TrainingRe

Govt. College of Technology

Burewala
Project Training Report
Of P&I Division MEPCO Multan.
B-Tech (Pass) Electrical
Industrial Training Program
Session 2007-2009

Affiliated With

Incharge B-Tech (Pass) Electrical

Sig.
Mr. Amir Gafoor Sb.
Head of Department
B-Tech (Pass) Electrical
G.C.T. Burewala.

Industrial Training Officer

Trainee Student

Sig.
Sig.
Mr. Ghulam Abbas Sb
Muhammad Shoaib Saleem
B-Tech (Pass) Electrical
B-Tech (Pass) Electrical
 G.C.T. Burewala.
University Roll# 31

Of
 Prepared by:
Eng. Muhammad Shoaib Saleem
B-Tech
(Pass) Electrical
University
Roll #: 31
Introduction:
Protection of Electrical System:
Equipment applied to electric power
systems to detect abnormal and intolerable conditions and to initiate
appropriate corrective actions. These devices include lightning arresters,
surge protectors, fuses, and relays with associated circuit breakers,
reclosers, and so forth.
From time to time, disturbances in the normal operation of a power
system occur. These may be caused by natural phenomena, such as
lightning, wind, or snow; by falling objects such as trees; by animal
contacts or chewing; by accidental means traceable to reckless drivers,
inadvertent acts by plant maintenance personnel, or other acts of
humans; or by conditions produced in the system itself, such as switching
surges, load swings, or equipment failures. Protective devices must
therefore be installed on power systems to ensure continuity of electrical
service, to limit injury to people, and to limit damage to equipment when
problem situations develop. Protective devices are applied
commensurately with the degree of protection desired or felt necessary
for the particular system.

Electrical Protection & Grounding

Electrical Protection: A Definition:
Electrical protection, also
widely known as “grounding” or “earthing,” is arguably one of the least
understood, most under-rated, yet paradoxically most important elements
of modern electrical systems and lightning protection designs. Without
proper electrical protection, personnel are at higher risk of shock;
equipment operation can be negatively impacted by ambient electrical
noise; and electronic and electrical equipment is at risk of damage from
voltage and current surges.
It is a basic axiom that power system ground faults will find a path to
ground. Therefore, it is essential to deploy functional electrical protection
systems that will safely channel and dissipate this errant electrical energy
to prevent personnel injury and equipment damage.
At its most basic, electrical protection is systems are the connection of
bonded metallic systems through engineered, low impedance paths to
earth. Alas, much easier said than done…

Overvoltage Protection
Definition:
Overvoltage Protector (OVP) refers to a circuit that protects
downstream circuitry from damage due to excessive voltage. An OVP
monitors the DC voltage coming from an external power source, such as
an off-line power supply or a battery, and protects the rest of the
connected circuitry using one of two methods: a crowbar clamp circuit or
a series-connected switch.
The crowbar short-circuits or clamps the supply line to limit the voltage,
possibly triggering other forms of protection such as a fuse. See Crowbar.
The series-connected switch uses a MOSFET or transistor connected as a
switch in series with the supply line. During an overvoltage condition, the
OVP circuit rapidly shuts off the MOSFET and disconnects the downstream
circuit.

Protective relays:

These are compact analog or digital networks,

connected to various points of an electrical system, to detect abnormal
conditions occurring within their assigned areas. They initiate
disconnection of the trouble area by circuit breakers. These relays
range from the simple overload unit on house circuit breakers to
complex systems used to protect extrahigh-voltage power transmission
lines. They operate on voltage, current, current direction, power factor,
power, impedance, temperature. In all cases there must be a
measurable difference between the normal or tolerable operation and
the intolerable or unwanted condition. System faults for which the
relays respond are generally short circuits between the phase
conductors, or between the phases and grounds. Some relays operate
on unbalances between the phases, such as an open or reversed
phase. A fault in one part of the system affects all other parts.
Therefore relays and fuses throughout the power system must be
coordinated to ensure the best quality of service to the loads and to
avoid operation in the nonfaulted areas unless the trouble is not
adequately cleared in a specified time.
Zone protection:

For the purpose of applying protection, the

electric power system is divided into five major protection zones:
generators; transformers; buses; transmission and distribution lines;
and motors (see illustration). Each block represents a set of protective
relays and associated equipment selected to initiate correction or
isolation of that area for all anticipated intolerable conditions or
trouble. The detection is done by protective relays with a circuit
breaker used to physically disconnect the equipment. For other areas
of protection See Grounding, Uninterruptible power system

Zones of protection on simple power

system
Simple Zone:

Fault detection:

Fault detection is accomplished by a number of

techniques, including the detection of changes in electric current or
voltage levels, power direction, ratio of voltage to current,
temperature, and comparison of the electrical quantities flowing into a
protected area with the quantities flowing out, also known as
differential protection.
Differential protection:

This is the most fundamental and widely

used protection technique. The system compares currents to detect
faults in a protection zone. Current transformers on either side of the
protection zone reduce the primary currents to small secondary values,
which are the inputs to the relay. For load through the equipment or
for faults outside of the protection zone, the secondary currents from
the two transformers are essentially the same, and they are directed
so that the current through the relay sums to essentially zero.
However, for internal trouble, the secondary currents add up to flow
through the relay.

Overcurrent protection:

This must be provided on all systems to

prevent abnormally high currents from overheating and causing
mechanical stress on equipment. Overcurrent in a power system
usually indicates that current is being diverted from its normal path by
a short circuit. In low-voltage, distribution-type circuits, such as those
found in homes, adequate overcurrent protection can be provided by
fuses that melt when current exceeds a predetermined value.
Small thermal-type circuit breakers also provide overcurrent protection
for this class of circuit. As the size of circuits and systems increases,
the problems associated with interruption of large fault currents dictate
the use of power circuit breakers. Normally these breakers are not
equipped with elements to sense fault conditions, and therefore
overcurrent relays are applied to measure the current continuously.
When the current has reached a predetermined value, the relay
contacts close. This actuates the trip circuit of a particular breaker,
causing it to open and thus isolate the fault. See Circuit breaker

Distance protection:

Distance-type relays operate on the

combination of reduced voltage and increased current occasioned by
faults. They are widely applied for the protection of higher voltage
lines. A major advantage is that the operating zone is determined by
the line impedance and is almost completely independent of current
magnitudes.

Overvoltage protection:

Lightning in the area near the power lines

can cause very short-time overvoltages in the system and possible
breakdown of the insulation. Protection for these surges consists of
lightning arresters connected between the lines and ground. Normally
the insulation through these arresters prevents current flow, but they
momentarily pass current during the high-voltage transient to limit
overvoltage. Overvoltage protection is seldom applied elsewhere
except at the generators, where it is part of the voltage regulator and
control system. In the distribution system, overvoltage relays are used
to control taps of tap-changing transformers or to switch shunt
capacitors on and off the circuits. See Lightning and surge protection

Undervoltage protection:

This must be provided on circuits

supplying power to motor loads. Low-voltage conditions cause motors
to draw excessive currents, which can damage the motors. If a low-
voltage condition develops while the motor is running, the relay senses
this condition and removes the motor from service.

Underfrequency protection:

A loss or deficiency in the

generation supply, the transmission lines, or other components of the
system, resulting primarily from faults, can leave the system with an
excess of load. Solid-state and digital-type underfrequency relays are
connected at various points in the system to detect this resulting
decline in the normal system frequency. They operate to disconnect
loads or to separate the system into areas so that the available
generation equals the load until a balance is reestablished.

Reverse-current protection:

This is provided when a change in the

normal direction of current indicates an abnormal condition in the
system. In an ac circuit, reverse current implies a phase shift of the
current of nearly 180° from normal. This is actually a change in
direction of power flow and can be directed by ac directional relays.

Phase unbalance protection:

This protection is used on feeders

supplying motors where there is a possibility of one phase opening as a
result of a fuse failure or a connector failure. One type of relay
compares the current in one phase against the currents in the other
phases. When the unbalance becomes too great, the relay operates.
Another type monitors the three-phase bus voltages for unbalance.
Reverse phases will operate this relay.

