Why Numerical Relaying?

Relay Hardware
Summary
Discussion
Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An
Introduction
S. A. Soman
Department of Electrical Engineering
IIT Bombay
S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Bombay Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction
Why Numerical Relaying?
Relay Hardware
Summary
Discussion
Outline
1
Why Numerical Relaying?
2
Relay Hardware
Non-Simultaneous Sampling Scheme
Simultaneous Sampling Scheme
3
Summary
4
Discussion
S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Bombay Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction
Why Numerical Relaying?
Relay Hardware
Summary
Discussion
Why Numerical Relaying?
To improve dependability as well as security
Self checking facility
Immune to variation in parameters of individual
components
Very low burden
More exibility because of programmable capability
S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Bombay Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction
Why Numerical Relaying?
Relay Hardware
Summary
Discussion
Why Numerical Relaying? Contd...
Fiber optical communication with substation LAN
Adaptive relaying schemes
Permit Historical data storage
Allow GPS (Geographical Positioning System) Time
stamping
S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Bombay Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction
Why Numerical Relaying?
Relay Hardware
Summary
Discussion
Figure: Power System Data Flow in Legacy Control Center
S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Bombay Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction
Why Numerical Relaying?
Relay Hardware
Summary
Discussion
Figure: Automated Substation
S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Bombay Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction
Why Numerical Relaying?
Relay Hardware
Summary
Discussion
Why Numerical Relaying? Contd...
Numerical relays simplify
interfacing with CTs and VTs
Separate connection is not
required, zero sequence
voltages and currents can be
derived inside the processor
S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Bombay Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction
Why Numerical Relaying?
Relay Hardware
Summary
Discussion
Why Numerical Relaying? Contd...
Finally, Numerical relays represent best compromise between:
economy and performance
dependability and security
complexity and simplicity
speed and accuracy
credible and conceivable
S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Bombay Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction
Why Numerical Relaying?
Relay Hardware
Summary
Discussion
Relay Hardware Blocks
Digital relay consists of:
Analog input subsystem
Digital input subsystem
Digital output subsystem
A processor along with RAM (data scratch pad), main
memory (historical data le) and power supply
S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Bombay Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction
Why Numerical Relaying?
Relay Hardware
Summary
Discussion
Non-Simultaneous Sampling Scheme
Simultaneous Sampling Scheme
Relay Hardware
Figure: Functional Block Diagram of a Digital Relay
S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Bombay Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction
Why Numerical Relaying?
Relay Hardware
Summary
Discussion
Non-Simultaneous Sampling Scheme
Simultaneous Sampling Scheme
Analog Input Subsystem
Figure: Non-Simultaneous Sampling Scheme
S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Bombay Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction
Why Numerical Relaying?
Relay Hardware
Summary
Discussion
Non-Simultaneous Sampling Scheme
Simultaneous Sampling Scheme
Non-Simultaneous Sampling Scheme: MUX
Multiplexer is a collection of analog switches, which can be
selected by supplying binary code
Typically, power system applications involve more than one
analog input
To reduce the cost of the hardware, multiple channels are
multiplexed through analog multiplexer to a single ADC
Accuracy of the analog multiplexer depends on load
impedance at the output terminal
As S & H circuit has impedance in the range 10
8
to 10
12
,
no problem is encountered
S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Bombay Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction
Why Numerical Relaying?
Relay Hardware
Summary
Discussion
Non-Simultaneous Sampling Scheme
Simultaneous Sampling Scheme
Non-Simultaneous Sampling Scheme: Sample and
Hold Circuit
A S & H circuit which
conceptually is a shunt capacitor
with a switch holds the
information (in terms of voltage)
S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Bombay Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction
Why Numerical Relaying?
Relay Hardware
Summary
Discussion
Non-Simultaneous Sampling Scheme
Simultaneous Sampling Scheme
Interpolation Scheme to Simulate Simultaneous
Sampling
In the Non-simultaneous
sampling scheme, the relative
phasor information between two
signals is not preserved
One way to overcome is to
interpolate the value
S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Bombay Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction
Why Numerical Relaying?
Relay Hardware
Summary
Discussion
Non-Simultaneous Sampling Scheme
Simultaneous Sampling Scheme
Figure: Simultaneous Sampling Scheme
S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Bombay Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction
Why Numerical Relaying?
Relay Hardware
Summary
Discussion
Non-Simultaneous Sampling Scheme
Simultaneous Sampling Scheme
Simultaneous Sampling Scheme
All S & H ampliers are set to hold state simultaneously
This preserves the relative phase information between
multiple analog signals
Successive ADC which have a conversion time of 15-30
sec
An Anti-Aliasing lter is a low pass lter (LPF) used to cut
off the high frequency content in the input signal,
connected after signal conditioning hardware
S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Bombay Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction
Why Numerical Relaying?
Relay Hardware
Summary
Discussion
Summary
Numerical Solid State Electro-
Magnetic
Cost
Self Checking
and Reliability
System Integration and
Digital Environment
Functional Flexibility
and Adaptive Relaying
S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Bombay Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction
Why Numerical Relaying?
Relay Hardware
Summary
Discussion
Discussion
1
Can the same Relaying Hardware of Protection be used for
the measurement purpose?
2
Discuss the issues related with the proprietary nature of
relaying hardware
S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Bombay Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction
Why Numerical Relaying?
Relay Hardware
Summary
Discussion
Thank you
S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Bombay Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction