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THE
H IS T O
R Y
OF THE
LATE WAR
I N
NO R
TH
-
AME R I C
A,
A N D T H E
ISLANDS OF THE WEST-INDIES,
INCLUDING
THE CAMPAIGNS OF MDCCLXIII AND MDCCLXIV
AGAINST HIS MAJESTY'S INDIAN ENEMIES.
By T H O M A S M A N T E, f'-
'^"^^
ASSISTANT ENGINEER DURING THE SIEGE OF THE HAVANNA,
AND MAJOR
OF A BRIGADE IN THE CAMPAIGN OF I764.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR W, STRAHAN; AND T. CADEL!. IN Tllli STR\M>,
MDCCLXXII.
jji**
J^
^
TO
HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS
THE DUKE OF GLOUCESTER
THIS ATTEMPT TO RECORD
THE GLORIOUS ATCHIEVEMENTS
OF THE NAVY AND THE ARMY
EMPLOYED IN THE REDUCTION
OF CANADA, LOUISBOURG, GUADALOUPE,
MARTINICO, THE HAVANNA,
AND THE RETAKING OF NEWFOUNDLAND,
IS MOST HUMBLY INSCRIBED
BY
HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS'S
MOST OBLIGED, OBEDIENT,
HUMBLE SERVANT,
LONDON, AUGUST 12.
1772.
T H O iM A S M A N T E,
I
CONTENTS.
NTRODUCTION.
^
- S
Page i
BOOK I.
The province
of
Virginia prepares to oppofe the encroachments
of
the
French. Mr. WafJjington takes the
field ; defeats M. fumonville
;
is defeated, in his turn, by M. Villier. Major General Braddock
arrives
;
is defeated by M. Dumat, and dies
of
his -wounds : defence
of
his conduct. Major General Shirley takes upon him the com."
mand
of
the Englifjj forces
;
proceeds to Ofivego ;
returns to Albany.
Major General Johnfons
expedition
; he is attacked by M. le
Baron Dief.au, but is victorious ; he ere^ls Fort William-Henry
;
puts his army into ivinter-quartersy and returns to Albany.-
Difirefs of
the EnglifJj Back-fettlers ;
military operations undertakeii
to prote^l them.

Obfiinacy of
the Penfylvanians in not agreeing to any
warlike preparations ; they yield at
lafl
to the prayers and threats
of
the Back-fettlers, and pafs
a militia aft. 77?^ afl.' 'The
other colonies very remifs in preparing
for
their defence. Remon-
firances and itiJiruSlions
of
the diftreffed
inhabitants
of
the back
fettlements. Council
of
ivar at Albany. General ShirLy en-
.deavours to unite the divided colonies, and conciliate the affeSlions
of
the Indians.Meafures agreed to in confequence thereof.

General Shirley ordered to England.

-
'
-
g
BOOK II.
Lord Loudon appointed commander in chief
of
the Briti/Jj troops in
North-America. Major-Ge?teral Abercromby fent thither to Com-
a. mand
ii
CONTENTS.
viand till bis arrival.
BraJJIreet attacked on the Onoidaga river.
Lord Loudon arrives at Albany.
Number and pofition
of
the Englijlj and French forces.
Ofvego
taken by the Frenchy
ivho dcmoVifl] it. Succefsfd
operations
of
the Engliflj under Go-
vernor Lawrence.
Fort-Granville furprifed by the Indians.
Kitanning furprifed
by the Englif/j.
Treaties concluded by the
governors
of
Pennfylvania
and Virginia with the Indians. Mea-
fures taken
for
the fecurity
of
the Englifj
colonies during the winter,
Major Rogers employed in making prifoners. Fort Loudon
built by the. Englip. They are joined at Fort Cumberland by a
body
of
Cherokees. Dro[> their defign
upon Crown-Point, with a
vieii/
of
attacking Louifourg.
M. de Montcalm''s winter-operations.
Fort-William-Henry attacked by the French. T6ey defeat a
detachment
of
the Englifj.
Embargo laid on
the
flyipping by Lord
Loudon, to favour
his attack on Louifourg. He fails from New-
Tork
}
anchors at the Hook.
Df
pofition for
the defence
of
the
frontiers in bis ahfence. Fort Williajii-Henry befieged by the
French. Capitulates. Lord Loudon fails for
Halifax. Ad-
?niral Holborne arrives therefrom
England. Troops embark to at-
tack Louijbourg. The frength
of
the French difcovered. The
Englflj alter their plan
of
operations. Lord Loudon returns to
Neiv-Tork ; is recalled; fucceeded in his command by General
Abercromby.
_ . - -
Page
58
BOOK IlL
Mr. Pitt refumes the expedition againjl Louijbourg. Procures Co"
lonel Amherf the command
of
the army, and Admiral Bofcavuen that
of
the feet defined to attack that place. The Admiral fails from
England. General
Amherf meets him coming out
of
the harbour
of
Halifax. Sea and landforces employed agaijifi Lcuifourg.

General Amherfs journal
of
the expedition.
Louifourg capitu-
Utes. Admiral
Bofca-waCs Utter to Mr. Pitt. Refeilions on
the
CONTENTS.
m
thefiege of
Louijbourg.''Armament
fent againji the French Jettlc-
vients. General A^nherjl reinforces General Abercromby. Opt-
rations
of
the Engli/h againji Ticonderoga., luhich General A^er-
cromby attacks by ajfiidt
:
He mifcarries ifi the attempt. Colo-
nel Bradfreet takes Fort Fortinac. Importance
of
the conqnejl.

Brigadier Forbes proceeds againji Fort'du-^efne. Colonel Stan-
luix ereBs Fort Stanzvix. -General Amherjl appointed cdnunandcr
in chief
of
the Britiflo forces in North-America. Generals Aber-
cromby and Wolfe return to Fngland. -
-
Page
109
BOOK IV.
Refohition taken in England to attack the French iflands in the fVeJi-
Indies. Armament ordered
for
that purpofe^ fails from Fngland
arrives at Barbadoes fails for
Martinico. The troops
landy and march againji Fort Royal. Rejolution taken to attack
Saint Pierre. Troops reimbark. The armament proceeds againji
Guadaloupe. Bajfe-Terre dcjlroyed. Troops land. French
governorfianmoned to fiirrender

his anfvoer. Refolute behaviour
of
the inhabitants.- Seat
of
ivar tran
f
erred to the
cafiern part
of
the ijland. Fort Louis reduced. General
Hopfon dies; is
fucceeded by General Barrington. 'Batteries in and about
Baffc^
Terre deflroyed ;
and all the troops^ except one regiment, draivn
off.
French
fleet
dijcovered
off
Barbadoes
;
general council
of
ivar
in confequence thereof French make
afjjeiv
of
attacking the cita-
del
of
Baffe-Terre. Colonel Dejbrifay and others blown up and killed^
French driven back.
FnglifJj attempt to
furprife Petite-
Bourg mifcarry land at Arnouville carry St. Mary\
enter
Capefierre. Inhabitants
offer
to fiirrender on terms
capitulate. M. de Bompart arrives
off
the
ifland retires.
Commodore Moore fails in
purfuit
of
hirn.

General Barring-
a 2
ion
i^
CONTENTS.
ton appoints Brigadier Crump governor
of
Gtiadahiipe
-fails
for
England.
-----
Page 162
B O O K V.
Flan
of
operations for
the afuing
campaign Honour conferred on
General
Atnherjl and Admiral Bofcaiven. Difpofitions
of
the
Prench.
General Amherfl
repairs to Albany takes the
field
arrives on the banks
of
Lake-George traces out a
fort, and
encamps
embarks on the Lake dfetnbarks. French abandon
the lines at Ticonderoga, and alfo
the fort, ivhich are taken
poffeffion
of
by the Englifl^
their preparations to attack Croiun-Point .
the French abandon it occupied by the Englijlo. General Am-
herjl receives an account
of
the furrender
of
Niagara.
Major
Rogers ordered to
chaftife
the Indians
of
St. Francois. General
Aniherjl embarks his army to purfue the French ivho had retreated to
the Ifle-aux-Noix
returns toCro'wn-Pointclofcs the campaign.
Farticulars
of
the ftege of
Niagara. The forts
of Prefque-Ifle^
Venango, and Le Bmf,
reduced. Colonel Haldimand attacked at
Ofivego.
Operations
of
Brigadier Stanzuix.
-
202
BOOK VI.
Expedition againjl ^lebec. Forces employed in it. Previous
difpoftlions to infure fuccefs.
The EnglifJj troops land on the
ifland of
Orleans, in the river St. Laivrence. General
Wolfe's
manifcfio
Strength
of
the French. An attempt made by them
to defray the Englifh fleet
by
flre-JJAps
defeated. A
fally
made by them to defroy the
frf
luorks
of
the
Engliflj repulfed.
The Engliflj prepare to attack the French troops covering the
town. The French again attempt to defray the Englifh fleet
by
f
re-rafts. The Englifh attack the French a7-e repulfed.
Orders
iffned by General JVolfe. General Wolfe falls fick. His
Utter
CONTENTS. -fr
tetter, on the oecajion, to the Brigadiers and their anfwer.
Battle
of
^ehec General Wolfe and M. de Montcalm killed.
The toivn invefted capitulates the articles.
_
Reflexions on
the foregoing events. Honours paid the conquerors by their King
and country and to M. de Montcalm by the French army. The
Cherokees ravage the frontiers
of
South-Carolina are compelled
to make a peace, by Mr. Lyttelton, governor
of
that province. Ar-
ticles
of
the peace. - - Page
25 3
BOOK VII.
Strength
of
the French and Engli/Jj in Canada after the reduEiion
of
^lebec. Farther operations
of
the EnglifJj. French
vejfels
pafs
^lebec. Preparations
of
the French to attack ^lebec in the
ivinter. Their
fr/l deftgnfrtiflrated. Their preparations to be-
fiege ^lebec atid thofe
of
the EnglifJj to defend it. Farther at-
tempts
of
the French mifcarry. Governor Murray marches out
of
^uehec."Battle
of
Sillery. French invef Sluebec, ivho
retire on the
frfl
appearance
of
EnglifJj fhips,
< Goverttor Murray
prepares to join General A??iherf before Montreal. Cherokees guilty
of
neiv ravages. Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel Montgomery
marches
againfl them, kills a great number, and burns
Eflatoe
offers
them peace, which they
refife

He returns to Charles-Toivn.'
Cherokees blockade hort-Loudon. The garrifon capitulates.
269
BOOK viri.
Difoerfion made by Major Rogers, in Canada, infavour
of
the garrifon
of
^lebec. General
Amherft proceeds againji Montreal. A French
armed vejfel taken in the River St. Lawrence. Fort Levi taken.
Rapids in the River St. Laivrence;
paffcd
by the EnglifJj army.
Extraordinary clemency
of
the Engl'fh to the French inhabit
' tants. General Amherjl arrives, before, and invejls Montreal;
the
5
French
vi
CONTENTS.
French army hai'ing retired into it. Letters between the Engli/}}
and French Generals. The French General capitulates. The
artichs. Favourable imprcjjion made by the appearance
of
ttvo
ether EngliJJj
armies before Montreal, vnder Governor Murray
from
^lebec, and Brigadier Haviland
from Croivn-Point. Governor
Murray'sfrength
and progrefs he is joined by tvjo regiments or-
dered from
Loiiifhourg reaches the ifland
of
Montreal, and
marches v.p to the toivn. Brigad'-r Haviland''s frength and pro-
grcfs.
Miyor Rogers fctit to take
pofefj'ion of
the forts in Canada,
fill
in the hands
of
the French. Refecfions on the conquefl of
Canada.
- - _ _ _
Page
297
BOOK IX.
Savages of
North-America troublefome, and again brought to reafon.
General Jimherfi invcfcd ivith the order
of
the Bath. Prepara'
tions to attack Martinicc. Admiral Rodney to command the
fleet.

Sidils
for
Barbadoes. Jj-manisnt completed by the arrival
of
the
Generals Monc'don and Rii^ane, a:id Lord Rollo at Barbadoes.
Sails from thence
for
Martinico. Landing
effecled
in Port-Royal
Bay. Mount Tort
onf
on carried; -and liketvife Mount Gamier.
The citadel
of
Fort-Royal capitulates.
Mof of
the inhabi-
tants
of
the flandfubmit on terms. Pigeon-lfand
fur
renders.
La Trinite reduced. 77?^ Governor-general capitulates
for
the
njiihole
ifland. Reflections on the conquefl of
Martinico. J'Var
declared het%vecn Spain and England. SpanifJj regifler
floip brought
into Martinico. The Grenades reduced. St. Lucia furrenders by
capitulation. Arrival
of
the French
fleet off
Marti?iico.

Admiral Rodney affembles hisfljips to attack it, or cover famaica;

// obliged to
defifl
from his defigns tofa%)Our a
fleer
et expedition
;
Reinflorccs the Jamaica fleet notvoithflanding. Meqjures taken to
foriuard the
flecret
expedition. The Frenchflquadron, commanded i?y
M. de BlenaCj blocked up in Port-St.-Franpis, in the Ifland of
B
if
pa-
niola.
CONTENTS.
vn
niola. M. de Bknac difemharks the troops^ and determines to
remain in the harbour.
- -
-
Paee
34(5
BOOK X.
The EngliJIj refolve to attack the Havanna. Sea and
land-forces
fent
againf
it They arrive at Barbadoes
;
at Martinico.-
Pro~
ceed to the Hanjanna, Spani/I?
vejfels taken. Force
of
the
Spaniards at the Havanna. The
Englifh land in its neighbourhood,
Ront a body
of
Spaniflj cavalry. Take pojl at Guanainacoa.
Befiege the Mora. The Spaniards make a fally ; are re-
pulfed. The Mora cannojiaded by
fea. Arrival
of
troops
from
North-America. 1 be Moro taken by
affaiilt. The cannon
of
the
Moro turned agnnfl the Havanna. The Governor
fummoned to
furrender. Rejufes. Batteries erected againf the toiun, opened.
The Goi ernor defires to capitulate; Granted.
The articles
of
capitulation..
- -
_
oqt-
B o o K xr.
The French
ft
out a fquadron to attack Neivfonndland
:
Proceed
on
the enterprif. Land in the Bay
of
Bulls. The
garrfon
of
St.
Johnsfurrender to thejn. Sir
Jejferey Amherft prepares to retake
it. Sends Colonel
Amherf ivith a detachment
for
that
purpofe.

Lands at Kitty-vitty. Attacks the French. Is victorious.
The French garrfon capitulates.
Articles
of
capitulation. 4.66
BOOK XIL
Source
of
the neiv -war betv^^en the
Engliftj and Indians in North-Amc-
rica.~-Flan and prepur':ic:is
of
the Indians.Their
firf
exploits.