Reverse-phase-rotation protection:

Where direction of rotation

is important, electric motors must be protected against phase reversal.
A reverse-phase-rotation relay is applied to sense the phase rotation.
This relay is a miniature three-phase motor with the same desired
direction of rotation as the motor it is protecting. If the direction of
rotation is correct, the relay will let the motor start. If incorrect, the
sensing relay will prevent the motor starter from operating.

Thermal protection:
Motors and generators are particularly
subject to overheating due to overloading and mechanical friction.
Excessive temperatures lead to deterioration of insulation and
increased losses within the machine. Temperature-sensitive elements,
located inside the machine, form part of a bridge circuit used to supply
current to a relay. When a predetermined temperature is reached, the
relay operates, initiating opening of a circuit breaker or sounding of an
alarm.

Purpose of Protection System:

. Minimize damage.
. Leave unaffected equipment in-service.
. Maintain equipment operating limits.
. Maintain electrical system stability.

Requirements of a Protection System:

. Speed
. Reliability
. Security
. Sensitivity

Double Protection:
Duplicate Protection Schemes:
Bus Protection:
. Over-current
. Differential
. Back-up
. Under voltage
Over-current Relay:

Differential Protection:
Fault Conditions:
Bus Protection Scheme:
Back-up relay:

Bus Under Voltage Protection:

Transformer Protection:
. Instantaneous
. Differential
. Gas
. Thermal Overload
. Ground
Transformer Characteristics:
. High magnetizing inrush currents
. Ratio mismatch with CTs aggravated by tap-changers
. Phase shifts
. Transformers are affected by over-fluxing
. Affected by over-temperature

Transformer Zone:

Differential:
Gas Relay:

Winding Temperature:
Ground Fault Protection:

Circuit breaker :-
 A circuit breaker is an equipment, which can open or
close a ckt under normal as well as fault condition. It is so designed
that it can be operated manually ( or by remote control) under normal
conditions and automatically under fault condition. For the latter
operation a relay wt. is used with a C.B. generally bulk oil C.B. are used
for voltage upto 66 KV while for high voltage low oil & SF6 C.B. are used.
For still higher voltage, air blast vacuum or SF6 cut breaker are used.

The process of fault clearing has the following

sequence:

1- Fault Occurs. As the fault occurs, the fault impedance being

low,
the currents increase and the relay gets actuated.
The moving part of the relay move because of the increase in
the operating
torque. The relay takes some time to close its contacts.
2 - Relay contacts close the trip circuit of the Circuit Breaker closes and
trip coil is energized.
3 - The operating mechanism starts operating for the opening
operation.
The Circuit Breaker contacts separate.
4 - Arc is drawn between the breaker contacts. The arc is
extinguished
in the Circuit Breaker by suitable techniques. The current
reaches final zero
as the arc is extinguished and does not restrict again.

The Trip-Circuit
Fig (1) below illustrates the basic connections of the Circuit Breaker
control for the opening operation
The type of the Circuit Breaker
The type of the Circuit Breaker is usually identified according to the
medium of arc extinction. The classification of the Circuit Breakers
based on the medium of arc extinction is as follows:
(1) Air break' Circuit Breaker. (Miniature Circuit
Breaker).
(2) Oil Circuit Breaker (tank type of bulk oil)
(3) Minimum oil Circuit Breaker.
(4) Air blast Circuit Breaker.
(5) Vacuum Circuit Breaker.
(6) Sulphur hexafluoride Circuit Breaker. (Single
pressure or
Double Pressure).

