am eres
I 10.0265XI 0- 1 p
(13)
Current- Carrying Capacity Curves
Curves have been computed (Fig. 1)
for the following design conditions: 25
C ambient temperature, 75 C conductor
temperature, and 2- fps wind velocity, for
ACSR for sizes front no. 6ACSR 6/1to
3,364 M CM 108/37. A total of four
ZSC AM BI ENT TEI /PERATUI I E
75C CONDUCTOR TEl/PERATURE
CO MPUTEDVALUES
o
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800
CURRENT AMPERES - 60 cps
Fig. 1 (left). Cunent- carrylng capacity of ACSR with various .urface
and ambient conditions
Fig. 2 (above). Current.c.rrying capacity of 795 M CM 26/7 ACSR
versus wind velocity
FEBRUARY 1959 House, Tut t le-Current -Carrying Capacit y of A CSR
1171
'"
a.
o
o
<D
<Jl
W
f f i ooo~~- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~~~~~~~- - - - +- - - ~
Q. 25C AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
~ 75 C CO NDUCTO RTEMPERATURE
~700r2~F~1~/S ~E~C~. W~IN~Dr- __ -, ~ __ ~~~~ - + ~
~ I
~
Q. 500r- - - - - - - ~- - - - 4_- - - - - +- - ~~- - - r- - - - - - - - +_- - ~
t3 I'
~
> = i
~ ~O O t- - - - - - - L_
<t
u
~
Z
~200r- - - - -
cr
:::>
u
0
I
,. -:
0
\
:
I,
~
. ,\
i;j=I eOI OO:C
I e 75 C
lr,I e' 50C
1
~ ~
/
I
I
~ 1// I
I
i
~
- ,
I
~
~
I
~~
I
I
I~
~
"
~
t:--.
-
f--
I.
0.5
. .
'"
'"
I L
o
o
2
II:
'"
Q.
(I)
::E
::z::
o
I
w
u
z
~
. ,
Vi
W
II:
II:
o
. . .
o
::;)
o
z
o
u
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.005
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6
CO NDUCTO R O UTS IDE DIAMETER - INCHES
I'
r
I I II I I I
I
I I 1
1/ I I I I
. . .
'"
. . . .
I I >
. . . ,. .
'"
Q
,. . ,. . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
t- :::: I
,'. . . . ,. . . . ,
- ,
. . . . . . . . , ,
. .
:::I E
,.: : : : ,: : : : : :
'" "'''' '" "'''' '"
. on . III
I I >
:::::::: "UtU' t . D CD
NNN N NN N on I I
. . <)
, , ,
I I
,
I I 111M') I
I
::E
UH. oU) ~1 I 1 I
I I > . on
. .
I I I t~~~~ <D . ~N
0 0
" 'r- :
t-
. . ,'"
on
'"
I I >
'" CD..-"'--N""'"
'" "''''
. . .
0" ,
'"
. . , o~
s ~
'"

N
"''''
. .
"''''
. . .
" '..:.:
,..;
Fig. 3. A- c resistance at 60 Cpt of ACSR at three conductor temperatures
curvesgivesperformancefor ACSR under
the followingconditions:
1. Blackconductor,nosun,sealevel.
2, 3. Black conductor, sun; and new
conductor, nosun; sealevel.
4. Newconductor,sun, sealevel.
5. Newconductor,elevationof 10,000ft.
I n computing sun effect, a value of 85
watts/sq it was used for total radiation
and (J=75, givinganeffectiveheat from
thesunof 82watts/sq ft.
I t is significant that there is a definite
discontinuity in the curves between the
sizes 4/0 ACSR 6/1 and 226.8 M CM
ACSR 26/7. This is explained by the
increased magnetizing effect on the steel
core; the current in the single layer of
aluminum strands gives rise to eddy-
current and hysteresis losses in the
steel corewhich in turn cause a marked
increase in effective a- c resistance. I n
the case of more than one layer of alu-
minumstrands with the spiraling in the
oppositedirectionineachsuccessivelayer,
the magnetizing effect is almost entirely
cancelled.
Effect of Wind Velocity on
Current- Carrying Capacity
Drake 795M CM ACSR 26/7 has been
selectedto illustrate theeffect of increas-
ing wind velocity, other conditions re-
mainingconstant. Ambient temperature
wastakenat 25Candconductor tempera-
ture 75 C. Curves are shown in Fig. 2
for newand black conductor, both with
and without the effect of sun, and new
conductor at lO,OOO- ft elevation. Note
that for black conductor with sun effect,
the increasein current capacity of 2- fps
velocity over still air is 143%. The in-
crease from 2 fps to 5 miles per hour
is13.0%. Adesignwindvelocityof 2fps,
avaluebasedonconsiderabletest data,1,
~asbeen~o~~~9- t1yusecl:thro\!gl1ou,t the,
mdustry,'.; . ~if'e.re r&n a'Safe:
maximum; .;;
, : ." ...,j ,," : -\ \ 'C
Effect ~jltttbient',l'eU,lperature'on
Current- Cariyirig Capacity-
NewDrakeconductor hasbeenselected
toillustratetheeffectof changingambient
temperature, withthesuneffectneglected,
at a constant current of 1,000.amperes.
Thisisshowninthefollowing.
Ambient
Temperature,
C
Ct'nductor
Temperature,
C
Temperature
Rise, C
0 57 57
25 83 58
40 101............ 61
I t isevident that theeffectof selecting
anambient only slightly different froma
standard design value will have little
effect on the actual temperature rise as
illustrated by the foregoing example in
whicha40C changein ambient only in-
creased the temperature rise 4 C. This
increase is still less when sun effect is
taken into account, becausethis tends to
cancel the effect of radiated- heat loss,
leaving only convected- heat loss, which
varies approximately with temperature
rise,tobalanceto1
2
r loss.
Test Data on 6O- CpsA- C Resistance
of ACSR
Toenabletheengineer to compute the
current- carrying capacity, recently ob-
tained test data onthe 60- cps(cycle- per-
second) a- c resistance (coveringthe com-
pleterangeof sizesof AcSR) aregivenin
Fig. 3, inthe formof curves for 50C, 75
C, and 100 C conductor temperature.
Thesevalueswereobtained inadraftless
roomon120- ftspans under tensionat an
ambient temperature of approximately
20C. Thetemperature of theconductor
was determined by taking the average
temperature of a number of thermo-
couples.
Two variables affect the a- cresistance
of ACSR. The effect of increasein con-
ductor temperature is to increase the
Table V. Current- Carrying Capacity at 60 Cps, Amperes
New Condition
Sun NoSun
Black Condition
Fro'" Chart in
Reference I
ACSR Sun NoSun
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1.590M CM 54/19" 1.430 1.482 1.564 ....... 1.762 .I .~OO
795 M CM 54/7" ......... .. 941....... 9:3 1.020 1.130 .. 1
60
No.46/1....... 149 1.,1.......... 155........ 165.... 48
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1172 House, Tut t le--Current -Carrying Capacit y of ACSR
FEBRUARY 1959.
d
It
I ,
resistance of the conductor with an in-
, crease in conductor temperature. An in-
crease in conductor temperature may be
caused by either increased ambient tem-
perature or increased current. Eddy-
current and hysteresis losses in the core
increase the effective a- c resistance
noticeably for single- aluminum- layer con-
ductors, as previously explained. The
magnetic loss component of a- c resistance
increases with an increase in current
until the point of magnetic saturation has
been reached, after which there is no fur-
ther increase in this component. This
particular behavior of ACSR is dealt
with fully by Lewis and Tuttle.!'
s.
re
Comparison of Revised Current-
Carrying Capacity with Previously
Published Temperature- Rise Data
.g
a
I e
is
n
'1-
is
I S
to
- s,
~h
re
- ~
-~
:e
,
- - ,'
ne
b-
- r-
11-
in
75
~e.
:ss
an
- ly
or
ge
10-
lee
.n-
he
The current- carrying capacity curves
published by Alcoa in 1946
1
are based on
an ambient temperature of 40 C and a
wind velocity of 2 fps. Accordingly,
current- carrying capacity of three typical
sizes of ACSR have been computed by
the method presented in this paper for
both new and black conductor, with and
without the effect of sun, assuming a
conductor temperature of 100 C or a 60
C rise, and 2- fps wind velocity; seeTable
V.
Previously published information, al-
though limited in scope, appears to be
conservative. I n general, a conductor
weathers rather rapidly the first year of
operation, so that it can be expected to
operate at a lower temperature than
a new conductor. However, in certain
areas of the western part of the United
States, high- voltage conductors have been
observed to stay bright for many years.
For this reason, thermal- radiation and
solar- absorption characteristics may vary
considerably in different geographical
locations. The newdata presented repre-
sent limiting conditions for new and
weathered conductors.
Conclusions
The necessary formulas, curves, and
tables have been presented which will
enable transmission engineers toselect the
size of ACSR most suitable for their re-
quirements. I t is believed that the data
given to illustrate the effect of the sun are
of importance in light of the fact that
many system peak loads are now occur-
ring in the daytime during the summer
months, because of air- conditioning and
pumping- equipment loads.
Computed values of current- carrying
capacity at sea level are in close agree-
in
I
19
FEBRUARY 1959
House. Tut t le-Current -Carrying Capacit y of ACSR 1173
meht with test data obtained by the
Alcoa Research Laboratories and those
observed by other organizations.
References
1. ELBCTlUCAL CSARACTB&I STI CS 01' ACSR (.
pamphlet). Aluminum Company of America,
Pittsburgh, Pa., M ay 1946.
2. CURRBNT CAlUlYI NOCAPACI TY OP WUBS AND
CABLBS, Georre E. Luke. West i,.,house Ele" ,i,
Jou",al, Pittsburgh, Pa., Apr. 1923.
3. HBATI NO AND CUBUNT CAlUlYI NO CAPACI TY
01' BARB CONDUCTOI <81'01<OUTDOOR SBRVI CI I ,
O. R. Schurig. C. W. Prick. Ge,..,al Elecl,i, Re-
view, Schenectady, N. Y . vol. 33, M ar. 1930.
4. DBTBRM lNI NO CUJUlBNT RATI NOS OF OVBR-
HEADCONDUCTORS,PARTS I ANDI I , H. P. Seelye,
A. L. M almstrom. Elect ric Lighl and Power
Chicago, I ll., Dec. 1943.
5. SAPB RATI NOS FOR OVBI lHRADLI NB CONDUC-
TORS, Leonard M . Olmsted. AI EE Transact ions,
vol. 62, 1943, pp. 845- 53.
6. ELBCTRI CAL HBATI NO CSARACTBRI STI CS OF
OVBRHBAD CONDUCTORS, PARTS I - I V, E. E.
George. Elect r" Lighl o,.d Power, Dec. 1944;
Jan. 1945; Apr. 1945; Dec. 1945.
7. CURRBNT CARRYI NO CAPACI TY OF OVBRRBAD
CONDUCTORS,H. A. EnOl. Elecl,i,ol World, New
York, N. Y., M ay 15, 1943.
8. CURRBNT CARRYI NO CAPACI TY OF ACSR
CONDUCTORS,]. H. Waghome. V. E. Ogorodaikov.
AlEE Transact ions, vol. 70, pt. I I , 1951, pp.
1159- 62.
9. EM I SSI VI TY ANDI TS EpPBCT ONTRB CURRBNT'
CARRYI NO CAPACI TY OF STRANDBD ALUKI NUll
CONDUCTORS, C. S. Taylor, H. E. House. lbid.,
vol. 75, pt. I I I , Oct. 1956, pp. 970- 76.
10. M BASURBM BNTSOF RBSI STANCB ANDRBACT-
ANCB 01' EXPANDBDACSR, ]oel Tompkins. B. L.
]one s, P. D. Tuttle. Ibid., vol. 74. pt. I I I , June
1955, pp. 368- 75.
11. THB RBSI STANCB ANDRBACTANCB OF ALmn
NUll CONDUCTORS, STBBL RBI NPORCBD, W. A.
Lewis, P. D. Tuttle. rus., pp. 1189- 1215 0
this issue.
12. TBB M AGNBTI C PI <OPBRTI BSOF ACSR Cou
WrRB, T. W. M atsch. W. A. Lewis. iu, pp.
1178- 89 of this issue.
13. HBAT TRANSM I SSI ON(book), W. H. M eAdalllll.
M cGraw- Hili Book Company, I nc., New York,
N. Y., second edition, 1942.
14. HBATI NO, VBNTI LATI NOANDAI R CONDI TI ON-
I NOGUI DB 1956. American Society of Heating and
Air Conditioning Engineers, New York, N. Y.,
1956.
15. POWBR FROI I SoLAR ENBROY, ]. I . Yellot.
Transact ioi , American Society of M echanical
Engineer'S, New York, N_ Y., vol. 79. no. 6, Aug,
1957, pp. 1349- 57.
16. A RBVI BW OF TmrltlolAL RADI ATI ON CON-
STANTS, N. W. Snyder. Ibid., vol. 76, 1954, pp.
537- 39.
17. TSB VI SCOSI TY, TSBRI I AL CONDUCTrvI TY AND
PRANDTL NUKI I BI < POI <ArB AND OTBBR GASBS,
]. HiI .earath. Y. S. Toulonkisn. iu, pp. 967-
981.
18. FAN ENGI NBBRI NG, Richud D. M ason, editor.
Buffalo Forge Company, Buffalo, N. Y., fifth
edition, 1948.
19. TSB AlmRI CAN NAUTI CAL ALM ANAC 1957.
U. S. Naval Observatory, Washington. D. C. 1957.
20. SI OHT RBnuCTloN TABLBS 1'01<AI R NAVI OA'
TI ON, VOLS. I I , I I I . PIlbUcat iMt 1<0. 249, U. S.
Navy Hydrographic OfI i, Washington, D. C.,
1957.
21. BARLOW'S TABLBS, L. ]. Comrie, editor.
Chemical Publisbing Company, New York, N. Y.,
fourth edition, 1944.
22. TSBRM AL RADI ATI ON TABLBS AND ApPLI CA'
TI ONS, R. V. Dunkle. Transll&/io1JS, American
Society of M echanical Engineers, vol. 76. 1954,
pp.549- 52.
23. GAS TABLBS (book), ]. H. Keenan, J. Kaye.
John Wfley & Sons, I nc., New York, N. Y., 1948.
24. PltOPOSBD STANDAI lD SoLAI < RADI ATI ON
CUltVBS !'OR ENOI NBBRI NO USB, Parry M oon.
Journal. Franklin Institute, Pnitadetphia, Pa.,
vol. 23, no. 5, Nov. 194~. pp. 583- 617.
25. HBAT TI lANSKi9810M ' AS I Nl'LUBNCBD BY
H.A'! CAPACI TY AND. - SoiA- I < RADI ATI ON, P.C.
HoUCbtOD, 1. L. 'BlAchhaw, B.I I I : Pugh. P.
I I cDermott. Pap., 1<0. 923, T,ansact io,,,, Ameri-
can Society of Reatinc and. Ventllatlnr Encl-
neets. New York. N. Y.;']an. 1932.
26. A RATI ONAL H&AT GAI N M amoD FOR TI B
DBTBRM lNATtON OP Au CONDI TI ONI NO COOLI NG
LoADS, F. H. Paust, L. Levine, P. O. UrblllL.
Jou11,al, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioninc
Section, Ibid., Aug. 1935.
"
- - - - .'- - - -
Discussion
W. A. M organ (Washington Water Power
Company. Spokane, Wash.): The authors
are to be commended for the thoroughness
with whichthey have considered the factors
which may affect the heat balance of a
conductor that is carrying alternating elec-
tric current with the usual prescribed limits
of conductor temperature and ambient
temperature. Particularly, the effect of
sunshine is noted.
However. the application and operating
engineer is in need of published data or
guides which should be forthcoming from
manufacturers of ACSR and all- aluminum
conductors as to the effectsof loadingabove
the currents which give the usual tempera-
turerises. Obviouslythere isatime- current
relationship for such overloads, i.e., the
shorter thetime the greater istheamount of
current that may be allowed to flowabove
that whichwouldjust givethe desired tem-
perature rise. Specifically. there is prob-
ably a temperature somewhat above 75 C
where continuous operation would cause
a reduction in the tensile strength. another
temperature where the tensile strength
would be reduced 5% if operated at that
temperature aspecifictime, etc. Or, arewe
to assume that aluminum has not agreed
upon temperature limit and will lose some
percentage of its tensile strength if operated
continuously at even 75 C?
There are data available for determining
howmuch atransformer may beoverloaded
under emergency conditions without jeop-
ardizing itslife.or,insomecasesacalculated
loss- of- lifeexpectancy may becalculated and
is acceptable. Similarly. it is desirable to
know how much a conductor may be over-
loaded during an emergency and for how
long. For example, assume that one of
two parallel circuits is out of service and
it is desired to carry an overload current
(say 25% above the rated value which
would give 75 C conductor temperature)
over the daily peak rather than to cut off
customers.
Perhaps the steel reinforcing will provide
for most of the loss of margin of tensile
strength in ACSR conductors. But, a11-
aluminum conductor may be particularly
vulnerable to overload currents, and. if it is,
perhaps weshould know its critical conduc-
tor temperatures or time- current overload
characteristics.
E. E. George (Ebasco Services I nc.,
Little Rock, Ark.): The authors have
done an excellent job in utilizing pre-
vious analyses of val.ious components
of heat transmission and in presenting a
summary in final usable form. I t appears
that the accuracy of the new formulas is
considerably greater than that of the input
data generally available in the field, espe-
cially as regards average surface conditions
on the conductors.
The results are for a wind velocity of 2
fps. While this is a relatively low wind
velocity, it will be noted fromFig. 2 that
carrying capacity ith a wind of 2 I ps (or
about 1.4 miles per hour) is about 30%
greater than in still air. This may bedue
to the discontinuity between turbulent and
laminar flow and to thecomplex interaction
of air currents due to convection and those
due to external wind. These factors have
bothered all investigators inthis field.
Someof us think that the limiting condi-
tionof still air or zerowindshouldbecovered
in conductor heating tables, because this
condition frequently occurs on hot summer
afternoons under humid conditions preced-
ing a storm. Such conditions are also re-
sponsible for high peaks on the power
systems due to full operation of air condi-
tioners.
I t would also be helpful if engineers con-
nected with research on copper conductors
would present figuresoncopper comparable
to those in this paper on ACSR, utilizing
the latest available data on heat- trans-
mission components.
I t is to be hoped that the authors will
continue their investigations and publish
their results, including studies of sleet pre-
vention and sleet melting. M assena, N. Y.,
(location of AlcoaResearch Laboratories) is
favorably situated for both natural and con-
trolled tests concerned with the problem of
sleet on conductors.
R. W. Caswell and Lawrence Yule (Com-
monwealth Edison Company, Chicago,
I ll.): The authors areto becommended for
presenting a constructive paper on an im-
portant subject.
The Commonwealth Edison Company
hare recently sponsored an investigation at
one of the universities relative to tempera-
ture rise of conductors when high currents
are used in order to melt ice fromtrans-
mission lines. I n this study, based on
laboratory tests, a formula was developed
for determining temperature rise of a con-
ductor due to a specified current under
given weather conditions. This formula is
similar in formto equation 7 in the paper.
While the authors use data developed by
M cAdams for determining convected- heat
loss, the study by the university indicates
that slightly different values should be
used than those resulting from M cAdams'
work.
A comparison of the temperature rise
calculated by each method for a given set
of conditions shows that the two methods
give different values. This means that a
current value calculated by one method
as not beingharmful to ACSR may actually
raise the temperature above the desired
value.
Wedonot say that onemethod iscorrect
and the other is incorrect but merely point
out that additional study is advisable to
determine the proper constants to be used
in calculating temperature rise.
I n the authors' paper the assumption is
1174
made that the temperature of ACSR should
not exceed75 C. I n the interest of making
tbe most effective use of ACSR it may be
advisable under some conditions and for
alimited timetoexceedtbis temperature. .
I n order that the users may fully evaluate
the results of doing this, it wouldbehelpful
if data were furnished as to effect on
strength and sag characteristics of ACSR
if the 75 C is exceeded for different lengths
of time.
This suggestion merely indicates that
additional information would be benefi-
cial.
Earl Hazan (Kaiser Aluminum and Chem-
ical Corporation, Spokane, Wash.): This
paper deals with a subject vital to those
utility engineers who are faced with the
problemof determining their linecapacities
onarealistic basis inthefaceof phenomenal
load growth ontheir systems. Theproblem,
of determining electrical characteristics of
ACSR conductors, has been the subject of
exhaustive investigation by the Conductor
Laboratory of the Department of M etal-
lurgical Research, Kaiser Aluminum and
Chemical Corporation. I t seems apropos
to supplement the data presented in this
paper and to comment on the results ob-
tained.
BACKGROUND
The program being carried on by the
Conductor Laboratory has resulted in
data which describe the a- c and docresist-
ance characteristics of aconductor, its cur-
rent rating, overload characteristics, and
comparison of ratings between bright and
black surfaces. I n assessing the data ob-
tained it was noticed that the conventional
formulas by Schurigand Frick (seereference
3 of tbe paper) could be used with fair
correspondence to test results for a bright
conductor, but were not reliable in check-
ing results for a black conductor. Further
investigation showedthat Schurigand Frick
bad developed their formulas for barecopper
conductor whose emissivity was 0.5, which
is about double the value for a bright
aluminum conductor. This emissivity fac-
tor was used indiscriminately for aluminum
conductors, at the time when ACSR and
all- aluminum lines were beginning to be
used in quantity. I n retrospect it was
realized that sincethe heat lost by radiation
using the Schurig- Frick formulas was
twicethecorrect value, then somecompensa-
tion must have beenbuilt into their formula
for convected- heat loss.
At this point we made a comprehensive
analvsis of all those conductors which had
been- tested by the Conductor Laboratory to
determine the best relationship between
our test data and analytical expressions
which would describe the conductor per-
formance. I t was determined that the
M cAdams formula (seereference 13of the
paper) for heat lossfromconvection gave a
satisfactory approximation of observed re-
sults within the limits of experimental ac-
curacy. This formula, being applicable for
theseveral windspeedsat whichtheconduc-
tors had been tested, was adopted for gen-
eral use by the Laboratory, and it was
recommended at that time that the current
ratings in the Kaiser Electrical Conduc-
tor Technical M anual be revised on that
basis.
CURRENT- RATI NG FORM ULAS
Our formulas differ slightly from those
presented by House and Tuttle, but these
are lmainly differences in fdrtD.. :Por~-
ample, it was found" thailOi' - &inductor
temperatures inthe rangebetween'40 Cand
110C average values 'may be used for the
following constants: lAb the absolute vis-
cosity of air; p" the density of air, and K"
the thermal conductivity for air. These
constant values, reduced to electrical units.
and substituted into the general M cAdams
formula yielded the following equation for
heat lossdueto forced convection in watts/
sq inch of surface.