They take
feveral forts. "-"--Detroit
ciofely blockaded. Fort-Pitt
'
Relief
J
ent to Dctroi: and Niagara. Stratagem
of
the
4
Indhiju:^
Vlll
CONTENTS.
Indians, tofurpnfe the garnjon
of
Detroit, defeated. Sally by Cap-
tain Dalyell. Relief fent
to Fort-Pitt, under Colonel Bouquet.
Siege
of
Fort-Pitt raifed by the Indians. Aclions bcttueen the
EnglifJ] and the Indians near Bufloy-Pun.
Colonel Bouquet arrives
at Fort-Pitt. Great bravery
of
the creiv
of
a
veffel.
Spirit
of
df
content amongfl the EngUfJi troops. The caufe
of
it remo'ved by
Sir
Jejfrey
Amherjl. The King^s approbation
of
the late behaviour
of
the troops near BuJJjy-Run. Plan
of
operation for the year
1764,
by Colonels Bouquet and Bradfreet. Major General Gage fucceeds
Sir
Jeffrey
Amherfl.
Colonel Bradfreet and Sir IFilliam
Johnfon
arrive at Niagara, and
fnd a great number
of
Indians there.
Tranficlions vuith them. Colonel Bradfrecfs orders concerning his
conduct towards the Indians. Sir William
fohnfon returns home, and
the Indians difperfe.
Colonel Bradfreet met by Indian Jiations
fuing for
peace. Preliminaries granted them. Colonel Brad-
flreet gives an account
of
his proceedings to General Gage and Colonel
Bouquet. Sends Captain Morris to take
poffeffion of
the Illinois-
country. Colonel Bradfreet arrives at Detroit. Indians
fock to
fuefor
peace. Peace concluded ivith them. Defcription
of
De-
troit. Colonel Bradfreet leaves that place. His tranfa^ions
iiiith the Indians
for
a peace condemned by General Gage. Zeal
of
the Six Nations in the caife
of
the Engli/Jj. Great difrefs of
Colonel
Bradfreet. He conquers all difficulties by his prudence, and arrives
at length at Ontario. Colonel Bouquet proceeds on his ynarch.
Is met by deputies
from the Senecas, Delaivars, and Shaivanefe.-'
They deliver up a great number
of
their captives. He exaSis
hof
ages for their fending deputies to Sir William
Johnfon.
The Co-
lonel returns to Fort-Pitt,
difpofes of
his regulars, and fends home the
provincials and the refcucd captives. Page
477
INTRO-
INTRODUCTION.
BY
the treaty of Utrecht, confirmed by that of Aix-la-Cha^t
pelle, the boundaries of the French and EngHfh poiTeffions
in North America were fo vaguely fettled, as to allow the
court of France new pretexts for extending her dominion in
that part of the world, and to make fuch attempts to encroach
upon the Englifli territories, as would in time totally exclude
them from fo vaft a continent. Accordingly, the French, with
this view, determined to eredt a chain of forts on the back
fettlements of the Englifli, from the river St. Lawrence to
the MifTiffipi ; they purfued, with inceflant ardour, every
method to ingratiate themfelves v/ith the natives, and efFec-
tually win them over to their intereft, whilft the mother-country
liberally contributed all the fupplies rcquifite to carry into
execution thefe grand, however unfair, defigns.
Reprefentations againfl: fuch proceedings were not neglc(5led
by the Englifh. Memorials were delivered to the French
miniftry; and thefe produced the appointment of commiflion-
ers, who met at Paris, and opened their refpecT;ive commilTions
on the 2 1 ft of September
1750. M. de la GalilTioniere and M.
de Silhouette were chofen on the part of France ; and Mi*.
Shirley and Mr. Mildmay on that of Great Britain. The defign of
the court of London, in agreeing to this meafure, was amicably
B
to
2
INTRODUCTION.
to fettle the true limits of the French and Englifh territories in
North America ; but it Iboa
appeared, it was by no means that
of tlie court of Verfailles. In proportion as the Englifli com-
miffioners advanced in their inquiries, fuch futile objections
were flarted, and fuch imneccfTary delays contrived, by the
Trench, as obliged Mr. Shirley and Mr. Mildmay to break up
the conferences and return to England.
In the mean time, the French continued to crefl forts on the
wcftern frontiers of Virginia, which lie upon the Ohio
;
nor
were they lefs attentive to what feemed to be another grand plan,
that of encroaching upon fuch parts of the northern colonies
of the Englifli as were a(.^ually inhabited. M. du Quefne,
who fucceedcd M. de la Galiflioniere in the government of
Canada, having received inilruc^ions to take pofTeiTion of the
countries on the Ohio for the crown of France, in the begin-
ning of the year
1753,
ordered the Sieur de St. Pierre with a
detachment to take pod on the river aux Bceufs, and there to
remain until he received farther orders. De St. Pierre took
poll there accordingly, and ereded a fort for it's fecurity. Of
this Mr. Dinwiddic, lieutenant-governor of Virginia, had early
intelligence ; which v/as confirmed by a melleuger lie had dis-
patched to explore the encroachments of the French, and recon-
noitre their fituation. This melTenger reported, that the French
had fifteen hundred regular troops in thofe parts; that they had
built three forts on the frontiers ; that, as they had not met
with any oppofition, theywere rcfolved to maintain their ground:
to wliich he added, that, unlcfs the Englilh likewife purfued
vigorous mcafurcs, and built forts on the river Miflifiipi, the
French would, in a fliort time, fortify themfelves there fo-
effectually, as to make it impoffible to expel them. This
3.
alarming,
INTRODUCTION.
j5
alarming advice induced Governor Dinwiddie to fend, by Mr.
Wafliington, the following fpirited letter to the French com-
mandant on the river aux Bocufs
:
S I R,
ry^HE lands upon the river Ohio, in the vveftern parts of the
colony of Virginia, are fo notorioufly known to be the
property of the crown of Great Britain, that it is a matter of
equal concern and furprize to me, to hear that a body of
French forces are erecting fortrelTes and making fettlements
upon that river, within his Majelly's dominions. The many
and repeated complaints I have received of thefe adts of ho-
Hility, lay me under the neceffity of fending, in the name of
the king my mafter, the bearer hereof, George Wafliington,
Efq; one of the adjutants-general of the forces of this domi-
nion, to complain to you of the encroachments thus made,
and of the injuries done to the fubjefts of Great Britain, in
violation of the law of nations, and the treaties now fubfift-
ing between the two crowns. If thefe are faiSls, and you think
fit to juilify your proceedings, I mufh defire you to acquaint
me, by whofe authority and inftructions, you have lately
marched from Canada with an armed force, and invaded the
king of Great Britain's territories, in the manner complained
of; that, according to the purport and refolution of your an-
fwer, I may act agreeably to the coniraiilion I am honoured
with, from the king my ixiafcer. Hov/ever, Sir, in obedience
to my inftrudioas, it becomes my duty to require your peace-
able departure; and that you would forbear profecuting a
purpofe fo interruptive of the harmony and good undcrftand-
B 2
inr;;
4
INTRODUCTION.
ing which his majefty is dcrirous to continue and cultivate with
the mod Chriftian king. I am, &c.
WiUiamfburgh,
Oaober the 31ft,
1753.
ROBERT DINWIDDIE.
With this letter, Mr. Wafliington received inftru6lions to
procure all the intelligence he poffibly could of the fituation
of the French, and the encroachments they had made. It was
late in the feafon, namely, the 2 2d of November, before he
could reach the Monangahela ; on his arrival there, he found'
that the French troops had retired into winter-quarters. Three
days after, however, he met fome French deferters, who in-
formed him, that they were part of an hundred men who had
been fent with eight canoes laden with provifions from New
Orleans to Kuikafkas, with a promife of being there joined by
a party from the INliffiflipi to convoy them up the river
; that
the French had built four fmall forts between New Orleans and
the Black Illands, and garrifoned them with thirty or forty men ;.
that, at New Orleans, near the mouth of the MifTiflipi, there
were thirty-five companies of forty men each, with a fort of
fix carriage guns ; and, at Black Illands, feveral companieSi
and a fort of eight guns. They alfo acquainted him, that
there v/as a fmall palifadoed fort on the Ohio, at the mouth of
the Ouabach. An Indian trader, who accompanied thefe de-
ferters, added, that, at Shanaoh town, he had feen a Sachem
of the Six Nations, from whom he had learned, that a fort had
been creeled on Lake Erie; and another, on a Imall lake about
fifteen miles diftant, with a good road between them ; that
three Indian nations, fubject to the French, had taken up the
hatchet:
INTRODUCTION.
5
hatehet
agaiiift the Englifli; that the French had aflembled the
Mingos and Delawares, telHng them, that they intended to
have been down the river that Autumn, but were obhged, by
the inclemency of the weather, to defer their expedition till
the Spring, when they lliould certainly attack the English, and
doubted nor of being able to give a good account of them : at
the fame time foothing thefe Indians to their intereft with fucli
fuccefs, as to obtain from them a promife of aflillance. Mr,
Wafiiington then proceeded to Venango, where he arrived the
4th day of December. This fort was commanded by M.
Jon-
caire, who conduced Mr. Wafhington to another fort, at
which the French commandant, M de St. Pierre, had taken up
his winter-quarters. This gentleman entertained Mr. Wafhing'
ton with great politenefs; and, after fome conferences on the
bufniefs of his commillion, gave him the following anfwer to
Governor Dinwiddie's letter..
SIR,
S I have the honour of commanding here in chief, Mn.
Wafhington delivered to me the letter which you wrote
to the commander of the French troops. I fliould have been
glad, that you had given him orders, or that he himfelf had
been difpofed, to proceed to Canada, to fee our general, to
whom it better belongs than to me, to exhibit and prove the
titles of the king my mafler, to the lands fituatc along the
river Ohio, and to examine tlie pretenfions of the king of
Great Britain thereto. I fliall tranfmit your letter to the mar-
quis du Quefne. His anfwer will be a law to me : and if hg
fhail ord^r me to communicate it to you, Sir, you may be
affiaredi
6 INTRODUCTION.
afTuicd that I fliall not fail to dilpatch it forthwith. As to
the ftimnions you fend me to retire, I do not think myfelf
obhged to obey it. Whatever may be your inftructions, I am
here by virtue of the orders of fny general ; and, 1 intreat you,
Sir, not to doubt, one moment, of my being determined to
obey them with all the exacStnefs and refolution which can be
cxpcifled from the bed: officer, I do not know that, in the
progrefs of this campaign, any thing has pafTed, which can
be deemed an a6l of hoftility, or any way contrary to the
treaties which fubfift between the two crowns
;
the conti-
nuation of which is as much the intereft of, and as pleafing
to us, as the Englifli. Had you been pleafed, Sir, to parti-
cularize the facts which occafioned your complaint, I fliould
have had the honour of anfwering you in the fuUefl:, and, I
am perfuaded, the moll fatisfactory manner.
From the fort on the
river aux Bceufs, LEGARDIER DE ST. PIERRE.
December i6th,
1753.
With this anfwer, Mr. Waflaington fct out on the i6th of
December, from M. de St, Pierre's quarters. On his return,
he very providentially efcaped being trcacheroudy murdered
by an Indian wlio attended him in tlie double capacity of guide
and interpreter. This wretch, contrary to the ufual cuftom
of his countrymen, kept up a continual whooping, the Vv^hole
way, in fpite of all Mr. Wafliingcon's orders and entreaties to
make him defiH: ; and, one day in particular, greatly protra(5led
the ordinary time of marching, fo as to afford Mr. Wafliington
jull rcafon to fufpeA that he had hopes of being joined, with
no
INTRODUCTION.
7
no friendly defign, by fome other Indians. Nor did he fufpedl
more mifchicf than was intended. One evening, as Mr.
Wafliington, and Mr. Gueft his companion, were moving on,
the guide, who was at a fmall diftance from them, fuddenly
prefented his piece, and fired at Mr. Wafliington, but luckily
milled him. Upon this, Mr. Gueft propofed immediately to
deftroy the Indian; but was prevailed upon by Mr. Wafliington
to defift, as the Indian countries through which they had palTed
knew they were attended by this man, and, on miffing him^
would conclude, notwithftanding any arguments that could
be ufed to prove the contrary, that they had wantonly mur-
dered him. Therefore, to avoid any new difputes with the
favages, which, they knew, could not but be attended with
very ill confequences, particularly at this jun6lure, they con-
tented themfelves with immediately feparating from him.
However, to avoid farther treachery, they marched full fixty
miles without halting. At length, after encountering many
difficulties and dangers, they arrived fafe at Williamfburgh,.
on the 1 6th January, iyS4:'
The contefts on the fubjecfl of the French and Englifli pof-
feffions on the Continent of North America, from the treaty
of Aix-la-Chapelle to this time, were chiefly confined to me-
morials and reprefentations. No part of the occurrences
within that period can be confidered as immediately apper-
taining to the hiflory of the war. Neverthelefs, I thought it
would not be improper to prcfent my readers with this intro-
ducT:ory detail ; efpecially, as fome of thefe tranfactions gave
rife to the events, V\^hich, agreeable to my engagements witli-
the public, I am now to relate.
THE
THE
HISTORY
O F T H E
LATE WAR IN
AMERICA.
B O O K I.
The province
of
Virginia prepares to
oppofe the encroachments
of
the
French. Mr. Wajhington takes the
f
eld ; defeats M.
fiinmi'ville
;
is defeated, in his turn, by M. Villicr.^Major General Braddock
arri'ues
;
is defeated by M. Dumat, and dies
of
his luounds :
defence
of
his condu6l. Major General Shirley takes upon him the com-
mand
of
the EnglifJj forces
;
proceeds to Ofivego ; returns to Albany.
Major General Johnfons expedition
; he is attacked by M. le
Baron Die
fan,
but is viElorioiis ; he ereifs Fort William-Henry
;
puts his army into ivinter-quarters, and returns to Albany.^

Difrefs
of
the EnglifJo Backfettlers ; military operations undertaken
to proteSi them.

Obflinacy
of
the Penfyl'vanians in not agreeing to any
nvarlike pirparations ; they yield at
laf to the prayers and threats
of
the Back-fettlers, and
pafs
a militia aid. The acl.-~-