Type Medium Voltage, Breaking Capacity

1 – Air break Circuit Air at atmospheric (430 – 600) V– (5-15)MVA
Breaker pressure (3.6-12) KV - 500 MVA
2 – Miniature CB. Air at atmospheric (430-600 ) V
pressure
3 – Tank Type oil CB. Dielectric oil (3.6 – 12) KV
4 – Minimum Oil CB. Dielectric oil (3.6 - 145 )KV
5 – Air Blast CB. Compressed Air 245 KV, 35000 MVA
(20 – 40 ) bar up to 1100 KV, 50000 MVA
6 – SF6 CB. SF6 Gas 12 KV, 1000 MVA
36 KV , 2000 MVA
 145 KV, 7500 MVA
245 KV , 10000 MVA
7 – Vacuum CB. Vacuum 36 KV, 750 MVA
8 – H.V.DC CB. Vacuum , SF6 Gas 500 KV DC

Breaker Design: Basic

The simplest circuit protection device is

the fuse. A fuse is just a thin wire, enclosed in a casing, that plugs into
the circuit. When a circuit is closed, all charge flows through the fuse
wire -- the fuse experiences the same current as any other point along
the circuit. The fuse is designed to disintegrate when it heats up
above a certain level -- if the current climbs too high, it burns up the
wire. Destroying the fuse opens the circuit before the excess current
can damage the building wiring.

The problem with fuses is they only work once. Every time you blow a
fuse, you have to replace it with a new one. A circuit breaker does the
same thing as a fuse -- it opens a circuit as soon as current climbs to
unsafe levels -- but you can use it over and over again.

The basic circuit breaker consists of a simple switch, connected to

either a bimetallic strip or an electromagnet. The diagram below shows
a typical electromagnet design.

The hot wire in the circuit connects to the two ends of the switch.
When the switch is flipped to the on position, electricity can flow from
the bottom terminal, through the electromagnet, up to the moving
contact, across to the stationary contact and out to the upper terminal.

The electricity magnetizes the electromagnet (See How

Electromagnets Work to find out why). Increasing current boosts the
electromagnet's magnetic force, and decreasing current lowers the
magnetism. When the current jumps to unsafe levels, the
electromagnet is strong enough to pull down a metal lever connected
to the switch linkage. The entire linkage shifts, tilting the moving
contact away from the stationary contact to break the circuit. The
electricity shuts off.
A bimetallic strip design works on the same principle, except that
instead of energizing an electromagnet, the high current bends a thin
strip to move the linkage. Some circuit breakers use an explosive
charge to throw the switch. When current rises above a certain level,
it ignites explosive material, which drives a piston to open the switch

Breaker Design: Advanced

More advanced circuit breakers use electronic

components (semiconductor devices) to monitor current levels rather
than simple electrical devices. These elements are a lot more precise,
and they shut down the circuit more quickly, but they are also a lot
more expensive. For this reason, most houses still use conventional
electric circuit breakers.

One of the newer circuit breaker devices is the ground fault circuit
interrupter, or GFCI. These sophisticated breakers are designed to
protect people from electrical shock, rather than prevent damage to a
building's wiring. The GFCI constantly monitors the current in a circuit's
neutral wire and hot wire. When everything is working correctly, the
current in both wires should be exactly the same. As soon as the hot
wire connects directly to ground (if somebody accidentally touches the
hot wire, for example), the current level surges in the hot wire, but not
in the neutral wire. The GFCI breaks the circuit as soon as this
happens, preventing electrocution. Since it doesn't have to wait for
current to climb to unsafe levels, the GFCI reacts much more quickly
than a conventional breaker.

All the wiring in a house runs through a central circuit breaker

panel (or fuse box panel), usually in the basement or a closet. A
typical central panel includes about a dozen circuit breaker switches
leading to various circuits in the house. One circuit might include all of
the outlets in the living room, and another might include all of the
downstairs lighting. Larger appliances, such as a central air
conditioning system or a refrigerator, are typically on their own circuit.

Testing Trailer Wiring:

So you've hooked up your trailer to your tow vehicle, you've got the
tow vehicle's engine running and the lights on the trailer refuse to
come on. What do you do next?

The Reese Towpower 74633 4-Way Tester is one of the simpler trailer
wiring testers on the market The key to detecting a wiring issue is to
eliminate possibilities until you can determine the source of the
problem. First, you may want to check the lights on your trailer -- the
problem may be as simple as a burned-out bulb. If that's not the
problem, you'll need to disconnect your trailer's wiring system from
your tow vehicle. Next, you'll need to check to make sure your
vehicle's lights are in good working order. Test your vehicle's turn
signals, brake lights and backup lights to make sure the problem isn't
the tow vehicle itself.
 .