W.
7.645X 1O- ~[0.32+0.43(355. 7VD)UI )
D
where
~=temperature differencebetweenambient
and conductor, C
V=wind velocity, fps
D=conductor diameter, inches
The utility of this form lies in the fact
that all unknowns are readily available for
substitution in the formula.
The corresponding formula for heat loss
due to radiation in watts/sq inchof surface
is
W,=36.8t [C,~o)- C,~~o)J
where
E =emissivity in per cent
T=conductor temperature, K
To=ambient temperature, K
The current rating canthen becalculated.
neglecting solar effects, by the formula
1= J3.77XlO'(W,+ W.)D
" ;
where
W, =beat lossduetoradiation, watts/sq inch
W.=heat loss due to convection, watts/sq
inch
D=conductor diameter, inches
Roc=a- cresistance at thetemperature of the
conductor, ohms/1,O O O ft
Now, first of all, how does this set of
simplified formulas check the more exact
formulas presented in the paper? I f the
effect of solar radiation is eliminated from
equation 13for the Drake 795 M CM 26/7
ACSR, a current rating of 938amperes is
obtained usingtheformulas presented bythe
authors. Using similar formulas, insimpli-
fied form, as just discussed, the rating is
found to be 933 amperes, a difference of
about 1/2%.
Second, how do the simplified formulas
check actual test results for several different
wind speeds and several different conductor
temperatures ?
Details are listed in Table VI , of acom-
parison made for three ACSR conductors
whose data were arbitrarily selected from
all of the conductors tested by the labora-
tory to date.
I t will beobserved that closecorrespond-
enceexists between calculated and test data.
indicating the validity of the formulas. I t
House, Tut t le-Current -Carrying Capacit y of ACSR FEBRUARY 1959
e
'J
:t
) r
5S
.e
~\
d. J
ch
sq
he
of
rct
. he
- rn
; /7
is
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Jli-
is
of
:las
ent
- tor
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ors
om
- ra-
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ita,
I t
)59
. .
Table VI . Calculated and Observed Current Ratings, Amperes
WindSpeed- 2.0FPS WindSpeed 'Z.OFPs ': c" . WindSpeed- 3.a FPS
Per Ceat Conductor Tuted
Conductor Difference, Difference,
Temperature, C Calculated Observed Per Cent Calculated Obsetnd Per Cut Calculated Observed
{
50 747 760 1.7 868 ,.. 890 2,5 848, 870 2.6
Cardinal. 54/7. 954 M CM ....... 76 1.017 1.020 0.3 1.180 1.190 0.8 1.169 1.170 0
4 100 1.204 1.240 3.0 1.394 1.400 0.4 1.403 1.390 0.9
{
50 741 760 2.6 861 875....... 1.6 840 850 1.2
Rail. 45/7. 954 M CM ........... 75 1.006 1.016 0.9 1.167 1.170 0.3 1.155 1.170....... 1.3
100 1.188 1.210 1.9 1.376 1.375 0.1. 1.383 1.390 0.6
{
50 790 800 1.3 918 920 0.2 875 870 0.6
Curlew.54/7. 1.033.5M CM ..... 75 1.072 1.090 1.7....... 1.243 1.255 1.0 1.199..... 1.190 0.8
100 1.265 1.300 2.8 1.464 1.485 1.4 1.431 1.460 2.0
shouldbeobserved, further, that ingeneral
thetest results givehigher values of current
rating than doeither set of formulas. I t is
for this reason that wedesire to produce a
comprehensiveset of experimental data on
all bare conductors.
SOLARRADI ATI ON
The effect of solar radiation has been
neglectedby many authors whodismiss the
sun'seffectasbeingnegligibleat the operat-
ing temperatures of the conductor. H. A.
Enos of American Gas and Electric Service
Corporation proposed as early as 1943that
this effect be included in the heat- balance
equation for determining current rating of
a conductor. The authors show the effect
of solar radiation, and demonstrate that it
shouldbeconsidered. Our owncalculations
showthat this isavalid proposal; that, in-
deed, the sun's radiation is not sosmall as
to be disregarded.
I nthecalculation of heat absorbed by the
conductor fromthe sun, however, wehave
assumed that the solar constant included
thesmall contributions fromother heavenly
bodiesand the sky. Furthermore, the sky,
beingat a temperature of about - 50 C or
so. actually represents a heat sink rather
thanaheat source. For thisreasonwehave
dividedour radiated- heat lossintotwoparts,
half of the radiation from the conductor
beinglost to the surroundings whichare at
ambient temperature. say 25 C, and half
beinglost to thesky (onaclear day) whose
temperature is,say, - 50C.
I n computational form,therefore, W" the
heat loss due to radiation on a clear day,
would be
TV,""" {[ (I .o),~(d&;),]+
[(I .o)';(;;foo)']}
where
T=conductor temperature, K
To=ambient temperature. K
T,=sky temperature, K
I n making the computation for the
current- carrying capacity of a conductor in
sun onaclear day, therefore, the formpro-
posed by the authors may be carried out
with the slight modification suggested in
the foregoing.
Using this equation, we have calculated
FEBRUARY 1959
the ratings of a fewconductors when ex-
posed to direct sunlight on a clear day.
Theresults indicated aderating of from2%
to4%for abright conductor, and aderating
of from15%to 18%for ablack conductor.
I n comparing ratings of bright and black
conductors, with andwithout solar radia-
tion. the authors showthat theseconductors
may bederated 1%t03%, and 10%to 14%,
respectively. The importance of the solar
effect is demonstrated by the close agree-
ment between both sets of data.
A- C RESI STANCE OFACSR CONDUCTORS
I nthecalculationofcurrent rating, thea-c
resistance of the conductor is required at
the temperature of the conductor. This
has been the elusive unknown for ACSR
conductors because the effect of the steel
core has not been completely determined.
I n checking the curves of Fig. 3 with test
data for four sizesof conductors, which we
have tested and which are included in the
figure,wefindexact agreement between the
resistance data we have accumulated and
those presented inthe curves.
SUM M ARY
I n summary, then, I believe the authors
shouldbecommended for making available
these data and calculating procedures. I
think that the simplifiedforms proposed in
this discussionshouldbeconsidered asalter-
native methods for calculating current
ratings. The subject of calculating the
effectof sunonthe current rating needsfur-
ther clarification with respect to sky radia-
tionandskytemperature. Finally, I findit
interesting that two separate organizations
havebeenstudying the sameproblemalong
exactly parallel lines, and whileour investi-
gations havenot yet beencompleted, I must
point out that insubstance, wehavechecked,
experimentally. the conclusions reached by
theauthors. I t isapropos tosuggest. there-
fore.that anI ndustry Committee beformed
to consider the suggestion already made to
our own organization. We feel that exist-
ing current- rating tables should be revised
toreflect themorerealistic values for stand-
ard conditions of 75 C conductor tempera-
ture, 25 C ambient temperature, and a
crosswindvelocity of 2fps.
W. M . Pickslay (Pacific Gas and Electric
Company, San Francisco, Calif.): The
authors are to be commended for an excel-
lent condensation from a large volume of
available literature of a relatively simple
and easy method of calculation of the cur-
rent- temperature characteristics of overhead
conductors.
The theory of convective- heat transfer is
extremely complex mathematically and,
in general, has been most successfully
treated by the methods of dimensional
analysis. These involve nondimensional
numbers, suchasthe Reynolds and Nusselt
numbers mentioned, aswell asthree others
of importance. the Prandtl, Stanton, and
Grashof numbers.! For specific solu-
tions, test data are required to inter-
relate these numbers, and large amounts
of such data have beenaccumulated. The
resulting formulas are, therefore, semi-
empirical and usually restricted in applica-
tion to alimited rangeof conditions. Con-
sequently, while the authors state that
values computed by their completeformula
7 are in closeagreement with test results,
it would greatly increase the formula's
value if comparisons of test and compared
results with suitable variation of the im-
portant parameters wereto bepublished.
With respect to radiation- heat loss from
the conductor, the authors' approximation
assumes all radiation to the earth's atmos-
phere at a temperature equal to the ambi-
ent. This istheoretically indefensiblesince
by far the largest proportion of theatmos-
phere. i.e., nitrogen and oxygen, is trans-
parent to thermal radiation.' M oreover,
air temperature with height abovesealevel
varies greatly as does the temperature of
surrounding terrain. Consequently, the
net radiated heat will be considerably re-
duced where the line traverses a narrow
rocky canyon than where it crosses open
cultivated fields. A more accurate ex-
pression for this termis given by Enos in
reference 7 of the paper. The authors'
reasons for the apparent gross simplifica-
tion wouldbeof interest .
I t is suspected that the aforementioned
arises fromthe relative magnitudes of con-
vection and radiation- heat loss, approxi-
mately nine to one, in the sample calcula-
tion. Theseare of the expected order for
the 2- fps crosswind assumed. However,
it has beenamatter of somesurprisetothis
discusser that this wind velocity, originally
based upon weather conditions in Schenec-
tady, N.Y., in1928and 1929,isasgenerally
accepted as it appears to havebeen. Close
examination of U.S. Weather Bureau data
for the central valley of California has
shown that the hotter the summer day.
the greater probability that there will be
appreciable wind velocities above the fric-
tion layer by the middle of the afternoon.
House, Tut t le-Current -Carrying Capacit y of A CSR
1175
STRESS- RUPTURESTREN; TH
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i
:c
c
ltO.OOO I--------+~~----+------+_------_l
. .
. .
c
it 11,000 I--------+--~. _\__V'd-------+_------__l
.
x
. .
c
z
r10,000 j------+----\:'\-'H-\-""'----t_------j
. .
.
.
..J
0;
~ .,000 I-------+--------~~o:::::-~~--+---------j
. .
40 .- - - - - t. -=----l----+-. . :::. . . . ct--. . :::. . . . . ,. . -l------=:,_--!. . . --=~o_I_: -,-. "-. -. -
I OO- HltS.
TEMPERATURE DEG. C.
0~, . ~- - 7. . 0~- ~7=. - - ~' O~0- - ~, ~, . ~- ~, ~. 0~- - J . , , ~. - - - ~, ~00~- ~
O~O- - - - - - ~, O~O- - - - - - . ~O~O- - - - - - ~. ~O~O- - - - - ~. O.
HEATI NOTEI I PERATURE. T. OEO.C
Fig. 4. Stress- rupture curves of EC H18 at elevated temperatures
Similar conditions should be expected in
other areas even of different topography
since on clear summer days the afternoon
breezes appear to be produced by the
morning heating of the ground and lower
atmosphere.
I t, therefore, appearsthat whenconductor
temperature is a limiting design considera-
tion, there will beoccasionsto useconsider-
ably smaller valuesthan 2fpsfor crosswind
velocities particularly whenthe line is pro-
tected by hills, buildings, or trees, and thus
belowthefrictionlayer. Thisposesaprob-
lemin that there is an area between O- fps
and approximately 1/2- fps wind velocity
where the conductor temperature rise is
indeterminate. I n this region, convection-
heat loss is by a combination of both free
and forced convection, a circumstance
not amenable to treatment with present
theory.
Becauseof this indeterminate area, under
circumstances similar to those indicated,
the authors' formula 4(B) for q. should be
usedinstead of 4(A). Thisisperhaps not so
important for ACSR becauseof thepresence
of the steel core, but isvital for copper and
all- aluminumtransmissionconductors where
strengths and clearances must be main-
tained.
I C- HI I
AT VARI OUSTEI I PERATURU
Fig. 6. Tensile strength of EC H19 at heating temperature for variolll
lengths of time at that temperature
REFERENCE
1. HEAT TRANSPBR PRENO:llBNA (book),R. C.L.
Bosworth. John Wiley & Sons, I nc., NewYork,
N. Y., 1952.
H. E. House and p,D. Tuttle: We are
pleased to note the interest aroused by our
paper as evidencedby the comments of the
various discussers,whomwethank for their
remarks. I n the following closure, some
remarks maderelativetoonediscussionmay
apply to others and will not berepeated.
To reply to M r. M organ, wewould first
state that the 75C temperature waschosen
simply as a reasonable operating tempera-
ture. I t is somewhat higher than that for
which a new line would normally be de-
signed but was not intended to indicate a
limitingtemperature. For both copper and
aluminum, the75C temperature isonethat
results inlossof strength at avery lowrate
but not azerorate.
M r. M organ's request for lossof strength
at elevated temperatures can best be
answered by reference to the accompany-
ingcurves. Fig. 4 showsthe rupture Lime
of EC (electrical conductor grade) win
under various conditions of load and tern
perature. For example, at 100C, a win
continuously loaded to 48% of its origina
tensile strength (measured at room tem
perature) will fail in 1,000hr; aloading 0
56% will cause failure in 100hr. Fig.;
showsthe reduction in strength of EC wir-
with temperature for various times. Th-
tensile strengths are all measured at rOOD
temperature. Thus at 100C, a wire wil
drop to 96% of its original strength in 10,
hr, 94%in1,000hr, and90%in10,000hr.
Fig. 6 is similar to Fig. 5 except th
strengths are given in terms of the actua
tensile strength at the temperature unde
consideration. Thus at 150C, the tensil
strength will decreasein 1,000hr to 16,15-
psi (pounds per square inch), 87% of it
value of 18,600psi after only 1/2 hr at tha
temperature.
Fig. 7isaplot similar to Fig. 6but for a
electrical- conductor aluminum alloy. I
. 1000r- - - - - - - - - - - - r- - - - - - - - - - - - r- - - - - ~T=E=N~S~=E~pc~0=P=E~R~T~~S- - - - - ,
OF
ALUMI NUI IALLOY CONDUCTOR
AT VARI OUSTEI I PE~ATURE5
l 00r- - - - - ~~~~=_~~- - - - - - ~- - - - - - - - - - - - +- - - - - - - - - - - ~
~ tlOOO
%
. . . .
. 0:
Z
"
. . .
. .
0: C
. .
10
0:
.
~10000
.
~ . .
. "
. .
Z
. .
. .
00
C
..J
0;
11000
C
.
;::
~
%
. .
. . . .
0
40
Z
. .
. . .
10000
TENSI LEPROPERTI ES c
z . .
. .
u
EC- H" . a:
.
..J
. .
AT ROOI I TEMPERATURE
0;
20
Z
1000 .
. .
0 0
0 100 300 400 0 100 100 100
HEATI NG TEM PERATUI U, T. O E8. C.
Fig. 5.
Tensile strength of EC H19 at room temperature for various
times of heating at elevated temperatures
Fig. 7. Tensile strength of a typical electrlcal- c:ondudor alumint
alloy at heating temperature for various lengths of time at that t
perature t
1
. 0000r- - - - - ~~- - _r- - - - - - - - - - - - r- - - - - - - - - - - _r- - - - - - - - - - ~
r- - - - - - - - - - - ~- - - - ~~~~~~~~- - - - ~- - - - - - - - - __l
i
HEATI NGTEl lPERATURE.DEG.C
1176
House, Tut t le-Current -Carrying Capacit y of A CSR FEBRUARY 19~
i
/
TYPI C L STRESS- ST I N CUV!
I
FO CI I I n!ll
NNE LlNG 0' LUI lI NUI l
4
/
-
V
V
/
/
/
/
. . .
:
'0 .
10
'0
o
o .00' .001 .001 .004 .001 .001
UNI T DEFORI lATI ON - I NCHES/I NCH
.001
this case, at 150C, the tensilestrength will
decreasein 1,000hr to 22,900psi, 91.5%of
its valueof 25,000psi for 1/2- hr heating at
that temperature. These strength reduc-
tions, as for the EC, are cumulative and
irreversible.
Fig. 8showsthe final " increasing" curve
from a repeated stress- strain test on no.
1/0 American Wire GaugeACSR that had
been subjected to a temperature of 350
Cfor 1/2 hr. This temperature issufficient
/'~ to completely anneal the aluminum (Fig.
.) 5). During the stress- strain test the cable
~ had beenheld 1/2 hr at 30%, 1hr at 45%,
and 1hr at 60% of its rated strength, with
relief to zero stress after each of these
holding stresses. The presented curve
shows the subsequent increasing load test
(that iscommonly carried to failure). The
point to observehereis that, up to astress
of approximately 40% of the original rated
ultimate, the plot is a straight line, in-
dicating that the full tension load is being
carried by the steel. The succeeding up-
wardbendinthe curve showsthe effect of
the aluminumstrands taking up a shareof
theload.
Such a drastic thermal load cannot be
envisaged for transmission lines, but this
extremecaseis presented to emphasizethe
unique characteristic of ACSR that can
allowseveremechanical and electrical load-
ing with only a minor change in total
strength and asimilar minor changein sag
upon resumption of normal operation.
I n reply to M r. George, we have noted
that changein wind velocity at lowspeeds
has muchmoreeffect than similar percent-
age changes at higher velocities. This is
indicated in Fig. 2 and wedo not believe
it is attributable merely to a change from
laminar to turbulent flow. I t is true
that the higher velocities result in vortex
formation on the leeof the conductor, but
in regard to heat transfer, the given for-
~ mulas holdvery well in spite of this effect.
':Actually, theair velocity becauseof natural
" " - " '" convection infreeair is of the order of 0.4
fps when the conductor is at a reasonable
operating temperature. Outdoors, even
FEBRUARY 1959
Fig. 8. Final load-
I ngcurve(see text)
of repeated stress-
str.ln test at room
temperature on no.
1/0 AmericanWire
Gauge 6/1 ACSR
after heating at
350Cfor 1/2hr
the stillest day, there ismoreair movement
than one might suspect and this, coupled
with natural convection, could easily reach
2fpswhichactually isanextremely lowand
therefore conservative velocity. However,
for conditions that involveconvection cool-
ing due only to the heat of the conductor
itself, formula 4(B) will give very close
results.
To turn to the discussionby M r. Caswell
and M r. Yule, we would stress that the
differences in the computed results by our
formulaandthat referredtointhediscussion
are small and that they differ in their ac-
curacy depending on the particular field
conditions being considered; i.e., one for-
mulachecks the test results closer than the
other under oneset of conditions, while, for
a different set, the formulas are reversed
in their approximation to the actual test
figures. I n all cases, however, it may be
safely stated that the accuracy of the
computed result is dependent on the field
data and is not limited by the formulas.
This isapoint that M r. Georgestated very
well inthe first paragraph of hisdiscussion.
Wewouldagain emphasize there wasno
attempt to indicate and noassumption was
made that 75 C was the limiting ACSR
temperature. I t was simply a reasonable
compromise between the frequently used
design temperature of 50 C and the gen-
erally recommended normal maximum 100
C operating temperature. I t was felt an
intermediate temperature suchasthiswould
bemost useful inthecurvesgiven, whichwe
assumed might beused for estimation pur-
poses.
We are pleased to have M r. Hazan's
agreement with our results. I t is quite
usual for an engineer to simplify and tab-
ulateconstants for formulas frequently used
and, where the current- carrying formula
is used often, a table of values for k,(p,1
iJ,)o.n can be easily prepared. I n the
preparation of apaper suchas this, there is
always the question of howmuchreduction
should be made in the formulas. I n this
case wefelt it was preferable to show the
influenceof theindividual parameters, leav-
ing the further easy simplification to the
treader.
Considerabletimewasspent reviewingthe
effect of the earth and sky on theradiation
fromtheconductor withthedecisionthat an
expression involving the ambient tempera-
ture alone (rather than earth, sky, and
ambient) was preferable if the requisite
accuracycouldbeobtainedinthefinalresult.
This proved to bepossible,nodoubt partly
because radiation loss is the smaller com-
ponent of total thermal loss. The more
complexexpressionproposedby M r. Hazan
can be used, if desired, or even morecom-
plicated ones taking into account the
reflectance of the earth. However, refine-
ments for increased accuracy seem war-
ranted only in the case of the larger con-
vectioncomponent of loss.
Someof theforegoingremarks alsoapply
to the discussion by M r. Pickslay. The
paper waswritten fromtheviewpoint of the
operating engineer, whosechief interest is
allowablecurrent. Thereforethetreatment
has not stressed the theoretical, although
ample references to fundamental sources
have been given. We did not feel that a
discussion of the theoretical parameters
wouldaddtothepurposeof thepaper. We
do appreciate M r. Pickslay's interest, how-
ever, and induecourse, another paper may
bewritten tocomparethepresent derivable
valuesof thedimensionlessparameters with
previous recommendations.
Withregardtoradiation loss,it is(asM r.
Pickslay points out) thesmaller part of the
total loss, even under free- air conditions,
when one is computing on the basis of
maximum allowable temperature. Fur-
ther, the air temperature is readily avail-
able to an operator while earth and sky
temperatures are not. Considering the
variationinterrainagivenlinemaytraverse,
the impossibility in most cases of choosing
an average earth temperature (or even the
worst) at a given time becomes apparent.
Therefore, while the effect of the earth
exists- as source, sink, or reflector+- con-
sideration of it wouldadd complications to
the formula with no useful increasein the
accuracy of theresult.
Windconditions, of course,vary widelyin
various sections of the country, the local
topography having considerable effect. I t
is also surprising what wind velocitiesmay
beexperienced40or 50ft abovetheground
evenwhen,at groundlevel,deadcalmseems
to prevail. True deadcalmisahighly un-
usual condition but if expectedtoexistover
part of a line, then the allowable current
should be based on this section and the
formula4(B) forfreeconvectionwouldprob-
ably bebetter. For freeconvectionwehave
noted the vertical air currents to beabout
0.4 fps at the usual maximum allowable
temperature so that even the slightest
almospheric air movement will bring the
total convection currents out of the 0- to
1/2- fps range of concern to M r. Pickslay.
Ascan be appreciated, the nominal design
velocity of 2fpsisvery conservativeand no
trouble should be experiencedif this value
is used. WerecognizeM r. Pickslay's con-
cerninthecaseof copper or aluminumcon-
ductors and a rather broad review of the
characteristics of aluminum has beengiven
previouslyinthis closureand the outstand-
ingvirtue of ACSR pointedout.
House, Tut t le-Current -Carrying Capacit y of A CSR
1177
- ,:'- w'j'cnt- CarryingCapacity of ACSR
H. E. HO US E
'.l'EN2'a ~
" - .;cps'.s: C=- r- ent- t=~ .charac:-
_~ of ~..x=ded- ~ conductor
~~or=d. ~- ~t the
, ....;u..<:t- :yas ACSR, !:ave been bn:stigated.