The
other colonies very remifs in preparing
for their defence. Remon~
Jlrances and inflruclions
of
the
diftreffed inhabitants
of
the back
fettlements. Council
of
ivar at Albany. General ShirLy en-
deavours to unite the divided colonies, and^ conciliate the affeciions
of
the Indians. Meafures agreed to in confequence thereof.
General Shirley ordered to England.
THE
hoflile defigns of the court of France being fuffi-
ciently apparent, from the tranfadions we have related
ijii the introdaclion, Mr. Dinwiddle, Ueutcnant-governor of
C
Virginia,
^7'j-\-
10 HISTORYOFTHE
'7
"4- Virginia, the province moil cxpofed, tliouglit it his duty, with-
out any trcfli orders from Great Britain, to employ all the
authority with v/hich lie was already inveftcd, to put a flop to
their encroachments. For this purpofe, he prevailed on the
aiFembly of Virginia to vote the fum of io,ooo/. ; and, likewife,
propofed the levying of a regiment of militia ;
and that the
Ohio company of merchants, who had procured an exclufivc
grant from the crown to fettle the lands on the Ohio, fliould, in
compliance with their engagements with government, imme-
diately raife tliirty men, and fend them to take poll at the
forks of that river, a fpot wdiich, from its fituation, was fup-
pofed to be that the French would firft endeavour to feize
upon. Thefe men were accordingly raifed
; and immediately
proceeded to the place of their deilination, where, on their
arrival, they began to execute their orders by laying the foun-
dations of a fort; but, on the i8th of April,
1754,
v/hen it was.
fcarcely above the furface of the ground, M. de Contrecoeur
appeared before it Vv^ith a body of twelve hundred men, and fum-
nioned the commanding officer to retire, Avhich he accordingly
did, for want of fufHcient flrength to defend himfelf. In the
mean time, the provincial troops propofed to be raifed in Virgi-
nia, were nearly completed; and part of them ordered to rein-
force thofe of the Ohio company. Tlie colonel of this body
dying foon after he took the field, the command devolved on
the lieutenant- colonel, Mr. Wafliington
;
wlio, continuing his
rout, met the Ohio company on their return home at Wills
creek.
On the 27th, in the evening. Colonel Walliington being en-
camped on the great meadows, Monacatootha and the Half
King, two principal Sachems of the Five Nations, brought
advice,
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
advice,
"
That a party of French had been fent to intercept i7J4-
him, but had mifTed him in the woods
; that they had retired
to a fmall diflance, and were that night encamped in a very
thick and fecret place about half a mile out of the road.'' Co-
lonel Wafhington, on receiving this intelligence, prepared his
men for aiTtion, and in the night fet out with them to attack the
French. At the dawn of day he arrived at their encampment,
and immediately attacked it : out of the whole party, which
confifted of M. Jumonville and forty-five men, but one efcaped
j
the reft were either killed or taken prifoners. The colonel
then eredted a fmall fort, which, from the reafon of his ereft-
ing it, he called Fort Neceffity, as it was to prote6l him till
the arrival of a body of men which were to follow from
the provinces of New York and the Carolinas. Soon after, he
was joined by the remainder of the Virginia troops, and a
company from South Carolina, which increafed his little
army to four hundred effective men: this number however being
too fmall for any farther offenfive operations, he employed them
in clearing a road to Red-Stone Creek
;
there he received ad-
vice that M. de Contrecoeur had detached M. de Villier with a
thoufand regular troops, and an hundred Indians, to demand
fatisfacTiion for the attack on M. Jumonville. Upon this, Colonel
Walhington immediately returned to Fort Neceflity, where he
determined to wait the arrival of the troops promifed by the
province of New York. But, on the 3d of
July,
the enemy
appeared before the fort, and at about eight in the morning,
began to attack it fo warmly, that by eight in the evening of
the fame day, Mr. Wafliington thought proper to agree to a
ceflation of arms propofed by M. de Villier, which terminated
in the following extraordinary capitulation:
C 2 Capitulation
11
-
12
HISTORY OF THE
1754- CapitJLlatton granted the 3J
of
July, 1 754,
hy M. de ViUier, Commandant
of
his viojl Chri/lian Majejiy^s forces, to the Engli/Jj troops in Fort-
Neceffitv,
built on the lands tviihin the king's dominions.
Arc. I. We give the Engliili commander leave to retire with all
his garrifon, and return peaceably into his own country;
and
promife to prevent his receiving any infults from the
French
troops under us, or from the favages with us, as
much as fliall be in our power.
II. The
Englifla fliall likewife have leave to carry off all that
belongs to them, except the artillery, which we referve.
III. AVc will allow them the honours of war
;
that is, to march
oiTt,
drums beating, with a fwivel gun ; being willing to
Ilicw them that we confider them as friends.
IV. As foon as the articles are ligned on both fides, the Englifh
are to llrike their colours,^
V. To morrow, at break of day, a detachment of French fliall
be admitted to fee the garrifon file off, and take pofTefFion of
the fort.
YI. And, as the Englifh are not well provided with oxen or
horles,
they are free to hide their effcdls, and come and
fearch for them when they have met with their horfes ; they
may even for this purpofe leave watchmen behind them, in
what number they pleafe, on condition they give their word
of honour not to vv^ork upon any buildings in this place, or
on this fide of tlie mountain, during a year, to be reckoned
from this day : And, as the Englifli have in their power an
oiHcer of our's, two cadets, and maft of the common men
7
made
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
13
made prifoners at the
ajfaffination of the Sieur de
Jumon- 1754.
villc, (an officer charged with a fummons, as appears by
his writings,) they are to promife to fend them back to Foix
du Quefne, litnated on the Ohio. And, as a fecurity for their
performing the whole of this capitulation, and the prefent
article in particular, Mr. Jacob Vanbraam, and Mr. Robert
Stobo, both captains in the Engliili fervice, iliall be left as
hollages till the arrival of the Canadians and French above-
mentioned. We oblige ourfelves, on our part, to furniili
thefe tv/o officers with an efcort, to convey them fafe home.
We expe6l our countrymen fhall be reftored us in two months
and a half at farthefl:; a duplicate being made upon one of
the pofts of our blockade the day above.
GON. VILLIER.
This capitulation was written in French ; and, as neither
Mr. Wafhington nor any of his party underftood that language,
a foreigner was employed to read it to them in Englifli.
But,
inftead of acT:ing the part of a faithful
interpreter, when
he came to the odious word ajfajfmation, he tranllated it
"
the.
defeat of M. Jumonville." This I have the beft authority to
alTert; the authority of the Englifli officers who were prefenr.
Indeed, the thing fpeaks for itfelf. ' It cannot be fuppofed that
thefe gentlemen fliouid know fo little of what they owed to
themfelves, both as men and as foldiers, as nor to prefer any
extremity rather than fiibmit to the difgrace of being branded .
with the imputation of fo horrid a crime.
After all, had they been really guilty of this charge, they
could fcarce have been worfe ufed than they were : the capi-
tulatioa*
HISTORY OF THE
tulation vcas fcarcely figned, when it was mofl fliamcfuliy
broken ; the officers were kept prifoners for fonie time ; the whole
01"
their baggage v/as phindered; and all their horfes and cattle
killed on the fpot. However, at length, Colonel Wafhington re-
tired in as good order as his fituation would admit. On his return,
he met the New-York and North-Carolina companies at Win-
chefter. Had they joined him at the appointed time, there is no
doubt but that he would have fccured a poll till he had received
fuch farther reinforcements as would have enabled him to dif-
lodge the French, and drive them from the country they had
ufurped. To compenfate as much as poflible for this difappoint-
menr, he halted at Wills Creek, and alFifled in eredling a fort
there, wdiich was afterwards called Fort Cumberland. Mean-
while, the governor of the Englifli colonies loft no time in tranf-
mitting to London an account of thefc tranfa(5lions
;
and, in
confequence of which, the Britifli ambaflador at Paris had
immediate orders fent to him to remonflrate feriouily againft
them, as fo many infracftions of the treaty of peace fubfifting
between the two nations. But the French miniftry, far from
paying any regard to thefe remonftrances, no longer took any
pains to conceal their lioftile intentions. They publicly gave
orders for the fpeedy reinforcement of their colonies with
men and military ftores ;
that of Quebec in particular, in
order to enable it to follow, without lofs of time, the blow
they had already Itrnck in that part of the world
; and M. le
Baron Diellcau, and M. de Vaudreuil, actually embarked for
Canada with troops and orders to attack Ofwego. But the
Englifl:i miniftry contented themfelvcs with fending cautionary
inftru;5lions to their governors to unite in their defence, and
ordering, that, in cafe tlie fubjcfls of any foreign prince
lliould
LATE WAR IN AMERICx\.
fliould prefume to make any incroachments on the dominions 1754.
of the king of England, by erecfling forts on his lands, or com-
mitting any other a6t of hoftility, and fhould, after being
required to defifl from fuch proceedings, flill perfifl: in them,
they fhould then draw out the armed force of their refpQifLive
provinces, and ufe their belt endeavours to repel force by
force. The Engliih governors were likewife ordered to form,
a confederacy ;
and Mr. Delancy, lieutenant-governor of New
York, was appointed to confer with the chiefs of the Five
Nations, and endeavour, by prefents and every other means,
to fecure them firm to the Britiih interell:. CommiiTioners
were accordingly deputed from the feveral provinces to form
this congrefs, which was appointed to be held at Albany on
the 14th of
June, i7i'4;
but few Indians repaired to it, and
thefe, inllead of fliewing any great willingnefs to affift, made
no fcruple openly to blame the condud: of the Englifli,
and as openly applaud that of the French, who had been fo
diligent to maintain their fettlements, and protetff their allies
;
whilft the Englifli, they faid, left both their fettlements and
their allies espofed to rain and defcrucflion. They hov/ever.
accepted the Sritifh prefents, renev/ed their ancient treaties,
and expreiled a delire to receive vigorous affiftance from the
Englifli, in order to diive the French from their invaded ter-
ritories.
At this meeting, meafures were propofed for forming a
general union between the colonies, and eftablifliing a fund,
by way of military cheft, for defraying all the extraordinary
expences incident to a il:ate of war. But the clafliing inte-
refts of the provinces, in matters of much lefs moment, pre-
vented thefe falutary meafures being properly adooted.
Whilft
;
HISTORY OF THE
1751- Whilft the congrefs was. yet fitting, Mr. Shirley, as governor
of the province of MaiTachufet's Bay, prevailed on that province
to build a fort near the head of the river Kennebec, and
make
provifion for eight hundred men, to protect itfrom the in-
roads of the enemy. He took the field with thefe troops; and,
Vv'ith the confcnt of the Indians, erected Fort Weftern, about
feven-and-thirty miles from the mouth of the Kennebec river
;
and Fort Hallifax, about fifty-four miles dov/n the fame river. An
account of thefe tranfaftions being tranfmitted to the Englifii
minitlry, together with the prefent ilate of that part of the con-
tinent. Governor Shirley not only received the thanks of the king
his mailer in council, but v/as ordered to concert meafures with
Lieutenant-Governor Lawrence for attacking the French fettle-
nients in the bay of Fundy. But the feafon happened to be too
far
advanced, when they received thefe orders, to commence
hofiilities in that quarter till the enfuing fpring: they therefore
contented
themfelves with making all the extraordinary pre-
parations for that fervice which the delay of it afforded them.
Thev
raifed two thoufand men, whomgovernment fupplied with
arms. In the mean time, the negociations which had been re-
nev/ed in Europe for the amicable termination of thefe difputes,
not taking the turn vvhich the court of London thought herfelf
intitled to expecSt, fhe therefore refolved to purfue fi:ill more
vigorous meafures, and ilTued orders forraifing two regiments in
America, to be commanded by Sir V/illiam Pepperel, and Go-
vernor Shirley, whilft Halket's and Dunbar's were ordered from
the Irifii eflablifliment with General Braddock, who was, on his
arrival in America, to take upon him the command of all the Bri-
tifli forces in that part ofthe v/orld. The Virginians, in the mean
:time, completed the fort,which they called Fort Cumberland ; and
even
'7:
17
5
'r-
LATE WAR IN AMERICA,
17
even formed a camp on Wills Creek, in order to attack the 1755.
French on the Ohio.
v^ ^..-i
Major General Braddock arrived with two regiments from
Ireland by the latter end of February,
1755;
and, as foon
after his arrival as he poffibly could, fummoned the different
governors of the Englifli fettlements on the continent to meet
him at Alexandria in Virginia, in order to deliberate with him
on the moft proper meafures to recover, by force of arms, what
had been loft in fruitlefs remonftrances ; and thereby reftore
the credit of the Englifli amongft the Indians. Various
were
the plans propofed for this purpofe. At length, it was agreed,
"
That, for the prefervation of Ofwego, and the reducTrion
of
Niagara, Shirley's and Pepperel's regiments fhould proceed to
Lake Ontario
;
and that one or more armed veffels, of
about
fixty tons each, fhould be built on that lake, to command it.
Governor Shirley was charged with the execution of this fer-
vice ; Colonel Johnfon with that of invefting Crown-Point
with
fome provincial troops ; and General Braddock was to attack
Fort du Quefne.
While thefe plans were profecuting with the greateil dili-
gence, that which had been concerted betVv^een Governor
Shirley^and Governor Lawrence, v/as carrying into execution
;
the affembly of the MafTiichufets having not only laid a fevere
embargo to prevent all correfpondence with the French
at
Louifbourg, and, by their means, with thofe on the
Continent,
but raifed a body of men. A.bout the end of May, Governor
Law-
rence detached Lieutenant Colonel Monckton with about two
thoufand men againft the French fettlements in the Bay of Fun-
dy, whilft Captain Rous, with three frigates and a iloop, %yas dif-
D
patched
8 HISTORYOFTHE
'755-
patched up the bay to give his affiftance by fea. When the
'
'
colonel arrived at the river MaiTaguafli, he found a number
of regulars and neutral Acadians determined to oppofe his
paflage ; to which end, they had mounted fome cannon in a
blockhouTc, and thrown up a breaft work of timber. In this
lituation he attacked them, and, in lefs than an hour, obliged
them to retire, leaving the river clear for the pafTage of our
troops, who thereupon marched, without farther inter-
ruption, to the ground intended for their encampment. From
thence he proceeded to the attack of Fort Beaufejour, which,
though well fortified, cleared to capitulate on the i6tli of
June
after a bombardment of four days only, and without putting
the Englifli to the trouble of erecSling a fmgle battery againll
ir. Toon this, Colonel Monckton granted the French the fol-
lowing terms
:
"
The commander, oiEcers, llafF-officers, and others, in the
fcrvice of the French king, and the reft of the garrifon of
Beaufejour, fliall march out with their arms and baggage,
drums beating.
"
The garrifon fliall be fcnt dire^lly by fea to Louifbourg, at
tlie expence of the king of Great Britain.
"
The garrifon fliall be provided with fufficient proviiions for
their pafTage to Louilbourg.
"
With regard to the Acadians, as they have been forced to
take up arms on pain of death, they fliall be pardoned the part
they have taken on this occafion.
"
Laflly, the garrifon fliall not bear arms in America for
the fpace of fix months.
"
The
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
"
The terms abovementioned are granted upon condition,
that the fort fliall be delivered up to the troops of the
king of Great Britain at feven o' clock in the afternoon."
Colonel Monckton, on taking polTeffion of this fort, called it
Fort Cumberland, and, leaving a garrifon in it, proceeded
next day to reduce another fmall fort on the river Gafpereau.
Here the French had their principal magazine for fupplying
the inhabitants and Indians, and he accordingly
found a
great quantity of provifions and military ftores of every
kind: he then difarmed the inhabitants to the amount of about
fifteen thoufand. In the mean time, the French abandoned
their fort on St. John's river, which Captain Rous with his
fliips deftroyed, together with all the other works which the
French had raifed on that river. By this expedition, whicli
was attended with very little lofs, the Englilli fecured to them-
felves the peaceable enjoyment of that fine and extenfive coun-
try known by the name of Nova Scotia.
This firfb fuccefs of the Englifli military operations was
confidered as a happy prelude to thofe which were expecfted to
follov/, notv/ithflanding the many difficulties General Brad-
dock had to encounter, through the want of necelTaries for
the fubfiftance of his army, which, in defpite of every ob-
flacle, he conducted to Fort Cumberland on the Potawmack
river: and here he was obliged to halt till he fliould receive a
frelli fup'ply of provifions, waggons, and horfes, that had
been promifed him. Whilft he was anxiouily expe(5ling the
arrival of this afliilance, he x'eceived various accounts of the
enemy. At length, fuccours came, but far fliort of vv^hat he
depended upon ; inftead of one hundred and fifty waggons he
received only fifteen, and in lieu of three hundred horfes
D 2
no
19
o
HISTORYOFTHE
1755. no more than one hundred.
This already very fevere dlfap-
"""
'
poinrment was greatly
increafed when, upon unloading the
waggons, the provifions
were found to be in fo bad a ftate,
that nothing but tlie keencfl
hunger could induce any one to
eat of thera.
However,
means were found to procure a new
and found fupply by the loth of June,
when General Brad-
dock, having nothing now to retard his march, once more fet
forward for Fort du Quefne, the reducftion of which formed
the principal object of his expedition. On reaching the little
meadows, he received fuch intelligence as convinced him he
could not arrive too early at the place of his deftination, in
order to prevent the French from throwing any reinforce-
ments into it. Therefore, leaving behind him Colonel Dunbar
with eight hundred men, and the greateft part of the waggons
and flores, with orders to follow him as fail: as the nature
of the fervice would permit, and thereby judicioufly leflen-
ing his line of march, he proceeded himfelf at the head of
twelve hundred men with ten pieces of cannon. On the 8th
of July
he found himfelf within ten miles of Fort du Quefne,
whilfl marching on with his flanks properly fecured, his ad-
vanced guard, commanded by Lieurenant-Colonel Gage, un-
expecfledly received a fev/ fti-aggling-fliot, without being able
to difcover from what kind of an enemy they came.
Troops, unufcd to this kind of fervice, are, if their officers
be not extremely careful and attentive, in perpetual danger of
being feized with a panic on the firft alarm, and of courfe
thrown into diforder. Such was now the cafe. On the firil
fire the advanced-guard, after difcharging a few rounds from
their cannon, fell back on the main body, and general confa-
/
fion enfucd. 1 he Indians, animated by this haily retreat of
the Englifh, and feafonable reinforcements of the French,
redoubled from one moment to another their galling fire on
the
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
21
the enemy, who all this while could fee nothing but trees and 1755.
buflies to dire(5l their vengeance againil ; in vain therefore did
General Braddock employ all his authority to reftore order.
The attempt cofl him his life, and moil of his oiiicers were
either killed or wounded : a muflcet fhot through his right arm
and lungs gave him a mortal wound, of which he died the
fourth day after. What now remained of the regulars thought
it high time to confult their fafety by flight. But this flight
was fo well favoured by the cool bravery of the Virginian pro-
vincials, that moft of thofe who muft otherwife have fallen
immediate vicT:ims by general confuflon, lived to reach Colonel
Dunbar's party. They carried their fears along with them
j
and thefe fears proved of fo infeftious a nature, tliat the Co-
lonel's party immediately caught them ; the confequence of
which was, that neither the one nor the other flopped to look
behind, till they found themfelves fheltered by the walls of
Fort Cumberland. Befides the general, the Englifli lofl in this
affair twenty ofhccrs, amongft whom was Sir Peter Halkct
;
twenty-feven v/ere wounded; about two hundred rank and
file were killed, and about four hundred wounded. General
Braddock's cabinet, and, what fcarce need be mentioned, all
his artillery and flores, fell into the hands of the vic51:ors.
After this flgnal victory, M. Contrecoeur, the commanding
officer of the French, returned to Fort du Qiiefne, and proceeded
to render that poll fo refpecTrable as to make the Englifh juflly
confider, as an obje^l of the firft confequence, tlie gaininsr
pofl^eflion of it, and driving the French from that part of tlie
Continent which it commanded.
Few generals perhaps have been fo feverely cenfured for
any defeat, as General Braddock for this. But if we fuifer our-
feives coolly and impartially to confider what were in all pro-.
bability
2
HISTORYOFTHE
1755- bability the motives that influenced him on this occafion, we
'
may difcover in them fufncient rcafon to acquit him of the ill-
conducl v/ith \vhich he is charged. To hghten the turf of
thofe who, with all their faults, it muil be allowed, fell bravely,
is a tallc fo incumbent on humanity, that, independent of my
duty, as an hiflorian, to inveftigate and record the truth, I may
prefimie on leave to oppofe a few remarks to that torrent of
blame v/ith which General Braddock has been fo univerfally
loaded.
It mufl; be allowed, that the certain intelligence he had re-
ceived of the garrifon of Fort du Quefne expedling a fpeedy
reinforcement, was a fufficient motive for his dividing his
forces, and leaving his heavy baggage behind him -, as with-
out doing fo it muft have been impoffible for him to have
reached the fort time enough to have prevented the enemy
from entering it. And it mufl; be confidered, that General Brad-
dock's opinion of his own military ficill could not have been
fo exceffive as to make him wholly neglecT: the inftruc-
tions of a fo niuch older and more experienced general as
the late Duke of Cumberland : and that he mud have totally
neglected fuch infcru6lions, to be juflly cenfured for the defeat
he ftiftained, will appear from the following diredlions, which
were given to him by his Royal Highnefs:
IiiJIrucIions to Major General Braddock.
"
SIR,
"
Kis Royal Highnefs the Duke, in the feveral audiences which
he has given you, entered into a particular explanation of every
part of the fervice you are about to be employed in ; and, as a
better rule for the execution of his Majefty's infl:rudions, he, laft
Saturday,
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
S3
Saturday,
communicated to you his own fentiments of tliis 1755.
aiFair; and fmce you exprelicd a defire not to forget any
'~~
part thereof, he has ordered me to dehver them to you in
Avriting. His Royal Highnefs has this fer\dce very much at
heart; and it is of the highell importance to his Majeily's
American dominions, and to the honour of his troops em-
ployed in thofe parts. His Royal Highnefs takes likewife a
particular intereft in it, as it concerns you, whom he recom-
mended to his Majefty to be nominated to the chief command.
"
His Royal Highnefs's opinion is, that, immediately after
your landing, you confider what artillery and other imple-
ments of war it v;ill be necelTary to tranfport to Willes's Creek,
for your firll operation on the Ohio, that the fervice may not be
interrupted by any failure of them
;
and that you form a
fecond field-train, v/ith good officers and foldiers, to be fent to
Albany, and be ready to march for the fecond operation at
Niagara. You are to take under your command as many as
you think necelTary of the two companies of artillery that are
in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, as foon as the feafon will
allow, taking care to leave enough to defend the laft of thefe
places.
"
When Shirley's and Pepperell's regi'ments are near com-
plete, his Royal Highnefs thinks you lliould caufe them to
encamp ;
not only that they may be the more fpeedily difci-
plined, but alfo to draw the attention of the French, and keep
them in fufpenfe about the place you really defign to attack.
"
The moft ilricft difcipline, at all times extremely requifue,
is more particularly fo in the fervice you are engaged in.
Wherefore, his Royal Highnefs recommends to you, that it be
conftahtly obferved among the troops under your command,
7
and
S4
HISTORY OF THE
1755. and that you be
pnrcicularly
careful to guard againft their
""^"^
'
being thrown into a panic by the favages, whom the French will
certainly employ
againft them. His Royal Highnefs recom-
mends to you the vifiting of ycur pofts night and day ; that
your colonels and other officers be careful to doit; and that