The key to detecting a wiring issue is to eliminate possibilities until you

can determine the source of the problem. First, you may want to check
the lights on your trailer -- the problem may be as simple as a burned-
out bulb. If that's not the problem, you'll need to disconnect your
trailer's wiring system from your tow vehicle. Next, you'll need to
check to make sure your vehicle's lights are in good working order.
Test your vehicle's turn signals, brake lights and backup lights to make
sure the problem isn't the tow vehicle itself.

If your vehicle's lighting system is working, the next step is to use a

trailer wiring tester to check the socket on your tow vehicle. You'll
need to make sure your tester fits your tow vehicle's socket. Some
testing kits come with multiple attachments, letting you use the same
kit to test more than one kind of wiring system.

Plug the tester into your tow vehicle's socket. The tester should have
one or more indicators that will alert you if it detects an electric
current. Most testers have an indicator for each function. Test each
system in turn and check your results. If the tester responded to each
system, then the trailer's wiring system is the likely source of the
problem. But if one or more of the tests results in no response from the
tester, your tow vehicle may be at fault.

If the tester lights up when it shouldn't -- for example, if the left-turn

signal indicator lights up even when you haven't engaged the turn
signal -- it could indicate that you have a short in your tow vehicle's
wiring. You'll need to check the wiring in your tow vehicle to see if
there is a point where two or more wires make contact. It's also
possible that two or more wires are connected to the wrong connection
points.

Some wiring problems are easy to fix. If two wires are connecting to
the wrong connection points, it's usually just a matter of using some
wire cutters, a wire stripper and a crimper to swap them. Others might
require a visit to a mechanic. The important thing to remember is that
if the wiring isn't working properly, you can't travel on the road safely.
Other drivers could misinterpret your actions if the wrong lights
activate on your trailer as you drive.

Installing Breakaway Kits:

Mounting a breakaway kit is a simple task with the right tools, but if
you're not used to working with electrical wiring, you might want to opt
for professional installation.

After choosing the right type of breakaway kit, the next step is to
install the kit onto your vehicle. There are basically two steps to this:
mounting the breakaway kit and switch and connecting the electrical
system.

Mounting a breakaway kit is the simplest step, and if you have the
right tools you should be able to do it on your own. Most breakaway
kits come with either a mounting bracket or they have mounting holes
built into the plastic battery box itself, so all you have to do is bolt the
kit onto the trailer. Where you choose to mount the battery is up to you
-- it can go almost anywhere on the trailer -- even on the inside. Most
people choose to place the kit on the trailer frame for easy access.
 Mounting the breakaway switch is just as easy. Again, you can mount it
nearly anywhere on the trailer, but it's best to keep it away from any
space that might be damaged by dragging or debris. Be sure that the
switch wiring will reach the trailer hitch, as the disconnection of the
trailer hitch is what triggers the breakaway switch.

The next step, properly wiring the breakaway system, may be best
handled by a professional. The process involves cutting and splicing
several wires together, so unless you're experienced with electrical
wiring you might want to leave this step to someone trained in
breakaway kit installation.

The wires from the battery connect to the breakaway switch, providing
the necessary power. Then the wires from the breakaway switch are
spliced to the trailer's brake wires. The breakaway switch, also known
as a plunger, is connected to the hitch -- when the trailer separates
from the tow vehicle, the switch immediately sends a signal to the
trailer's brakes to slow down and safely stop the vehicle.

The Distribution Grid:

For power to be useful in a home or
business, it comes off the transmission grid and is stepped-down to
the distribution grid. This may happen in several phases. The place
where the conversion from "transmission" to "distribution" occurs is in
a power substation. A power substation typically does two or three
things:
It has transformers that step transmission voltages (in the tens or
hundreds of thousands of volts range) down to distribution voltages
(typically less than 10,000 volts).
It has a "bus" that can split the distribution power off in multiple
directions.
It often has circuit breakers and switches so that the substation can be
disconnected from the transmission grid or separate distribution lines
can be disconnected from the substation when necessary.
 A typical small substation
The box in the foreground is a large transformer. To its left (and out of
the frame but shown in the next shot) are the incoming power from the
transmission grid and a set of switches for the incoming power. Toward
the right is a distribution bus plus three voltage regulators.