'..'Je 'C~ cf smf,,- = c:ori01ticos.~d
!~'''':'Y.alt.irnde, and solar ra6tion are
, '- " ~~ for a ...- icldy o:sedsizeof con-
~C.T; S~'!:S of=t<a..- r:rin~capaci:ty
:=}; CO!lcbctor 0Ut5i2.e Cia..:.:=te:r are
",=~=g:;::I =cL~....s oi ,~cCc:...:G
- : :....9" aCt::) roo<iuc'..or ~e aud
~:'(;- ~t t~ at 2':" 'ps(led
. ~~2.J ",,=d .ei- oc- ty. ~
, J; - J~ a....::;;j t.ab:es to pcr=tt az:::JpOta.tivn
0: ==t ..- .ili:e:sfor <my set of cpe::- .ci:lg
C).:,.Jj.:5=.s .. re ~clnC- ed.. Cox::!prrt<':rl values
:-,' c-,:~ are nclose ~ ...- it.htest
',3.~ ",;:nc: h. . . e ~ by ~=
~cj . - a::I Y vi ..d.=X:a (~) =d other
.f" .ert:.; 4>'" o:rs.
r:'~CE f. . . s~L::!L.0C::x:eC. b:.=.lcoa i::J.
~ 1~)9. tl;e'.:5e cf ..!.~ f.- ::;;: ~;:~
e!~. . . . - :C ~er L" :<: ~--:""I CoO b=. s
j;!'uwr::. ~ izrtil rt m-;. 'ost re-
i.;l~- - ::- dc- op:..x:r icr SX::::=;e.. .- =.." St:;xw
~..:::~ 2~z:::t ~~~ ci CCP:'~
;5 t~ - .:scdfar ~~~ c...~ticn
'J~ '. ~_ Becznse c;f :l.~~~ce of
:-,c " " ~'- c- ::- e:'" :\r,~ ",-.n =c-_ '~~,~t
_ _. " '- 0.- _ ~ _~~'--_~'--:':. . J ~
;;~ G::J 11:"" c:~ C::z..-d.-..e.::--,-~ cf
oeenC " ~~ on t~v- ..gr,<ro.1t Ge yes:; to
evaluate ~e- ... ~,.e resistazce, T.cis is
needed to cozrpute ~ ~t~6
::a?~ty ci tr.e cr,.,6ctC!'. iZly in-
;,...4ig- >- L;:=.,.- c=- e cz..~ =t t:r~crl:: for
~=at tl::.e0L~ I ::S' tr Tt:z" t~ci Tech-
iology, ~c.bu:r:5h, P2..1 TI :e~wn
)c!::::lic:2..Lo= of Lcl:~azd Sci:n.:rig and
~rick3 . ere followed pe:- =.oc5c:illy by
;!_he.- S,4- - 1 ~Dcati:::lga strong azd con-
~::;..:ec~:::~c~in t.he~b.5ect-
~e~uJ::soi L~...5for t1:edete.- ~O!l vi
hee:I J~- si.- j!y ci s:::- a:::;ced- dL'J~= COI !-
'uctors fer =t ~ cor:. O LXcs of both ne..,-
.rd ~e3~ 'condcctors werereported
!J 1956.'
Tests i.0cet=~e the~cc- .i....- et'J...<:ycle
esistazce cf a f: -cat ~- i;:ty ci sizesand
:.rc_!1.G...:puS ACSR have Leezi carr'ied
I
" _'J: ''': ' !~l. :c- :" 'O=::::;;~~ by ~ B=:3. T:- .a::..lo-
:~loOl . D- ~~~!:o()'~ Co::::..=.~~ r..::to a.;'~T" ~
y tbe ~7~::==c-....! O- .r=" :';O=~.0?a;- ~~t f':. . <
~;:~~< r~:::;.- ~. ~~: .. ~~;;;:~~- ~~5~.).!~~~::
=-::,;t S~:1- =:;e- 1Oc:1)~ 1- :'. 195i; :=-__ ~r 2....,- .an.:- ;e
~rv:i:;t:- =:. :-:C'\'f'=~ 6. 19.:'7.
'. E. P.on- a aX P. D. TC'"t":"'L. !: are .- :- ~. J . . ~C'?&
~- :.arC'!:J !.." =';:- (" " t.:.~. ~.~.~~. ~;_ j,",
P. D. TUTI LE
M EM BER AlEE
out at theAlcoaResearch Laboratories at
)..I asse:na,N. Y. Conductors werestrung
under tension ona12O- ft(foot) test span,
Values of 6O'q:cle resistance weremeas-
ured up to. a conductor temperature of
200 Cor. 3,000 amperes/square inch if
200 C temperature was not reached.
The method which was used b these
tests is described by Tompkins, Jones,
and Tuttle..-
A co- operative research program be-
tween the I llinois I nstitute of Tech-
nology, Chicago, Tll., andAlcoaResearch
Laboratories has been COlDpleted.ll12
The results of thiswork provide a means
of accurate ccmprrtations of reactance
and resistance far ACS R of any combi-
nation of aluminmn and steel stranding.
Because of the tremendous growth of
6e eJectr- ic21utility mO!stry. there re-
=::n .- ery few:longtra=::ssion linesin
t1le~teI 'n pz.- rt of fr.- e l7r:cite<L!?- tes.
Lir- es that were once I cng have been
lr..nped into ne.,qy constructed sub-
stations. T=load on these snort trans-
- - - - - ~-- - - .- - - - ~- - --.
r;:i~.on).inesis fu::?~?y_t. be _bea~g_~
tie conductors rather 62. D by stability
~.: ;X~l~e reg'S:.ti~~: as- ~as- thec:a..~
asI 2" t;; 2S the 19':::05. - - Fc~this'reason, 'an
~rnte' ~~~~g of tile thermal
capabilities of the conductors ismoreim-
portant than ever before. .
The fo=lia ~oped by ~fc.- \da:nslS
fer corrvected- beat loss of si:;.glehorizontal
tubes and wires has been found to give
accurate convected- beat loss for stranded
conductors. This formulahas beenCQ!I l-
bi!:- edwith the results of emissivity tests'
and data O!lsolar radiation.u.1$ and field-
test data on absorption of solar and sky
radiation on outdoor test spans of
stranded conductors, inorder to evaluate
the current- carrying capacity of ACS R.
\\- rth accurate values of a- cresistance for
avariety of strandings, it isnowpossible
to compute the current a conductor will
Ci...- - ry for an}' given set of conditions of
temperature, wind velocity, surface con-
dition, and altitude above sea level,
both with and without the efiect of the
Heat- Balance Equation of Electrical
Conductors
'L'4lCtI steady- state coaditions, of wind
nJr'\.- - 1ty, t ercperature, solar radiation,
and electriccurrent, the followingequa
tion is valid
(I )'
(I A)
where g. is convected- beat 1~, g, is
radiated- beat loss, Iis the current in
amperes, r is the effectivea- c resistance
in ohms/ft of conductor, and q, is the
amount of heat received fromsolar 3I !d
skyradiation. .Each heat quantity inthe
equation isexpressedin wattsflineal it of
conductor
,
I
!
~
"
~
The fundamental relationship for COI F" . l;
veered- heat lossof singlehorizontal tubes t
andwiresisgiven byM ddams (seerefer- ,. ~
ence 13, p, 220). This is expressed by'" ~
thedimensionlessequation Y'o4!~) J. Q "' i.
hD (DoG)UI ' \ - .~ ~
- '- 0.32+0- 43 - (2) htc t<;' ,
It, PI . S c,~\Jt (1Cj l
1-" ) (;'I-\ \ l~~ ~
wherel:J?o/k ,I Sthe Nusselt mnnber, and . I ~::; 3 )'
DoG/PI is the Reynolds number for any O J
set of conditions, This formulaisreco:;n- '" _ .
mended far Reynolds numbers ranging
from0,1to 1,000whichincludeair veloci-
ties up to 2 fps for conductors up to 1.3-
inch diameter.
Theunits used inelectrical engineering
are watts, degrees centigrade, and feet.
Accordingly. 1:. tile surface coefficientof '
heat transfer, is e.- .;pr essed in " atts; sq
(square) ft/C; Do is conductor outside
diameter in ft; k, is the thermal conduc-
tivity of air, (watts) (ft)/{sq ft) (C); G'
isthemass velocity of air inIb (pounds)/
hr (hour) (sq ft) cross section, or
the product of air density Pr in 1b/ft
'
times the Velocity V in ft/hr. The
quantity PI is tile absolute viscosity of
air in lb- mass/ft- hr. Density, viscosity,
and thermal conductiTI ty are at the
temperature of the air filmgivenby the
relationship
r
whereI e istheconductor temperature and
t " is the temperature of surrounding air
in C.
Then, for Dop,V/}l,=O ,l to 1,000,
[
" -, (--;'p1V) ...] -- Xv
q, =0.32+0,43 - - - - ;;;- X
k,..;D. ( ) (3)
-- I,-Ia
Do
t
,
B) ' simplifying and expressingconduc-
tor diameter D ia inches, the iollowing
equation is obtained
1169
-. I
'~. ' '>
,- c
ThennaJ
CODdu~tifltr.
11:, Sea L.I .5,000 Pt 10,OOO)'t 1:1,000Pt
3:!.... 0. '.273. __ 5.5.SS... 0.04I S .. _0.0801 . 0.01\71. ,. 0.OSs. .. 0.045S . 0.00739
1. . . 5.... 278... 59.73 ... 0.0411. ... 0.0793 ... 0.0660 ... 0. O~S .. 0.0447. 0.00750
SO.... 10... 2S3... M .H ... _.0.tH27 .. 0.0779 ... O.CM S .. 0.0535 ..... 0.043D... 0.00762
SD.. , I S . ZSS. e8.SO.. 0.~ .. 0.076S . 0.0636 . 0.0526 . 0.0431. . 0.00173
68. 20.. ??3 .... 73.70 .... 0.O- t39. 0.0752 ... 0.0626 ... 0.0517 .. 0.0424 .. 0.OO7M
77 ~. 2:18. 78.M .. O .C+U 0.0740 . 0.0616 .. 0.0508 .. 0.0417 .. 0.00795
86... 3O. 3i'J3.. M .~ ... 0.04- S0.... 0.072S ... 0.0606 ... 0.0,500 .. 0.0411. .. 0.00807
95... 35.. 3f'.-8 ~. 99... 0.0456 ... 0.0716 .. 0.0596 . 0.0492 ... 0.0404 ... 0.OOS18
104 .. 40.. 313.... 95.98 ..... 0.0461. .... 0.0704 .. 0.058 6 0.0484 .. 0.0397 .. 0.00830
113.. " U. . . . 3I S ... 102.24 . 0.0467 .. 0.0/193 .. 0.0577 . 0.0476 . , .0.0391. ., . 0. 008- U
12.2.. SO 323 108. 8.5... 0.0473 .. O.0683.... 0. 056S.. 0. 046D... O.0385... 0. OC852
131. 5.5 3:23.... 115.74 ... 0.tH7S ..... 0.0672 . O.0559 0.0462 ... O.0379.. 0. (081)4
140. ro.... 333... 1z.? 1liI. 0. M M ... 0.0661. ... O.0550... 0.04S. ... 0.0373 .... 0.00875
149. 6533.8... 130.52..... 0.O- t89 0. 06,52... 0. 0542 ... 0.0448 .... 0.0367 ... 0.00886
158.. " 70... 343... 138.41. ... O.O- t14 O.06- 43... O.053.S.... 0.OH2 .. 0.0363 .... 0.00898
167. 7, ; . . . 348... 1!a.&5 .... 0.0s00 .... 0.0634 ... 0.05Z7 ... 0.C436 0.035S .... 0.~
176.; .. S O 3.53.... 1.;..;.:n ..... 0.0~ ..... 0.0627 .... 0.0,522 .... 00431. 00354 .... 0.00921
18.3.. 85... 3.58... 11>4.26.... G. 0510... 0.0616 ... 0.0513 . 0.0423 0.0347 ... O.00932
1')4 .. ~... 353... 173. 63.... 0. 051S ... 0.0608 .. 0.0506 .. 0. 041S... 0.0343 .. O.OO9t3
203.. " 95 . . 3C8 . 183.~ ..... O . 0521. . O.0599... 0.049S .... 0.0412 .. 0.033S .... 0.00952
212... 100... :r.:l ... 193.57 .... 0.C52e ... 0.0591. .. 0.0492 .. 0.0406 .. O.0333.... 0. OC!;66
.,
" _0.-
D.gndlF~
~- a~" te~ty.l!:>/(l=r)(f- .J. =" ';><lted froro formula in refer ence 17.
n- d.l>:rity. 1bol " -'rIft'. ccespczed fro<:>da..ta.giv~ in reference 18.
l/- thcn=J ~.t7 of a.ir,~(sq ft)(C) at '1- (L.+l )/2. reference 13. Table Xl.
1- .- a.m~ ~- =- e C.
I e- cood- oc:rc t=pcr.o.tn:re C.
g.=[ LO l-TO .371(D::})l-U},,< t ,,-t &)
~illnea1 ;tof conductor (3A)
~For R...." T" - :cid.s ~ fro::n1,000 to
:20,000 ~ following~ :ormula is
re~c....." - d ~y :- I d.d=s
J:D. ,DoG)O "
-=0'" -
It, -- N
E~ this in a taanzer similar to
equation 3(A) gives
. O ~(D-;> '~'"
q.=--_ -- k/.4-t ",)
4.45 . PI
watts/I t of ~cuctor (4)
" =(l.1695(I JP/ V)'" ij{t,,- ~}
, ~,
watts/I t of conductor (4A)
Valuesfor PI, pi. andk,are givreainTable
1.
":'
i
For convected- heat loss in still air the
followingformula checkscl~31!lLte$~
data obtained at AlcoaResearch L~~!" ~-
~- - - - - - - - - - - - - .- .- - .- -
tories inaroomfreefromGrafts.
- - - - - - - - -
g. =O.072VO~tc- t/l)1.~
watts/I t of conductor (4B)
I
where D is conductor diameter in inches,
t ,conductor temperature inC, andt " isthe
temperature of the surrounding air in
C.
RADL- \'I ED- HEAT Loss O ? Co:-'-Ut:CTO R
The radiated- beat loss of a conductor
isgivenby theexpression
wherea istheStefan- Bol tzmannconstant,
Valuesof (K/lOO)
4
aregiveninTable I .
S oLA,R-HE~T GAIN O F THE CO NDUCT0!k
(/Vo_tor~ul4lS ~ive.,l') ~u" 'if1 FrH: . f-F-----------------
Because of the large amounts of power
usedbyall~nrutlorwn:geqwprrn;lt,m~i
power..~t~hies .iI i.toe''Northern .Hemi-
which expressed in electrical engineering .
units is 0.5275X 10- :1 watts/sq ft/K,
where K is temperature in degrees
Kelvin or C+273.
lS
The quantity f is
the thermal- emissivity constant whichfor:
new conductor is 0.23 and for flat- black
well- - weatheredconductor 0.91 or possi-
bly higher. The m- eaof acircumscribing
cylinder Aisexpressedinsqft. Convert-
ing to conductor outside diameter in
inches withtemperature inK gives
_ 0.5Z75XI O-
1
-.rD~(K 4-K I )
qr- 12 ,/I
(SA)
where ~ is conductor temperature and
.K.. is air temperature in K.
Simplifyinggives
gr=O .l38D{ (~o'o)' - (~;o)']
watts/I t of conductor (SB)
Tble I I . Heal- Transmhsion Faclor fOf
Altitudes Above Sea level-
El evarion Above
Sea Level, Fe
M ultiplier for
Values in Table ill
(5)
0............. 1.00
5.000........... 1.!~
10.000 ...... 1._"
15.000 ....... 1.30
Socece, rtJucn~ 15.
-, . .~. ,,',~{~'j L~~<f;( ~~,~,i~
sphere e ~ving; the')' .
!l~{.J,ulrari~~
,,' Dece.m~_andJ~~lr: .. tct,> () f . .
solar radiatiol) 5:on~&0. biipwi:...
lure ismore important:Uiin- :'bi(or- ;- ~
cause its maxiwumini.e~it):' nowoccuiS
~~e ~ ~h~jo:ad. '- "
The amount of beat received bX aBat
surfaceperpendicular tothesun'sraysand
~ outside theearth'satmospliere'r,
approximately 123watts/sq ft of SUif~.
However, because of the earili" sifmos-
phere, part of this energy is absorbed
beforereaching theearth. ~oinls of high
altitude of, e.g., 10,000 ft,such as emt
:::; ~ Rocky M ountain area; .!!- a;ive
en about 25P'a....Pl~solM _.~~e.rgythan sea-
level areas; seeTable I I . " Thea;- ;~;unt
Of solar- heat r~yed by.a_rondus!or
also depe;~~ the altitude of the sun
abOvetbehoriz~~d the'eff~ti~e- aiigle
Ofinc1clencebetween\h. e direc'trays of the
su:n- aDdtE.- e exPOSed" Surf ae~_. ln~' addi- :
tion to dlrect' nutiiiion,' heat isradiated
fromthesky totheobJ~t::' This quantity
also varies- - - - wlth- the ~s - altit;dt:.
Atmosph~c c';;;~i~~ti- o; h~- ;;~k.ed
effect onthe Solarbeat received, .
Considerable workhasbeen do;e inthe
fieldof solar- energy studies, inconnectioo
with the heating of buildings, as asource
of power, and relati veto the.solar- heat
gain required to be absorbed by air- -
conditioning systems.l~.U
The amount of beat received fromthe
sunand sky may beexpressedas
(0)
where QD is direct solar radiation and
Q4 is sky radiation, both in watts/sq ft;
AIisthe projected areaof the conductor
and Q....is~e solar- absorption coefficient.
!h!!~~-t~~iSat':M aSseDai;;dicate thiS is.
Q..23.io..r.ne}:LC()nAY.~tQu.nd 0.97for black.
c;9nductor. ..E2!~j?licityin comput4-
Tabl. I I I . Tolal He.t Received by Surf" cc
at Sea l~el Normal to Sun's RI I YS- .
Q., Watts/Sq Ft
SoW-
Altitude,
Be. DegrM s
Clear
Atmosphere.
5............. 21.7 ..... 1~.6
10........... 40.2 .......... 22.3
15.............. 54.2 ........... 30.6
20.............. 64.4 ......... 3~.7
25.............. 71.5 ........... 46.6
30 77.0 ......... b3.0
35.............. 81.S , ~. 5
40........... _.. 8j.8 ........... 61.5
45............. 81.4 .. ~. .;.. 64.5
SO .. ; 00.0 .... 67.6
60.......... 92.9 .. . 71.6
X 70... 95.0 .. :.; :75.2
SO...... 1l5.8..... ;77
90.... 96.4 .... 789
';" '~" . }\!6b>d., ...dAxmvtL p. ~
. ; (." , l" ~Vu;OClS utiNda to( Otc:t_tioft 01
... ~'~~, NorthUlt Heno~e, 1- .
. 10 at>dJgly 3
~. . ". . .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
::. lO:OOAJL.
':P:!
1..!=:.e.. :s. I e
2:OOP~
:!I .. I 32 ;'8.... 87. O.. s:z.. ~
:- ..; _~._ S8 ... J;:S . I SO ~.. 27%
::O :t.:? . 98. &3. . 1W 62. . 2:<i2
:> s. 61. .. 1Q7... ;'8... UO.... 61. ... 2.53
:J) .1:.0.. !I .!>... ;- ;) lSO GI J . :!~
~.,) .... s:'.... lZZ.... 68... I ~.... S7.... 2ZB
.'>il.. <>4 123 . 1'3t~..... ~... ~
050 .f7.. 137... S3... 1~.... - 47.. ::::23
~O... +0.... 1- 13. .;3. I SO... 4;). :!li'
t!o:l, T.ilileI I I ~ toW bear received
L-= th &ect aud ~ rh't:iiilfDr
both ~ ~d r- dl:sn" " @~~
TI ris ~. . . d::u<=a ~~ or e:- ror
2S sky ; ~ ooes ncL &pe::.d on the
l't%'" ie a: ~&nc- ~. i:ES error
- ~
cannot be defected Xi!tile ';;"""1 .- due of
condoctor ="e:JL h & esse of a
:- ucnd,Xz:- iz.ol:~piau:rl =6ctor, the
angle=:s.~ by
6" o..." 'S- '~c- s E'c={. z:. :-ZI}1 (6. \)
w1:~~:s& ;:;i.:, CcGt::e=~
tile: hcci- ...c'!l.,Z~is &c " ,6ci ~ sun,
~'-"-""1 :s we az- 7::;=t;, of - ::be conductor
(D"",,~,~i. . =. 1J . ~ Z;= I S},,). See Table
I V l~ 2L~Ge c- :c ;:,: 111c=i sun at
varices ~l2.!ibC- :S-
Computation, Current- Carrying
Capacity
Combining the various components of
heat loss and beat gain. the following
formula results
1-
l[l'O l~.37I(D;;vt n};{t ._t .)+
~ O l={(fciot- (Foo)']- g,
(7)
s'-\ldJ > LE Coxztrrartox
I n tile sample computation the follow-
ing conditioos apply:
Drake condDctor, 795 :'> IO r (thousand
circnlar T" " Js). 26/7 ACSR.. (ncw)
- .rindvekx:ity- 2 ips at sea I eod
air 1.emper.I .~- 25 c-i.
condnctor t=p=I ..tI :re- 75 C=t ~
conductor o~Wde <liam~ =LI 08 inches
condnct.or a- c ~~O . o-J 6. 5 ohm!
1,(0) it ~. '1SCo
By ;;ubstitu:i::~oc:e .- " .1;:::0, thefollow-
~ results;
-
a.
o
o
"-'
o i
: i
~~~O: ~- - - - - - - - ~- - - - ~~~~~- - ~- - ~- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~
r- : ,
=. " 1
(. ) i
, !
I
I e,.:: !
~ ~z ')! - c C.7
:et ,::U:7:R ;;'': '.'J,-;-~q - I~C-:C:S
'-
'- , ,,
".
0 . .
"'''
,
,

I
5 c . .
~-
. . . .
:::
o
I
!:?
. .
5~- - - - ~- - . - - - - r- - ~- - ~- - - . - - - - r- - - TJ ~, - - r. ~- - ,
I
I I
~ 40I ~ : ---L --~ --~ ~ --~ --+ ---~ --~ -J ~ --J ? -~ I ---;
~ E'wco- n.cTOI I 10,000,. T.EL. -'_ I
!EW c;c..::..c;TOI I - SUN
I oI (WCC>lC<)CTOR - NO SUI ! J I
; :~~;;:O~~~;: :~S UN ~ - - I - .'.
~ 30 !---!--+---+----t---f---+~__2'_<~'-I--;----ir--i1
:; ucAWl!JCl(T TE PERA'ruI t
~ 7~C >M OOCTOI ITEPE" " ,....!