you
yourfelf
frequently
fet thcra the example, and give all
your troops
plainly to underftand, that no excufe will be admit-
ted for any
furprize
whatfoever.
"
Should
the Ohio
expedition continue any confiderablc
time, and
Pepperell's and Shirley's regiments be found enough
to undertake, in the mean while, the reducftion of Niagara, his
Royal
Highnefs would have you confider, whether you could
be there in perfon, leaving the command of the troops on the
Ohio to fome officer on whom you might depend, unlefs you
fhall think it better for the fervice to fend to thofe troops fome
perfon whom you had defigned to command on t!ie Ohio. But
this is a nice affiair, and claims your particular attention.
"
If, after the Ohio expedition is ended, it fliould be necef-
fary for you to go with your Vv'hole force to Niagara, it is the
opinion of his Royal Highnefs that you fliould carefully
endeavour to find out a lliorter way from the Ohio thither
than that of the Lake, which, however, you are not to attempt
under any pretence whatever, without a moral certainty of
being fupplicd with provifions. Sec. As to your defign of
making yourfelf mafcer of Niagara, which is of the greateft
confequence, his Royal Highnefs recommends to you to leave
nothing to chance in the profecution of that cnterprize.
"
With regard to the reducing of Crov/n Point, tlie pro-
vinciai- troops being bell acquainted with the country, will be
of the moll fervice. After the taking of this fort, his Royal
Highnefs
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
'Highnefs advifes you to confuk with the governors of the
neighbouring provinces, where it will be nioft proper to build
a fort to cover the frontiers of thofe provinces. As to the
forts which you think ought to be built, (and of which they
are perhaps too fond in that country,) his Royal Highnefs
recommends the building of them in fuch manner that they
may not require a ftrong garrifon. He is of opinion, that you
ought not to build confiderable forts, cafed with flone, till
the plans and ellimates thereof have been approved
by the
government here. His Royal Highnefs thinks, that ftockaded
forts, with palifades and a good ditch, capable of
containinp-
two hundred men, or four hundred upon an emergency,
will be fufficient for the prefent.
"
As Lieutenant-Colonel Lawrence, wlio
commands
at
Nova Scotia, hath long projecfted the taking of
Beau-Sejour,
his Royal Highnefs advifes you to confult with him, both
with regard to the time and the manner of executing
that de-
fign. In this enterprize, his Royal Highnefs forefees,
that
his Majefty's fliips may be of great fervice, as well by tranf-
porting the troops and warlike implements,
as intercepting
the ftores and fuccours that might be fent to the French
either by the Bay Francoife, or from Cape Breton by the
Bay Verte.
'
With regard to your winter-quarters, after the
operations
of the campaign are finifhed, his Royal Highnefs
recom-
mends it to you to examine, whether the French will not en-
deavour to make fome attempts next feafon, and in what
parts they will mofl probably make them. In this cafe, it
will be moll proper to canton your troops on that fide,
at
fuch
diftances, that they may eafily be ajGTembled for the com-
\6
HI3TORYOFTHE
175?-
mon defence. But you will be determined in this matter by-
appearances, and the intelligence, which it hath been re-
commended to you to procure by every method imme-
diately after your landing. It is unnecefTary to put you
in mind, how careful you mufl be to prevent being
furprifed.
His Royal Highnefs imagines, that your greatefl: difficulty
will be the fubfilling of your troops
: he therefore recom-
mends it to you, to give your chief attention to this matter,
and to take proper meafures relative thereto with the gover-
nors, and with your quarter-mailers and commiffaries. I hope
that the extraordinary fupply put on board the fleet, and
the thoufand
barrels of beef deflined for your ufe, will
facilitate and fecure the fupplying of the troops with pro-
vilions,
?."
It has been afferted, that General Braddock, in direct: con-
tradi(5lion to thefe inflrudions, led on his men, without fo
much as fecuring his flanks, or fending out fcouts to recon-
noitre the country. But I have authority to affirm, that this
aflTertion is abfolutely falfe. His flanking parties w^ere driven
in by the enemy, and no detachments were made from the
advanced guard to repel the attack on its flanks.
Had fuch detachments been made in proper time, they
mofl: certainly would have beaten off the enemy. This was
by no means the General's fault ; for the advanced guard fell
into confufion before it was poffible that the General could
fend his orders to put into execution what ought to have been
done without any orders from him. Had it not been for this
neglecft, inilead of the confufion, flaughter, and flight we
have been relating, we fliould have had to tell of the tri-
\imphant entrance of the Englifh into Fort-du-Quefne, as will
appear by the following narrative.
I As
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
27
As foon as M, de Contrecoeur, who commanded at that forr, 1755.
received certain
inteUigence of General Braddock's ftrength,
~
he gave over all thoughts of ading offenfively ;
well knov/ing
that a ftockaded fort, garrifoned with a handful of men, could
make no oppofition but what might irritate an enemy. He,
therefore, confined himfelf to the getting of a fmgle piece of
cannon mounted, in order to make fuch a fhew of refiflance, as
might entitle himfelf and his garrifon to the honours of war.
In the mean time, he detached M. Dumat, with a few French
and Indians, to obfcrve the motions of the Englifh, This party
he covered himfelf, with the greateft part of the garrifon of
the fort, to which he intended to retire before the Englifli: but
the party of M. Dumat difcharging fome random-fhot upon
their enemy, without expedling any material advantage from
it, till they faw the advanced guard give way ; they then put
up the war-yell, which being both extremely terrible in itfelf,
and altogether new to the Englifh regulars, caufed fuch an
abatement in the fire that was returned by them, as made M.
de Contrecoeur conclude, that they were retiring. Upon this
he advanced brifkly to the affiftance of M. Dumat ; and foon
after joining him, found himfelf furprifed into a vidory over
troops, to whom, a few hours before, he was making every pre-
paration to become their prifoner of war. And that this was, in
the flri(5teft terms, a furprife into vicflory, is evident from M, dc
ContreccEur's not being able to improve the advantage bypurfuir,
for his numbers were fcarcely fufficient to fecure the ground
on which it was gained, and the flores left behind by the fugi-
tives, efpecially as his hidians had too much work, in their
own horrid v/ay, to attend to any thing elfe. They imme-
diately fell upon all the poor v/retches left on the field of
battle, and promifcuoufly fcalped, not only the dead and the
dying, but even thofe v/ho, though unable to fly, might
E 2
have
28
HISTORYOFTHE
1755. have othenvife recovered: at leaft we have heard but of one
"
exception ; and that owing to fuch an uncommon degree of
humanity, as fhould not be forgot, even in a hiftory pecu-
liarly dedicated to the commemoration of what are deemed
very different virtues. Amongft the v/ounded was Cap-
tain Treby, of the 44th regiment. His wounds, indeed, were
not mortal ; but they were fuch as effedtually prevented his
crav.'ling from the field of battle. But, fortunately for him,
Mr. Farrel, then a volunteer, now a captain in the 6ad regi-
ment, happening to be apprifed of his fituation, and knowing
the terrible confequences of it, caught liim up on his back,
and conveyed him, at the nioft imminent peril of his own
life, ,to feme diflance from the field of battle, and then pro-
cured him fuch farther afllflance, that, difabled as he was,
he had the good fortune to reach Fort Cumberland with the
other fugitives.
But to return to General Braddock : Had he been ever fo in-
cautious ; had he been guilty of the greateil neglecT: ; had
Fortune but favoured him, cenfure, in all probability, would
never have dared to open her peftilential mouth againft him.
But the aflies of the dead were treated with indignity, to pre-
vent the eye of fcrutiny from penetrating into the conducft of
the living.
Notwithffanding the inability of the conquerors to purfue
the advantage they had gained, the conquered army conti-
nued its flight, as I have before related, till it reached Fort;
Cumberland ; and even then, the troops were fo little reco-
vered from their panic, that they had not prefence of mind
enough to flop there, and enlarge the works of the place, as
they might very well have done
; for they fiill confided of
fixteen hvmdred regulars, and tv/o provincial companies. Had
this
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
2>
this meafure been purfued, it might have been fuch a-
1755.
check upon the French and their fcalping Indians, as would
'
''~"~''
have effedlually prevented many of thofe favage cruelties
that were committed during the enfuing winter, upon the
wellern borders of Virginia and Pennfylvania. Inftead of
this, Colonel Dunbar left none in the fort but the fick and
wounded, whom it was impoffible to remove, with the two
companies of provincial troops, by way of garrifon. Ho
marched out, or rather evacuated the place, on the 2d of Au-
guft, with the remainder, for Philadelphia, where his troops
could be of no fervice. They were foon ordered from thence
to Albany, in the province of New-York, by Major-General
Shirley, on whom the command in chief of the Britifh forces
in North America was now devolved, by the death of General
Braddock ; whofe defeat, however detrimental in itfelf to the
Englifh affairs in that part where he commanded, was rendered
flill worfe by its evil influence wherever the news of it reached.
. At the conference held at Alexandria- in Virginia, it was
refolved, that General Shirley fliould conducft the operations
againft Niagara, with his own regiment, Sir William Pep-
perel's, the Jcrfey Blues, commanded by Colonel Schuyler, and
a detachment of the royal artillery, who were all to aHemble
at Albany ; and that fome veflels Ihould be built there, not
only to fecure the place from, but render it a terror to, the
French. Accordingly Captain Bradftrect fet out for that place,
with two companies, fome fwivels, and the firfl fet of work-
men, early enough to reach it by the 27th of May. Three
days before his arrival, thirty French boats had pafled within
fight of it, and two days after eleven more. Thcfe boats
might contain fifteen or lixteen men each ; a force, in the
whole, more than fufhcient to mafter the fort in a few hours^
S
with
30
'
HISTORYOFTHE
1755- with the aid of a lingle mortar, as the French themfelves well
*
knew, for all its ftrength confifted of no more than eight four-
pounders, and one hundred men, under the command of
Captain King. Thefe were followed, on the 29th, by eleven
more ;
but Captain Bradilreet, who now commanded, though
fpurred on with the mod irrefiftible inclination, dared not to
attack them, his boats being too fmall for that purpofe. On
the 7th of June,
the fhip-carpenters arrived from Bofton
; and
on the 2Sth of the fame month, they launched the firfl Englifli
veflel that lake ever carried. She was a fchooner, forty feet
in keel, mounting twelve fwivel guns, and made to row,
when necelTary, with fourteen oars. This vefTel, with three
hundred and twenty men, was all the force at Ofwego, in the
beginning of
July iTSS-
The men were viclualled at the ex-
pence of the province of New-York; and happy, indeed, it
was that colony had taken fo much precaution ; for fo little
had been obferved in forwarding the government's provifions,
that when the forces under General Shirley arrived there, they
mull have perifhed for want, if they had not found a fupply
which they had no reafon to expe6l. Thefe circumftances
the French were well acquainted with
;
but they thought it
not fo much their interell to make themfelves mailers of Of-
wego, as to purfue their projecPcs on the Ohio. Befides, they
would liave forfeited the fricndfliip of the hidians, as the
Englifli had already done, by interrupting the trade carried
on at Ofwego.
General Shirley now commenced his part of the operations
he was to condu6t againft Niagara.
In the beginning of
July,
tlie
Jerfey Blues began their march.
But before Shirley's and Pepperel's regiments could be put in
a condition to follow, the melancholy accounts of Mr. Brad-
dock's
To ^l(VJiltte/i'^
cfJLeat/u^iti
30
'
HISTORYOFTHE
1755- with the aid of a fingle mortar, as the French themfelves well
knew, for all its ftrength confiilcd of no more than eight four-
pounders, and one hundred men, under the command of
Captain King. Thefe were followed, on the 29th, by eleven
more
;
but Captain Bradftreer, who now commanded, though
fpurred on with the mod irrefillible inclination, dared not to
attack, them, his boats being too fmall for that purpofe. On
the 7th of June,
the fhip- carpenters arrived from Bofton
; and
on the aSth of the fame month, they launched the firll Englifli
veiTel that lake ever carried. She was a fchooner, forty feet
in keel, mounting twelve fwivel guns, and made to row,
when neceflary, with fourteen oars. This velTel, with three
hundred and twenty men, was all the force atOfwego, in the
beginning of July
17 SS-
The men were vidlualled at the ex-
pence of the province of New-York; and happy, indeed, it
was that colony had taken fo much precaution ; for fo little
had been obferved in forwarding the government's provifions,
that when the forces under General Shirley arrived there, they
muft have perifhed for want, if they had not found a fupply
which they had no reafon to espedl. Thefe circumftances
the French were well acquainted with
;
but they thought it
not fo much their intereil to make themfelves mafters of Of-
wego, as to purfue their projedis on the Ohio. Befides, they
would have forfeited the friendfhip of the Indians, as the
Englifli had already done, by interrupting the trade carried
on at Ofvvego.
General Shirley now commenced his part of the operations
he was to condu6t againft Niagara.
In the beginning of
July,
the Jerfey Blues began their march.
But before Shirley's and Pcpperel's regiments could be put in
a condition to follow, the melancholy accounts of Mr. Brad-
dock's
Tc frir
/jiu/<'30
Scale efXea^te^f
ym iijui Mlj .m !.
I
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
31
dock's defeat arrived. This fo difpirited thefe regiments, that ^755'
numbers deferted from them
;
and it had fuch an effect upon
the boat-men in particular, that almoft the whole of them dif-
perfcd, infomuch as to render it impoffible to keep fufhciently
fupplicd with provifions even the few troops tliat had not fuf-
fered themfelves to be infected by this almoft general
pa-
nic. General Shirley, however, left Albany before the end
of
July,
with as many of the troops and ftores as he could find
methods of conveying. He depended on being joined by
numbers of Indians of the Five Nations, through whofe coun-
try he was to pafs : but his expectations were too fanguine.
Inflead of complying with his requeft, they remonftrated
againft his committing any hoftilities on that fide of the coun-
try, alledging,
*'
That Ofwego was a place eftablifhcd for
traffick, as it really was ;
and that therefore the peace of the
country ought not to be difturbed by either the Englifh or
the French." A few, however, joined him, and with thefe he
profecuted his rout to Ofwego, which he reached, with
part of his troops, the i8th of Auguft: but it was the laft day
of that month before the reft arrived, when their ftore of pro-
vifion was found too fhort for the whole to proceed againft
Niagara. He therefore determined to make an attack upon
that place with fix hundred men, efpecially as by leaving
the remainder at Ofwego, there would be the lefs danger of
its being furprifed by the French from Fort Frontinac, which
happened at that time to be powerful, and the French could
eafily bring great part of that force over Lake Ontario. But,
upon a clofer examination of the ftores, they were found in-
fufficient even for this fmall body, till, on the 26th of Septem-
ber, there arrived juft enough for that purpofe, after twelve
d,ays fliort allowance was referved for the troops who were
to
;-2
HISTORYOFTHE
173
J.
to remain behind. A council of war was therefore held to
""'
^
confider of the prefent fituation of the army, in which it was
refolved, that as the feafon for adlion was fo fiir elapfed, the
attempt upon Niagara
fliould be deferred till the next year.
The little that remained, however, was employed in fecur-
ing the pofleffion of this important poft. The troops be-
gan to erec^ two new forts ; the old one, though dignified
by that name, being no better than a llone-houfe, originally
built for the convenience of trade, at the particular defire of
the Five Nations of Indians. There could be no fituation at
this place, however advantageous for trade, but what was fo
much the worfe for the purpofe of defence :
the forts, as they
were fituated, could not be made tenable but againft fmall
arms, being entirely commanded by adjacent eminences.
The fleet, which fo much induflry had put afloat, now
confifted of a decked floop of eight four-pounders and thirty
fwivels ; a decked fchooner, of eight four-pounders and
twenty-eight fwivels ; an undecked fchooner, of fourteen
fwivels and fourteen oars ; and another, of twelve fwivels
aud fourteen oars. But thefe vefl^els were ordered to be un-
rigged, and laid up, whilft the French fl:ill kept cruifing on
the lake with theirs ; and. all the benefit that was expe(5led from
a fuperior fleet, was loft to the Englifh, by difabling it fo
foon. Ofvvego was now not only deprived of the protecT:ion
of the veflels, but, on the 24th of 0(ftober, after a quantity
of provifion having arrived, the General withdrew himfelf
from thence with all his forces, except feven hundred men,
who were left under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel
Mercer, to finifh and defend the forts ; without a poflibility,
however, of being relieved, fhould they be attacked during
the
Y O R
E N G L A N D
^
LATEWARINAMERICA.
33
the winter-feafon. And this, there was fome reafon to appre- 1755-
hend, would be the cafe, hideed the French would have en-
'
'-*'~~-'
deavoured to gain it in the fpring, had not their attention
been diverted, by tranfporting ftores to Niagara, for the ufe
of Fort-du-Quefne, which they then confidered as an obje6t of
the firll magnitude.
The laft refolution of the council of Alexandria now claims
our attention ; namely, the expedition concerted againfl Crown-
Point. Although this expedition had the leafl appearance of
fuccefs, efpecially from the want of experience in the general,
and of difcipline in his troops, it was that which terminated
with moil honour to the Englifli arms. The
good fenfe of
General Johnfon, his conciliating manner of treating the In-
dians, his humanity and generofity, had procured from the
forces under him fuch confidence as to compenfate
the want
of almoft every other advantage, and create the greatefl, where
there was fcarce the leafl: hope of, fuccefs.
The troops for the fervice of this campaign were compofed
of the militia of the northern provinces,
commanded by Ma-
jor-General Lyman, till the arrival of General
Johnfon. They
were aflembled at the carrying-place
between Hudfon's river
and Lake George, to the number of about two thoufand two
hundred. During the interval between their arrival and that
of General Johnfon, they were employed in throwing up
fome works to fecure the landing-place:
thefe works will
hereafter be called Fort Editmrd.
General
Johnfon, on his
part, was employed at Albany in colleding
and forwarding to
Fort Edward fuch flores as the fervice demanded ; and on the
8th of Auguft, he fet out from thence with fevcral boat-loads
of artillery,
ammunition, and provifions, and joined General
F
Lvman
;,, Jf^Ma/ttA .I/i^fori- n/'t/i'^ TJof z^ ^4j>irir^.Sj9 J.2.odpr
.
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
33
the winter-feafon. And this, there was fome reafon to appre-
175s-
hend, would be the cafe. Indeed the French would have en-
^
'~*'~'
deavoured to gain it in the fpring, had not their attention
been diverted, by tranfporting {lores to Niagara, for the ufe
of Fort-du-Quefne, which they then conlidered as an objed of
the firfl magnitude.
The laft refolution of the council of Alexandria now claims
our attention ; namely, the expedition concerted againll Crown-
Point. Although this expedition had the leall
appearance of
fuccefs, efpecially from the want of experience in the general,
and of difcipline in his troops, it was that which
terminated
with moft honour to the Englifli arms. The good fenfe of
General Johnfon, his conciliating manner of treating the In-
dians, his humanity and generolity, had procured from the
forces under him fuch confidence as to compenfate
the want
of almoft every other advantage, and create the greatefl, where
there was fcarce the leaft hope of, fuccefs.
The troops for the fervice of this campaign were compofed
of the militia of the northern
provinces, commanded by Ma-
jor-General Lyman, till the arrival of General
Johnfon. They
were afTembled at the carrying-place
between Hudfon's river
and Lake George, to the number of about two thoufand two
hundred. During the interval between their arrival and that
of General Johnfon, they were employed in throwing up
fome works to fecure the landing-place:
thefe works will
hereafter be called Fort Ed-ward.
General
Johnfon, on his
part, was employed at Albany in colledling and forwarding to
Fort Edward fuch {lores as the fervice
demanded ; and on the
8th of Augu{l, he fet out from thence with feveral boat-loads
of artillery, ammunition, and provifions, and joined General
f
Lvman
34
HISTORY OF THE
75S- Lyman time enough to be able to put his little array in mo-
tion by the latter end of the fame month, leaving Colonel
Blanchard, with about three hundred provincials, as a garri-
fon in Fort Edward. The artillery and ammunition happen-
ing to meet with fome delay, the General thought proper to
encamp at Lake George till their arrival, when he refolved to
proceed againft Ticonderoga. The fituation he'' chofe was
advantageous, on an eminence, flanked by bufliy fwamps
j
Lake George was in his rear ; whilft the ordinary guards fuffi-
ciently fecured his front. From the afcendency he had gained
over the Indians who compofed part of his array, and which
he improved to the greateft advantage, as they were thoroughly
acquainted with every path, he conftantly employed a num-
ber of them as fcouts, to prevent all poffibility of furprizc.
Accordingly, in confequence of this prudent mcafure, he, on
the
7
th of September, received intelligence, that a body of
the French were on their march from Ticonderoga, with an
intention to attack Fort Edward. Upon this he immediately
fent off an ofticer exprefs to Colonel Blanchard, with orders
to withdraw his out-poils, and keep his whole force within
his works : but this officer happening to fall in with fome
of the advanced parties of the French, had the misfortune to
be killed. About midnight, an Indian whom the General
had fent to look out for, and to obferve his enemy, returned
with advice, that he had difcovered them, but w^ithout being
able to tell their numbers, wdiich. happened to be too great for
the arithmetic of an Indian, v/ho has no means to exprefs
the difference betv;ixt five hundred and as many thoufands
;
fo that the General ilill continued at a lofs for what it moft im-
ported him to know. He therefore immediately called a
council, of war, which unaninioufiy approved of his fending^
z.
a detach-
J
J %i
J
^
:
J
:
i^s!'
'Ul
m
5v
mmfi
d-
h' I
'
', I
m
^b^c^J'aae
2^
^0:
Upferences
E Ovens
LATEWARIMAMERICA.
35
a detachment early the next morning, of one thoufand pro-
'755-
vincials, under the command of Colonel Williams, and two
hundred Indians under the direction of old Hendrick, the
Mohock Sachem, with orders to attempt cutting off the retreat
of the French in their return from Fort Edward, whether
they fucceeded or mifcarried in their defigns againll it. This
was on the 8th of September. About nine in the morning, Co-
lonel WiUiams marched his detachment from the camp ; about
two hours after, a fmart firing was heard by thofe in the camp,
which grew louder from one moment to another, fo as to afford
the General fufficient reafon to apprehend, that Colonel Wil-
liams was attacked by the enemy, and defeated. He, therefore,
immediately ordered Lieutenant-Colonel Cole, with a detach-
ment of three hundred men, to check the fuppofed purfuit of
the enemy, and to cover the retreat of his friends. This
well-timed order refcued many of them from deftrudtion. He
likewife ordered the flumps of fome trees that had been burn-
ed down, to be piled up in his front ; and mofl of his men
being expert at the axe, fuch whole trees as flood convenient
for the purpofe were foon felled, and added to the flumps,
fo as to form with them a breafl-work, v/ith as much
regularity as the confufion of the time would admit. Such as
it was, it was fcarcely finifhed, when the remains of Colonel
Williams's party foon arrived at the camp : that the French
had beat them, was the only certain account which they
could give
;
as to the numbers of the enemy in particular,
they reprefented it fo differently, as to increafe the confufion
rather than lefTen it. But foon the French themfelves made
their appearance in front, moving up to the Englifli in one
large column, and in good order, with their bayonets fixed,
and a fleady countenance
;
till difcovering feme cannon, they
F 2 halted
,5
HISTORYOFTHE
1755.
halted for a moment, not without flicwing figns that their
"^

