Chapter 1 : Waves

1.1 Understanding waves

Motion of waves

1. Waves : transfer __________ from one point to another without
transferring __________
2. Oscillating motion / vibrating motion
A point or body moves __________ and __________ along a line about
a fixed _______________ >> produces wave
3. Examples of waves:
- __________________ : vibration of electrons in an atom
- __________________ : vibration of mechanical bodies
- __________________ : disturbance on a still water surface

Propagation of Waves
When a wave travels through a medium, the particles of the medium
__________ about their ____________________.
The particles of medium do not travel in the direction of wave.
Wave transfers __________ and the __________ from the source of the
wave to the surroundings.

Wavefront = line that joins all the
points that are vibrating in-phase
(same direction with the same
displacement) and at the same
distance from the source

Chapter 1 : Waves

Types of Waves
Transverse wave

Vibration of particles in the medium is perpendicular to the
direction of the propagation of the wave
E.g. water waves, light waves

Longitudinal wave

Vibration of particles in the medium is parallel to the direction of
the propagation of the wave
E.g. sound waves
Chapter 1 : Waves

1. How does energy move?

2. True or false: the particles in a wave move from where the wave starts
to where the wave ends up.

3. What is having work done on it in a wave?

4. What are the two type of waves?

5. The particles vibrate in the same direction as the wave?

6. The particles vibrate perpendicularly to the direction of the wave?

7. What does wavelength mean?

8. What does amplitude mean?

9. Which of the following has the longer wavelength?

10. Which of the following has the larger amplitude?

Chapter 1 : Waves

Displacement-time Graph


__________ : maximum displacement from its equilibrium position
__________ : highest point of the wave
__________ : lowest point of the wave
__________ : distance between two successive points of the same phase in a wave

Displacement-distance Graph of a Wave


__________ : time taken to complete an oscillation
__________ : number of complete oscillations made by a vibrating system in
one second
Chapter 1 : Waves

Relationship between Speed (v), Wavelength () and Frequency (f)

v = f

Velocity (m s
-1
) = Frequency (s
-1
) Wavelength (m)

Damping

Damping = decrease in the __________ of an oscillating system
Damping causes:- amplitude to decrease
- _________ of the system to decrease (as heat energy)
- _________ does not change !

Vacuum no damping, oscillates at same amplitude.
Normally, oscillation undergoes damping, the amplitude of oscillation
decreases until zero (oscillation stop).
External damping of the system = loss of energy to overcome
___________________ or ____________________.
Internal damping of the system = loss of energy due to __________ and
__________ of the molecules in the system
To oscillate continuously, an external force must be applied to the
system. This motion is called ____________________.
Natural frequency = frequency of a system which _________________
without the action of an __________

Resonance

Resonance = a system is made to oscillate at a frequency equivalent to its
natural frequency by an external force
The resonating system oscillates at its ____________________.
E.g. Oscillation of pendulum, musical instruments, collapsing of bridge,
radio / television tuner
Chapter 1 : Waves


1.2 Reflection of Waves

1. Reflection of waves occurs when a wave strikes an _________
__________________ wave before it strikes the obstacle
__________________ wave that changed in direction of propagation after
reflection

2. Laws of reflection
Angle of incidence, i Angle of reflection, r
The incident wave, the reflected wave and the normal lie on the
_________________ which is _________ to the reflecting surface at
the point of incidence

3. Applications of reflection of waves in daily life




Chapter 1 : Waves

1.3 Refraction of Waves

1. Refraction occurs when _________of a wave changes, as it moves from one
medium to another
same _________
different _________, _________and _________

2. Refraction of water waves


3. Refraction of light waves


4. Refraction of sound waves

Chapter 1 : Waves

1.4 Diffraction of Waves

1. Diffraction waves ___________ as they pass through an _________ or a
small round _________
effect depends on the __________________ and _________
same _________, _________, _________
different _________ and __________________ of waves

2. Diffraction of water waves


3. Diffraction of light



Chapter 1 : Waves

4. Diffraction of sound waves



Chapter 1 : Waves

4.3 Interference of Waves

1. Principle of superposition : wave displacement of the combined motion of any
number of interacting waves at a point is the __________________of all the
component waves at that point

2.









3. Interference = _________of two waves originating from two coherent sources
(same _________, _________, same _________)

__________________= crests or troughs of both waves coincide to produce a
wave with crests and troughs of maximum amplitude
__________________= crest of one wave coincides with the trough of the other
wave, thus cancelling each other, causing resultant amplitude to be zero

_________= the point where constructive interference occurs
_________= the point where destructive interference occurs

Chapter 1 : Waves

4.4 Sound Waves

1. Properties of sound waves
Longitudinal waves
Cannot travel through _________
Mechanical waves
Produced by _________of matter
Produces ___________and ___________
Speed of sound travelling in gas depends on mass of _____________
Speed of sound : Gases < Liquid < Solid

2. Loudness <<<< _________
Pitch <<<< _________

3. Quality of sound <<<< sound waveform.
Different musical instruments produce sounds of different waveforms, hence
of different qualities.




Chapter 1 : Waves

4.5 Electromagnetic Waves

1. Electromagnetic wave = propagating waves in space with _________ and
_________ component (oscillates at right angles to
each other and to the direction of propagation)


2. Properties of electromagnetic waves:
Transfer _________ from one point to another
Transverse wave
Can travel through a _________
Travel at the same speed through a vacuum, at the speed of _________
Show normal wave properties
Can be polarized.

3. Polarisation of light
Polarisation of light = process of confining the vibrations of a light wave
in only one plane which is perpendicular to the direction of travel of
wave
Can be done by using polaroid film
Chapter 1 : Waves

4. Electromagnetic spectrum
Classifies electromagnetic waves according to _________



5. Detrimental effects of excessive exposure to radiations
Mircowaves : internal heating of body tissue, brain tumor, ear
complications
Infrared : skin burns
Visible light : premature skin aging, skin cancer
Ultraviolet waves : damage to surface cells (skin cancer), blindness
X-rays : damage to cells
Gamma rays : cancer, mutation