J
~ 20 I - - - - - +- - - - t- - - +- - - +- - - - - - t- - - - cf- !- - #'?- - .;- ....::...- - ;- :.- - - ;- - - - ;
~ I J
> "! -
5 j -,
3 10 1- - - - - 7- - - - ;- - - +- - ~~- #S'- :.......:- - - - ;- - - :....- - - ..:..I - ___r'- - - - - :
w
>
o
z
3'
f~ ~." '..' . : . ::, ; ' .. ~" ';~__
[
.. (1.l08xo.0683X7.200
V
!'1 c-'
.- 1.014- 0.371 . ~,. 0. 0473' .<i.- d" " >
.,; . - ~. 0.00852.><50:::'- (8) ',/
q. ~2lJ.95 ,~atts/lt t~: (~~)
q, - O.l3SX LlOSX0.23(146.66- 78..86) .
" " ,2.37 watts/h (9)
Assume the following: azimuth of line .
.135 degrees, latitude 35 degrees north,
clear atmosphere, 12noon.
H~-78
Z.,- I 80-
Z,=135-
Q.- 95+{1.6 - 95.6 watts/ftl
S=cos- 1[cos 7SXcos (180_135)
- =cos- 10.147=81.55
(to)
f .....
(11) -. . .
sin 81.55
0
=0.936
" r~
,....., 1.108
q.=0.23Xo.SS6X95.6X
12
.
\. ',
~2.01 watts/it
\
(12)
'~- . .
Current- Carrying Capacity Curves
Curves have been computed (Fig. 1)
for the following design conditions: 25
C ambient temperature, 75C conductor
temperature, and 2- fps indvelocity, for.
ACSR for sizes from no. 6 ." ,CSR 6/1 to
3,364 xrcxr 108/37. A total orfour
~EO VALUES
o
(,O~ soc 1000 1200 1400 1600 16:)0 2000 2:r.>O 2~OO ~o 2~
ClRRENT AJ . O FEP. S- 60 cps
3
Fig. 1 (Idt) . Curanl,c<'lrrying c~~city of ACSR with various I I Jrfacc
and ambiflll conditions
fig. 2 (sbcve), CI Jrrent;c<'lrrying c,,~city of 795 M CM 26f1 ACS~
venus wind ..e1CKity
~
, }
I ,
"-"
I
I-
. . . .
. . . .
. . .
o
o
2
a:
e,
<I t
:::E
~
o
I
w
u
z
~-
I-
. ~
ii)
w
c:
a:
o
I-
o
::>
a
z
o
o
,
Q50rt - ~- 1- - - - +- - - - r- - - 4~- - 4- - - - +- - - - +- - - ~- - ~~- - ~- - - +- - ~
0. 30r- _~. ~~- - ~~- - - +- - - - r- - - 1- - - - +- - - - +- - - - +- - - - ~- - ~- - ~- - ~
0. 20 1- - l(I \~- r- - +- - +_- J_- .l- - +- - +- - t- - +- - +- - - !
, ;;:- tc - I OOC
I/;-tc75C
t /r: tc' 50C
0.10 r- - +- ~- ~~--+---~-T;[7f--r---r----f--I---+---I----+~
~.07 t---+--+~~-+/-H /;lj rt--+-+-...f---+--+---~I-------{
0.osr- - +- - - r- ~~~~~- +- - +- ~- - +- - +- - 4- ~t- - 4
.~,
0. 03~- - ~- - - +- - - - ~~~~- 4- - - - +- - - - +- - - - ~- - ~- - ~- - - - 4- - - ~
~~ 0......... 57 ... cr
0.02~- - +- - - - 4- - - - t- - - - +- - - ~... ~~~. . . . J - ~- - - - +- - - - +- - - - l - - - - - +- ~- - - 4- - ~ ~: : : : : : : : : : : : : : 1~::::::: :~.:::::~
~~ ~\, - ,
~ .Jtiserident that the effect of selec~
0.01 t- - t- - i- - +- - +- - +- - - +- - - +~<," ';:~~~- - - - l:::- - - - }- - +- - - - - 4 an ambient on1I ~@dent fr~
- ..:::::::::::::- :::::::- ;~- ~~esigr: ~Jne will have little
o.oos~ __~__~~~L- __~ __~~ __J - __~ L- __- L __~L- __~ __- J ~og. t he~~ ~~! ~~
02 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 l4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.5. i!ln.strated bv the i~~g ~~l~n
. CONDUCTOR OUTSI DE DI AM ETER - I I 'OCHES lrlcicll a J C ClJa.I :L.- - ein ambient onlv :n-
~~ tbe~d:I rre ri..c.e'4Y- ifis
bcf2..'- e is stiil'less wi!en. Sun" 6ect is
taken E::itoacconnt, bec:;" se tills tends to
cancel the e5ect of r...diated- btat loss,
I eaving only correected- beat loss, which
.cries approxiraately with temperature
rise, to balance to T-rk:ss.
,I I II I I r I I I II I I II

. . . : ; : :
.. .r
: ; ' CD
I I
o 0
'" . .
~~
Fig. 3. A- c reslstence lit 60 cps of ACSR lit t},ree conductor temperatures
Effect of Wmd Velocity on
Current- Carrying Capacity
Effect'of Ambient Temperature on
Current- Carrying Capacity
Xew DT2keconductor hasbeenselected
to illustrate theeffectof changingambient
temperature, ..nththe~ effectDe~lect~
!ta m~" 1'''J~ curren.,!~_~_~~.
This isshown inthefollowing.
AI ::!bient
Te:::openture.
C
Condoct Gr
l'e.t:l~tu.re,
C
curves givesperformance for ACSR under
the followingconditions:
1. Blackconductor, nosun, sealevel.'
2, 3. Black conductor, sun; and new
conductor, no sun; seaI evel,
4. New conductor, sun, sealevel.
5. New conductor, elevation of 10,000it .
I n computing sun effect, a value of 85
. ~atts/sg I t was used for total radiation
and 8=75O,~v1nganeffectivebeat from
the sun of 82watts/~gjJ;. - ..- - - .
I t is signifu;gntthat thereis adefinite
discontinuity in the curves between the
si~3- ~JL.PJ1_and 226.8 M CM
ACSR 26/7. This is explained by the
increased magnetiziD" geffect on the steel
<;;e; the current ~thesingl~~)'er - ;;r
aluminum strands gives rise to eddy-
current and hysteresis losses in the
steel core which in turn cause a marked
increase in effective a- c resistance. !!!.
the case of more than one layer of alu-
~2.~~~th the spiraling in ~
~posite dir~t~~ i:D eachsucressi\" ~ayer,
~.agne.tiE!1g ~!!.ectis alm~t entir~!x
~
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Test Data on 6O- CpsA- C Resistance
ofACSR
To eI l2bk the ~e!:!eer to compute tile
cnrrent- carrying capacity, recently ob-
tained test data CI . the 6(kps (cycle- per-
second) a- cresSta~ (coveringthececa-
plete range of sizesof ACSR) aregive.:1:r.
Fig. 3, in the formof carves for 50C. 75
C. and 100 C conductor temperature.
These values were obtained inadr.J'tl" 'S.\
roomon 120- ft spans under tensionat I ,
ambient temperature of approximate :'
20C. Thetemperature of thecondr- ;
wasdeten:nined by taking ilip. avr;" .
temperature of a number of tbe- , ,
couples,
Two variables wed the a- cresiste-
of ACSR. The effect of increasein ~
ductor temperature is to increase t.~.
. Drake 795M CM ACSR 16/7has been
se~toillUStraletlie effect of in~
~{_~iL vei~!y:~~~iiditions ~
maining constant. Amblent temperature
wastaKen'at25 C andconductor tempera-
ture 75 C. Curves are shown in Fig. 2
for Dewand black conductor. both with
and without the effect of sun. and Dew
conductor at I O,OOO- - ft elevation. .Kot.e
that for black conductor with sun efi'ect:.
~ei. q Oluent cap..eCty of 2- ~
velocity over still air is H3%. The in-
crease fWD\...2 fps to- :5.; miles per hour
is 13.0%.(Aa~d..Y~I ocitYOf2~
7.'S~- V JCf.(:
Table V. Cu" ~t.c.rrying Ca~ at 60 Cps, ~l'I I peres
-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ACSR
New eo..ditiOJl
F" " " , Ch: z '
J:.~:c:_eJ).: ~
No S O D
1,690 M CM 54//9.......... I ,43t1 _ 1.487 1.M 4.... 1.7G:? .. 1.:C~
7115M CM 54/1............. 941 9<'3. 1.CY.!O 1.130 ~.
No.46/1 .......... 1019 I S1. ... 1~ 165. }.o'
~.,- .. t::!:'f! of ~ c.oodocta with an m. .
_ . ':~. ;: i. . . , C!- s:d- - A;'.oc ~ Anin-
" .: '- . ~i.:: CC!rlDCtCC ~ may be
c.u_'~! by t::i:..'- .eT ~ ambient tem-
- ..- :: ~Xe or ~ carrent, :&!dy-
. ( I~ and hyste:- e::s5ksses ia the c::or'e
. - ~: ~_~~ tbe effective a- c resistance
-",:-;-,-',;:~:> 17fur ~al.'.;'i,. iim-~}-ercon-
': } \ D~;, as previoosly- explained.. The
i.." l~~closs~t of a- c~
:r.cr2- " CS -jfuan i:ncr6;.se ill Cl..1I !=1:
" ::.t:' L:e point of :r=.gne&: sat:uration bas
.:nrf- '" ~ after which ther- eis DO fur-
. _~.-c.: i=t:::ax in t!ns ~ Tl:Cs
j:::.rt=L,- - 'r~ of AC SR is dealt
;,- :th b- Tly by I ..ewis a:cl Tuttle..u
~(;mf a,;son of Revised Cur:rent-
Carrying Capady wirll Previously
Pnblished Temperatzrre- Rise Data
rr; ----+ - - '
.. oe \. . LU. . . l ~-<=:. . . . :gczpadty carves
~}1:.b~ by ..!1coa~l~ =based on
. 'l~~ci~CE:nda
wind ~ocity Gi 2 i;:s.. ~.
''.:tLrre:rt- c2.L,. 5Cg ~ ci t1:::cetyF.cal
sizes of 3. <::9. ~ . .beea =;;ut::d by
the=6od I - ~ ::...,. thS p<o:peI foe
both ::,ew =d bl2d: c:c=X=ctr:r. ,.j'- clt z=d
without the e::ec!: of =.2S .~" g a
conductor t.. !.ere, d:of iCi) C or aW
s::=~ =cl2- - ,~..=- - .:i > 6::v"':t. . '; seeT~~
'J.' )
~ __ , 'L'C-"-_ . . - _.
~..- !e,.~... .....:Sv ~1- '~ ==c==::!~~0!l,~
th '~..crl' - - ~
~~~ =-:--ve,~~
C'JLL~~ I n~ a cr- !bc" ,- ,.
~~ a;,;c,- ;,Y ..L1e :" 'st ye:ar vi
operation, so ilia! it =be e:yected to
cpcrate at a ~ ~~ ~
a new~. ::o~. 0. cert::m
~eas oi Ge western part of theGnite:d
States. high- vt:~<>e CO "'-bctors bave been
observed to staY l..:gI rt fc;c ::r=I J' yea:- s.
For t:h:<; reason, t:::er=..L,.- - a.cEation ~
~~ .. tlou cl=- ..c...eri5tics =y~-y
consi~~:'" c e:re:n!: 6~ -. b5cl
I ocatiocs, Tbe=- - Catapresented repre-
~:- ;U- fu:::itL::.g c:onOti<mS for DeW aad
weathered co:::- Guct.oos..
The I C:f:f:SSZ!} fcrrrrnlas, C'. . :. . . . ~ and
tables ZzVl: been presented ,,!::ic.h w- JI
eaable t7, <: .iss::OD.~~ toselect the
sizelei ,ACSR most s:ri21:e for their re-
qi1:r~t=:ts... I t is 1:-e::: ... edthat thedata
j\'en to :I !....strat.etl:- ce5ert cf tbe san " - '.- e
~
of ,. F- ~ce in E;!:t 0: we ic.ct t1:2.t
m?..~.~.- ste=l ;~ 1~ c..:e DO';\" "CtCLJ-
r::lJ n L:::.- <! 6. yL~ ci~- =g t.he s.....,.,- :- :- er
10:Jt.!;..;, ::.ecz-se 01 2Z- <cr'=tiroing ~d
~::::i;i~~~..L~t !cx=..ds..
Cc;:- :::::'- .l:ed" '- 2~es cj c:..r:ent- ca..rr)ug
JAct:i ~t sea le'\c! c:.ren close agrc.e-
Llt'..' with test data obtained'by the'" J-'a4J; Frankli" lc~tu,te. 3~elPbJa'.,!;" '.: .. <. I,;" ,;-,;.
. ~. '.,,01. 23. DO. S. XOY. 1940. PI '. ~17. ,.
.A.lro. Research I ..aboc- atoOes and those . ' c:. 'r .," ,.,' .
. - , _. .,.T TI tA ..,.Xl$S.lO~AS' !(P1,U.,.,CRO .1' . ~'"
observed by other ocganizations. BI tA.T CuAClTT " ,,0 Sot.n ~lAT10lf. F. " 'Co:, .
Bou&!>lba. J. L Blacksha_. I t. U. PuP. P.
M cDermott.. PIIP" '''''' 9Z.1. Trll.,ut w'lI. A:nuJ-
eau Socirty of H_ti,,( and VeutDatior RDP.
Dt- U~.Xew 1<O<'k. X. V . 1aD. 1932-
26_ A. R.t.n~Al. BRAT CAlK M BTBOO PO. YB
DI I T1<'OC:DlAnO,.or At Co>lDtTtOHI HO COOL1NO
LoAt>S.P. H. FaDst. L LenD- e.F. O. Urban.
Jovrt cD1, Heatinr. PipiDl and Air Conditionior
SKtiou. Iind . ~.ur.1935.
References
L ~c.u. ~ or Acsot (a
poa=;X:I d). A. emi....... Coa:.;>a.D,. of ~
~ Pa... M ay 1946.
:!. Ct;a..kJ<XT~Tn<O Cu.u::rrr OP WtaJtS .
~ ~.E. Luh. Wat ;.~ Ekdric
J~ r~ Pa... Apr. 1~23.
3.. RLt..TDOC .. ..,. Cuna:.cT C4u.TtO<Q ~.LOTT
or l!AltS Co.!u>OOottS 7QI 00T:>00. Sz:rnca"
0_ 2.. ~ c..W. Frici. Cn=d El<dnc IU-
" ;c.,,.~y.:S. Y_ Tlll. 33.Y.ar. 1930.
~ ~ Ct:latDrT JU.n>rcs 0" ~-
J!tt4l> CCnll.OCOI tS, P..u:rs I .en> U. H. P. ~e.
J;... L ~ ~ LiIC 1 &4 PD'IKT.
~. m. . D=. 1~
5.. ~ R,,:=<cs XlIIt ~ l.n<'s ~
~ ~ M . Ob=ot.ed.. .A.IEE. Trc~.
ez, ~ 194..J. PP- 84.5- 63..
s. . ~cu. liJ<A.r:o<o C=u..o.~ oP
~ Cos!> O G 00dI. ?v:. rs I-IV. E. E.
G- ecqe.. ~ ~irf t d PC 'K>C T, Dee, J~;
10=- 19- 1S; A:;r- !~5; Dee.. ~
r. ~~~..c:rTCP~
Co=> ocro~ :a:. A. . .E.::ooc. ~ W.".! 4. ~~
Ycrl:,.:S_ Y_ Yay U. 1. . . 043.
tL ~ ~ ~A.CTr Cf7 A. CS a
~J..H.w~V.E.O~Y.
..!TEE Trt T'.c'ion. Tel.. 70, ;>t.. n. 1951. 7,).
!'!- ~- 6:!.
1. ~. . ua> L-" E7T=::r C> :'<~ C<;z~-
~ Cu- ..c:= OP S -:LoL'<O > lO .!.Ltnc:lCl:lC
~- c:ro:u;.. c.. So TA~ 2.. E. Roese. l~ - e
--=L 7S. ?t- I I I . Oez, 1~ ;> ;> - !;7!}-';'o.
:::'l.. ~ 01' R=. L'O O . . . . ,. , RLr..cT-
...s= <? E=~ ~ Joel To=;>D=., !i. . L
. :-=. P. D. T~ r~ - rei.. 7!. ~t.. ill. J =e
::;05. p;>- scs- rs,
C;
.~t..j 7~ ~..L." " o '" J~.L" 'u Ct~~
~ Co..- - <D- t:'crc- it.S. ~:-=-Z!. . ~.aD. " W ..L
~- s. P. D. T~~ n-a.. 17- !!S9- J:::!S 0:-
~~ ,
~-z;r ~~ ;?Jw~ OF . !. CS R Co;u
T. w. ~ VI . A- I ..:...:s.. ll>i4_~.
~l;-~ 01 t=s i=::>e.
u. . ~ ~'<9C55:" '" ,~. W. 2.. Yc.A6=s.
).U:C..._E3il :3oolI :: W=;:> c:> Y. be.... ~." .. Y cck,.
~_Y_~~19- U.
!~ HJ...oTDOC.'~ ~ _1.,3 Co,,- " I r.i:I O<-
~G=,.l~_ ~~ofR~&:> d
AS ~ ~ ~ew York. S_ Y_
L~
lS. l'oc'l<lt.- =nc 5oL. AJ t E!O :2GT. 1. L Y~
~~ .!.=~ ~ of >1e<:b.:c:X:U
:' ....... ~ew York. :So Yo. Tel.. .9, 1>0. 6. bz.
c.3 po;>. l~.
l3... A ~ 07 TlI::DuuL lU.DunO!'l eo-
""~"<'r5,3. W_S::::yd= niL. ~ 76. 19.).!.~
. > 3"'~.
ro_ ~ V~. 7'B:31luL Co" - ,,t:<:TTVTI Y .L~
?1L-=n. ~DO . lI::it 7'01<Aa .1...'0> OnnrR G~c:zs.
J.. E:ia=ntl1, Y. So Toa~ l~ . pp. ~.-
s- :n.
l3. rAS E" ~- =>USG. Ricb.rd D. M Ase,,- eC..~.
:sc.::a.!o r= Cc=~, BtdVo. ~. Y. ~u
~ 1945.
:.3. T,,~" ,~CA.N ~..t7J1c:.u. N..>u....'iAC 1~57.
C_ s,~..- .J O~tory tlhin.- tDu, D. C. 19.57.
!!1 5::':"'3'T R~'Cc:-tQ~ T. ,I. . E. L. . E3 ) ""O x Am 'S A~C"'
- :- ...O!'C', \C'~ n. I I I . P2b! ic.c! ~ ?'- O. 249. 'C. S.
:~~ Eyc..- o;:;>Oc 05~ W" " ':::'::r- O[1, D. c..
- $::;>,.
::I .. E .. . :...os T A.!'~ L J. Co==--1~. K;- ...ot.
Q=5e>.! ?::!b'.;,c=nc Co=;>a,," , ~c" York. ~. Y.
~G~ eC;- j~. l~(" -
X!.. TE..!'- X.A!.. ~_! ... :il .. ,r.O~ T.I .3:...rs /0... : > _.. l" r_~.&. ..
7.:';- :<" :t. V. D- - nl;:~e. Tr~~uJ;r: u. A" ,~
~..6.tJ' of M <" " " '- l<:- >l EQP:~ ,..,l. 76. 11lS4,
;?- ~~.s2.
:!. . , G~T u,- - ,." (boo- t). ]. R. XNO::.an,]. lUy- e.
J'>C=:J ...- ::I <;r & " " ::.s., L- .::.. !,,,,,. . York. !'. V . l9- tSo
!!- I _ P:l.oP" 'C'S.~ ST ... '- :::tA.2.D Sot....A.& RAD!. . A7:. 0!II(
Ct:"'T"Y"-S rc,- lit !::St;~Z;:a~O 1.j~lS.. Pa.rrt M. ~D

Discussion
"
. ~: . r _-r"
W. A- M organ (Washington Water Power, "
Company. Spokane, Wash.): The authors- -
are to becommended for thethoroughness
withwhichthey haveconsideredtheI actors
'Whichmay affect the heat balance of fi"
conductor that iscarrying alternating elec-
tric current with the usual prescribedlimits .
of conductor temperature and ambient
temperature, Particularly. the effect of
sunshineisDoted.
However, we application and operating
engineer is in need of published data or
guides which should be forthcoming from .
manufacturers of ACSR and all- aluminum
conductors as totheeffectsof loadingabove' .,...- -
the currents which givethe usual tempera-
turerises. Obviouslythereisatime- current
relationship for such overloads, i.e., the
shorter thetimethegreater I stheamount of
current that may beallowedto flowabove
that " webouldjust givethe desiredtem-
perature rise, Specifically, there is prob-
ably a temperature somewhat above 75 C
where confinuous operation would cause
a reduction in the tensilestrength, another
temperature where the tensile strength
would be reduced 5% if operated at that
temperature aspecifictime, etc. Or.arewe
to assume that aluminum bas not agreed
upon temperature limit and will losesome
percentageof its tensilestrengthjf operated
contin1lously at even 75 C l .
There are data available for determining,
howmuchatransformer maybeoverloaded
under emergency conditions without jeop-
ardizingitsI ife,or,insomecasesacalculated
I oss- of- illeexpectancymaybecalculatedand
is acceptable. Similarly, it is desirable to
know bowmuch aconductor may beover-
loaded during an emergency and for bow
long. For example. assume that one of
twoparallel circuits is out of service and
it is desired to carry an overloadcurrent
(say 2.5% above the rated .value which
would give 75 C conductor temperature)
over the daily peak rather than tocut off
customers.
Perhaps the steel reinforcingwill provide
for most of the loss of margin of tensile
strength in ACSR conductors. But, all-
aluminum conductor may be particularly
...- uloerableto o" erloadcurrents. and. if it is,
perhaps weshould1.." 110 its critical conduc- .,
tor temperatures or time- current overloa~
characteristics.
~
il
f
. 'j
I
,
l:':. l:':. Georxe (Ebasco &-. ices I nc..
Little Rock. Ark.): The :;lutboxsbave
cone an e:cc:- ellentjob ;:i utilizin' pre-
"
, n: : n
,. . . . ,. . . . . ,. . ,.
1173
u
. - . -
. "';. - . ":.~
vious analyses of various components
oi heat tran5fDissionand in presenting a
summ:uy in final usable fonn. I t appears
that the a.ccuracy of the new formulas is
considerably greater than that of the input
data generally available in the field, espe-
cially as regards average surface conditions
on the conductors.