The transmission lines entering the substation and

passing through the switch tower
 The switch tower and the main transformer
Now the distribution bus comes into the picture.
Distribution Bus:
The power goes from the transformer to the distribution bus:

In this case, the bus distributes power to two separate sets of

distribution lines at two different voltages. The smaller transformers
attached to the bus are stepping the power down to standard line
voltage (usually 7,200 volts) for one set of lines, while power leaves in
the other direction at the higher voltage of the main transformer. The
power leaves this substation in two sets of three wires, each headed
down the road in a different direction:

The wires between these two poles are "guy

wires" for support. They carry no current.

The next time you are driving down the road, you can look
at the power lines in a completely different light. In the
typical scene pictured on the right, the three wires at the
top of the poles are the three wires for the 3-phase power.
The fourth wire lower on the poles is the ground wire. In
some cases there will be additional wires, typically phone
or cable TV lines riding on the same poles.
As mentioned above, this particular substation produces
two different voltages. The wires at the higher voltage
need to be stepped down again, which will often happen
at another substation or in small transformers somewhere
down the line. For example, you will often see a large
green box (perhaps 6 feet/1.8 meters on a side) near the entrance to a
subdivision. It is performing the step-down function for the subdivision.
Regulator Bank:
You will also find regulator banks located along the line, either
underground or in the air. They regulate the voltage on the line to
prevent undervoltage and overvoltage conditions.
 A typical regulator bank
Up toward the top are three switches that allow this regulator bank to
be disconnected for maintenance when necessary:
At this point, we have typical line voltage at something like 7,200 volts
running through the neighborhood on three wires (with a fourth ground
wire lower on the pole):

Taps:
A house needs only one of the three phases, so typically you will see
three wires running down a main road, and taps for one or two of the
phases running off on side streets. Pictured below is a 3-phase to 2-
phase tap, with the two phases running off to the right:

Here is a 2-phase to 1-phase tap, with the single phase running out to
the right:
At the House:
And finally we are down to the wire that brings power to
your house! Past a typical house runs a set of poles with one phase of
power (at 7,200 volts) and a ground wire (although sometimes there
will be two or three phases on the pole, depending on where the house
is located in the distribution grid). At each house, there is a
transformer drum attached to the pole, like this:
In many suburban neighborhoods, the distribution lines are
underground and there are green transformer boxes at every house
or two. Here is some detail on what is going on at the pole:

The transformer's job is to reduce the 7,200 volts down to the 240
volts that makes up normal household electrical service. Let's look at
this pole one more time, from the bottom, to see what is going on:
There are two things to notice in this picture:
• There is a bare wire running down the pole.
This is a grounding wire. Every utility pole on the planet has one.
If you ever watch the power company install a new pole, you will
see that the end of that bare wire is stapled in a coil to the base
of the pole and therefore is in direct contact with the earth,
running 6 to 10 feet (1.8 to 3 m) underground. It is a good, solid
ground connection. If you examine a pole carefully, you will see
that the ground wire running between poles (and often the guy
wires) are attached to this direct connection to ground.
• There are two wires running out of the transformer and three
wires running to the house.
The two from the transformer are insulated, and the third one is
bare. The bare wire is the ground wire. The two insulated wires
each carry 120 volts, but they are 180 degrees out of phase so
the difference between them is 240 volts. This arrangement
allows a homeowner to use both 120-volt and 240-volt
appliances. The transformer is wired in this sort of configuration:
•
The 240 volts enters your house through a typical watt-hour meter
like this one:

The meter lets the power company charge you for putting up all of
these wires.

