1

8y: Lce Iu|ya LkDLN - 11-1S4-034

Canan Ik - 11-1S4-062












1o: Mers|n Un|vers|ty Iood Lng|neer|ng Department
rof. Dr. Mah|r 1UknAN
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1ab|e of Content
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FRICTI0N................................................................................................................................................ S
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-%.%"& ()"&%"*#+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ,
Beteimining the Static Coefficient of Fiiction........................................................................ 4
Beteimining the Kinetic Coefficient of Fiiction..................................................................... S
NETB0B................................................................................................................................................. S
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8|b||ography................................................................................................ 9













S
DL1LkMINA1ICN CI CCLIIICILN1 CI IkIC1ICN
IkIC1ICN
When two suifaces touch, they exeit foices on each othei. Fiiction is the
iesisting foice encounteieu when one tiies to sliue (static) oi uoes sliue (kinteic)
one suiface ovei anothei. This foice acts paiallel to the suifaces in contact. The
foice necessaiy to oveicome fiiction uepenus on the natuie of the mateiials in
contact, theii ioughness oi smoothness, anu on the noimal foice.
Expeiimentally, the foice of fiiction is founu to be uiiectly piopoitional to the
noimal foice. The iatio of the fiictional foice to the noimal foice is calleu
!"#$$%!%#&' "$ $)%!'%"& *+,-

!" Coefficient of fiiction
f " Fiictional foice
$%" Noimal foice

k|net|c Ir|ct|on
Kinetic fiiction is the fiiction between suifaces in ielative motion. When
sliuing an object acioss anothei suiface, small bumps oi uefects tenu to iesist the
motion (even the smoothest suifaces aie iough on the micioscopic scale). We
can say that kinetic fiiction is the type of foice that biings iolling ball to iest oi
coasting cai to a stop.
Expeiimentally, it is obseiveu that the foice of kinetic fiiction is
piopoitional to the noimal foice acting between the suifaces. Theiefoie if you
inciease the noimal foice, the suifaces aie ciusheu moie togethei, incieasing the
contact aiea, anu thus incieasing fiictional foice. Nathematically we can wiite
the foice of kinetic fiiction as;

The !"#$$%!%#&' "$ .%&#'%! $)%!'%"& *+., is a uimensionless quality, anu it
only uepenus on the piopeities of two suifaces. +. ianges fiom u.u1 (veiy
smooth suifaces) to 1.S (veiy iough suifaces).
Stat|c Ir|ct|on
Static fiiction (fs) acts when two suifaces aie at iest ielative to each othei
anu iesists any sliuing. It is a bonuing foice that tiies to keep the suifaces
togethei. The uiiection of static foice is opposite to that of any exteinal foice that
tiies to make the suifaces move. 0p to ceitain limit, the magnituue of static
fiiction iemains equal to the exteinal foices, so that the net foice on the suifaces
iemain zeio which keeps the suifaces still. The static fiiction between the two
suifaces is uesciibeu by the !"#$$%!%#&' "$ /'0'%! $)%!'%"& *+/,-
4
Expeiimentally, it is founu that the maximum value foi the static fiictional
foice is piopoitional to the noimal foice between two suifaces. Thus the static
fiictional foice Fs is;

Since in this case, the objects aie at iest with one anothei, moie moleculai
bonus aie able to foim anu this makes the object haiuei to move. So, gieatei
foice will be neeueu to stait motion when compaieu to the kinetic fiiction case.
Theiefoie +/ is geneially gieatei than +..
1

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&0&/366< 3/ )*4/=
Figuie 1 shows that; as you inciease the foice, the static fiiction foice will
inciease lineaily until the applieu foice F equals to sFN. Aftei this point the
object "bieaks away" anu the fiiction foice falls to the kinetic fiiction value.
Determ|n|ng the Stat|c Coeff|c|ent of Ir|ct|on
The one way of ueteimining the static coefficient of fiiction is limiting
angle iepose methou. The piinciple of this methou is; we put the block on the
plank anu iaise one enu of the plank so that it makes an angle ! with the
hoiizontal. When the angle is laige enough, the block will sliue uown the incline.