The results _are for a wind velocity of 2
fps. " " " hilethis is a relatively low wind
velocity, it will be noted fromFig. 2 that
carrying capa.cify ~ a wind of 2 fps (or .:
about 1.4 miles per hour) is about 30%
greater than in still air. This may be:due
to the discooti::nity between turbulent and
I aminar flowand to thecomplexinteraction
.of air currents due to convection and those
doe to uteP- ..3l wind. These factors have
bothered all in..- est:igators int his field.
Some of us t1rinJr:that thelimiting condi-
tionof still air or zerowindshouldbecovered
in conductor heating tables, because this
condition frequently occurs on hot summer
afternoons under hnmid conditions preced-
ing a storm, Scch conditions are also re-
sponsible foc hip peaks on the power
systems dueto full Operation of air condi-
tioners,
I t woold also behe1pfnl if engineers con-
nected ..- i:;::h research on copper conductors .
would pr=t:Eg- c=oncopper comparable
to those 1:1 t:::3 paper on .:lCSR. utiliziug
the lat=2..- ~ data. on !:eat- traDs-
mission =;x:ce::::ts.
I t is to be~ th.t De authors ~" i11
continne ~ h>esti,:sa.tions and publish
their r=!ts.. bcln&~ studies of sleet pre-
vention aad ~ :De1ti!lg..~I a.ss=a. N.Y.
(location " r_- \k:oaResearch Laboratories) is
favorably s> _;..A for both natural andcon-
trolled tests cooceraed with the problemof
sleet on cocdcctcrs;
',~.- ::
I
R. w. Cas;vciI znd Lawrence Ycle (Com-
monwealth ECi..~ Company, Chicago,
I ll.}: Thea:cr1:orsaretobecommendedfor
presenting a. cocstrt- ctive paper on an im-
portant sci>ject.
The Commonwealth Edison Company
hare recently sponsored an investigation at
oae of the universities relative to tempera-
ture rise of conductors when high currents
are used in order to melt ice fromtrans-
mission lines. I n this study, based on
laboratory tests. a formula was developed.
for determining temperature rise of acon-
ductor due to a specified current under
given weather conditions. This formula is
similar in formto equation 7 in the paper.
'\\." hilethe authors use data developed by
M e.Adams for determining convected- heat
loss, the stndy by the university indicates
that slightly different values should be
used than those resulting from M e.Adams"
work.
A comparison of the temperature rise
calculated by each method for a given set
of conditions shows th.at the to methods
give different values, This means that a
current value calculated by one method
as not beingharmful toACSR may actually
raise the temperature above the desired
value'.
Wedonot say that onemethod iscorrect
am, ...eother is incorrect but rnerelv point
Out that additicnal study is advU;ble to
liet ..
. e:tnunel:.~~proper constants to be used
1ll c:a'~" .~... .
r.~~au.u~~:npaature rise,
D the autbors .... " " lyel" the assumption is
made that the temperature of ACSR should
not exceed75 C. I n the interest of makin,
the most effective use of ACSR it may be
advisable under some conditions and for
alimited timetoexceedthistemperature,
I norder that theusers may fully evaluate
the results of doing this, it would behelpful
if data were furnished as to el'ect On
strength and sag cbaracteristics of ACSR
if the 75 C is exceededfor different lengths
of time.
This suggestion merely indicates that
additional information would be bene.fi.
cia!.
Earl Hazan (Kaiser Aluminum and Chem-
ical Corporation, Spokane. Wash.): This
paper deals with a subject vital to those
utility engineers who are faced with the
problemof determining their linecapacities
onarealistic basis in thefaceof phenomenal
load growthontheir systems. The problem.
of determining electrical characteristics of
ACS R conductors, has been the subject of
exhaustive I nvestigation by the Conductor
Laboratory of the Department of M eW-
I urgieal Research, Kaiser Aluminum and
Chemical Corporation. I t seems apropos
to supplement the data presented in this
paper and to comment on the results ob- -
tained.
~- " e,
The program being carried on by the
Conductor Laboratory has resulted in
data which describe the a- c and d- e resist-
ance characteristics of a conductor, its cur-
rent rating, overload' characteristics, and
comparison of ratings between bright and
black surfaces. I n assessing the data ob- -
tained it was noticed that the conventional
formulas y !lungan n see erence
3 of the paper) could be used with fair
correspondence to test results for a bright
conductor, but were not reliable in check-
ing results for a black conductor. Further
investigation showedthat Schurig and Frick
had developedtheir formulas for barecopper
conductor whoseemissivity was 0.5, wlllch
.is about double the value for a bright
aluminum conductor. This emissivity fae-
tor wasused indiscrimlnately for aluminum
conductors, at the time when ACSR and
all- aluminum lines were beginning to be
used in quantity. I n retrospect it was
(
realized that sincetheheat lost by radiation
using the Schurig- Frick formulas was
twicethecorrect value, then somecompensa-
tion must havebeen built into their formula
for convected- heat loss.
At this point we made a comprehensive
analysis of all those conductors which had
beentested by the Conductor Laboratory to
determine the best relationship between
our test data and analytical expressions
which would describe the conductor per-
formance. I t was determined that the
M cAdams formula (seereference 13 of the
paper) for heat loss fromconvection gavea
satisfactory approximation of observed re-
sults within the limits of experimental ac-
curacy. This formula, being applicable for
the several windspeedsat whichtheconduc-
tors had been tested. was adopted for gen-
eral use by the Laboratory, and it was
recommended at that time that the current
ratings in the Kaiser Electrical Conduc-
tor Technical M anual be revised On that
basis.
r -~ '; - ;~iL~~~':'(
C~s)fl'- luTI JolG FoR> fULAs ; ,'-:.
Our formulas dilr~~light1yi~om those
presented by House and' Tuttle, but these
are roainI y differences ill' form. For ez-
ample. it was found that for conductor
ttmpe:ratures in the rangebetween 40 C and
110 C average values may be used for the
following constants: 1'/, the absolute vis.
cosity of air; PI, thedensity of air, and X/,
the thermal conductivity for air. 'Tbese
constant values. reduced to electrical units,
and substituted into the general M cAdamJ
formula yielded the following equation for
beat Jossduetoforced convection in watts/
sq inch of surface.
We
7.645X 1O- 4M [0.32+0.43(355.7 VD)UlJ
- D
where
l1!~temper- aturedi.fference between ambient
and conductor, C .
V=wind velocity, Ps \. ":
D=conductor diametet,' in~es
The utility of this form lies in the fact
that all unknowns are readily available for
substitution in the formula.
The corresponding formula for heat loss
due to radiation inwatts/sq inch of surface
is '''''__ .
Wr=36.8f[(~)(- (.2L)C]
1,000 1,000
where
e=em.issivity in per cent
T=conductor temperature, K
T.=ambient temperature, K.
The current rating canthenbecalcul ared,
neglecting solar effects, by the formula
{
3.77XI O'(W,+ Wc)D
I=~ R.u
where
Wr=heat lossduetoradiation, watt.s/sqinch
We=heat loss due to convection, watts/sq
inch
D=conductor diameter, inches
P- ==a~resistanceat the temperature of the
conductor. ohms/l,OOOh
. Now, first of all, how does this set of
simplified formulas check the more exact
formulas presented in the paper? I f the
effect of solar radiation is eliminated from
.equation 13for the Drake i95 M CM 26/1
_~CSR,acurrent rating of 938 amperes is
obtained Usingtheformulaspresented by the
authors. Using similar formulas, insimpli-
fied form. as just discussed, the rating is
found to be 933 amperes, a difference of
about 1/ 2~. .
Second, how do the simplified I ormulas
check actual test results for several different
wind speeds and several different conductor
temperatures?
Details are listed ill Table VI . of acorn-
parison made for three ACSR conductors
'whose data were arbitrarily selected {COrti
all of the conductors tested by the labora-
tory to date.
,] I t will beobserved that dose correspond-
I enceexists between calculated and test d" t" ,.
indicating the validity of the forraulns, I t
,.
- - - L- . _
..Ud S~- 2.0 fPS
Conductor Teete"
eodactor I >i6erenu, D'~e=:e.
T~mperature, C C&kalaled Oblene" Per Cent YI <1!J.tH Obltned PerCc: CaJc:al&t~ Obv.:T~
r- {50, ...... " .1 ..... 760 1.7 ,,. SSS.... sso 2.5 ....... S45 !70 " .2.~
\ ina], 54/7.954 M eM ....... 15........ 1.011 ... ,,1.020 0.3 1.160 1.1PO.. " '" .0.8 1.1('~ 1.!70 u
. 100..... 1.204 .. " .1.240 ....... 3.0 1,39..... 1,~ ...... 0......... 1.4C3 I ,roO O.~
{
<60. 74.1 7GO. 2.& .. SOL S15... I .& ... S(O. __ tiSO.. 1.2
Rall,45/7, 954 M CM ........... 75.... 1.006. '" .1.015 .... 0.9 (161..... 1.1iO ..... O.! 1.155 ..... I ,liO 1.3
. _ 100 1.1S! 1.210 ...... 1.9 1.37& 1.3Ts .... 0.1. 1.383 1.~iO ...... 0.5
{
50 ..... 790 : 800...... 1.3 918.... 9:!O.... 0.2 /;75. 6.0 0.6
Curle54/1.1,033.5M CM ..... 15....... 1.0;2 .... 1.090 ...... 1.7 1.2- (3 1,255 ...... 1.0 1,lP? ..... 1.1S- 0....... 0.5
. . '. 100.. 1.265 .. 1,300 .... 2.8 1.'64 .... I .{gj .. 1.4....... 131. .... 1,4- 50 2.0
should beobserved, further. that in general
the test results givehigher values of current;
rating than do either set of formulas. I t is
for this reason that wedesire to produce a
comprehensive set of experimental data oa
all bare conductors.
S oLAR. RADI ATI ON
The effect of' solar radiation bas been
neglected by many authors whodismissthe
_.sun's effect asbeingnegligibleat the operat-
ing temperatures of the conductor. H.. A-
Enos of American Gas andElectric Service
Corporation proposed as early as 1943 that
this effect be included in the heat- balance
equation for determining current ratmg of
a conductor. The authors showthe effect
of solar radiation, and demonstrate that it
should beconsidered. Our owncalculations
sbow that this isavalid proposal; that, 0-
deed, the sun's radiation is not sosmall as
to be disregarded.
~the calculation of heat absorbedby the
C J ictor fromthe sun, however. wehave
.c ed that the solar constant included
tlie'small contributions fromother heavenly
bodies and the sky, Furthermore, the sl.- v.
being at a temperature of about - 50C ~
so, actually represents a heat sink rather
than aheat source. For this reasonwehave
divided our radiated- beat lossintotwoparts,
half of the radiation from the conductor'
being lost to the surroundings which areat
ambient temperature. say 25 C. and half
beinglost to the sky (onaclear day) whose
temperature is, say, - 50 C.
I n computational form.therefore. W
r
, the
beat loss due to radiation on a' clear dav
would be .,
W.-30.8' [(I .o),~(~)]+
[(~) :-(~) ']
where
T=conductor temperature, K
To=ambient temperature, K
T/~sky. temperature, K
I n making the computation for the
cur~t- carryiDg capacity of aconductor in
suo aclear day, therefore, the formpro-
rL-:;", by the authors may be carried out
wW the slight modification suggested m
the foregoing.
Using tbis equationehave calculated
.FEBRU~RY 1959
the ratings of a few conductors when ex-
posed to direct sunlight CJ:l a' clear day,
ITheresults indicated aderating of from2%
to4% for ab7- i.shtconductor. and aderat.ing
of from15% to 18% for a black conductor.
I n comparing ratings of bright and black
conductors with and without solar radia-
tion, the author- sshowthat theseconductors
may bederated 1%to3%. and 10%tog%,
respectively. The importance of the solar
.effect is dernCT:!~ted by the close agree-
ment between both sets of data.
A- C RESI STA." CE OF Acs. ~Coxnccroas
I nthecaJcnlztionof ==t rating, thea- c
resistance of rhe conductor is recnired at.
the temperatzre of the =~. This
has been the elusive =.l::::::!<TK" I l Io: ACSR
conductors because the S o:1:of the steel
core bas not been completely d~ed.
I n checking the curves of FIg. 3with test
data for four sizes of conductors, r~ .. e
have tested and which are included i::I the
Ec.~e. wefindexact agreerneat between the
resistance data 'l<'ehave =~" 'c~ed and
those presented in the cc.. rves,
SonuRv
I n summary, then. I believe De arrthors
sho- uldbe comroended for ~ ar- .3able
th= data and calcnlating pr- oce:d=es.. I
think that the simplified t crn::lS proposed h
this discussionshould beconsideredasalter-
native methods for calcnlating ccrrent
ratings. The sabject of c:alc:I 1ati::tgthe
effectof sunonthe current raringneedsfur-
ther clarification with respect to sky radia-
tionandsl.- ytemperature, FroaJ1y.I findit
interesting that two separate ~tions
havebeenstudying the S21Deprobkm along
exactly parallel lines. and ..mileom- in>esti-
gationshavenot yet beencompleted, I must
point out that insubstance, wehavechecked,
experimentally, the conclusions ~ by
theauthors. I t isapropos to suggest.there-
fOR, that anI ndustry Committee beformed
to consider the saggest.ionalready made to
our own organization, V:e feel that exist-
ing current- rating tables should be revised
to reflect themorerealistic values for stand-
ard eonditions of 75 C conductor tempera.
t=- e, 25 C ambient temperature, and a
tt0S8\;nd velocity of 2 fps.
W. M . Pickslay (Pacific Gas and Electrie
Company. San Francisco. Calif.): The
authors are to be commended for an excel-
lent condensation from a large volume of
available literature of a relatively simple
and eessv =60<1of ~'~2'io:l of we CC"-
:rent- ~~,,- - - - =e ~c::tci- ..ics of C~tr," e:<.d
eonduzt ors,
~~e- - h= t:r~~.'
~Jy =pie:x Cr'-"cr.-l1:;:, =.c..'
in LC=-d. has beea =:Y. lS t ~.J..~.
treated bv Uie =- ~of d!=---=io=l
analysis, - Toese b..- c.{,e n<r...di~- - Si- - .r~
=k- s. =6 as t1:~~<- kis =d ~~
~ ~erl, as well as tbr- ee others
of i=;.- r..zo:k~the ~.l. S;. ~c.t.or=. d
Gr~ ~l Fc specific" sol11-
tio=. ~ data are Te:iU- ~ to inter-
rclate ~ numbers, ~ I c..~ ~.s
of sx:1: C=.abave b=::l n==7ted. Tbe
~ f=clas are, ilie::- d" xe. ~
c:J p:'i=1u;& ns:=!I y res:=ic:ted i::;. 2.p~&2-
tion to ali=n.t:d r~ ~~- 5. Con-
sequ=" y. " ':- d'e~ :=iliors =te ~ ..
valnes =r=ted by ili6- =pGe f=:ili.
7 are i:J. c=~ - .r- i- " ;' ~ results;
it \E"cc. ::d t7e=.1y i::lo- ee...<;e ~ f=::!a's
value iicoo;=ison- s of t!::St :=d cc:::;:;>2- ~
results ....- i:.h=itab~ " .. - 2ti~ 0[ we io-
porta:rt ;t=<- :eten ...- e:- e. to bep:::~~=d.
v,-rr. =~ to r~::i?:!- " !.- =- k- ss fro:::l
the ~cr. the .~~~-=-s' ~u.:a
=a1J r~ to eez:- :::::'"atzaos-
~ca~~=lro~c- ~'
eat, T6is ~- y ~-=---:ke ~
by for De lz.~ p:- o;x:rti= of ~ a=as-
pbere, Le., k O f> ==d =:X=. is tracs-
pan:::tt to ti=221 I2r;;":i-n:O ~Gi'"t:O '<C.
arr- t=per4I ::" e " .- itl: }- ,...:~ ~ sea J =d
varies g:- =1y as does ~ t=" " .- - c.t='e of
S<!U0Cl:U&::g t=- cia. ~. the
De! ra&ted heat ...- iI lbe c:o=iC- e:- eb!y re-
docr:d ~ the li:= ~ a n..a..~
rocky ~ than ~ it: cresses oyc::1
cnlti- r- c.U:d fidds.. A mere a=- c.te a-
p1essOOfor tl:is t=is Pe:1 b:Enos in
refereoce 7 of the paper, The atI t!Y.lr- S'
reasons for the appoaeut UOSS ~J3ca- .
tion wccl:i beof interest-
I t is s::nspectcl that the d'~ed
'arises from ~ rdarlTe ~tS of con-
l" l!Ctioa and k- adiation- he:zt Joss, ~
=tdy cine to ooe, in the simpk c:alcnla-
bon. Tbese are of t:beexpected order for
the 2- fps c055iud assnraed, Ho~,
it bas be= a matter of some sm- prisetotJ:::is
d.!scn= t!:at this wrind ..- cloc:ity,crigl=!!y
based tq> =...- ezthe:rcouditi::os in Schenec-
tady, 1" . Y~b LQ28and 1929, isas~.
accepted as it:~ to Cz" ebeen. ClCEe
examina.tiao of Us. \\.=~ B=u Gall.
for the c=ttal va1lt:. of Califomia 4s
sh<Tt<u that the ~ the =- =Cay,
the gr=Ur probabili1y th.al. there ...- ill be .
a~e. ~d vclocitie:s zlxrrc the fric..
.titmlayer by the middk of the ~
:- .~. "'::-"
s le~:' ~x:.=:-:.:--:-_. -
. . .
oJ
~
c
e
. . .
" ~
'"
o
o
c
~
c
Or
~. .
0.-
cZ
OW
. . I e:
. .
. .
. . .
,J
. .
z
. . .
. . .
. . .
o
. . .
z
. . .
u
'"
. . .
. .
I
SlRtSS.AU'TUA STR(NG1H I
OF EC- HI .
I !
"1
I
i
. .'
to
0
O S
5'
n
. . . . . .
I O- HJltI .
I OO- Jdtl.
tOO rz::s " 0
TU- OAA,UR ore.e,
" s
zoo
Fig. 4. S !rHS -flJ pfure curves of EC H18 at elevaled ternperetures
Similar conditions should be expected in
other areas even of different topography
since on clear summer days the afternoon
breezes appear to be produced by the
morning heating of the ground and lower
atmosphere.
I t, therefore, appears that whenconductor
temperature is a limiting design considera-
tion, there will beoccasionsto useconsider-
ably smaller valuesthan 2fpsfor crosswind
velocities particularly when the lineis pro-
tected by hills, buildings, or trees, and thus
belowthefrictionlayer. This posesaprob-
lem in that there is an area between O- fps
and approximately 1/2- fps wind velocity
where the conductor temperature rise is
indeterminate. I n t his region, convection-
beat loss is by a combination of both free
and forced convection. a circumstance
not amenable to treatment with present
theory.
Because of this indeterminate area, under
circumstances similar to those indicated.
the authors' formula 4(B) for qeshould be
used instead of 4(A). This isperhaps not so
important forACSR becauseof thepresence
of the steel core, but is vital for copper and
all- aluminumtransmissionconductors where
strengths and clearances must be main-
tained.
- - - - - - - -.
O O r----
~ I S.OOO ~--~'c--. . . ;. . . ------
w
c
:>
. .
c
c
W
&.. ''',000
. .
. .
!;
;;1'.OOOf- - - - - - - +- - - V\- \~~~- - - - - +_- - - - - ~
.
%
. .
o
~
'"
. .
. .
. .
. . I
0;
~
. .
1... l------+----'-ITr-\-~_:_---t_-----_1
1.000
REFERBNCB
1. thAT TltANSPBlt PI mNOlOP.<A (book), R.. C. L.
Bosworth. John Wil<y & Sons, I :cc... :S- c. Yoclc.
N. Y., 1952.
. LO- - - - - - - - - - - ~L- - - - - - - ~2- - - - - - - - ~. L~~~- ~~~~r~~a
>..I .noo; T~TV'U:.T.OS.~
- - - - - -
Fig. 6. Tensile stnnsth of EC H19 ri ~ns km~retu~ (0( V61b~
. lengths of ti Gt tN.t ttmpenture ~
H. E. House and P_ D. Tuttle; We are
pleased to Dotethe interest aroused by our
paper as evidencedby the comments of the
various discussers, whomwethank for their
remarks. I n the following closure, so:ne
remarks maderelative toonediscussion mav
apply to others and will not be repeated, -
To reply to M r.M organ, we would first
slate that the 75C temperature waschosen
simply as a reasonable operating tempera-
ture. I t is somewhat.higher than that. for
which a new line would normally be de-
signed but was Dot intended to indicate a
limiting temperatur- e, For both copper and
aluminum, the 75Ct=peraf:u..re isoneiliat
results inlossof st:r=gth at avery 10..rate
but not azerorate.
M r. M organ's request for loss of strength
at elevated temperatures can best be
00.
:z:
. .
'"
z
w

l-
I.
. .
. .
:!
z
. .
. .
10
~
(

> =
I
. .
0
- . . . .
z
- r- >,
. . .
u
e
V
.
00
0

. - ~. . . .
=s ced by reference to tlle =illpan~- - .
reg carves, F'ig; 4 shows the rupture tw- :
of EC (e:k:ct:ri=l Conductor grade) wire
under'varioos ~ of load and tc_ -
pe=.t=e.. For example, at 100 C. a wire
<:tXI tinnoaslyloaded to 48% of its orig!.nd
t=s:le str- ~ (==red at room!.trJ-
~) will fall h 1,000hr; a~oiG.ing, '
55% will cacse iai1C- ei:t 100 cr. :5" ~. ,;
shows6e red- =tio::t n strength of EC v,1. \!
~ ternperaznre far various fimes, TI '"
t.....,s. 'e ~..b.s are a!1measured at rOO'1
~tn:re. Thzis at 100 C. a ~ w~
c. . . . -vp to 9>3%of itsociPal strength ill. l;;';
h. ~% ol.OC() hr,=C. 00%in10,0001- "
rIg. 6 is ~ to FIg. 5 ezcept t.~.e
st=- =g6s =P-==:~ of the ac.=:!
~ st!=.&- o. ~6e ~ =. . d. . . :
o:o.si..~ T=at 150 C. the w.!: ~
~.s,..- t;l decreasei::I .OOObr to 16,1:).)
psi (pocmQsper ~ inch). 87% cI ;05
.<1=of 18,&Xl psi ;,..~o:I 1y1/2 hr a!" . ~
~
rIg. . 7isapbt ~ to Fig. 6b:rt ro. '. ~
~l.c::ooti:actoI 2.ln:mim:.m aJlc.y. : 1
"
00I ' r- - - - - - - - - - - ~- - - - - - - - - - - - ~- - - - - - - - - - ~- - ~- - - - - - - -
TD$l. L ~rra
rw
. . . . -. . . &U. . O Y~
T~TE~U ." ~S
. oooor_- - - - ~~~_+- - - - - - - - - - - - ~- - - - - - - - - - , _- - ~- - - - - -
~ ~~r- - - - - - - - - - - _+~~~c_- - - - r- - - - - - - - - - - 4L- - - - - - - - - -
. . .
c
::>
. .