48-pulse, GTO-STATCOM-compensated power

system

This model implements a 48-pulse, GTO STATCOM

connected to a 3-bus, 3-plant, and 2-load power
system. The model demonstrates the advantages of
using Opal-RT Time-Stamped Bridges and
ARTEMIS to...
Electrical Ground:

© iStockphoto.com/ Effinity Stock Photography

Power-distribution systems connect into the ground many times. Note
the wire trailing down the side of the utility pole in this photo.
When the subject of electricity comes up, you will often hear about
electrical grounding, or just ground. For example, an electrical
generator will say, "Be sure to attach to an earth ground before using,"
or an appliance might warn, "Do not use without an appropriate
ground."
It turns out that the power company uses the Earth as one of the wires
in the power system. The planet is a good conductor, and it's huge, so
it makes a handy return path for electrons. "Ground" in the power-
distribution grid is literally the ground that's all around you when you
are walking outside. It is the dirt, rocks, groundwater and so on.
If you look at a utility pole, you'll probably be able to spot a bare wire
coming down the side of the pole. This connects the aerial ground wire
directly to ground. Every utility pole on the planet has a bare wire like
this. If you ever watch the power company install a new pole, you will
see that the end of that bare wire is stapled in a coil to the base of the
pole. That coil is in direct contact with the earth once the pole is
installed, and is buried 6 to 10 feet (2 to 3 meters) underground. If you
examine a pole carefully, you will see that the ground wire running
between poles are attached to this direct connection to ground.
Similarly, near the power meter in your house or apartment there is a
6-foot (2-meter) long copper rod driven into the ground. The ground
plugs and all the neutral plugs of every outlet in your house connect to
this rod. Our article How Power Grids Work also talks about this.
Explore the links on the next page to learn even more about electricity
and its role in technology and the natural world.
Electrical power is a little bit like the air you breathe: You don't really
think about it until it is missing. Power is just "there," meeting your
every need, constantly. It is only during a power failure, when you walk
into a dark room and instinctively hit the useless light switch, that you
realize how important power is in your daily life. You use it for heating,
cooling, cooking, refrigeration, light, sound, computation,
entertainment... Without it, life can get somewhat cumbersome.

11KV Panel:

Electrical Faults:
. Phase to phase
. Phase to ground
. Phase to phase to phase
. Phase to phase to phase to ground

Breaker Failure:
. Minimizes the amount of equipment removed from service in event of
a failure
. Failure Determination
 . Not started opening in a certain time
. Not open in a certain time
. Current not broken in a certain time

Other Protections:

. Phase Unbalance
. Loss of field
. Under frequency
. Out of Step

Reverse Power:

Visited the following Grid Stations with P & I Staff to

rectify the defects & also to attend over hauling of

different Transformers & C.Brs Etc.:

Sr Name of Grid
Date Work Done
# Station
Bahawalpur Testing of distance relay LZ31
02.06. 132KV Grid
01 circuit breakerBWP-2 and Calibration of KWH
09 Bahawalpur
meter 11KV University Feeder
 24.06.
02 132KV M/Rasheed To attend the fault of Power Transformer TR-1
09
07.07. 132KV Basti
03 To attend the shut down on BTM-2 & BTM-3
09 Malook
09.07. 132KV Vehari Attend the shut down on VHR-1 & attend the
04
09 Road fault of differential relay of TR-1
12.07.
05 132KV Sadiqabad Commissioning of new 20/26 MVA P/Tr
09
16.07. Annual testing of 132KV breakers BSR-1 &
06 132KV Bosan Road
09 BSR-2
26.07. Attend the fault of fan control cable of
07 132KV Lodhran
09 P/Transformaer
07.09.
08 132KV Mesco To attend the 6 monthly routine testing of P/Tr
09
08.09.
09 132KV M/Rasheed To attend the fault on CT of 11KV O/G feeder
09
Sr Name of Grid
Date Work Done
# Station
10.09.
10 132KV Bosan Road To attend the shut down of TR-3
09
16.09. 132KV Basti To change the CT ratio of 11KV O/G Noori Lal
11
09 Malook feeder
19.09.
12 132KV Lodhran For installation of new 11KV O/G Panel
09
26.09. 132KV Vehari To attend the 6 monthly routine testing of PTr-
13
09 Road 1
29.09.
14 132KV Kabir Wala To attend the fault of cooling fan circuit
09
30.09.
15 132KV Ind: Estate To attend the fault of Fan circuit of TR-1
09