' ardour was a Httle abated by a fight fo unexpected. How-

evei", the cannon of the EngUfli did not appear more dif-
agreeablc to them, than that of their bayonets to the Eng-
hlh, who, from fome flrange negleifl, were not provided with
any. When the French had recovered themfelvcs a httle,
tliey fet forv/ard again
;
and about noon, at the diftance of
one hundred yards from the breall-vrork, began a re-
gular platoon-firing : but by this time, the Englifli troops,
having equally recovered themfelves, plied their mufketry
and cannon fo well, and thereby gave the French fuch a
ihock, that their Canadians and Indians abandoned the front-
attack, and crept behind the trees, upon the flanks of the
Englilh ; and from thence continued firing, but with very
little execution, as by this time the flanks had received an
additional fecurity of a breafl-work. The French, finding
themfelves thus deferted, thought proper to alter their pla-
toon-firing to the Indian method, and take fhelter behind
the trees. In this manner they advanced their front-
attack to within fifty yards of the breaft-work, where they
continued firing near two hours ;
till difcovering that they
could not make the leafl imprefllon on the front, they again
altered their plan, and made an effort, firfl on the right
wung, and then on the left : but thefe attacks proving equally
unfuccefsful with that upon the front, and numbers of men
having fallen on every fide, the remainder abandoned their
hopes, and retired about four o'clock in the afternoon. The
chief lofs that the Englifli fuftained in this afiair, confined of
thofe who had fallen in the retreat, or rather flight, of Co-
lonel Williams's detachment. The breafl-work effectually
prcfcrvcd all thofe who were covered by it; and the cannoa
prevented,
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
57
prevented, in all human probability, the defeat of the Eng-
i755-
lifli ; for the French were fuperior to them in numbers, who,
from fixteen hundred efTecflive men, were reduced to thirteen
hundred by the defeat of Colonel Williams ; whereas the
French conliiled of two hundred grenadiers, eight hundred
Canadians, and feven hundred hidians of different nations.
After the difafter that attended the party of Colonel Williams,
not a fmgle Indian would fliew himfelf in favour of General
Johnfon ; much lefs could any of them be prevailed upon to
exert themfclves ofFenfively. In this affair the Englifh had
about one hundred and thirty killed, amongfl whom were
Colonel Williams, Colonel Titcumb, Major Aflley, fix captains,
and old Hendrick, the Mohock chief; feveral were wounded,
and the General received a ball in his thigh. The French had
about two hundred and fixty killed, amongft whom was M.
de St. Pierre, who commanded the Indians ; about thirty were
taken prifoners, together with the Baron Diefkeau, who com-
manded the v/hole of the French troops. The Englifli com-
mander, fatisficd with his vit^lory, abftained from all purfuit.
This omifiion had nearly proved fatal to a party of about one
hundred and tvv-enty men, commanded by Captain Macginnis,
who had been detached from Fort Edward to reinforce Gene-
ral Johnfon's camp. About three hundred of Baron Dief-
keau's troops having rallied, and being in one body, met
Captain Macginnis near the place where Colonel Williams
had been defeated the preceding day. But as Captain Mac-
ginnis obferved the greatefl precaution in his march, and was
informed by one of his fcouts of the enemy's approach, he
immediately made a difpofition to receive them, and not only
repulfed their firfl attack, but fo vigoroufly charged them in
Iiis turOj that he foon put them to flight, and entirely dif-
perfed:.
38
H I S T O R Y O F T H E
1755-
perfed them,
with the lofs of only two men killed, eleven
wounded, and
five miffing. Captain Macginnis was wound-
ed j
of which wounds he died in a few days after his arrival
in General Johnfon's camp.
If we mufl allow, that General Johnfon committed fome
overfights in the courfe of this campaign, we may fafely af-
firm, that the Baron Diefkeau committed much greater. When
General Johnfon received intelligence of the enemy's march,
he did not take his refolutions, nor make his difpofitions,
with that celerity which circumftances feemed to demand.
Delays,
always dangerous, are feldom otherwife than fatal in
the bufmefs of war. Unlefs opportunity be feized at the very
inftantit prefents itfelf, it is gone, never to return. In the in-
terval, between General Johnfon's receiving certain intelli-
gence of the approach of the French, and his making the
detachment to attack them, there was undoubtedly time
enough given to Baron Diefkeau, if his defign had been
againft Fort Edward, to ftrike his blow againft it ; and whe-
ther he fucceeded or not, to have retreated beyond the reach
of Colonel Williams. Not profecuting his victory by a briflc
purfuit, was Hill more blameable : by it he mud have de-
ilroyed, or taken prifoners, a great number of the fugitive
French ;
and Captain Macginnis's party would have been freed
from the danger which they fo narrowly efcapcd, the next day.
As to Baron Dieflccau, when he left Ticonderoga, his inten-
tions were to cut off the garriibn at Fort Ed^vard
;
but when
he approached within three or four miles of that place, his
troops, prepoITefied with the notion of its being v/ell for-
tified with cannon, remonftrated againft the execution of his
defigns. They, however, from the fame principle of averfe-
nefs
LATE WAR IN AMERICA,
3^
ncfs to contend with cannon, declared themfelvcs willing to
i755-
attempt the furpriling of General Johnfon's camp, which they
fuppofed to be deftitute of artillery. This confideration alone
would have been fufficient to make Baron Diefkeau employ
them in this fervice, fincc, by its being their own choice,
their honour would be moil engaged to execute it properly.
But he had ilill another motive: he had learned by an Englifh
prifoner, that a few days before, when he had left the Eng-
lifc army, it was unprovided with cannon
;
and in facfl, no
cani.on
had at that time reached them : fo that every thing
confpired to infure him fuccefs. The defeat of Colonel Wil-
liams ilullied his troops with new hopes, and gave them ad-
dit'onal fpuits. Had he therefore puflied on, without halting
the iliort time that he did, and rulhed forward with fixed bay-
oners,
during the confufion in which he might cafily guefs
the dei'eat of Colonel Williams's party had thrown the Englifli
camp, he mull have redoubled that confufion, and of courfe
fucceeded in his attempt. His halting, however iliort it
was, gave the Englifli time to recolleft themfelves, and in-
creafe their defence to fuch a degree, as to defiroy every
advantage that could arife from his men being armed with

bayonets ;
from his fuperiority of numbers, and the fpirits
which his troops had acquired by the defeat of Colonel Wil-
liams : or had the Baron retreated in good order, as he might
eafily have done, on account of his fuperiority in numbers
and arms, as foon as he found the Englifla were provided
with cannon, and defended by abreaft-work, and that they had
fufficiently recovered their fpirits to avail themfelves of
both, he might ftill have carried his point againft Fort Ed-
ward.
The
40
HISTORY OF THE
1755' The mofl ufeful weapon in fudden affauks, either for at-
tack or defence, is the fcrewed bayonet. There was not a
fingle bayonet in General Johnfon's army ; whereas every
man amongft the French was provided with one; and it
was impoffible for the Enghfli to march as fafl with their can-
non as the French with fmall aims only ;
fo that the defence
of the former mult be confined folely to the firelock, a ma-
chine of very little utility when the fixed bayonet can be pro-
perly ufed.
Few battles, it may be fafely averred, have been fought, but
that, in the courfe of the adlion, there generally prefented
. themfelves certain advantages, which, if feized at the critical
moment, would have rendered it much more decifive.
We are not, therefore, to be furprifed at General
Johnfon's
committing
fome errors
;
for, fo far from pretending
to
the
knowledge of military bufinefs, he always profefFcd
an
io-norancc in that fcience; but an ardent defire of ferving his
country
was his chief motive for accepting the command:
the
confidence of his troops, and the opinion that he enter-
tained of their courage, gave him the mofl confident liope of
fuccefs.
It was, perhaps, owing to this his modefi; opinion of
himfclf,
that he had the fingular fatisfa6lion of returning
vidorious
with his provincials, when the army, compofed
chiefly
of regulars, fent againfl; Fort-du-Qiicfne, met a total
defeat
; and that defigned againfl Niagara, confifling of regu-
lars
alfo, was obliged to abandon the enterprize. Yet it is a
debt
we owe to candour to confefs, that if thefe troops had been
properly
led on, it is mod probable they would have met
with
equal
fuccefs.
The
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
",
41
The account of General Johnfon's fucceiTes no fooner reached '75
5-
England than the king, as an acknowledgment for his fer-
vices, created him a baronet ; and the parliament, to reward
them, prefented him with five thoufand pounds. Nor were
thefe fervices overpaid. The Englifh troops were fo afraid of
their enemy that they always expedfed defeat
;
this advantage
gained by General Johnfon
reflored them a little to a confi-
dence in themfelves, and taught them to regard the enemy
with a lefs degree of apprehenfion than they had done for
fome time paft; yet they did not immediately acquire that
martial turn of mind by which they afterwards became fo
diftinguifiied. This alteration alone would have fufficiently
compenfated for a much greater lofs than that which General
Johnfon fuftained in the a61ion with the Baron Dieflceau, had
there been no other advantages gained by it; which was very
far from being the cafe. The fuccefs of General Johnfon gave
fecurity to the northern provinces, by difabling the French
troops, and obliging them to retire : On the contrary, had he
been defeated, the French might have penetrated even to Al-
bany without oppofition, and have deflroyed the whole coun-
tr3% General Shirley might alfo have been attacked in a
fituation, when neither courage or condu6l could have been
fufficient to fave him.
General Jolmfon, after this affair, turned his thoughts to
the fecuring of the country from the incurfions of the enemy
when he fliould retire into winter quarters ; and the ere6ting
of a fort at his encampment appearing the beil meafure that
he could take for that purpofe, he immediately gave orders for
the conftruding of one, which he called Fort WilHam
Henry,
Captain Robert Rogers, of the new Hampfl-iire
regiment, a
G ,
perfon
HISTORY OF THE
perfon well acquainted with the woods of North America, and
with the Indians in the interefl of the Englifli, having by this
time
joined General Johnfon, he was ordered on different fcouts
to difcover the number of the enemy, and how they were em-
ployed. On the 24.th of September he was fent to Crown
Point,
where he found the French were in number about five
hundred, and were ere6ling a battery at. the fide of the fort.
On the 7th of October he was ordered to Ticonderoga, where he
difcovered
about two thoufand French, who had thrown up an
intrenchment, and prepared a large quantity of hewn timber
in the adjacent woods; he was even a witnefs to their laying
the foundations of a fort on the point which commands the
pafs between Lake George and Lake Champlain.
Thefe difcoveries were fufficient to convince General John-
fon of the impracfticability of attacking the enemy at Ti-
conderoga with any profpedl of fuccefs. From their great
fuperiority of numbers he had reafon to expedt they would
again attack him, flrengthened with cannon; he therefore
refolved to adl on the defenfive, and diredt his whole flrength
towards finifhing Fort William Henry. Continuing this work
as long as the feafon would permit, he was then obliged to-
enter into winter-quarters, leaving a regiment of provincials
and Captain Rogers's company to garrifon that place and Fore
Edward; and on the 24th of Decem.ber retired to Albany, and
from thence difperfed the remainder of his army to their
refpedtive provinces. Thus then, though the plan of military
operations agreed upon in the council of war held at Alexan-
dria, was attempted in its utmofl latitude, the afpedt of the
Englifli affairs on the continent was very little, if at all, im-
proved by it. The defeat of General Braddock, and the
withdrawins:
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
4j
withdrawing of the troops from Philadelphia, the moll central ^iss-
of the Englifh colonies, by General Shirley, gave the French
an opportunity, in fpite of General Johnfon's fuccefs, to im-
prove their fituation on the Ohio, efpecially by enlarging and
Hrengthening the forts they had already erecfted to fccure
their claim to that part of the country ; and make from thence
fuch excurlions into the Englifh back-fettlements as obliged
the wretched inhabitants to abandon them, and to retire for
fafety into the more inhabited parts. The tedious delays in
preparing military ftores for the fiege of Niagara, and the
fcandalous negledt in forming proper magazines of provifions
for the fame purpofes, begot an uncommon fpirit of enter-
prize in the French, and encouraged their Indians to allifl
them in carrying deftrudlion into the back-fettlements of the
Englifli.
To put a flop to thefe depredations the government of Vir-
ginia ordered, that the militia of the counties of Dumfries,
Prince William, and Fairfax, fliould be draughted, and one
hundred and fixty of them fliould march towards the foiith
branch of the Potomack, which had been lately the fcene of
feveral cruel murders. About the middle of Oiflober, five
hundred more were ordered to rendezvous at Fort Cumber-
land, to prevent further outrages from the French in that
quarter.
But ail thefe meafures proved only local and temporary re-
medies. As fail as the French, and particularly their Indians,
were curbed or challifcd in one place, they broke out, and
committed freila outrages in another, efpecially on the fide of
Philadelphia.
On the 3d of November, the governor of that
G 2
province
44
HISTORYOF THE
J?" 5- province informed the afTembly, by meilage, That a mofl for-
midable body, compofed of fourteen hundred hidians, and
one hundred French, were on their march from the Ohio,
with an intention to divide, as foon as they fliould come with-
in a certain diftance of the frontiers, into fepai-ate parties
;
fome againf Shamekin, others againft Jurnata, and a third
party againft Harris's ferry ; and, in that manner, fpread
thcmfelves in fmall companies quite over the province of
Pennfylvania, fo as to be able to take up their winter-quarters
quietly at Lancafter; that they were now encamped on the
Safquehanah, within fo little diftance as eighty miles of Phi-
ladelphia ;
That they had ingratiated themfelves to fuch a
degree with the Delawares and the Shawanefe as to make
them take up the hatchet againfl the Englifli, and declare they
would not lay it down whilfl there was any Englifh alive to
life it againft. The governor added, That he could have put
the province into a pofture of defence, and prevented all the
mifchief which had been already done by this party, had his.
hands been properly llrengthened
i
but that he had neither
money, nor arms, nor ammunition, at his difpofal
; that there
was no militia
;
and that he could not form the back-fettlers
into fuch regular bodies as the prefent exigencies required.
He, therefore, eameftly recommended it to them to grant the
proper fupplies of money for thefe important purpofes, and
prepare a bill for eftablifliing a militia, with a claufe in fa-
vour of thofe who, from truly confcientious motives, fcrupled
the bearing of arms ; as it was impoffible, without fuch a law,
to prevent confufion and diforder, and anfwer the purpofes of
government, however confiderable the mere pecuniary fup-
plies granted for tliat purpofe might be
To
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
45
To this meflage the aflembly avoided giving any explicit
^
^7 55-
anfwer. The leading men amongft them, being Quakers, did
all that lay in their power to oblhud; every propofal for com-
plying Avith the mod material part of the governor s mefTage,
that of raifing
men as well as money. Some of them went
fo far as to vindicate the enemy, and advife forbearance, as
the belt meafure they could take to fecure both their liberty
and property.
To confirm this fpirit of delufion that had
feized upon the majority of the reprefentatives, many fpeakers
or preachers, both men and women, ran about, with more
than common affiduity, protefting againll: all warlike prepa-
rations, and declaring, that whatever evils might come upon
the Englifli provinces, it was of their own feeking
;
that the
French were fettled on their own lands
;
and that the defeat
of the Englifli troops was a judgment for difturbing the
French in their peaceable habitations
;
that their colony was
under the immediate protecSlion of Heaven
;
and that there-
fore it was as unnecefTary to take any fleps to keep the French
out of Pennfyivania, as it had been wicked to attempt the
driving them out of their own poiTeflions. The governor,
therefore, was obliged to fend them another meflage to the
fame purport, with the alarming news that the fettlement at
the Great Cove was utterly deftroyed, and all the fettlers killed
or taken prifoners. But they ftill held out. On the loth,
therefore, of the fame month, the governor further informed
them, in the mofl pathetic manner. That the Indians who itill
continued true to the Englifli had publicly required the aflift-
ance of the province, declaring, that, unlefs it was immedi-
ately granted, they muft, in their own defence, take part with
the French, as they were not themfelves able to make head
againil them. The governor fpiritedly added, That he was
I fully
46
H I S T O R Y F T H E
'75 5-
fully refolved, ^vith the advice of his council, to fet out in
perfon for the back-fettlcments, in order to affift the wretched
inhabitants who were ftill left alive, with his prefence, and
put them in the bed order he could to defend themfelves, as
he had no hopes left of being able to do any thing for their in-
tereil in concert with the afTembly, though bound by many
more ties than hiinfclf to confuk it.
One would imagine that this meffage left no room for any
other ; notwithflanding which, much fruitlefs altercation
palTed between the governor and alTembly, even about pe-
cuniary fupplies. In a meffage which the governor fent the
aj3embly on the iSth, he acquainted them that the Indians
had driven away the inhabitants of Tulpekochen, and then
deftroyed the fettlement itfelf ; and obferved, that the ways
and means of fupply they had under confideratidn were of
too dilatory a nature, as no money could be raifed in confe-
qiience of them in lefs than fix weeks, by which time great
part of the province might be laid wa.fte. He, therefore,
again urged them for an immediate fupply, and an imme-
diate law to render that fupply efTec^iital, by eilablifliing and
regulating a militia, and fubjefting it to military difcipline.
Thefe applications were confiderably reinforced by the un-
expe6led arrival at Philadelphia, the very next day, of many
hundreds of the back-fettlers. - Thefe wretched fugitives de-
manded, in a body, that relief they v\'ere- entitled to by the
laws of God and Nature, from the protection of government.
They firfl: applied to the governor, who gave them an account
of his mcllages to the alTembly in their behalf ; and lliewed
them an order from the proprietaries for a confidcrable funi
to be laid otu as a free gift in the defence of tlie province.
Upon
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
47
Upon this, they hurried to the ftadt-houfe with a waggon 1755-
loaded with the dead bodies of their friends, who had been
fcalped only about fixty miles off by the Indians ; and fet
them down at the door of the affembly-houfe, curfmg the
Quakers and their principles, and bidding the committjee of
affembly
behold the fruits of their obflinacy, and confefs,
that their pretended fan6lity could not fave the province with-
out
tl:^affiflance of the arm of flefh. To thefe arguments
they added threats to come down again on the fame errand
j
adding. That in cafe they found no effe<5tual fleps taken for
their protedlion, the confequences fliould be fatal. Thefe de-
clarations were made with fuch ' marks of grief and defpair
in their faces, for the lofs of their wives and children, and
the labours of their whole lives, that the affembly, either
moved by the diftrefs, or over-awed by the menaces, of the
injured people, immediately dropt all their difputes, paffed a
money-bill for fixty thoufand pounds, and likewife a militia-
bill, too new and curious in its kind to be here omitted. It
is as follows :
An A^ for
the better ordering and regulating
fuch as are ivilling and
defirous to be united
for
7niUtary purpofes ivithin the Province
of
Pennfylvania, paffed
November i^th i
"] $^.