c
~r~r_- - - - - - - - - - _+- - - - ~~~~~~~~- - - - ~- - - - - - - - - - ~
:a
w
~
~
. .
.
. ,
,
" ~~r_- - - - - - - - - - _+- - - - - - ~~_\ ~. - ~~- - - - ~- - - - - - - - - -
. .
r
. .
o
~
~ t O~r_- - - - - - - - - - _+- - - - - - - - - - ~~~~r_~~~- - - - - - - - - - ~
~
~
0;
'" w
. .
'=". -------_L-------. ,. . !. ----. :. . . . . --:- . . I.
o
.- - - - - -
I I O.~ T~T._.T.K&..C.
Fig. 7. TenJiJe rlrtngtb of typ;at dedric.ol- <onouc:" .u ..
Fig. S. Tensile s!tensth of EC H19 <!It room t emperat ure for variou$ alloy lit hut i ng fcmpa. ~ foe y...oo.u knSlhs of time _~.~.
____~ G__m~~~o~f _~~t ~. ~! ~i n~g~. ~I ~. J ~t y~d~! ~t d~t ~~~m~p~e~r~a~t u=r~es ~ ~. ~p1O~~' OX~~t ~ ~~ _
rr><S>L l'1'OPRnu
[C"
..r ~oo" TE" P~ATURE
_ t1> O $00
tf(ATI I JlQ TEI oI I " [JtI oTlJ'!'!:. OE~.C
~!
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.:r- t?'::.Al. ST'I OLS:$- S" TlUoa ~
,
II
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Fi,.8. Fi,...1r~d-
in, CWVt (~ text)
01 l't'pUitd stn;u.
Jb.in test .t roo.,.
tcm~ltwc on no.
1/0 Ammall Wi,.
G.u,c 6/1 ACSR
Jtc:r ,hulin, _t
350 CFor1/2 ht
this case,at 15)C.De~ st=gU ... :n
decrease i::J. LO:;() h.- to 22,.9:0;S.9L5S; d
its vc:~d 25;:00 ~ fer 1/2- :3- ~~ z:t
fut t=pe::= e.. T= ~~d:1 r::C:::c-
tions, as foc t::e :=:c. ~ =~ =d
irr::~~
Fig..Sc:~~~1'- ~~
from 2. ~~ ~~ ~ O:l ::0..
1/0 ... . ,. . --==~re G<,-~ . :!. CS 3. . Lbzt ~
be:n ~- e..- - !.ed ~ 2. t- - - :- c ~ e ~ ~5I )
CJ~('2=_ T;::S~~=!3~
ro{:. . F > .> ~;.t r ~ ~ c!~~ {F~
,)),~& ~e =- =- :; .... 6 =e C?'~',a.
had ~ b:e:1d 1/2 1:: ?_'t 0'j- ;{- . J =- at . f5:=C .
8.!ld f ~2t ~ d i- :.s ~~ S:=- ~JJ.. r--t. . . h.
.1e1~c.f,to zero stress ~~~ ee- :'" of c:Se
;'old.i::::g ~~ T= ~ cc- .e
sl::.w:; u.e =~ ~g !oarl .~
(6t !3co=ly ~ tofc~). 7be
point to coserve bere is ~:~ t:Q ;:0 a ~
" F ?y:- ua::.=tby ~ of t.::e cr~ razed
dti=7.:; u,e pkJt !s 2. =;p,t ~ D-
dica ~ t1::at t.::e .fcil t.e::Sic.o lD<!d is ~~
~ by u,e steel. The ~g Q-
wardbe::d3';:e cnrve s::.:;ws u.e e:5ect.oi
t!Je 2T., . '. " " I strc:::nds ~ u;> 2. s1:t2re 01
theload,
Su21 a cra.~ti:::.. !..:.>:.lk2d c:21:nOt be
en.. is- ~- =rl for t::- a='s9co lim:s. bat 1::s
Lo.~=.:: easeis;r.=ted to~~ ~
lL'iq= C::" 2- 2C~ 01 . t. CS R that C2.1:l
a;;:Hf ~ =-'-: <" '=01 a::.C. cit:L:..ica1 JC2.d-
:'- 1,,' - ..7'JI o::Uya ~o:- cn" ''''gein tG" 'c2l
~..:- :!~~~azsd2.s!7T'1~r . t::U::"~rC""2""t-ge D $2.g-
t) ;4JI : r~;'ton of ~~ ~.:tion..
i" : ! ~7 to ~[ r. G- ::c:- ge. ~ h- ;- e ncced
. :,It c... ;:- ~ i:: ~d ve:!o~ at!a:rw ~
na; :- ::::6 wv.e e5ect t'" ',,- "'='=percezrt-
~..;.~,:~:!ge:s Got. bjg~ .e...!cci:5es. T'h...js:S
mcp!<:c 0 F'~. 2=d " 'e 0:::- 0Ylt b- - ...Ee.e
i;is ~:::;.'b- =t.2~!e~lT t~a c1- - .:. ...ge - 00
ia:::.~ t~ tr!rO::Ue::J.t fo:w... I t i:s t:'1:.- e
jat :.:.e ::.i
6
::t r .~:ci- ~'- :s1',==--: : 11 i::J. \'c:- t=
~o~- - - - - - - . i:: on :=e I e- :=: c! ~e C\..i::H.:=C- ....Dr. b'G" t
!1(7 --=. to l=~tr.a::Sf:!" . Ge gi.= kr-
. ) O l) Y{. :r. c. .- e::y wtll b s;::~eof ..::..!s eta. .
.!.~t~21:.- . t. . :l!: a.i:- ~eJ(ciryt. . :c2. . =. -'~cf nanr- d
" I ::l't" cc- ....:()~ i:J i:- ee ~ is <J tbc:eCJ:" " t!er c.f 0.4
'1:. - r.~t:: ~e: cr..cCtX:'tc;- is at 2 ~~~~!- e
';:>e:" c:7:J?; te::J;.c.- a~r:.!'e.. O=d~:rs,. r.- =
~ ~ da.- . ~ ismoreair movement
C= one ~ s:::spect andthis, coopled
~~ ~ ~ cocld easily reach
2 f:;s~ act:=I ly is an=t:- =ly low2..Dd
~Ce cccservztive n:kci:ty_ HOWl!" Yer.
for ~ C2t !...t .o1.- e convection cool-
Cg C=ocly tD ~ beat of th condnctor
~ f~ ~(3) " Kill give vcry close
=.lts.
'To tzzrn to ~ ~ by ~!r.Caswell
a=l. ~!r. Ycle. "In: ould stressthat the
c::=i:I ~ cocrpnted resalts by ow-
fa: '3~r~~~d~tont..hedi..cc- ~.()n
are c- " '" " ~azd r'- z they dCer in their ac-
=-dC J' clepe::::.Ci::.g co the particular field
c:o::Yi," ::i.- = b- :::::::::& =siclered; i.e., one for-
~'" ' ci:.e:::h6e t.~ r=lts closer thaa the
~ =e- c ooe see: cf co~..s. while. for
a. Gf=t set, '6e for=1as are reversed
I n G6- 2. ~ to the actual test
~~ es. I n a!1C2..'=. however, it may be
saidy str..ed C::at t.b.e accuracy of the
ULll;xrt:cdr=1t is dependent on the feld
Ca::a=d is not E:::::irtedby the for=las.
'I bS is a p...~ t.b.;u~_ Cecrgestated .c=)0
~ ~tbe ~ pa::- " 4=ph of his discussion,
Vi"e.ocld ~ erzrphasizethere " 2S no .
an~ to i::x5cateand noassumption was
n=e-f! .~t 75 C lOfd.S the li::niting ACS R
t=J=" " c..b::re.. I t was simply a reasonable
c=p:ccise between the frequently used
rl~g:l ternperatnre of 50 C and the gen-
aal.'y reccrcznended normal maximum 100
C ~C2.ri:Jg teraperatnre, I t." as felt an
i::r''''=eC~te ternperatnre suchast.hiswould
be ~~ cseful 0 ~ curves given, wh.iGI we
ass- ..=ed might be csed for estima tion pur-
~
. . - - -
We ar e p~=-<;t:<j to have lli. Hazan's
a~f" e==t wi- ..b. o:::r results. I t is quite
=~ir:;;- =e.::.&i==to siffiplify and tab-
:::2" ,:=- ,.- StE.::ts for f=uks f::- cque....,tlyu.<.ed
a:::o, 'Q;;" =e:- e ~e C" ::- - - - re.nt- c2.rrying fon:::l'ula
is us~i of:o, a t:.!:lle ,of .alues for kt < Pr/
~~l'" =~="}y prepared. I n ~e
~~yc..- a.~J:l of a ~;;er such as this, ~tl~ is
~" " 2Y; t.::e~;:esu~ of how=:l\:ch recuctloll
:lz:r.12~:::.e ::;.ai ~i:I LbefOm.'lulas. I n this
C::'5~- ..:ef~t it '<'as ~erable to sboW' the
e:=;lCc- e oi;'::~=nc:..'>idual para!I leters, I e:n-
in,; the Ct;rtbcr f!3. S Y simpliOCali&nto the
reader.
ConsiCen.bletimewasspent reviewingthe
effect of the earth and sky O D the radiation
fromtbecooductor with thedecisionthat an
expre;ssio;1in..- ohing the ambient tempera-
ture alone (rather than earth, sky, and
ambient) w- as preferable if the requisite
accuracy couldbeobtained iDthefinal result.
This proved to bepossible, nodoubt partly
because radiation loss is the smaller com-
ponent of total thermal loss. The more
complex expression proposed by M r. Hazan
can be used, if desired, or even more corn-
plicat.ed ooes t.alcing eto account the
reflectance of the earth. However, refine-
men15 for i::x:reased 2.CC11.raCYseem war-
ranted OI :.t'y in the case of the larger con-
vection component of loss.
Some of De foregoing remarks alsoapply f. " _.
to the d...~0ll by M r. Pickslay, The "
paper was written fromthe viewpoint of qle- - - - - -
ope=ting engineer, whose chief interest is
allowableccrrent, Therefore thetreatment
has not ~:::sed the theoretical, althougb:
ample re!= to fundamental sources
bave been given, We did not feel.that a
discussion cf the theoretical parameters
would addto the purpose of thepaper. We
do appreciate :Mr. Pickslay's interest. how-
ever, and i:I cluecourse. another paper may
bewritten to compare t.b.epresent derivable
values of ~-e dimensionless parameters with
previous recommendations, ,
"\1,-:-. . h regard toradiation loss.it is (as M I . ~-
Pickslay poizrtsout) the smaller part of the
total loss. even under free- air conditions,
when oae is computing on the basis of
maximam allowable temperature. Fur-
ther, the ~ temperature is readily avail-
able to an operator " bile earth and sl- y
temperatures are not, Considering the
variat.ionb terrain agiven linemaytraverse,
the i~~J:jt:r in most cases of choosing
an 2n::" 2.E;e earth temperature (or even the
worst) at a given time becomes apparent.
Therefore, ... hile the effect of the earth
exists- v- as socrce, sink, or reflector- s- con-
sideration c.f it would add complications to
the formula ..:th no useful increase in the
accuracy of the result.
'Windcocdirions, of course. vary widely in
va.. rices ~~ of the country, the- Jocal- - :..- ..
topography bxing considerable effect . I t
is aL" O SUI p" ising " hat wind velocities may
beexperienced ~or 50ft abovethe ground
evenwhea, at groundI evel, deadcalmseems
to prevail, True dead calmis ahighly un-
usual condition but if expected toexist over
part of a iCe. then the allowable current,
should be based on this section and the
formula4(B) for free convection wouldprob-
ablv bebetter. For freeconvectionwehave
noted the vertical air currents to be about
OA I ps at tbe usual maximum allowable
temperature so t.b.at even the slightest
almospberic air movement will bring the
total coavecrion currents out of the 0- to
1/2- fps rang e of con= to ~1r. Pickslay,
,\s c. w be2.PPfeciated, we nominal design
\" f:I r<:i~ oi ~fps isYe.rycon:<en'ativeand no
trouble !2::cdd be eXpcr1e:lced if tJUsvalue
is u5Cd. " \\'e H:cOg7JUe~fr. Picks!a)" s con
cern b tlle C" _<.eof copper or aluminum COil
ducto:- s a::d a rather broad ~\" iew of the
cbaracte..- ist.:.:::s of aluminum bas ~n gh- en
pre'- iousl~- in this c!osuTeand theoutstand-
ing \- !rtt;e of .\CSR poi..'1tedout. .
,
i
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I EEE 1ransacrions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS 104, No, 10, Ocrobe . :I ~5,
_ ~. 4
SI MPLI FI ED HODEL FOR STEADY STATE
AND REAL- TI ME AMPACI TY Of OVERHEAD CONDUCTORS
R. L. Rehberg* W. Z. Black
M ember, I EEE
School of M echanical Enyineering
Georgia I nstitute of Technolo~y
Atlanta, Georgia
ABSTRACT
Recently the utility industry has recognized that
there are substantial economic advantages that can be
achieved by knowing the real- time temperature of a
conductor when it is subjected to variations in
current and weather conditions. Unfortunately. real-
time thermal models for the calculation of temperature
of overhead conductors are usually quite complex~
This paper proposes a simplified transient ampacity
model that overcomes this difficulty. The model
preo ict s both the steady state and transient thermal
behavi or of conductors that are subjected to a step
change in current. The simplified modei provides
results that are within 15 percent of a more complex,
detailed transient ampacity model.
Parameters which affect the transient thermal
characteristics of overhead conductors are
di scussed. VaI ues needed for input to the mode1 are
provided for a wide range of conductor sizes.
CaI cu1ated time cons tants range between severa 1
rni nutes for a smaI I conductor in a moderate wi nd to
over one- half hour for a larye conductor in a calm
wind.
The real- time ampacity model is sufficiently
simple that i.t can be used to easi I y predict the
temperature history of a conductor during an emeryency
transient in the current. A fURTRAN program is
provided in the Appendix to aid in solviny the
transient equations. The Appendix also contains
sample calculations that illustrate the application of
the real- time model to practical ampacity problems.
I NTRODUCTI ON
Steady state models' for conductor ampacity have
been widely used throughout the electric power
industry and they remain the backbone for most design
*Presently employed by T.V.A., Norris, Tennessee
35 ~~ 236- 5 A paper recommended and approved
by t he I EEE Trans mi s s i on and Di s t ri but i on Commi t t ee
of t he I EEE Power Engi neeri ng Soci et y f or pres ent a-
t i on at t he I EEE/ PES 1985 Wi nt er Heet i ng, New York,
l , ewYork, Februa ry 3 - 8, 1985. }! 3nus cri pt s ubmi t -
t ed Augus t 31, 1984; made avai l ab10 f or pri nt i ng
J anuary 10, 1985.
and operating' decisions relating to the thermal
behavior of overhead systems. These models assume
that each change in conductor current is 1mmedi ate 1y
followed by a corresponding change in conductor
temperature. I n reality the temperature of the
conductor changes gradua lly over a peri od of time
after a change in current. This delay is a result of
the thermal capacitance of the conductor which is a
function of environ~ental and physical factors.
Real- time ampacity models account for conductor
capacitance and they therefore can revea I increased
system capacity, particul arly under emer qency loadiny
conditions, that would otherwise remain \i'nutilized
when a steady state ampac ity model is employed. The
energy stored in the conductor 'duri ng the time of the
trans i ent is often suffi ci ent to provi de the operator
time to make more effective load management decisions
before the conductor reaches a predetermined limitiny
temperature. Armed with a real- time ampacity model,
an operating engineer can efficiently and safely
distribute eneryy over the transmission network
without exceedi ny sag I imits or without jeopardi zi ny
the strength of the conductors. .
A real- time ampacity model can provide other
advantages to an operat i ny engi neer. Steady state
ampacity models, ,ased on a set of conservative
weather parameters, may often predi ct that major tie
lines between utilities operate at their ultimate
capacity. I f a real- time rating program is applied to
the same lines, it will frequently reveal a strikingly
di fferent conclusion. By using actual weather
conditions and by accounting for the thermal capacity
of the line, the real- time program can show a reserve
capacity for transmission Of power and thereby provide
the operator with a potential' to generate increased
revenue.' .
A real- time ampacity program helps not only the
operating engineer, but it also provides a useful and
valuable tool for planning and design engineers. I f a
planner or designer has a knowledge of the transient
thermal behavior of the overhead network, he is better
able to make capital intensive decisions. For
example, a real- time ampac ity model could yreatly
influence the decision between purchasiny additional
right- of- way and installing a new line or simply
utilizing an established line coupled with resagging,
reconductoring or rebuilding the existing towers.
The initial work on the steady state ampacity
models first appeared in.the 1920' S [ 1- 5] , even thouyh
extensi ve work had been completed 'prior to that time
on the convective heat transfer from cylinders to
air. Thermal models for the calculation of- the
conductor temperature became more sophisticated [ 6- 12]
and riatu rally more compI i cated to use. Real- t i"".
00189510/85/I OOO- 2942S01.00 1985 I EEE

I tinys of ove~head conductors 'were introduced [13- 21)

1 the 1950's. At the present time most transient
npac~' 0 models are so complex that they require the
id .' digit~l computer for their solution. The
ume. complexity associated with a' real- time
atiny ~rogram I S a distinct disadvantage and it,will
~viously discouraye some from .ttempting to use real-
ime rating results. " , '
This paper describes a simplified thermal model
hat ~ttempts to overcome this problem. ~I t proposes a
.i mpIifi ed rat i ng program that can be used to predi ct
loth steady state and transient conductor
:emperatu res. The fi na1 product is a simple computer .
Jrogram that requires a minimum a~ount of program 0'
j nput and provi des both steady state conductor
temperatures as well as the, complete 'transient
behavior of the conductor including a predicted time
constant when the conductor is subjected to a step
change in current. A C bpy of a FORTRANprogram that
can be used to solve for these parameter-s fs included
in the Appendix. While . the assumptions made in the
simplified analysis pre~ent consideration, of time
,arying weather conditions" the analysis, is
suf ficient I y complete that [t can be used over a wide
~ange of conductor des fgns and for a compIete set of
weather conditions. . ,
mi l l RY "
The time varying temperature of an energiied
over-need conductor can -be determi hed by appI yi ny the
pr t nctp l e of conservation of energy' to a unit 'length
of conductor. T)1e resuI t. is an energy ba1ance whi ch
equates the di fference between the energy input into
the conductor and the eM ergy transferred from the
surface of the conduct or to the energy stored within
the conductors, ,Qstor~d' The maj or contri bu~i on to
hei' ........ input to the conductor is a result of' I R heat
ge \ion within the conductor . By, comparison, a
somE!- it'l1at minor cont r ibut ion to energy tnput vto the
conductor is the radiant solar energy absorbed at the
surface of the conductor, Qsolar' The two means by
whi ch heat is removed from the conductor' are the,
convection to the ambient, air, Q
co
v and emitted
radiation to the surroundings, Qrad' ~he conservation
of energy, therefore, stipulateS that
,.
Q ' .: 1
2
R '+ Q ~ ' 'Q (1)
stored - AC' solar - rad - conv
To carry the anelys is further. several
assumptions can be made at this point. Flrst the
conductor is assumed to bel isothermal at an average
temperature, T, at any instant in time; That is, any
temperature gradients within the conductor are
neglected. This assumption is reasonable because the
conductor consists of, met el l ic strands that are good
conductors of both'cu~rent and heat. As long as the
strands remain in. good thermal contact, the radial
resistance to the conduction of heat,to the surface of
the conductor is far less than the resistance to heat
flow from the surface of the conductor. Therefore
temperature gradients 'within the conductor will be
negligible. However, if,' the conductor temperature
reaches such a l evel, that the strands' begin to
separate from each other and bird caging becomes
evident, then the isothermal assumption wi I I become
less accurate and temperature gradients within the
conductor must be taken into consideration.
A second assumption considers the AC resistance
of the conductor to be a linear function of conductor
t.f!.lJlperature. This assumption is very accurate in the
]e of temperatures expected during normal operation
overhead lines. Errors which result from this
assumption are practically nonexistent for
temperatures between OOC and 150
0
C. At temperatLlres
near 2~00C the errors caused by using a linear
2943
~",,-. '
res i stance express i on rather, than II more accurate"
hi gher order curve. can resu I t in Pf8di ctec
temperatures which are in error by as much as '5 C [22]
for a typical conductor under reasonable operating
cond itions , Furthermore, if the simplified analysis
1s used to calculate, time constants when emergency
currents. produce conductor temperatures above
approximately 150
0
C, sizeable errors can result from
the assumption of a linear resistance- temperature
relationship. ,
,To simplify the, radiation terms in the
ccnservat icn of energy 'equation, three additional
assumpt ions are made. Fi rst, the surroundi ngs whi ch
contri bute i nci dent radi ant energy on the conductor
have an average temperature, T ,which is the same,as
the ambient air temperature.~ Second, only direct
solar energy is considered and solar energy which is
first reflected from the surroundings before striking
the conductor is neglected. ' A final Simplification is
provided by using a two- band model for the radiation
exchange. -The propert i es of the conductor important
to the energy balance are the infrared
emi ssiv ity, e: , which ,influences the amount of
radiant enerJy emitted from the conductor and the
solar absorbtivity, a " , which governs the amount of
the sun's energy ttrat" is' absorbed by the li ne ,
Finally if KirChhoff's radiation law is applied, the
emissivity and absorptivity of the outer surface of
the conductor can be equated or e: = a
" ,By, appiyi ng these assumpt ~ons, s the terms in
Equation 1 can be, written in mathematical form. The
stored ener~y in'a unit length of conductor is
Q
,dT (2)
stored = m c~dt
where m' is the mass per unit I ength of conductor and
cis the spec ifi c heat at constant pressure of the
cGnductor material. ,For a composite conductor such as
an ACSR conductor consisting of one material used for
load bearing purposes and another material for current
carrying purposes, the m'c
p
term is calculated as
follows:
m'c =(m'c) + (m'c )
p p st p alum
'The mass of each component per unit length of the
conductor is a commonly tabulated value which is
avai lable in the Tables of Chapter 4 of Reference
23. . Recommended values for the specific heat of
conductor materials are
(3)
c
p
954 J/lqj.oC for aluminum
c
p
424 J /kg.oC for copper
c
p
477 J/kg.oC for steel
The, heat generated by the current passing through
the conductor becomes
2
12( A + BT) (4)
I R
AC
where the AC resistance has been replaced by a linear
function of the conductor temperature. The symbol, A
is the AC resistance of a unit length of conductor at
uOC and the symbol B is the temperature coefficient of
resistance which describes, how rapidly the AC
res is tance changes with temperatu re. I f B = 0, the
COhductor is assumed to have a resistance that is
independent of temperature. Values for A and B must
include effects such as lay of the strands, skin
effeCt and proximity effect, if they are important.