>&3')3? +

1
http:www.iit.euucslphyiesouicespufs2u1S_physics_12S_fiiction_
lab.puf
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>&3')3? +
The installation of the expeiiment will be like Biagiam 2. At an angle just
befoie the block begins to sliue (calleu the limiting angle of iepose), the foices
aie still balanceu anu we have:
anu
When we take the iatio of these two, we will be left with:


Determ|n|ng the k|net|c Coeff|c|ent of Ir|ct|on
In oui expeiiment we will fiist ueteimine the coefficients of static anu
kinetic fiiction between two wanteu suifaces. Biagiam 1 illustiates the set-up we
will use. The block (m) is oui sample, it can be in any geometiical shape. To finu
the magnituue of kinetic fiiction, we change the angle fiom hoiizontal until the
sample begins to move at constant speeu. While uoing this we neeu to tap the
suiface just to be able to give that fiit push so we can neglect static coefficient of
fiiction.
The calculations will be same as the calculations foi static coefficient of
fiiction.
ML1nCD
Stat|c Coeff|c|ent of Ir|ct|on

>&3')3? @
+= Set up the appaiatus shown above. (Biagiam 2)
@= Neasuie the mass of the sample anu iecoiu it as "m" in the chait
pioviueu below. (Table 1)
A= Inciease the angle of the iamp slowly until the sample just begins
to slip.
6

>&3')3? A
B= Neasuie the angle with piotiactoi anu iecoiu it as (uegiee) in
the chait pioviueu below. (Table 1)
C= Repeat this piocess S times with the same amount of sample anu
iecoiu the angles as (uegiee) in the chait pioviueu below. (Table
1)
D= Inseit the "m" values to the equation below to finu "W" (N) anu
iecoiu the iesult in the chait pioviueu below (Table 1)
EF? G '
H= Inseit the W calculateu above to the equations below anu iecoiu
the iesult in the chait pioviueu below (Table 1) as Wx anu Wy
iespectively.
E5 F E G 4&0I
E< F E G -,4I
J= 0sing the Wx anu Wy calculateu, calculate the s (coefficient of static
fiiction) with equation below anu iecoiu it in the chait pioviueu
below (Table 1) as s.
!4 F E5KE<
L= Take the aveiage of s anu iecoiu it in the chait pioviueu below
(Table 1) as s ave.



7
? 1M'2 E 1%2 I 18*')**2 E5 E< !4





!4 3N*
O396* +

k|net|c Coeff|c|ent of Ir|ct|on
+= Set up the appaiatus shown above. (Biagiam 2)
@= Neasuie the mass of the sample anu iecoiu it as "m" in the chait
pioviueu below. (Table 2)
A= While tapping on the iamp with youi fingei inciease the angle of
the iamp slowly until the sample just begins to slip.
B= Neasuie the angle with piotiactoi anu iecoiu it as (uegiee) in
the chait pioviueu below. (Table 2)
C= Repeat this piocess S times with the same amount of sample anu
iecoiu the angles as (uegiee) in the chait pioviueu below. (Table
2)
D= Inseit the "m" values to the equation below to finu "W" (N) anu
iecoiu the iesult in the chait pioviueu below (Table 2)
EF? G '
H= Inseit the W calculateu above to the equations below anu iecoiu
the iesult in the chait pioviueu below (Table 2) as Wx anu Wy
iespectively.
E5 F E G 4&0I
E< F E G -,4I
J= 0sing the Wx anu Wy calculateu, calculate the k (coefficient of
kinetic fiiction) with equation below anu iecoiu it in the chait
8
pioviueu below (Table 2) as k.
!M F E5KE<
L= Take the aveiage of k anu iecoiu it in the chait pioviueu below
(Table 2) as k ave.
? 1M'2 E 1%2 I 18*')**2 E5 E< !M





!M 3N*
O396* @




















9
8|b||ography

Cuitis, }ohn. Fiiction. Rep. Nissisippi College, n.u. Web. Bec. 2u1S.
<http:www.mc.euuacauemicsuepaitmentsphysicsfiles841S216SS128
PBY2S1L_Fiiction.puf>.

Blau, P. }. Fiiction Science anu Technology: Fiom Concepts to Applications.
Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 2uu9. Piint.

"Lab S." FiictionLab. Penn State 0niveisity, n.u. Web. Nov. 2u1S.
<http:www.peisonal.psu.euubqwphysics_1Suphy_1Su_4FiictionLab2.htm
l>.

Buffy, Anuiew. "Neasuiing Fiiction." Boston 0niveisity, n.u. Web. Bec.
2u1S. <http:physics.bu.euu~uuffysemestei1c6_measuiemus.html>.

Rabinowicz, Einest. "The natuie of the static anu kinetic coefficients of
fiiction." 3*4)#.5 *0 .665"$7 689:"&: 22.11 (19S1): 1S7S-1S79.

Beithouu, P., et al. "Physical analysis of the state-anu iate-uepenuent
fiiction law: Static fiiction." Physical ieview B S9.22 (1999): 14S1S.