"
WHEREAS this province was lirfl fettled by (and a majority
of the affemblies have ever fmce been of) the people called ^ia~
kers
;
who, though they do not, as the world is now circum-
flanced, condemn the ufe of arms in others, yet are princi-
pled againft bearing arms themfelves ; and to make any law
to compel them thereto, againll their confciences,
would not
be only to violate a fundamenial principle in our conltiiution,
and be a dired breach of our charter of privileges, but would
alfo
48
HISTORYOFTHE
1755. alfo in efTecl be to commence perfecution againft all that part
of the inhabitants of the province ; and for them, by any law, to
compel others to bear arms, and exempt themfelves, would be
inconfiflent and partial: Yet forafmuch as, by the general tolera-
tion and equity of our laws, great numbers of people of other
religious denominations arc come among us, who are under no
fuch reftraint, fome of whom have been difciplined in the art of
war, and confcientioufly think it their duty to fight in de-
fence of their country, their wives, their families, and efcates
;
and fuch have an equal right to liberty of confcience with
others.
"
Jitd tvbereas a great number of petitions from the feveval
counties of this province have been prefented to the houfe,
fetting forth, That the petitioners are very willing to defend
themfelves and their country, and defirous of being formed
into regular bodies for that purpofe, inllru6led and difciplined
under proper officers, with fuitable and legal authority ; re-
prefenting withal, That unlefs meafures of this kind are
taken, fo as to unite them together, fubject them to due com-
mand, and thereby give them confidence in each other, they
cannot afiemble to oppofe the enemy, without the utmofl
danger of expofing themfelves to confufion and defcrucflion.
*'
And ivbereas the voluntary afi"embling of great bodies of
armed men from dilTerent parts of the province on any occa-
fional alarm, whether true or falfe, as of late hath happened,
without call or authority from the govei^nment, and without
due order and direction among themfelves, may be attended
with danger to our neighbouring Indian friends and allies, as
well as to tlie internal peace of the province.
<'
Jnd
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
49
"
And whereas the governor hath frequently recommended 1755.
it to the afTembly, that in preparing and palling a law for
^"^
fuch purpofes, they fliould have due regard to fcrupulous and
tender confciences, which cannot be done where compulfive
means are ufed to force men into military fervice ; therefore,
as we reprefent aU
the people of the province, and are com-
pofed of members of different religious perfuafions, we do
not think it reafonable that any fliould, through a want of
legal powers, be in the leaft reilrained from doing what they
judge it their duty to do for their own fecurity and the public
good; we, in compliance with the faid petitions and recom-
mendations, do offer it to the governor to be enadted, and he
it enabled by the Honourable Robert Hunter Morris, Efq; with
the King's royal approbation, lieutenant-governor,
under the
Honourable Thomas Penn and Richard Penn, Efquires, true
and abfolute proprietors of the province of Pennfylvania,
and
of the counties of Newcaflle, Kent, and SufTex upon Delaware,
by and with the advice and confent of the
reprefentatives
of
the freemen of the faid province, in general afTembly
met,
and by the authority of the fame. That from and after
publication of this a(5V, it fliall and may be lawful for free-
men of this province to form themfelves into companies,
as
heretofore they have ufed in time of war without law ; and
for each company, by majority of votes in the way of ballot,
to chufe its own ofKcers, to wit, a captain, lieutenant,
and
enfign, and prefent them to the governor or commander
in
chief for the time being, for his approbation
; which officers,
fo chofen, if approved and commifTioned by him, fliali be the
captain, lieutenant, and enfign of each company refpectively,
according to their cornmiflions ;
and the faid companies being
H divided
5^
HISTORY OF THE
'755-
div::kd into regiments by the governor or commander in
chief, it fliall and may be lawful for the officers fo chofen
and commilTioned for the fcveial companies of each re-
giment, to meet together, and by majority of votes, in the
way of ballot, to chufe a colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and
major, for the regiment, and prefent them to the gover-
nor, or commander in chief, for his approbation
; which
officers fo chofen, if approved and commifTioned. by him,
fliall be the colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and major of the
regiment, according to their coramiilions, during the con-
tinuance of this adl.
"
Provided aliuajs, That if the governor or commander
in
chief fliall not think fit to grant his commifTion to any officer,
fo flrfl chofen and prefented, it fliall and may be lawful
for
the eledlors of fuch officer to chufe two other perfons in his
ilead, and prefent them to the governor or commander in
chief; one of whom, at his pleafure, fliall receive his com-
miffion, and be the officer as aforefaid.
"
And be it further ena^ed by the authority aforefaid, That
as foon as the faid companies and regiments are formed, and
their officers commiffioned as aforefaid, it Ihall and may be
lawful to and for the governor, or commander in chi<sf, hj
and with the advice and confent of the colonels, lieutenant-
colonels, and majors of all the regiments, being for that pur-
pofe by him called and convened, or by and with the advice
and confent of a majority of the faid officers that fliall be mec
and prefent together on fuch call, to form, make, and cua-
blifli articles of war, for the better government of the forces
Uiat faall be under their command, and for bringing offend-
ers
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
j-i
ers againfl the fame to juilice; and to erecSt and conflitute 1755-
courts-martial, with powers to hear, try, or determine any
crimes or offences by fuch articles of war, and inflicl penal-
ties, by fentence or judgment of the fam.e, on thofe who fliall
be fubjedl thereto, in any place witliin this province. Which
articles of war, when made as aforefaid, Hiall be printed and
dillributed to the captairis of the feveral companies, and by
them diflindtly read to their refpeftive companies ; and all
and every captain, lieutenant, eniign, or other freemanj
who fliall, after at leaft three days confideration of the faid ar-
ticles, voluntarily fign the fame, in prefence of fome one juf-
tice of the peace, acknowledging his having perufed or heard
the fame diftindlly read, and that he has well confidered
thereof, and is willing to be bound and governed thereby,
and promifes obedience thereto, and to his officers according-
ly, fliall henceforth be deemed well and duly bound to the
obfervance of the faid articles, and to the duties thereby re-
quired, and fubjedt to the pains, penalties, punifhments,
and
forfeitures that may therein ,be appointed on difobedience and
other offences.
"
Provided ahvays, That the articles fo to be made and efta-
blifhed, fhall contain nothing repugnant, but be as near as
poffible conformable to the military laws of Great Britain,
and to the articles of war made and ellabliflied by his Majefly,
in purfuance of the lafl a6l of parliament for punifliing mu^
tiny and defertion ; the different circumilances of this pro-
vince compared with Great Britain, and of a voluntary militia
of freemen compared with mercenary Handing troops, being
duly weighed and maturely confidered.
H 2

Provided
52
HISTORYOFTHE
1755-
"
Provided alfo,
That nothing in this act fliall be iinderftood
or conftrued to give any power or authority to the governor
or commander in chief, and the faid officers, to make any
articles or rules that fhall in the leafl afFe6l thofe of the inha-
bitants of the province who are confcientioufly fcrupulous of
bearing arms, either in their liberties, perfons, or eftates^
nor any other perfons, of what perfualion or denominatioa
foever, who have not firil voluntarily and freely figned the
faid articles, after due coniideration as aforefaid^
"
Provided alfo, That no youth under the age of twenty-one-
years, nor any bought fervant or indented apprentice fliall
be admitted to enrol himfelf, or be capable of being enrol-
led in the faid companies or regiments, without the confent
of his or their parents or guardians, mailers or miflrefles, in.
writing under thek hands firft had and obtained.
"
Provided alfo. That no inliilment or enrolment of any per-
fon, in any of the companies or regiments to be formed or
raifed as aforefaid, fliall protecft fuch perfon in any fuit or
civil acflion brought againfl him by his creditors or others,
except during his being in aftual fervice in field or garrifonj
nor from a profecution for any offence committed againft thg
laws of this province.
"
Provided alfo, That no regin;ient, company, or party of
volunteers, fliall, by virtue of this a6l, be compelled or led
more than three days march beyond the inhabited parts of the
province ; nor detained longer than three weeks in any gar-
rifon, withoiu an exprefs engagement for that purpofe, firfl:
voluntarily entered into and fubfcribed by every man, fo to
march or remain in garrifon.
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
**
This a6t to continue in force until the 30th day of OcTto-'
ber next, and no longer."
After all, we mufl remark, in juftice to the Quakers, that
the reft of the Englifli colonifts, who held no religious tenets
which could obftru(5l their councils, or tie up their hands,
were very far from being properly united, or even fo much
as agreed, regarding the grand point of railing the necelTary
fupplies of men and money for their common fafety. Thofe
indeed, who were nearcft the feat of danger prefented feveraj
fpirited remonllrances to their rulers, and inftrudlions totheir re-
prefentatives, fetting forth,
"
That when they faw the views of
an ambitious and potent prince extended, in open violation of
the moft folemn treaties with the native Indians and the crown
of Great Britain, and his fubjedls feizing lands undoubtedly
within the limits of the Englifh territories, fortifying them-
felves thereon, affilled by all the native forces of Canada,
a
large number of veteran foldiers from France ; and thereby
opening a fliort and eafy palTage to the back-fettlements
of
the Englifh: That when they reflecled on thefe
intruders,
who were the avovv'cd enemies of the property and trade, the
liberty, laws, and religion of the Englifh, the utter
extirpation
of which could only fatisfy them : That when they
confidered
this, it plainly appeared to be the grand leading view in all
their ambitious defigns, and the only way, in their
opinion,
to eftablilh an arbitrary and tyrannical empire, and with it
a bloody and perfecuting religion, throughout the whole
con-
tinent of North America ; That when they obferved them,
in
purfuance of this plan, to a6t in one uniform
manner,
guided
by one fteady council, and direifled to one fixed and unalterable
point; their ftrength confilling in union, and.tlieir
profpeA
6
o
54
HISTORY- OF THE
^755'
of employing that llrength fuccefsfully, founded on the pre-
fent unhappy disjointed ftate of the Englifh colonies ; a ciu-
cumftance fo evident even to the Indians in alliance with the
Englilhj that felf-prefervation had induced many of their
warriors to go over to the French, believing, that either the
affairs of the Englifli were defperate, or that the Englifli them-
felves were an eafy, effeminate, and daflardly people, and
confequently not to be relied on, either for prudence to provide
againft, or courage to oppofe, the impending dangers.
"
That when they ferioufly confidered and obferved all thefe
things, they could not forbear being alarmed at a fituation
fo Ihocking to every true fubjeft of Great Britain: adding.
That it was with the utmoft concern they had feen thofe evils,
from fmall beginnings, grow, though by flow degrees, to a
moft alarming height; and that they could not help attribut-
ing this their monftrous growth to the private views and dif-
tinion, the irrefolution and ina<5lion, of the feveral legiflatures
of Eritiili America ; fo that an invafion, v/hich, confidering
the natural ftrength of the Englifli colonies, if properly unit-
ed, might have been heretofore repelled at an eafy espence,
was now become a matter of the mofl ferious concern to
themfclves, as well as of the greatcll importance to the mo-
ther-country, by requiring a provincial afliflance in men and
money, far beyond what, in cafe of an early jun6lion and
fpirired mcafures, would have been amply fufhcient."
Thefe remonflrances and infl:rucT:ions had, in a great mea-
fure, the defired efTecfl, by difpofing the minds to whom they
were
diredled to lillen to the advice, and obey the injunctions
of the court of London to the fame falutary purpofe. General
Shirley,
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
55
Shirley, who arrived at Albanyon the 4th of November, on the 2d
^755-
of the follov/ing month, wrote circular letters to the feveralEng-
lifh governors upon the continent, to meet him at that place, in
order to hold a council of war ; which, by order of his maftcr, the
King of Great Britain, was to confift of as many Engiiih gover-
nors and field- officers as could poffibly attend at it. As foon as
this council met, Mr. Shirley laid before them the inllrucT:ion5
that had been given his predeceffor General Braddock;
and
then exerted tlie utmofl of his abilities to eflablifh a good har-
mony amongfi: the Englilh colonies ; and was particularly
happy in effe6ling an union between the governments
of
New-England and New-York, towards the common caufe of
defence againfh the incroachments of the French : and, what
was of fl;ill greater confequence, he conciliated to the Britifli
intereft many of the Indians who had already
gone over to
the French, or had given juft reafon to fufpedl their intend-
ing it.
The firll fruits of this fuccefs were, that the meafures he
propofed, in confequence of General Braddock's
inftrudions,
were cheerfully agreed to. Thefe were, To fecure, at all
events, the navigation of Lake Ontario
; and employ
fix thou-
fand ta-oops againfl the French forts on that lake, and ten
thoufand againil Crown-Point. It was likewife
propofed
to
renew the expedition againfb Fort-du-Quefne,
and attack the
French xyn the river Chaudiere: but thefe
operations
were
approved merely on condition they did not interfere
with
the prmcipal expeditions already
agreed to. The council
then
unanimoufly declared it to be their opinion, That it would be
impoflible to recover and fecure his Britannic
Majefty's
juft
rights, without an additional number of regular forces
5
and,
as
HISTORY OF THE
as the French were building veiTels at Frontcnac, they aUb
ordered a fnow, a brigantine, and a floop to be bulk at Fort
Ofwego.
The executing of thefe meafures required no fmall
degree
of military fkill ; and, whatever merit General Shirley might
be poffeiTed of as a negotiator, he had not, in the courfe of
his command, difcovered any great abilities as a foldier. The
court of London, therefore, thought proper to fuperfede him
in his command, and ordered him to England, before he
could have an opportunity of carrying any of his winter-
councils into execution.
Notwithftanding
the defeat of M. Dieilvcau, there ftill re-
mained a great number of the French regulars, which the
Baron and M. de Vaudreuil had brought over with them,
to
the amount of three thoufand men and upwards. Thefe troops,*^
with the Canadians, who were as well, if not better, qualified
for fervice in that country, than the French regulars, joined
to the numerous tribes of hidians in the French intereft, being
condufted by one chief, formed an infinitely more formidable
power than the regular and provincial troops of the Engliijh,
who could not unite their flrength on account of the jarring
interefls of the different provinces.
The polls of Ticonderoga and Crown-Point were efFeftually
fecurcd by the French, who likewife continued to ufe the
greateft diligence in conilruc^ing veffels at Fort Frontenac
;
they alfo llrongly garrifoned Niagara, and ftationed a fuffi-
-
cient number of troops on the communication between that
place and Fort-du-Quefne, fo as to fecure either from fur-
prize
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
57
prize, and v/hich would at the fame time admit of their i75S-
making detachments, in conjuncflion with the Indians, to
^~"
attack the fettlements of Virginia and Pennfylvania that
were neareft to their forts. The feverity of the fcafon hav-
ing forced the main body of tlie- French army into win-
ter-quarters, the French commander in chief purfued fuch
meafures with the Indians as effecflually conciliated many of
them to his intereft ; and then, in concert with them, formed
a plan for the operations of the enfuing campaign.
BOOK
THE
HISTORY
O F T H E
LATE
WAR IN AMERICA,
BOOK II.
Lord Loudon appointed comma'ader in chief of
the Briti/Jj troops in
North America.
Major-General Ahercromhy fent
thither to com-
mand till his arrival. Bradfireet
attacked on the Onondaga river.
Lord London arrives at Albany. Number and pofition of
the Engli/}} and French forces. Ofivego
taken by the French,
ivho demolifJo it. Succefsfnl
operations
of
the Fnglifld zinder Go~
vernor Lavorence. Fort Granville firprifed by the Indians.
Kittanning furprifed by the FnglifJo.
Treaties concluded by the
governors
of
Fennfylvania and Virginia 'with the Indians. Alea-
fures
taken
for
the fecurity
of
the Engli/Jj colonies during the winter
,
Major Rogers employed in makijig prfoners. Fort Loudon
built by the Englijh. They are joined at Fort Cimberland by a
body
of
Cherokees. Drop their deftgn
upon Croivn-Fointy ivith a
vie-'du
ef
attacking Loiiifbonrg. M. de Montcahns ivinter-operations.
Fort William-Henry attacked by the French. They defeat a
detachment
cf
the Engliflo. Embargo laid on the floipping by Lord
London^ to favour his attack on Louijbourg.