Discussion of these factors is included in Chapter 3
of Reference 23.
The absorbed so I ar energy per uni t I ength of
conductor 1s
- ,
f ::-
- - :,
"
:!i
:
I
j "
I "
I
I;i!
~;.~
. t- I '
~if.
,'i
iJ 'E .
I::,;
!
:,
"
" u
:' - I i
:;~
:i;~
!,'tt
'i-~,~
];f
"
~ '1:
:,
~
,
'Ii
~-. . .
, ~
~
.j.
i i
, ~
i' ~
1\ ':11
1
~
;t
'I ~
~. "\:.
r
t
I
:\0'
'f
'(
~
, ',.- )
- 2944
'I
Qsolar " ' lla
s
Q~~n= DcsQ~~n ' (5)
where Q" is the solar energy per unit area incident
on the ~HPfdce of the conductor and 0 is the conductor
diameter.
The convective heat transfer rate per unit lengt~
of conductor is
Q
conv
= 11 Dh(T - T...l
where his the convect i ve heat trans fer coeffi ci ent
which is predominately a function of the velocity and
direction of air across the surface of the conductor.
The net radiant exchange between the surface of
the conductor and the surroundings at a
temperature T~is
,
Qrad = nDc10(T4
T~4)
whe
2
e ~is the Stefan- Boltzmann constant ( 5. 67 x 10-
8
W/m K ) .
Substituting Equations 2 and 4 through 7 into the
energy balance given by Equation I , results in an
equation which can be solved for both the steady state
and transient temperature of the conductor.
1
2
(A+BT) + DcsQ~~n- nDh(T - T...l
4 4
- n Dc10 (T - Teo )
Equation 8 'is an ordinary differential equation'
that can be solved for the temperature, T, of the
conductor. Unfortunately this equation is non- linear,
as a, result of the emitted radiation term, and a
simple, closed- form solution is not practical.
However, if the radi at ion term could be " linearized" ,
a simple solution does exist. Fortunately conductors
operate over such a relatively limited temperature
range that linearization of the radiation term can be
achi eved wi th an acceptably sma11 error in the
calculated conductor temperature. Linearization of
the radi at i on term is made even more acceptab 1e when
the influence of radiation on the conductor
temperature is considered.
Figure 1 shows the percentage of energy leaving a
Linnet conductor (26/" 336 kcmil) loaded at a
constant current of 555 amps by beth the convect i ve
and radiative modes of heat transfer as a function of
the wind velocity. The two upper curves in Figure 1
show the conductor temperature for two conditions:
one curve
2
assumes an incident solar energy rate of
1000 W/m and the other' shows the conductor
temperature when no solar energy is incident on the
line. These curves show that i nci dent soIar energy
causes the' temperature of the Linnet conductor to
increase by no more than 100C at low wind velocities
and only about 2
0
C at higher velocities.' The lower
portion of the figure shows that convection represents
the vast majority of heat removed from the conductor,
partlcularly at moderate wind velocities. For \~ind
velocities above 3 m/s ( 6. 7 mph) the emitted radiation
from the conductor accounts for approximately 1U
percent of the ener~y leaving the line~ These factors
suygest that linearization of the emitted radiation
term wi 11 not cause unacceptable errors in the
resulting analysis.
The non- linear radiation term in the energy
balance, Equation 8, can be replaced with a tenn that
is linear with temperature or
dT
m'c
p
df
4 4
T - Teo =E(T - T~) (9)
where E represents a consta~t. I he value for E can be
determined by plotting T - T as a function of
T - T as shown 1n Figure~. Typical values
GO
(6 )
90
U
a,
0.
~
UJ
f-
60
a::
0
f-
U
::>
0
z
0
u
30
0
~ 100
~ ...
a::
0
75
f-
U
::>
0
z
0
u
50
~
a::
u,
> - 25
(!)
a::
u) ,
z
UJ
00
VELOCI TY (M .P.H.)
10 15 5
~
,0/
I
~
i
~
I
i
g
(i
~
~
i
~
,
I
~
. .
I
I
~~,
Ir-
~
'f
!
,
I
l~
ti-
~
>.- r
&~
- - i1
~
8 10 2 4 6 12
(7)
(8)
10
. " -
12 2 468
VELOCI TY (M I S)
Fioure 1. Steady State Temperature and Percent of
Energy leaving a linnet Conductor as a
Function of Air Velocity.
for T ranae 'between OoC and 40C and conductor
temperatur~s usually fa II between oO e and lOOoC above
the ambient air temperature. Selecting two points on
. the curves shown in Figure 2 is sufficient to
determine values of E to be used in Equation 9. I f
the linear curve and the fourth order curve are made
35
30
I
FOURTH ORDER CURVE (T.,:400 C)
LI NEAR APPROXI M ATI ON (T.,: 40 C)
2M-
FOURTH ORDER CURVE (T.,: 20C)
LI NEAR APPROXI M ATI ON (T.,: 20C)
FOURTH ORDER CURVE' (T.,: OOC)
LiNEAR APPROXI M ATI ON (T.,: 0 C)
I
.
20
~
. . .
Q
> <
15
~
I

f-
~
10
5
0
a 25 50 75 100
TooT (OC or K)
125
~~
:
Fiyure 2. Linearization of the Radiation Emitted from - ~
an Overhead Conductor. _fl
"'-", ~~=e
~~
'~i
. ''''~
to f nt er se .c at values of T - T equal to 1000e and
OOC,
the values for E are,
. . .
E 1.95
x 10
8
K
3
for T 40
0
e
')
E 1.65
x 10
8
K
3
for T" 2goe
E 1.38
x 10
8
K
3
for r: o e
These three vaIues call be used to express E as a
function of T so the linearization can be used for an
arbitrary value of T 'The result is
. . .
E = 1.38 x'108 + 1.39 x 10
6
T (10)
. . .
for T in e and E in K
3
The linearized radiation
term becomes
T4 , 1..,4 =(1.38 x 1~8 + 1.39 x 10
6
T.J(T - T.J (11)
for the range of temper.atures encountered in the case
of energized overhead conductors.
, With the linearized radiation term, Equation 8
now becomes a linear, ordinary differential equation
and a sol uti on for thecbnductor temperature can be
obtained by conventional 'mathematical methods. For
the analysis and results which follow, we will assume
that initially the conductor carries a preload current
of II and that at time.t = 0 the con~uctoris
subjected to a step change ln current to a flnal value
of 1
2
, The initial steady state conductor temperature
corresponding to the preload current II is T
1
!he
final steady state conductor temperature correspondlng
to the final overload current 12 is T2' The'initial
condition necessary to solve the differential equation
is therefore
T =T
1
@ t =0 (12 )
Finally the values for m', c , h, T ,, 1' and
0" are all assumed to remaiR constant Juring the
-r-r--; ,t~M Rsi ent response of the conductor .
". J The solution for the steady state temperature of
...,. the conductor can be 'obtai ned by set t i ng dTfdt =0 and
solving Equation 8 for 1. The initial steady state
conductor temperature for the preload current II is
I
2
A' DO"
1 , + s sun
where
(13)
A = A + BT
. . .
(14)
Similarly the steady state conductor temperature
corresponding to the overload current 12 is given by
2 "
12 A + s D0sun
(15) T
. .
During
temperature
between the
temperature
conductor is
the'transient portion of the solution, the
of the conductor varies exponentially
initial temperature Tl and its final
T2' The time constant, t
c
' for the
m'c
p
(16 )
l1hD+ ll1DaE I 28
- 2
The transient temperature of the conductor which is
( initially energized to a current of I I and at t = 0 is
subjected to a step change in current to 12 can be
expressed in terms of the time constant as
(17 )
~945
,J-,_
The time constant of a conductor ,1s a ~imple
parameter whi en can be used to quant i tati ~elypredi ct
the transient thermal behavior of, an. overheed
conductor. The value for the time constant physically
relates a time in which the conductor will respond to
63 percent of the total temperature rise when it 1s
subjected to a step change in current. ' Larger values
for the time constant are indicative of a conductor
whose temperature responds more slowly to changes in
current., while small time constants are indicative of
condi tions whi ch provi de a rapi d change 1n conductor
temperature
Equations 13, 15, 16, and 17 reveal the
parameters whi ch i nfl uence both the steady state and
trans i ent thermal behavi or of energi zed conductors.
The single parameter which proves to be,' the most
critical in determining the time constant and
temperature of the conductor is the convective heat
"t r- ansI er coefficient, h. While the variation in the
heat transfer coefficient is explored in'greater Aepth
in the next section. it is important to note here that
an increase in h wi 11 I ead to lower conductor
temperatures (see Equations 13 and 15) and sma)ler
values of the time constant (see Equation .16). 'The
value for h is influenced mostly by the velocity of,
the wind across the conductor and to a l~sser degree
by the direction of the wind as it crosses the
conductor~
The weather has other, less important, influences
on the thermal behavior of . the conductor.' The
intensit~ of the sun ~~creases ~he temperature of the
conductor. although_ it does not affect the time
constant of the conductor. That is. the, response "QJ
the conductor to a given change in current is
independent of the i ntens i ty of the sun even though
the initial end ultimate steady state operating
temperatu res of the conductor depend upon the
intensity of the sun at the ,location of the line.
The vaI ue for the ainbient ai r temperature has a
modest effect on the thermal behavior of the
conductor. The va1ue for A' changes wi th T.., (see
Equation 14) and the value for E is also a function
of T (see Equation 10).
" " The product of the mass and specifi c heat of the
conductor i nfl uences the time constant of the
conductor, but it has no effect- on the steady state
temperatu res of the conductor. As ~xpec~ed, 1aryer
conductors contain a greater thermal lnertla and they
respond more slowly to a change in heat input.
Examination of Equation 16 reveals several
interest i ng cone 1us ions about the vaI ue of the time
constant. All other fdctors being equal. the response
to an emergency current transient is the same during
the daytime or the ni ght i me; that is. tci s not a
function of Q" The time constant is also not a
funct i on of 1.'h~ pre load current ~ II' and if the
resistance of the conductor is assumed independent of
temperature (6 = 0). then the time constan~ is not
influenced by the overload current, 12' S tnce the
change in conductor resistance is small over the
ant i ci pat ed ranye of conductor temp~rature~, we would
expect the time constant to be practlcally lndependent
of the preload and emergency currents during the
transient period. Finally.' since the emitted
radiation plays a minor role in removing heat from the
conductor when compared to the convect ion, we woul d
expect t to be most affected by the weather as
specifiect'by the wind velocity and direction and less
by the ambient air temperature, the conductor current
and the radiative properties of the conductor.
At this point it is natural to question the
accuracy of the simpl i fied model, p~rticularl! ~he
errors caused by linearizing the emltted radlatlon
term. The, sophisticated thermal model reported in
Reference 20 has resulted in a complex computer
I
2946
t
program callable of predi ct i ng conductor ampaciti es.
The compl ex program is not limited by the assumptions
used in the simplified analysis. The complex program
retains the fourth order radiation term, it considers
conductor and air properties to be functions of
temperature and it Cdn calculate the conductor thermal
behavior for aay variation in sun intensity, weather
conditions and conductor current. Using this program
as a standard of comparison, it is easy to determine
the errors that result from the assumptions used in
the' simplified analysis.
Figure 3 shows the comparison between the results
of the complex analysis and the simplified model when
they are applied to two different conductor sizes.
The first case is a Linnet conductor (26/7, 336 kcmil)
with no incident sun, a cross- wind of 0.61 m/s (2
ft/sec), a preload current of 555 amps. and an
emergency current of 832.5 amps. These currents
corr- espond to an emergency current overload of 5U.
pe rcent (1
2
/I l = 1.5). The complex program yields a
time constant of 10.03 minutes and the simplified
analysis provides a value of tc from Equation 16 of
10.83 minutes or a difference of 8 percent. The
difference between the steady state values for Tl and
T2 given by E9uations 13 and 15 and values from the
complex analys~s are less than 4
0
C. .
As an example of results for a larger conductor,
a Falcon (54/19,1590 kcmil) conductor was selected.
The initial current was 1525 amps and the final
current was 2288 amps, or 12/11 = 1.5. As in the case
of . the Linnet conductor, the calculations were
performed for no i nci dent. ener qy from the sun and a
wind velocity of U.61 m/s (2 ft/sec). The simplified
analysis provides a time constant of 30.6 minutes and
the complex model gives a time constant of 26.5
175r- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
555 AMPS ,t,=10. 0MIN
555 AMPS ,t,=10. 8MIN
150
t)
e.
w
a::
~
125
I-
~
a::
w
c..
~
W
I-
100
FALCO N' ~=1525 AMPS ,I,=26. 5MIN
FALCO N l
i
=1525 AMPS ,I,=3O . 6MIN
NO S UN
~. =0. 7 - I =0. 5 T =25C
CRO S S FLO W WIND
V=0. 61MIS (2 FT/S )
r.zr, =1. 5
75
o 120 . 150
Figure 3. Comparison of Results Predicted by Complex
Analysis (Ref. 20) and Simplified Analysis.
minutes or a difference of 15 percent; The difference
between the steady state temperature values were less
than 7
0
C.
Numerous other comparisons were made between the
I lredictions of the simplified analysis and the more
complete, complex model. For all cases considered the
simpl Hied analysis provided values for steady state
temperature rise above ambient that were within 10
;;f
percent of the more accurate mooel. ,.rhe Simplified
analysis also predicted time const ents that wen~
consistently within 15 percent of ~he values provided
by the complex model. A sumnary of these comparisons
are provided in Table 1.
Considering the magnitude of errors that result
from the si mp1ifyi ng assumptions, the simp I e ana lys is
in the form of Equations 13, 15, 16 and 17 provides a
straight forward and accurate way to determine the
thermal behavior of an overhead conductor without
resorting to a complex digital computer solution.
However, the solution of these equations requires a
knowledge of the convective and radiative rates from
the surface of the conductor. These two modes of heat
transfer are discussed in the fQllowing paragraphs.
Radiation
The two radiative' properties. needed in the
thermal model are the solar ana infrared 'emissivity of
the surface of the conductbr. The emi ssi vity is the
ratio of the radiant energy emitted by a surface to
the radiant ener qy emitted by a black sur- race at the
same temperature. The emissivity depends upon the ~
material of the emitting surface, its temperature, "
surface condition and wavelength distribution of the 1
emitted energy. Since the temperature of a conductor ~,'
rarely exceeds 150
0
C, the.' emitted energy lies
i
predominantly in the infrared wavelength ranges. As a
result, the appropriate emissivity for use in the !
~
emitted radiated energy term is the infrared;
emissivity; \
'. ~- !
Table l. Comparison of Time Constants Calculated by
Complex Analysis and Simplified Analysis.
Conductor Daytime Condit~ons Nightime Conditions
(Q" .=1000 W/m)
(Q~un
=0)
sun _
S;'mple
Complex Simple Complex
Analysis Analysls Analysis Ane lys is
lPartrldge 8.U4 7. 86 9.26 8.64
Linnet 9.35 9.09 10.83 10.03
Hawle 11.81 11.41 13.86 12.56
Roole 13.83 13.36 16.34 14.73
Drake 16.44 15.83 19.50 17.44
Finch 19.92 19.00 23.90 21.13
M artin 22.66 21.5U 27.47 23.92
Falcon 25.14 23.86 30.63 26.50
.-
,
I 2/I 1 = 1.5, &1 = 0.5, ~ = 0.7 ,
11 Value based op 75C conduct~r temperature,
T = 25
0
C, V = 0.61 m/s (2 ft/sec) cross flow.
.
. . -
Two studies [25, 26] considered a la'rge number of
ACSR samples removed from service. The results showed
that the emissivity of the aluminum ranged between
0.23 for a new conductor to 0.98 for an aged, heavily
oxidized surface. As expected, the measured
'emissivity data showed - a Significant amount of
scatter. Nevertheless the emissivity values can be
predicted with enough accuracy for the purposes of an
approximate ampacity model. The recom~ended curve
from Reference 25, for ACSR conductors energized above
l~leV in most industrial, as well as rural atmospheres
is
0.70 Y
Jl 0.23 + 1.2Z + Y
(l8)
.-
{
where Y is the age of the conductor in years. For
, ACS I{conductors energized below 15 kV, the emissivity
variation with conductor age was determined to be
1. 38Y
&1 =U.23 + 75. 5 + Y
~
..... J
for 0 ( Y ( 95
like aluminum conductor!, the infrared emissivity
for copper conductors is a function of the surface
contamination and the extent of oxidization of the
conductor surface. The following values are
recommended [23 and 27] for use in ampac ity
calculations utilizing copper conductors.
(19)
0. 80
0. 50
U. 30
0. 03
for black, heavily oxidized surfaces
for normally oxidized surfaces
for lightly oxidized surfaces
for polished, new surfaces
- The incident radiant energy on the conductor lies
predominantly in the wavelength range from the visible
portion of the spectrum into the ~ear infrared.
Applying Kirchhoff's radiation law WhlCh states that
the monochromatic absorptivity and emissivity of a
surface are equal, the parameter which dictates the
percent of the total incident _solar energy .tha.t .is
absorbed by the conductor is therefore the emt sstv ity
in the short wavelength ranges. For purposes of this
paper this emissivity is - referred to as th.e ~o~ar
emissivity, & The trend in the solar emt sst vt ty
can be predi hed wi th some reI i abil ity by observi ng
the color of the conductor. Surfaces which are highly
corroded and dark in co1or tend to have vaI ues of
emissivity approaching 1.0. Hore polished and hiyhly
reflecting surfaces have much lower emissivities .
Values for the solar emissivity for both alum1num
and copper conductors can be approximated by using the
- - - - - - - ,~ts presented in Reference [29]
\.
W
with the restriction that & <1. 0
The final radiative parameter that influences the
ampacity and transient rating of an overhead c~nductor
is Q" . the rate of solar energy per unt t area
inci~~Rt on the surface of the conductor. This
parameter is a complex function of the orientation of
the line relative to the pos itlori of the sun , the
extent of cloud cover and the composition of the
atmosphere. A detailed discussion of these parameters
is presented in Part I I I of Reference .16. T~e
incident solar energy zxternal to the at~osphere 15
approximately 1353 W/m. The solar r-adt at t on that
reaches the surface of the earth is part i ally
attenuated by the atmosphere and it is composed of a
direct or beam component and a diffuse component. For
the purposes of a simplified analysis, it is
sufficient to consider only the di rect component of
radiation striking the conductor and to consider only
a constant value for incident solar energy. The
results shown in Figures 4 and 5 aid in selecting a
suitable value for Q" Figure 4 shows U.S. average
summert ime i nci dent s~21ar energy va1ues measured at
the surface of the earth. Figure 5 shows the same
val~es for a winter mon~h. The ~aximum U.S. valu
l
for
i nC1dent solar energy 1s approx 1mate ly 1000 W/m and
this value will be used in the illustrations which
follow to give an indication of the greatest effect
that the sun can have on rat i ngs of overhead
conductors.
~
. "~
V An accurate model for determi ni ng the convect i ve
heat transfer coefficient is imperative for an
accurate predict ion of the thermal behavior of an
overhead conductor. Unfortunately the convective heat
2947
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~
Figure 4. Approximate Solar Energy Per Unit Area in,-
W/m~I ncident on the Surface of the Earth
Duri~g June (Adapted From [ 28] ) .
Figure' 5. Approximate Solar Energy Per Unit Area in
W/m~I ncident on the Surface of the Earth
During February (Adapted from [ 28] ) .
transfer from a conductor is a complex phenomena that
does not easi ly lend itself .to a simple analysis. As
the wind velocity approaches zero, the heat transfer
from the conductor occurs bj free convection and the
convection heat transfer coefficient in terms of the
Nusselt number, Nu, is given by a functional
relationship which can be written in terms of the
Grashof number, Gr, and the Prandtl number, Pr, or
where
Nu = qGr,pr)
Nu = hD/j(
3
ye(T - T.JD
2
v
(20)
Gr
and
=~
Pr k
For common sizes of overhead conductors and for
surface temperatures between OOC and 1000e it can be
shown that
and for this range of GrPr the Nusselt number for free
convection to air from a horizontal cylinder is given
2948
by [27]
Nu = 0.53 (GrPr)1/4 (21)
- t.
to the axis of the conductor given ~y Equation 2~.
An approximate expression for the forced
convection heat transfer coefficient can be obtained
in terms of the wind velocity and the conductor
diameter once the average air properties are
determined. Usin~ air properties at an average air
temperature of 50 C, the express i on for the forced
convection heat transfer coefficient for flow of air
perpendicularly across a horizontal cylinder is given'
~ \
2 1
h =0.~272 10[2.217+0.652 logVO+0.0355(logVD) ] (27)~
where V is the wind velocity in m/s and 0 is the outer:
diameter of the conductor in m. t
RESULTS ~
- .. !J
The simpl ified thermal model for the benavi or of.*'
overhead conductors permi ts the ca1cutat i on of both)
approximate steady state ampacity values and tiffi~
constants for a wide variety of conductor sizes an!:i:1
environmental conditions. To t l l ustr at e the use or~
the simplified. analysis fora range of conducto~~
sizes, ei ght represent at i ve AG?R conductors wer~
selected between 267 kcmil and 1590 kcmil. Th~
properties of the conductors are listed in Table 2.'4
Using these eight conductors, the free convection hea~
transfer coefficients calculated by .usirig Equation 2~
are plotted in Figure 6. The forced convection heat.l
transfer coefficients as a function of cross- flow win~
velocity for the eight conductors can be determined bf 1
using Equation 27. The results are summarized il- .
Figure 7. . .
A detailed study of equations and the parameters
which are used in these .equations shows that th~
convective mode of heat transfer completely dominate~
the heat transfer leaving the conductor. - Therefor~
those factors whi ch di cate the va1ue of the convect h~
heat transfer coefti cient have the greatest i nfl uenc~
on the ampacity of an overhead conductor as well asi
how that conductor responds therma lly to a change i i
current. Whil e the conductor emi ss i vity , absorpt ivi t::c
and incident solar flux affect the temperature of th~
conductor. .the i nfl uence of these parameters o~
thermal behavior of the conductor is secondary to tt- ,~
influence produced by the convection parameters. i
12 . ~.
J
J
~
i
~
\"
~
HO RIZO NTAL CYLINDER IN AIR
AVERAGE AIR TEMP =50 C
This expression can be further simplified
the properties of air are constant at an
temperature of approximately 50
0
C.