-He fails from

New
York
;
anchors at the Hook. Difpcfition for
the defence of
the
frontiers in his abfcnce. Fort William-Henry befieged
by the
French..
LATEWARINAMERICA.
S
French.
Capitulates. Lord Loudon
fails for Halifax. Ad'-
miral Holborne arrives therefrom Enghmd. Troops embark to attack
Louifhourg. Theftrength of
the French difco'vered.- The Eng-
li/Jj alter their plan
of
operations. Lord Loudon returns to Netv
York;

is recalled
;

fucceeded in his command by General Abercromby.

rx^HE Britilli provinces having applied for a reinforce-
v^JI^Ll
ment of troops, the court of London determined to in-
creafe her efforts in North Anfierica. The Earl of Lou-
don was therefore appointed commander in chief in that
part of the Britifh empire ; but, as he would be neceflarily
detained fome time in England, Major-General Aber-
cromby was ordered to proceed immediately to North Ame-
rica, and take the command of the troops, till his Lord-
fhip fliould arrive. The Earl of Loudon, already colonel of
a regiment, was nominated to another, which was to confifl
of four battalions, to be called the Royal Americans, arxd to be
officered chiefly by foreigners ; art aft of parliament having
palled for that purpofe. He was likev^^ife conflituted governor
of Virginia ; and was, moreover, invefled with fuch powers
as wre thought necefTary, by giving a greater latitude to his
authority, to enable him to promote an union amongfl the
Englifli colonies. In the mean time, the necelTary preparations
were made in Britifh Axnerica to forward the execution of the
plans agreed upon in the council of war that had been held at
Albany. The militia of the feveral provinces were aflembled
at that place
;
but there remained, for want of a commander
in chief, till the latter end of
June, when General Aber-
cromby joined them in that capacity. The General having
brought Avith him the thirty-fifth regiment, and the forty-
fecond, or Lord
John Murray's regiment of Highlanders, the
Britifli troops now in North America confifled of thefe two
I 2
corps,,
^'o
HI S T O R Y OF T HE
'75'5-
corps,
Pcppcrcl's,
Shirley's, the forty-fourth and forty-eighth
1
^, /
j-cgiQicj-^ts ; wicli four independent companies from New
York ; four from Carolina, and a confxderable body of
provincials.
Though General Abercromby approved of the plan of ope-
rations agreed upon by the Albany council of war, he con-
ceived it by far too extenfive to be earned into execution by
the forces under his command. He, therefore, thought pro-
per to wait the arrival of Lqrd Loudon ; but, in the mean
time, ordered the provincials to march immediately for Fort
William-Henry, under the command of General Winllow.
The French diligently availed themfelves of this inac-
tion of the Englifli, and M. de Montcalm, who had ar-
rived in Canada, with about three thoufand regulars, de-
tached a party to- attack Fort Bull on Wood-Creek, in the
country
of the Five Nations; the whole garrifon of which,
except
two, were fcalped. He, likewife formed a camp at
Ticonderoga, and flrengthened the poft at Q'own-Point.
Moreover, being fufficiently apprifed tliat the Bi-itih forces
were not to a6t offenfively till Lord Loudon fliould take the
command, and knowing that his Lordflrip could not arrive-
before the feafon would be elapfed for attacking Crown-Pointy
or relieving Ofwego if attacked by the French, Montcalm refolved
to
carryinto execution a plan formed by M. de Vaudreuil againft
that fort ; and, to infure fuccefs to his operations, he placed
ambufcadcs, in order to prevent its receiving any kind of
fupplies,
either of men or provifion, from SchenecT:ady.
In the mean time, however, Lieutenant-Colonel Bradftreej;.
was exerting^
himfclf to carry into execution the refolutions
'7
)et>
r
Ar.]
xwks m\
'7
)etv
;/"<> /''
COMMUNJC^riOj^ lietwi-en ALBANY ami () SAVEGO yi,;nnr,/j;.r.lrnj:u,U //,//r,y nj'^Ut/, .Jm,ri,,,JlyrKl,^,,,JM^
LATE WAR IN AMERICA. 6t
of the Albany council of war, to form, at Ofwcgo, fuch ma- i/s^-
jyazincs of military and other flores as the importance of the
place feemed to require; and having left Schenetftady on this
fervice, with about three hundred boat-men, the French
got intelligence of his proceedings, and formed an am-
bufcade to intercept him, either in his way to Ofwego,
or as he fliould be returning from that place. The detach-
ment for this purpofe were to proceed to the north fliore
of the Onondaga river; and were ordered to fire into the Eng-
lifli boats that would pafs before the men could land, or make
any
difpofition for their defence. But this body loll their way
in the woods, and did not reach the banks of the river, from
whence they were to fire on Colonel Bradftreet, till he had
pafTed that place. However, as no proper meafures had been
taken by the Englifli to fcour the country well, the French
found means to continue unnoticed in the woods till the
Colonel's return. Boats on this kind of fervice muft always
be expofed to an attack, from the impoflibility of having troops
on fliore to cover them. Upon thefe occafions, therefore, it is
neceflary to make fuch difpofitions as may the fooneft enable
them to retire from an ambufcade, or give them an opportu-
nity of forming in a manner fo as to be able to oppofe it.
Such Avas the difpofition made by Colonel Bradfl;reet. He
divided his boats into three divifions, with orders to keep at a
proper difiance afunder, to be the better able to land and fup-
port eacl\othcr. He himfelf headed the firft. Whilfl: he was
Hemming the ftream of the Onondaga in this order, on the
3d of
July,
he was faluted with the war-whoop, and a. volley of
muflcet bullets, from the northern fliore.
Upon tills, he ordered his men to land on the oppofite
banks; and then, recollcding that there was a little ifland juil
above liim where the enemy might ford the river,, and attack
his
ez
HISTOP. Y OF THE
1756.
his men before they could form, he inflantly rowed to it with
fix men only. But he had fcarce got on fliorc when he was
attacked by at leaft twenty. Thefe, however, he foon re-
puUed; and, being joined by more of his party, beat them
off a fecond and a third time. The French, therefore, defpair-
ing of being able to pafs the river at this place, marched in a
body along the northern banks to attempt another ford about
;i mile higher, and Colonel Bradflreet kept moving along
the oppofite Ihore with two hundred men to oppofe their paf-
fage ; till, feeing that another detachment had already croITed
the river, and pofhed themfelves in a fwamp, he fell upon
them with fo much fury as to leave them no profpe61: of fecu-
rity but in flight. Many of them, however, fell in their way
to the river, and many more were driven into it and drowned.
This proved a critical advantage to the Engiifli ; for the other
French party had, by this time, paffed the ford ; bwt it was
only to experience the fame difgrace. The Colonel marched
tip to them, forced them to give way, drove them to the north
fliore of the river, and there totally rotited and difperfed the
whole detachment. This affair continued warm for about three
hours, during which the Engiifli had above fixty killed and
wounded ;
and the French about one hundred killed, and
feventy taken prifoners ;
and had not a heavy rain come on
that night, and continued all the next day, few, if any, of
the French v/ould have efcaped the fame fate
;
though the
French concerned in this affair confided originally of feven
hundred men, and the Engiifli they had to deal Vv'ith were
wholly undifciplined. But acSlions of this kind are fo irre-
gular, as to make refolution in the men more than compen-
fate for any want of military knowledge. And this was the
cife of Colonel Bradftrect's party, which vv'as compofed of
raw
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
raw Hibernians. They had indeed that confidence in their
commander and themfeives which is generally a fure fign of
vidtory.
The very night after this affair, Colonel Bradftreet
was
joined by Captain Patten with a company of grenadiers, in
his way from Oneida to Ofwego
;
and the next day by a de-
tachment of two hundred men from the garrifon of Ofwego
;
but, before the rain, and the floods, occafioned by its fwelling
all the adjacent rivulets, would permit them to ftir, all the
French who had efcaped, and were able to march, had
got back to Lake Ontario, and either taken refuge on board
the veffels which had brought them from Fort Fronti-
nac, or joined a large body of French, which, by the re-
ports of the prifoners, were encamped on the eaft fide of
that lakd, and made part of an army deftined againll Ofwego.
The detachment, therefore, from that place, marched back to
it with Captain Patten and his grenadiers, whilft Colonel Brad-
ftreet returned to Schenecftady, where, without meeting with
any further moleflation, he arrived the 14th of
July.
The
next day, he fet cut for Albany, and communicated to Gene-
ral Abercromby the intelligence he had received from his
prifoners concerning the deligns of the French upon Ofwego.
The General, upon this, immediately ordered Colonel Webb to
march with the forty-fourth regiment to reinforce the garrifon
.
there; but, fomehow or other, this body was delayed till the
26th of
July;
v>^hen Lord Loudon being arrived at New-York,
immediately proceeded to Albany, and took upon himfelf
the command of the Engli.Qi army, which now cojifiiled of
three thoufand regulars and upwards, bcudes tlie provincials.
-
The garrifon at Ofwego was infenfibly increafcd to fourteen
hundred
HISTORY O V THE
hundred men ; and feveral parties were flationed on the road
between it and Scheneftady, in order to prefcrve an open com-
munication between them. The French, on their fide, had
about three thoufand men at Crown-Point and Ticonderoga.
But they had pofted their chief flrcngth at Fort Frontinac, in
order from thence to carry on their dcfigns againft Fort Ofwego.
The lofs of this place would not only render abortive the
grand fcheme, which had been fo long in agitation by the
Englifh, to reduce Niagara, but leave the French maflers of
the navigation of Lake Ontario, and thereby fccure to them
a free and eafy communication with their forts on the upper
lakes, and on the Englifli back-fettlements
;
and by that means
rivet to their intereil the Indians inhabiting thofe countries.
Thefe confiderations
required that no time fliould be loft by
Lord Loudon in purfuing the moft vigorous meafures to im-
prove the intelligence obtained by Colonel Bradftreet. The
feafon, indeed, was too far advanced to attempt Niagara this
fummer ; but had part of the Englifli army, which, as we
have before obferved, continued all this time moft fhame-
fuUy inactive at Albany, marched to Ofwego on the firft
advice of the motions making by the French, they might have
fufficiently fortified themfelves there, by intrenchments and
other works, fo as to have fecured that place, and the large maga-
zines formed in ir, and have been fo far in their way, and in rea-
dinefs to attack Niagai'a. But, tho' thefe were objcifts of the ut-
moft confcquence to the fuccefs of the future operations of the
war, the detaching of any troops to anfwer- them was ftrongly
oppofed by a party at Albany, who thought, tliat whilft Crown-
Point continued in the hands of the French, there could be
no fecurity-for the province of Nev^^-York.
General
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
6s\
General Winflow, who was to command an expedition
J756.
againft Crown-Point, was already more than fufficiently
ilrong for that purpofe, yet this party infifted on his being
reinforced with two or three regiments of regular troops
;
and that an army fhould Hkewife continue at Albany to de-
fend it, in cafe the troops fent againft Crown-Point fliould hap-
pen to be defeated. Nay, they ftrongly oppofed the departure of
the regiment which General Abercromby had already ordered
for Ofwego. Some of the New-England colonies joined that
of New-York in this oppofition
;
fo that it was not without
the greateft difficulty Lord Loudon, who did not think proper
to do any thing material without their approbation, could fo
much as prevail upon them to let Colonel Webb depart for
Ofwego. Therefore it was the 12th ofAugufl before that
officer could leave Albany ; and, by the time he reached the
<:arrying-place between the Mohawk's river and Wood-Creek,
he received the difagreeable nev/s that Ofwego had been be-
fieged and taken. Thus the public fafety of the whole Britifli
Empire in North America was made to yield to the private
views, or rather blind prejudices, of fome leading people in the
provinces of New-England and of New-York.
This unexpeded intelligence ftruck fuch a panic into the
Colonel, that he ordered the navigation of Wood-Creek to be
deflroyed, in order to prevent the French from coming to at-
tack him
;
whilft they were equally bufy in filling up the
mouth of the ftream, to prevent their being attacked by the
Englifli.
It mull be owned, however, that the affiflance of this regi-
ment alone could not have faved Ofwego; the delay of it,
K therefore.
6&
HISTORYOFTHE
^756-
therefore, cannot be deemed an unhappy circumftance. But
unfortunately for the province of New-York, doomed, as it
were, to feel the firfl bitter fruits of the lofs of Ofwego, as
flie had been the firfl to contribute to that lofs, Colonel Webb
retreated to Burnett's Field, and from thence to Schenectady
:
in confequence of his fo doing, inllead of remaining at
the German Flats ;
this, the fmeft and moft plentiful part of
that province, became an eafy prey to the French and their
Indians. Such of the inhabitants as could not fly from them,
were either fcalped or made prifoners, their plantations de-
Itroyed, and their houfes burnt to the ground-
From the little attention bellowed on the prefervation of
Ofwego, it is no way furprifing that it fell fo eafily into the
hands of the French j but then it is very extraordinary,
that a place of fo much importance Ihould be fo negledl-
ed. The vail magazines of warlike and other llores, that
had been formed there, conflituted, alone, an obje6l of the
utmoll confequence. Either no fuch magazines fhould have
been eftabliflied there, or proper fortifications fhould have
been erecfled to fecure them. However, it might be rea-
fonably expe6led, that, as thefe overfights and neglc(5ts were
chiefly owing to the extraordinary care and circumfpe-c-
tion ufed to enable General Winflow to a6t vigoroufly againft
Crown-Point, they would be counterbalanced, in fome meafure,
by his fuccefs againfl that place ;
and that, in confequence of
fuch fuccefs, the Englifii, by the end of the campaign, would
find themfelves mafters of all the French forts on Lake
Champlain. But all the preparations made for thefe im-
portant purpofj^s terminated in ilrengthening Fort Edward and
Fort William-Henry without flriking, or even attempting to
ftrike
LATE WAR IN AMERICA,
67
ftrike a fingle blow to retrieve the Britifh affairs, or the
i75<5-
glory of the Britifli arms, notwithilanding mod of the
French troops had been drawn out of Canada, to reinforce
thofe originally intended againft Ofwego. In the begin-
ning of November the provincial troops returned to their
refpecT:ive provinces, and the regulars to their quarters at
Albany; leaving in Fort Edward and Fort William-Henry
a garrifon of five hundred men each, to fecure the pafTage
between Lake George and Hudfon's river, and protecSt the
northern frontiers of New-England and New-York againfl
any further incurfions the French might undertake during the
winter.
We are now to give fome account of the plan formed by
the French againfl Ofwego, and the execution of it, to which
the deflru(5tion of Fort Bull, and the attack of Colonel
Bradflreet, were the preludes. This plan had been formed
early in the fpring; and accordingly, as foon as the river
St. Lawrence became navigable, the troops intended for the
execution of it, were ordered to rendezvous at Fort Frontinac,
on Lake Ontario. Thirteen hundred regulars, and feventeen
hundred militia, with a body of Indians, afTembled there, in
confequence of thefe orders ; and, on the 29th of
July,
were
joined by the Marquis de Montcalm, who, immediately on his
arrival at Fort Frontinac, difpatched two armed vefTels to
cruize off Ofwego; the one of twelve, the other of fixteen
guns ; in order to prevent the garrifon's receiving any intelli-
gence of his defigns by water ; and, at the fame time, detached
a numerous body of Canadians and Indians, with orders to
pofl themfelves between Ofwego and Albany, for the purpofe
K 2
of
(<S
HISTORYOFTHE
i7;&-
of intercepting any meJOTenger that might attempt to pafs from
' ^ *
eiiher of thefe places to the other. Soon after, he ordered his
advanced guard to proceed to a creek called Anfe-aux-Cahannes^
three leagues from Ofwego ; and the firfl divifion of it arrived
there the loth of Augufl in the morning, and in the after-
noon proceeded through the woods, and took poll at another
creek, within half a league of Ofwego, in order to favour the
debarkation of the reft of the troops as near as pollible to the
objetft of their operations. For this purpofe they, immediately
on their arrival there, began to erecft a battery pointing to Lake
Ontario, in order to protedl the fliips and other vefTels that
were coming after them. The nth and 12th they employed
in making fafcines, gabions, and fuch other things as could
be made on the fpot, and were requilite to forward the ufe of
their artillery, and in cutting a road through the woods to
the place where they intended to break ground againft the
fort. On the 12th, the remainder of the troops arrived with the
artillery and provilions ; which being landed, the ground in-
tended for the firft parallel, and where the lirft batteries were to
be ere6led, was immediately traced out, at about two hundred
yards from Fort Ontario. But before we proceed any further
with the befiegers, it is neceflary we fliould fee what the be-
fieged were doing to oppofe them.
It was fo late before the Englifli at Ofwego difcovered the
French who came to attack them, that, inflead of having
time to conftru6t their batteries with common materials, they
v^ere forced to employ barrels of pork for that purpofe, and
intrench thcmfelves with what few tools they had, on the
eminence which commanded the fort, at about two hundred
yards diftance. This work, which the French flaould have
found
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
69
found ready to receive them, employed the Englifh till the i3.th,
^756-
by which time the French had completed a battery of ten
cannon, under cover of a wood, within two hundred yards of
Fort Ontario. Upon this, Colonel Mercer ordered part of Peppe-
rePs regiment, which was poded there, to fpike up^ their guns,
deftroy their ammunition and provifions, and retreat in fome
whale-boats he had fent for them. This difagreeable tafk was
performed in good order
; and, when the troops arrived at the
Ofwegofide, they marched up to the new intrenchments on tha
eminence which we jull uow mentioned..
The French being, by this retreat, mailers of Fort Ontario^f
they immediately began to work on a battery, from which,
the next morning, they fired into the old fort, on the op-
pofite fide of the river, with two twelve-pounders.
Ta
thefe they foon added two others, and one hawitzer^
which enfiladed the fort fo effetStually, that all the ofiicers-
and men, except thofe on duty, were ordered out of it,
and were put under cover of a breaft-work. In about two.
hours after, three guns, which had been mounted on one.
of the batteries conftrudled with barrels of pork, were dif-
mounted, and feveral of the fmall mortars burft. The.
guns, however, were re-momited on other carriages, in fpite.
of a heavy fire from the French ; but they were again dif-
mounted in a very fhort time. Upon this the Marquis de
Montcalm increafed his fire in the fame proportion as that of the
Englifh fiackened, and ordered a confiderable body of men to
pafs the river, and take poft on the Ofwegofide of it, in order to.
be in readinefs to llorm the fort, in conjundlion with anothen
body, which was to advance againll it in boats, under cover
of their ten-gun battery.
Colonel
70
HISTORY OF THE
1756. Colonel Mercer, who had been very careful to obferve the mo-^
tions of the French, oi-dered Colonel Schuyler, with five hundred
men, to difpute the pafTage of the river with them
;
but he had
fcarcely delivered thefe orders, when, going into the fort, to give
fome others equally necefTary, he was killed by a cannon-lhot.
Upon this, Lieutenant-Colonel Littlehales, upon whom the com-
mand now devolved, feeing that the French had already pafF-
ed the river, and were forming, ordered Colonel Schuyler
back, and called a council of war, compofed of the captains
as well as the field-officers, to be the better able to determine
what was to be done in fo critical a conjundture. Mr. Mac^
keller, the chief engineer, being then aflced. How long he
thought it was poffible for the place to hold out ? and anfwer-
ing,
"
An hour," the fort was voted not tenable ; and that
therefore it would be the heighth of folly to wait a ftorm by
fuch
fuperior numbers. But this did not appear to be the
fenfe of the reft of the garrifon, or at leaft the common men.
Thefe could hardly be prevailed upon to think of furrender-
ing to the French. However, the chamade was beat, and
two officers were fent to M. de Montcalm, to know what
terms he would grant them, without any inflru6lions to
aflc, themfelves, fuch as a brave garrifon had a right to in-
fift upon. The French took the advantage of this cefia-
tion of arms. They brought up more cannon, advanced
their main body within mufket-fliot of the place, and
made every other preparation necelTary to ftorm it ; and M.
de
Montcalm was himfelf fo fure of carrying his point,
that all the anfwer he condefcended to give the Englifli of-
ficers fcnt out to him, was, That he was willing to receive a
capitulation vipon honourable terms. But thefe terms, when
he
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
'
71
he came to explain himfelf, proved as mortifying as he well
1756.
could
make them, viz. That the Englifli fliould give up
their forts, and furrender themfelves prifoners of war ; in
which light he indeed affiired them of all the regard they
could
expedt from the politefl of nations. Then, keeping
Mr. Drake, one of the officers charged with the mefTage to
him, as an hollage, till the capitulation fliould be iigned, he
fent M. de Bougainville, one of his aids-de-camp, to receive
fuch articles as Lieutenant-Colonel Littlehales might think
proper to propofe to him, confiftent with the terms already
mentioned. However, M. de Bougainville foon returned with
the following paper
:
Conditions required by the Commandant at Ofwego, from the Marquis
de Montcalm, Army and Field MarJIjal, and Commander in Chief
of
the troops
of
his Moji Chriflian Majefy in North America.
Article I. The garrifon fliall furrender prifoners of war, and
fhall be conduced from hence to Montreal, where they fhall
be treated with humanity ; and every one in a manner fuit-
able to his rank, according to the cuftoms of war.
H. The officers, foldiers, and others, ffiall have their baggage
and clothes belonging to them as individuals
; and fhall be
allowed to carry away thefe their effecfts with them.
m. They fliall remain prifoners of war till exchanged.
To thefe propofals, M. de Montcalm gave the following
an-
fwer
:
'
I agree to the above articles, in the name of his Moft
Chriflian islajcfty, on condition, that the befieged Ihall give
4 up,
72
H ISTOR Y OF THE
i7i6.
up, faithfully, the fortifications, artillery, ammunition, ma-
gazines, barks, and boats, with their appurtenances.
"
I give full power to M. de Ic Pauze, Major-General, to
.reduce this prefent capitulation into form, and fettle the man-
ner in which our troops are to be put in polleffion of the forts,
and the proper fteps for fecuring the Englifli from any infult.
"
Given at the camp before Ofwego, the 14th day (at eleven
o'clock in the morning) of the month of Auguft
1 756.
"
Montcalm.''
M. de Ic Pauze having performed the talk affigned him in
the above anfwer of M. de Montcalm, the garrifon laid down
their arms, and furrendered themfelves prifoners of war.
Their lofs, in killed and wounded, during this fiege, was
never afcertained ; that of the French was fo inconfiderable
as fcarce to deferve the name. It confifled of one engineer,
and one gunner, one French and one Canadian foldier, killed;
with about twenty regulars and provincials flightly wounded.
The lofs of the Englifli, during the fiege, 'was not equal to
what followed the furrender of the place. The French ne-
-glec^ed to relieve the fentries over the Englifh hofpital,
all the fick and wounded it contained were fcalped ; as
was likewife Lieutenant De la Court, as he lay wound-
.ed in his tent, though under the protedlion of a French
officer. Nay, the hidians were permitted, in open con-
tempt of the capitulation, to infult the officers and fol-
diers as they flood defencelefs on the parade, and even
to rob them of their baggage, and murder fome of them.
Tlie
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
The furvi'ving Englifli officers were indeed fent off to
Montreal the next day, but without their men : there they
were treated in a manner not to leave any room for com-
plaint ; and, in the courfe of the year, mod of them were
exchanged.
The conquerors began to demolifli the forts as foon as they
could remove the magazines contained in them. Thefe were
too vaft not to merit a particular enumeration. They con-
fifted of one hundred and thirty-five pieces of artillery, of dif^
ferent kinds; a quantity of fmall arms; twenty- three thou-
fand weight of powder ; eight thoufand weight of lead and
iron, in balls and bullets
;
one hundred and fifty bombs, with
other fmaller ftores in proportion ; and twelve months provi-
fions for four thoufand men. The little fleet, which had been
put afloat on Lake Ontario, became likewife the prize of the
conquerors, with fome vefiTels that were on the fl:ocks.
This
fleet confifted of the Halifax fnow, pierced for eighteen guns on
her main deck, but never finifhed
;
the London, a brig,
pierced
for fixteen guns, twelve of which were mounted ; two floops
;
viz. the Mohawk, pierced for ten, and the Ontario, for fix guns
;
the Ofwego, a fchooner,of fix four-pounders ; and a fmall fchoo-
ner, of twelve fwivels ; with a number of boats, and a great
quantity of cordage and other naval flores. If the
accumu-
lating of fuch magazines in a place not only juftly
deemed
untenable in itfelf, but fituated out of the reach of
immediate
afliftance, is not fufficient to impeach the honefty of thofe
who were concerned in the contracts, it is at leaft more than
enough to prove, that there exificd fomewhere a degree of
mifconducft, which alone might account for the mifcarriage
of
the beft laid plans.
L
.
The
74
HISTORY OF THE
1756. The lofs of Ofwego was, in fome degree at leaft, cotnpen-
fated to the Englifh by the fuccefs of Colonel Lawrence in
Acadia or Nova Scotia. He purfued his blow there ; and, to
make it have the defired effed, was obliged to ufe great feve-
rity, as the French neutrals and Indians, who inhabited that
country, refufed to conform to the laws, or fwear allegiance
to the King of Great Britain : nay, many of them ha<i en-
gaged to join, the enfuing fpring, the troops that were ex-
pe6led from France, on their own coaft, or at Louifbourg
j
and fome of which were taken, on their palTage, with military
and other ftores, by the Englifli cruizers flationed off Cape
Breton. Colonel Lav/rence purfued thofe dangerous inmates
with fire and fword, burning their houfes, driving off their
cattle, and making one entire defart of their whole country.
At length, fliocked at the thoughts of utterly extirpating the
French neutrals, though he knew they only waited for a fair
opportunity to join the open enemies of Great Britain, he con-
fidercd that he might reconcile humanity with what he
thought found policy, by tranfplanting them to fome part or
another of the Britifh empire ;
where, from implacable ene-
mies, they, or at leafl their children, might, in time, become
ufeful fubjecT;s, He, therefore, diftributed about feven thou-
fand of them that were left, amongfl: the different Englifli colo-
nies in North America ; and thereby eflabliflied peace and
tranquility throughout the province, to the full extent of its
ancient limits, as fettled in the ceffion made of it to Great
Britain, by the treaty of Utrecht. Things continued here, in
this fituation, till the month of February
1756,
when a party
of three hundred French and Indians began to appear on the
frontiers, with a dcfign to make inroads about Chine<5to,
and
cut off the Englilh wood-cutters, who were carrying on their
7
bufmefs
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
7^
bufinefs in a fuppofed fcate of the mofl profound fecurity from
jys^-
any hoftile vifit. But Lieutenant-Colonel Scot having got intel-
ligence of their defigns, marchedwith three hundred provincials
in queft of them ;
and fortunately coming up v/ith them time
enough to prevent their furpriling the wood-cutters, wounded
a confiderable number, and killed eight Indians on the fpot.
About the month of Auguft, Fort Granville, an inconfider-
able fort on the confines of Pennfylvania, was furprifed by a
party of French and Indians, who made the garrifon prifon-
ers ; but, inftead of fcalping them, v/ith equal prudence and
humanity, loaded them with flour, and drove them into
captivity. But the Ohio Morians killed above a thoufand in-
habitants of the weftern frontiers. The death of thefe poor
people did not remain long unrevenged. Colonel Armftrong,
with a party of two hundred and eighty provincials, marched
from Fort Shirley, v/hich had been built by the Pennfylva-
nians on the Juniata river, about one hundred and fifty miles
well of Philadelphia, to Kittanning, an Indian town, and the
rendezvous of the Morian murderers, and got near enough to
them to difcover their fituation, early in the morning of the fifth
day after his fetting out, being.the 8th of September, whilft their
warriors were regaling themfelves at a dance. Then, halting
about one hundred perches below the town, on the banks of the
river, he prepared his men to attack them
;
and led them on for
that purpofe as foon as it was light. Captain
Jacobs, the
chief of the Indians, gave the war-whoop, and defended his
houfe bravely, through loop-holes in the loggs with which
it was built. Colonel Armftrong oifered them quarter; but
many of them juftly fufpeding the fincerity of the offer, as
the many inhuman murders they had been guilty of were yet
L 2 .
frefh
76
HISTORY OFTHE
i/jf^-
frefli in their memories, they rcfufed to fubmif. Colonel
Armftrong, therefore, ordered their houfes to be fet on fire,
which was immediately done; and many of the hidians were
thereby fuffocated and burnt; others were fliot in attempting
to reach the river: Captain Jacobs,
his fquaw, and a boy
called the A"ij'j- Son, met the flune fate, as they were getting
out of the window, and all were fcalped. Thefe hidians had
a great number of fire-arms ready loaded in their houfes, and
a large quantity of gun-powder, which went off, blew up
their houfes, and killed many of them. Eleven Englifh pri-
foners were releafed from captivity, or, perhaps, a mofi: cruel
death.
Thefe informed the Colonel, that, on that very day,
two
boats filled with Frenchmen, and a large party of Dela-
wares,
Avcre cxpefted to join Captain Jacobs, in order to pi-o-
ceed on an expedition concerted againfl: Fort Shirley ; and
that,
with this view, an advanced party of twenty-four war-
riors had been detached the preceding evening to reconnoitre
the country.
This intelligence was foon after confirmed by Lieutenant
Hogg,
who had been left to feize on a party of hidians, fup~
pofed not to exceed four, whom Colonel Armftrong's fcouts
had difcovercd
the night before round a fire, but whom he did
not chufe to interrupt, lefl; any one of them might efcape and
alarm the town. In the morning, when Mr. Hogg attacked
this party, they proved to be the twenty-four who had been
detached from Kittanning. The firll fire that Mr. Hogg gave,
killed three of them ; but the Indians killed as many of his
men in return ;
upon which the reft of his detachment fled,
leaving him defperately wounded behind them. Colonel
Armftrong,
being informed of this misfortune, fent out a
2 party
LATE WAR IN AMERICA,
party to bring in Mr, Hogg, wlio, notwithftanding
all the care
that could be taken of him, died of his wounds.
Severe as
this chaflifement of the Indians may appear to be, the efTcc^ls
of it proved merely local. On almoil every other part of
the
frontiers, parties of them and the French ftill kept llculking,
to feize an opportunity of maflacring all the Britifli
fubjedg
Vvho might come in their way, without refpeft to age or fex.
The governor of Pcnnfylvania had indeed the
good fortune
to conclude a treaty of peace v/ith the Delaware
Indians,
inha-
biting the borders of the Sufquehanna; and fecured
the
friendfhip and alliance of the Catawbas. A fort was
built
at Winchcfter, called Fort Loudon
;
and fome Cherokees
joined
the garrifon of Fort Cumberland.
Experience had taught the Englifli the folly of any
great
dependence on thefe alliances with the Indians; yet the
pre-
fent created hopes that, with their affiflance, they
fhould be
able to profecute the next campaign in
North-America
with more vigour than any of the former;
efpecially
as
reinforcements of regular troops had already
landed
on that
continent. The feafon was too far advanced to admit of any
new enterprize againfl the enemy. Lord Loudon,
therefore,
confined his endeavours to the making of
preparations
for
taking the field early the following fpring, and in
fecuring
the frontiers of the colonies: in forming of an uniform
plan of acT:ion
;
and infufing a fpirit of concord into the
pro-
vinces, who were divided in their opinions, or at leaft acTted
as if they were, perpetually thwarting each other from
illibe-
ral principles of parfimony, at a time when they ought to
hazard their whole property to oppofe the encroachments
of thofe whofe defigns extended againfl; their liberties and
lives.
8 H 1 S T O R Y O F T H E
175^^-
li\c5. The Torts Edward and William-Henry -were, as we
have before obiei ved, well garrifoned, and otherwife put into
a proper poflure of defence; and, excepting fome fcouting
parties, the remainder of the troops continued in winter-
quarters at Albany, where barracks had been built for
that purpofe. The fame precaution was taken at Halifax
in Nova Scotia, and three new forts were erected to fccure that
place againft any furprize.
The French army had likewife retired into winter-quarters
;
fo that, on that account, as well as the feverity of the fea-
fon, nothing material could be expeded to happen for fome
months. Thus, then, ended the fecond campaign between
tlie Englifli and French in North-xA.merica, in which the arms
cf the former were fo mu-ch diflionourcd by mifconducT: and
timidity, that they would have been uttei'ly contemptible,
l:iad it not been for the conduct and refolution with which
Colonel Bradftreet behaved when attacked by the French on the
Onondaga river. Whilft preparations were making on both fides
for the next campaign. Captain Rogers, on that of the Englifli,
was conftantly employed in patroling the woods about the Forts
Edward and William-Henry, and obferving the motions of the
French at TiconderDga and Crown-Point ; and this fervice he
performed with fo much alertnefs, that he made a great number
of prifoners, and thereby procured very good intelligence of
the enemy. The fubfhance of this intelligence was, that M.
de
Montcalm intended to attack Fort William-Henry, as foon
0.S the weather would permit him to take the field.
If, from their numbers, the Englifh had reafon to hope
that they Ihould be able to puHi the enfuing campaign with
more
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
79
more vigour than the preceding, almoft every fubfeqiient
'^7$'''
event feemed to thwart their expecflations. Notwithftanding
the endeavours of the Earl of Loudon to eftabhfla unanimity
amongft the EngHfli colonies, their private interef blinded
them.to fuch a degree, as to fruftrate all the arguments he
could think of to efFecPc fo defirable a purpofe. This obliged
him to become a mediator, in order to engage them to raife
the neceflary fupplies for profecuting the war. But this
his laudable zeal was attended with very little fuccefs
:
diffidence and difcord making them procrafhinate thofe mea-
fures which required the mofl immediate execution. The
French were too wife to omit taking advantage of the dif-
tratfled fituation of the Britifh. colonies. By their fuccellcs
in the lafl campaign, they were become entirely mafters
of all the lakes, and thereby were furnifhed with the means
of praftifing on the Indians by prefents and promifes. Every
acceffion to the Hrength of the French was a real diminution
of that of the Englifh. The French had promifed the Indians,
that they would reduce the forts at Ofwego
;
and their having
fucceeded in the enterprize, gave them, qualified as they
were to judge only by appearances, an idea of their fuperio-
rit)', which M. de Pvlontcalm very v/ell knew how to improve
to his advantage. Whilfl the precipitate retreat of Colonel