by assuming
average eir
10
6
4L- __- L1 - L - L - L ~ j
20 40 60 80 IO C~
T-T. (O C) 1
Free Convecti on Heat Trans fer Coeffi ci ents f~
Typical Overhead Conductors. I
~

I
~
f;
Figure 6.
k = 0.0272 W/ m~C
0.896 x 108 1 _
m
3

o
C
Pr = 0.71
v = 1.85 x 10-
5
m
2
/ s
~
2
"
Subst i tut i ng these propert i es into Equation 21
followed by simplification results in
r- T
h = 1.287 ( ~ )1/4 (22)
when T - Tis in c and the outer diameter of the
conductor.~D is in m.
A computational difficulty exists in free
convect i on that does not exi st in the case of forced
convection. Equation 22 shows that the free
convection heat transfer coefficient depends upon the
"t emper atur- e of the conductor. However, the
temperature of the conductor cannot be calculated from
Equat i on 13. until the va1ue for his known.
Therefore. the problem requires an iterative solution
involving repeated calculations of h and T until
convergence is satisfied. This difficulty does not
arise in forced flow. because the convective heat
transfer coefficient is independent of conductor
temperature as long as thermodynamic properties of air
are assumed to be independent of temperature. To
avoid the iterative procedure, the computer program in
the Appendix assumes a value for T - T of 50
0
C
whenever predicting conductor temperatures in free
convection conditions. . Therefore. free convection
temperatures and time constants computed by the
program are to be considered as only approximate
values. I f a particular problem involves conditions
which produce a conductor temperature rise above
ambient that is significantly different from 50
o
C,
then an iterative proce~ure i~ suggested for more
accurate results.
When the wind velocity across the conductor is
not zero, the heat transfer to the air occurs by
forced convection and the relationship for the Nusselt
number becomes a function of both the dimensionless
ReynoldS and Prandtl numbers or
where
Nu = g(Re.Pr)
Re = ~
y .
(23)
(24)
For forced convection from a horizontal cylinder to
air flowing perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder,
the Nusselt number correlat- ion can be estimated by the
expression (See Ref. 16).
Nu=10[- 0.07043+0.3153 10gRe+0.03553(logRe)2) (25)
For wind di rections other than perpendicular to the
conductor. Equation 25 can be corrected by usi ng the
expression [16]
NU{w) _ (26)
Nu(w=O) - 1.194 - sinw - 0.194cos2w + 0.368sin2w
where w is the anyle betw~en the normal to the surface
of the conductor and the direction of the air flowing
across the conductor. The denominator in Equation 26,
Nu(w=O). is the Nusselt number for flow perpendicular
f abl e Z. Propert l es ot Common ASCI < Conduct ors
Conduct or Di a* Area* St randi ng I " . as s * Mas s * Ax l O~* Bx 10
7
* * m' c * * *
Des i gnat i on St eel Al umi num
p
m kcmi l kq/m kg/ m orm/m ohm/ m > c
Jim' c
Part ri dge 0. 01631 267 26/ 7 0. 1726 0. 3750 1. 885 8. 369 440
Li nnet 0. 01831 336 26/ 7 0. 2165 0. 4719 1. 493 6. 627 553
Hawk 0. 02179 477 26/ 7 0. 3081 0. 6697 1. 050 4. 721 786
Wook 0. 02482 636 24/ 7 0. 3259 0. 8929 0. 7995 3. 563 1007
Drake 0. 02814 795 26/ 7 0. 5134 1. 1161 0. 6378 2. 818 1309
Fi nch 0. 03284 1113 54/ 19 0. 5596 1. 5700 0. 4656 2. 054 1764
Mart i n 0. 03617 1351 54/ 19 0. 6801 1. 9048 0. 3868 1. 722 2141
F? - lcan
0. 03924 1590 54/ 19 0. 8006 2. 2427 0. 3294 1. 467 2520
: ~ed f rom Tabl e 4- 14A of Ref erence 23
* dapt ed f rom Tabl e I I of Ref erence 24
* * Ca1cul at ed f rom Equat i on 3 us i ng recommended c
p
val ues .
V(M. P. Hj
120~O ~ __ T5 TIO ~__ TI5 __ ~2TO __ ~2r5~~~ __ ~-,
(
30
HO RIZO NT AL CYLINDER
CRO S S FLO W WIND
AVERAGE AIR TEMP=50oe
90 .
60
O~- - - - - - ~- - - - - - ~- - - - L- ~
o 4 8 12
V (M lpl
16
Fi gu re 7. Forced Convect i on Heat Trans f er Coef f i ci ent
f or Typi cal Overhead Conduct ors .
The s i ngl e f act or whi ch provi des t he great es t
i r~ence on t he conduct or ampaci t y i s t he wi nd
v~ t y. A t ypi cal ex ampl e of t he ef f ect of t he wi nd
vet 6~; t y on t he t i me cons t ant i s s hown i n Fi gure 8 f or
a Drake conduct or wi t h a prel oad current of 1005 amps .
The t i me cons t ant i ncreas es as t he wi nd vel oci t y
decreas es and as t he current overl oad i ncreas es .
However t he t i me cons t ant . i s pract i ca 11y .i ndependent
of overl oad current f or moderat e wi nd vel oci t i es above
about 3 m/s ( 10 f t / s ec) . Thes e res ul t s i mpl y t hat a
conduct or requi res more t i me t o reach i t s ul t i mat e
s t eady s t at e t emperat ure as t he wi nd ve l oc ity
decreas es and as t he overl oad current i ncreas es ,
part i cul arl y at l ow wi nd vel oci t i es . Thes e
concl us i ons s houl d not be mi s i nt erpret ed. Si mpl y
becaus e t he t i me cons t ant i ncreas es does not mean t hat
an operat or has a great er amount of t i me bef ore a
conduct or reaches a t emperat ure t hat can creat e a
cl earance probl em. For ex ampl e, a decreas e i n wi nd
vel oci t y i ncreas es t he conduct or t i me cons t ant , but i t
2949
al s o i ncreas es t he f i nal s t eady s t at e conduct or
t emperat ure. Theref ore even t hough t he conduct or
requi res a great er t i me. t o reach i t s ul t i mat e
t emperat ure, i t can reach a predet ermi ned l i mi t i ng
t emperat ure s ooner at l ower wi nd vel oci t i es .
The i nf l uence of conduct or s i z e on t he t i me
cons t ant f or a current overl oad of 50 percent above
t he 750c ampaci t y val ue i s s hown i n Fi gure 9. The
l arger conduct ors wi t h, t hei r great er t hermal i nert i a
provi de f or great er t i me cons t ant s . For t he
condi t i ons gi ven i n t he f i gure, t he mi ni mum t i me
cons t ant i s s 1i ght l y over one mi nut e f or 267 kcmi l
Part ri dge conduct or i n a wi nd wi t h a vel oci t y of about
12 m/ s ( 27 rnph}, The l arges t t i me cons t ant i s great er
t han one- hal f hour f or t he 1590 kcmi l Fal con conduct or
i nca 1m ai r.
r
35
. DRAKE CO NDUCTO R
.. ~s=0. 7 "1=0. 5 Tm=25C
1=1005 AMPS
CRO S S FLO W WIND
30
_U)
W
I-
::) 25
~
::e
I-
20
z
<I :
l-
(/)
z
15 0
c..>
w
::E
I-
10
5
0
La
1. 2
. . . . -
V=3.05 MIS (10FT IS)~
V=6. 10 MIS (20 FT/S)
2. 0
1.4 1. 6
Fi gure 8. Ti me Cons t ant s f or a Drake Conduct or.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .
The aut hors woul d l i ke t o t hank Georgi a Power
Company f or provi di ng f undi ng f or t he devel opment of
. t he det a i 1ed comput er program report ed i n Re f'erences
20, 21 and 22.
. .
,.
;
, .
2950
3S
0
30
(i)
w
25
~
::>
z
~
20
~
Z
<l
~
I J)
z
IS
0
u
w
~
~ 10
5
0
0
5
V(M. PH"
10 15 20 25
I r/I , =1.5
=0. 7 -1=0. 5
T=2S oC
CRO S S FLO W WIND
PARTRIDGE
LINNET
HAWK
RO O K
DRAKE
FINCH
MARTIN
FALCO N
2 4 6
V(M I S)
8
Fiyure 9. Time Constants as a Function of Wind
Velocity for Typical ACSR Conductors.
REFERENCES
1.
';. . /
2.
.,
3.
4.
5.
(
George E. Luke, " Current Carryi ng Capac i ty of
Wire~ and Cables," Westinghouse Electric
Journal, PittSburgh, Pa., April 1923.
" A General Formula for Calculating the
Temperature: of Electric Heated Wires," The
Electric Keview, Vol. 95, No. 2405, pp. 989- YO,
Dec. 1923.
R. J. C. Wood, " Heating of Large Steel '.:ored
Aluminum Conductors," AlEE lrans., Vol. 43, pp.
12t>8 -62, 1924.
W. M . Woll and J. A. Gable, " Current Carrying
Capacity of Bare Cab l ss ," The Electric Journal,
Vol. 23, No. II,pp. 557- 59, Nov.,1926.
A. V. Zeerleder 'and P. Bourgeois, " Effect of
Temperatures' Attained in Overhead Electric.
'Transmission Cables," Journal I nst. of .M etals,
Vol. 42, pp. 321- 27, 1929. .
6. 0'. R. S churiq and C. W. Frick ; " Heating and
Current .:. Carry; ng Capacity of Bare Conductors
for Outdoor Services," General. Electric Review,
Schenectady, N.Y., Vol. 33, No.3, pp. 141- 57,
14arch 1930.
7. H. A. Enos, " Current Carryi ng Capacity of Over-
head Conductors," Electric World, New York,
N.Y., pp. 60- 63, M ay 1943.
8. J. H. Waghorne and V. E. O qorodnik ov, " Current
Carrying Capacity of ACSK Conductors," AlEE
Trans., Vol. 70, Part I I , pp. 1159- 62, 1951.
9. H. E. House and P. D. Tuttle, " Current- Carry1ng
Capacity of ACSR,M AlEE Trans., PAS Vol. 78,
Part I ll, pp. 1169- 78, Feb. 19t>9.
12
t
10. Earl Hazen, Extra~High~Voltage Single and Tw{n
Bundle Conductors, Electric Characteristics anc!'
Conductor Selection," AlEE Trans., Vol. 78 pp.
1425- 34, Dec. 1959.
11.
G. M. Beers, S. R. Gilligan, H. W. Lis and J. M.
Schamberger, " Transmission Conductor Ratings,"
AlEE Trans., Vol. 82 pp. 767- 7':>, Oct. 1963.
:;
D. O. Koval and Roy Billington, " Det.ermf nat ion f
of Transmission Line Ampacities by Probability $
and Numerical M ethods," I EEE Trans. PAS, Vol. .'
89, No.7, pp. 14B5- 92, Sept./Oct. 1970.
.
Glenn A. Davidson, Thomas E. Donoho, Pierre R. ~
H. Landrieu, Robert 1. M cElhaney ano r John H. b
Saeger, " Short- Time Thermal Ratings for' Bare j
Overhead Conductors," I EEE Trans." PAS Vol. 88"
No.3, pp. 194- 99. M arch lY69. . !
. . . ~
V. T. M organ, " Rat i ng of. Bare Overh,.ead Conduc- i
tors for I ntermittent and Cyclic Currents." i
Proc. lEE, Vol. 116. No.8.:. pp. 1361- 75, Aug. I
1969. . ~
V. T. M organ, ~Rating 6f Conductors for Short- ,..
Duration Currents," Proc. lEE, " Vol. 118. No
3/4, pp. 555~69.M ar./Apr. 1971." .
M urray W. Davis" , " A New Thermal Rating li
Approach: The ReaI Ti me ThermaI Rati R-9 Systemj
for Strategic Overhead Conductor Transmission I
Lines." I EEE Trans PAS; Part I , Vol. 96, No
3, pp. 803- 09. 11ay/June 1977; Part I I , Vol. 96, ~
No.3. pp. 810- 25, M ay/June 1977; Part I I I . Vol. 0
97, No.2. pp. 444- 55, 11ar./Apri I 1978; Part I V, !
jii:3;a
p
er F- 79 710- 15; Part V, I EEE Paper F79 1:
1
1' ...
V. 1. M oryan, " The. Unsteady- State C" urrent Rat i ny
of Bare Overhead Conductors ." I nst. of Enqr s , ,
Elec. Engr. Trans Vol. 16. Vol. 3, pp. 114- 19,
198U.
t;
11<
~
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18. Stephen D. Foss, Sheng H. Lin and Roosevelt A.
Fernandes, " Dynamic Thermal Line Ratings, Part
I. Dynamic Ampacity Rating Algorithm," I EEE
Trans., PAS. Vol. 102, No.6. pp. 1858- 64, June
1983.
19. Stephen D. Foss~ Sheng H. Lin, Howard R.
Stillwell and Roosevelt A. Fernandes, " Dynamic
Thermal Line Ratings, Part I I . Conductor Temper-
ature Sensor and Laboratory Field Test Evalua- t
tlon," I EEE Fr-ans , ,' PAS, Vol. 102, No. 6, pp,
1865- 76. June 19
t
83. .
W. Z. Black and W. R. 8yrd, " Real- Time Ampacity
~'odel for Overhead Lines," I EEE Trans., PAS,
Vol. 102, No.7, pp. 2289- 93, July 1983. ,
I. ,
i
~
"~
I
&
I
i

'"
I
1
20.
21. R. A. ~ush, W. Z. Black, T. C. Champion I I I . W.
R. Byrd, " Experimental Verification of a Real-
Time Program for the Determination of Tempera-
ture and Sag of Overhead Li nes, U I EEE Trans.,
PAS, Vol. 102. No.7. pp. 2284- 88. July 1983.
22. Robert L. Rehberg,' " High Temperature Ampacity
and Sag M odel for ACSK Conductors" , M .S. Thesis,
School of M echanical Engineering, Georgia
I nstitute of Technoloyy. Atlanta. GA, Dec. 1983.
23. A I umt nurn Electrical Conductor Handbook ,Second
Edition. The Aluminum Association, WaShin!ltoo
D.C., 1982,

2952
~
~
Quant i t y ~rogram
Symbol
m' c MCP
p
0 OI A
. / A
A
B B
1
EPSI
s
EPSS
I I
11
12
12
Q~~n
QSUN
T
'"
Tl NF
V VI NF
(0) OMEGA
Tabl e 3. I nput Vari abl es t o Si mpl i f i ed Ampaci t y Program
I 1
Des cri pt i on
Product of mas s per uni t l engt h and s peci f i c heat f or t he conduct or
Out er di amet er of cort duct or
AC el ect ri c res i s t ance per uni t l engt h of conduct or at OoC
Temperat ure coef f i ci ent of res i s t ance of conduct or def i ned by Equat i on 4
Emi s s i vi t y of conduct or s urf ace f or i nf rared wavel engt hs
Emi s s i vi t y of conduct or s urf ace f or s ol ar wavel engt hs
amps Prel oad current ~ r
~, / mmP~ Emergency current jl
" Sol ar energy per uni t area i nci dent on t he conduct or i
c Ambi ent ai r t emperat ure ~,
m/ =- - - - - _ Ambi ent ai r vel oci t y . . t
degrees Angl e bet ween ai r vel oc~t y vect or and normal t o ax i s " of conduct o t
~ ~~~ ( 0_<_( o) _<9_0_0_)~~ __ ~ ~~~ __ ~ __ ~~ ~~--~f
5X, " W/Ji" ,--lOX, " W/H
u
7'1., UW/H" ,7X, " W/H" ,9X, " W/H" .sx, i:
2 " W/ I I ". 8X. " W/ I I " ) t
PROPERTI ES Of AI R AT ANAVERAGE TEI I P Of 50 DEG. C
NUBAR, - 1. 85E- OS ~
KBAR - 0. 0272 , . . . - ~
GBETA - 8. 96E+07 t
PI ! - 0. 71 . , ~
PI - 3. 14159 ' , . ,
. SI GMA - 5. 67E- 08 ~
APR - A+S* TI Nf ~
PI SI GE - 24. 58+0. 2476* TI Nf
I f ( vI Nf . CT. 0. 5) CO TO 35 !
CALCULATI ON Of CRJ . SHOf NUMBER ( GR) AND HEAT TRANSf ER f.
COEf f I CI ENT (H) f OR f REE CONVECTI ON f OR WI ND VELOCI TI ES ~
LESS THAN0. 5 11/ 5. t
CR - CBETA* ( 50. - TI Nf ) * ( DI A* * 3. ) . . ,
NU - 0. 53* ( GR* PR) * * 0. 25 .
ooro~ '. . I~
CALCULATI ON Of THE REYNOLDS NUI I BER ( REy) AND HEAT ' . ' : .
TRANSf ER COEf f I CI ENT ( H) f OR f ORCED FLOWASSUI I I NCWI ND :
VELOCI TI ES GREATER THAN0. 5 I I / S.
35 REY - VI Nf * DI A/ NUBAR ~, . "
BB - ALOGI 0( REY) F
NUO - 10.
0
* ( - 0. 07043+0. 3153* B8+0. 03553* 5B* BB)
OI ~EGA - 0I l ECA* 0. 017453 .
' .l l I O - 2. * OI l EGA
NU - NUO* ( l .194- SI N( 0I l EGA) - 0. 194 ' COS (rvo) +0. 368* SI N(1\0'0
40 H - NU* KBAR/ DI A
PI HD - PI * H* DI A
BI 2SQ - aaI 2* 12 -
BI I SQ ' - B* I I * J I
EPSI GE - EPSI ~PI SI GE* DI A
aI GX' - Pi HD- BI I SQ+EPSI GE
BI GY - PI HD- BI 2SQ+EPSI GE
EOO - EPSS" DI A QSUN
CALCULATI ON Of STEADY STATE PRELOAD TEI I PERATURE (T1)
AND EI I ERGEN. CYTEKPERATURE (T2) .
Tl - Tl Nf +APR* l l * l l - EDQ) / BI Gl ( )
T2 - I I NF+APR* 12* 12+EOO) / BI GY)
CALCLTLATI ONOf TI l l E CONSTANT ( TC) .
TC - I I CP/ ( BI GY* 60. ) ,
CALCULATI ON Of PRELOAD CONVECTI ON ( QCl ) . ~~RGENCT
CONVECTI ON ( QC2) AND ABSORBED SOLAR ENERGY ( QABS) .
QCI - PI HD* ( Tl - TI Nf " ) .
QC2 - PI HD' ( r2- TI NF)
QABS - EOO
COEf f . - PI * DI A* EPSI ' SI GHA
CALCULATI ON Of PRELOAD NET RADI ATI ON ( QNETI ) AND L~RGENCr
NET RADI ATI ON ( QNEI 2) .
QNETl . ; . COEf f * Tl " 273. 2) * " . - ( Tl I ' I F+273. 2) * * " . ) I ~
QNETl - COEf f * T2+273. 2) * * " . - ( TI Nf +273. 2) * 4. ) . _
CALCULATI ON Of PRELOAD Ah~ EHERGENCY I NTERNAL GENERATI ON
( QGENiAND QCEN2) jj
QGENI - ( A+S* T1) * I l * J l - !
~~~ ( ; . 3~~+~; ~; ~: i ~: ~~QCI . QC2. QABS. QNETI . QNET2. QGENI , QG! X' ;
30 ~~~~r ( 1I FI I . 2) I
END ~
i
Uni t s
J / oC m
m
ohrns / m
obms/m c
I NPUT I NFORMATI ON * * * * *
_ C
CONDUCTOR PROPERTI ES
MCP= 1309. 0 J / M DEG. C
DI A= . 028140 METERS
A= . 637800E- 04 OHMS/ M
B= . 281800E- 06 OH~S/ M DEG. C
EPSI = . 500
EPSS= . 700
PRELOAD AND EMERGENCY CURR6NTS
11= 850. 0 AMPS
12= 1300. 0 AMPS
WEATHER CONDI TI ONS
QSUN= 1000. 0 W/ SQ M
TI NF= 30. 0 DEG. C
VI NFc 2. 240 MI S
OMEGA= 45. 0 DEGS.
C
C
C
C
C
C
* * * * * OUTPUT I NFORMATI ON * * * * *
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SJ NABS ORI G Ern FI NN. .un ORI G G: NFi NftL G: N
W/ M. W/ M W/ M W/ M W/ M
19. 70 9. 31 24. 40 58. 07 152. 57
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Symbol
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Tabl e 4. Out put Vari abl es f rom Si mpl i f i ed Ampaci t y program
Uni t s Des cri pt i on
c
c
mi n
W/ m2 . oC
W/ m
W/ m
W/ m
W/ m
W/ m
W/ m
W/ m
.St eady ( conduct or t emperat ure
~
St eady conduct or t emperat ure
. Conduct or t i me cons t ant
Convect i ve heat . t rans f er coef f i ci ent f or ai r f l ow over conduct or
Convect i ve heat f l ow f rom uni t l engt h of conduct or at prel oad condi t i ons
Convect i ve heat f l ow f rom uni t l engt h of conduct or at emergency condi t i ~ns
Sol ar energy abs orbed by a uni t l engt h of conduct or
, . .
Net radi at i on emi t t ed f rom a uni t l engt h o~ conduct or at prel oad condi t i ons
Net radi at i on emi t t ed f rom a uni t l engt h of conduct or at emergency condi t i ons
Heat generat ed wi t hi n uni t l engt h of ' conduct or at prel oad condt t t ons
Heat generat ed wi t hi n a uni t 1engt h . of conduct or at emergency condi t i ons
corres pondi ng t o prel oad current . 11
corres pondi n, g t o emergency current . 12
, J
Correction to " Lightning Surge Anal)'sis in aM ulti Conductor System
for Substation I nsulation Design"
JzOzawa, E. Ohsaki, M . I shii, S. Kojima, H. I shihara, T. Kouno, and
T. Kawamura
I n the above paper l, there was aomission from item(6) of the discus-
sion byA. M . M ousa on page 2253. The correction should have appeared
as follows: .
6. Unlike this paper, the method mostly used in North America [AlEE
Working Group (1963) and Clayton & Powell (1958)] assumes near
lightning strokes (both direct hits and backflashes) tQ be prevented
through proper shielding and grounding. The maximum 'magnitude
of the incoming lightning surge is then taken equal to 1.2 times the
full wave insulation level of the line, and the rate of rise is determin-
ed interms of the distance between the substation and the origin point
of thesurge. That information isthen usedto determine thepermissible
separation between the surge arresters and the protected equipment.
M anuscript received February 25, 1985
1J. Ozawa, E. Ohsaki, M . I shii, S. Kojima, H. I shihara, T. Kouno,
and T. Kawamura, I EEE Trans. Power App, Syst., vol. PAS- I 04, no.
8, pp. 2244- 2254, August 1985.
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