Webb, his filling up of Wood-Creek, and thereby deflroying
the only communication the Englifh had with that part of the
country of the Five Nations, expofed thefe Indians to tlie
mercy of their enemies, and opened the path for the defola-
tion and the ruin which attended the German Flat^. This,
with the deftrudion of the fort at the carrying- place, fo alie-
nated even the Indians of the Five Nations, that it was v/ith
the utmoft difficulty that Sir William
Johnfjn, with all his pru-
dence.
So
HISTORYOFTHE
1757- dence, could rcftrain them from adually declaring in favour
of the French.
In the mean time, the Earl of Loudon exerted himfelf in col-
le(5ting a fufficient force to llrike a decifive blow. With this
view, the refolution to attack Crown-Point, which had been fo
long in agitation, was now laid alide ; the taking of that place
being an objeft of far lefs importance than the reducing of
Louifbourg, which was fubilituted in its ftead. Befides, the
ftrength of the mother-country could be more eafily brought
againft this place
;
and was not fo liable to fuffer from the dif-
union of her colonies.
Accordingly preparations were making in England for
this grand defign, with the greatefl vigour and celerity,
hi the month of January
1757,
a confiderable body of
troops, under Major-General Hopfon, as commander in
chief, and the Colonels Perry, Forbes, Lord Howe, and
other able officers, with a detachment of artillery, were or-
dered to rendezvous at Cork, and there wait the arrival of a
formidable fleet fitting out to efcort them to America, and af-
fift them in their operations there. Yet notwithilanding all the
difpatch that could be ufed, it was the 26th of April before
this fleet arrived at Cork, when the armament formed thereby
confifled of the following land and fea forces.
LAND-
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
LAND-FORCES.
The sd battalion of the Royal looo
Seventeenth regiment
-
700
Twenty-feventh -
-
700
Twenty-eighth -
-
700
Forty-third _ -
-
700
Forty-fixth - -
-
700
Fifty-fifth - -
r 700
81
I7S7-
5300
SEA-FORCES,
Name.
82 HISTORY OF THE
''
57*
This force, in conjunction with tliat already in North Ame-
rica, was to aHemble at Halifax in Nova-Scotia, and from
tlicncc proceed to the attack of Louifbourg.
It was not without a jealous eye that the French beheld
the preparations of the Englifli ; nor were they ignorant of
the objetft thefe preparations were levelled againft. Tho-
roughly fenlible of the importance of Louifbourg to their
poflefiions and trade in North America, and particularly to
their jEifheries on the banks of Newfoundland, they gave
immediate orders for equipping, with the iitmoft expedition,
three feveral fquadrons, to cover and defend that place, as
well as to ftrengthen their forces on the continent. One of thefe
fquadrons was fitted out at Toulon, and found means to Ileal
out of the Mediterranean, in fpite of all the vigilance of Ad-
miral Saunders, who was flationed off Gibraltar to intercept
it 5
and the other two, which were equipped in the French
ports of the ocean, had got to fea, before a powerful fleet,
which was deflined to attack them, could be made fufficiently
ready for that purpofe.
Whilfl the French were preparing for the next campaign
with fo much vigour at home, M. de Montcalm vied with
them, to the utmoft of his power, in Canada. He kept conti-
nually on foot, during the whole v^inter, feveral fmall parties,
whofe bufinefs it was to fcour the woods, procure intelligence,
intercept the fupplies of provifions which the Englifli might
attempt to fend to their out-forts, and harafs their back-fettle-
ments.
The feafon being now foraewhat advanced, the French were
as good as their word refpecting Fort Y/illiam-Henry.
M. de
Regaud
LATE WAR IN AMERICA. 83.
Regaud was ordered to proceed againft that place, with a detach-
'
'^r-
xnent of about twelve hundred men ; and arrived before it on
the 19th of March; when, advancing againft it without any pre-
caiuion, his troops were fo warmlyreceived with a briflc difcharge
of cannon and mufKCtry, that they thought proper to retire,
after having endeavoured in vain to fet fire to a floop and the
boats belonging to the fort. From the implements which they
left behind them, it appeared, that their hopes were founded
on the fuccefs of a general alTault. Accordingly, notwith-
ftanding this firft difappointment, they made their appearance
foon again, in fuch a difpolition as indicated a defign to fur-
round the fort. They advanced, for fome time, with a great
deal of bravery, through a continual difcharge of cannon and
fmallarms; but they again retreated. On the 20th, about
midnight, they refumed the attack, fully refolved to ftorm the
fort with their whole force ; but this attempt fucceeded no
better than the former. They were driven back a third time
;
and, after fetting fire to two floops and feveral boats, retired
at day-break. About noon, they feemed to take the rout of
Ticonderoga ; but, all on a fudden, fent back two men with
a red flag towards the fort ; from whence an officer and four
men were ordered out to meet them. This party carried one
of the Frenchmen into the fort, with a letter from M. de Vau-
dreuil, directed to the commanding officer of Fort William-
Henry, and importing,
"
That he had fent M. le Chevalier de
la Merciere, commander of the artillery, to acquaint him with
his refolutions ; and that he might give entire credit to what
that gentleman fhould fay to him in his behalf." M. de la
Merciere, who was the other perfon, Vv^as, upon this, brought
into the fort, blindfolded. His mefTage was, in fubftance,
*'
That M. de Vaudreuil, being very averfe to the flied-
M
2 ding
84
H I S T O R Y O F T H E
1757- ding of human blood, fliould be glad to put an end to
the war ; and therefore, for this good purpofc, as the Eng-
lifli had been the aggrefTors, by encroaching upon the ter-
ritories of his Moft Chridian Majefly, and building forts
upon them, he propofed, that the faid forts might be deUvered
up to him in a peaceable manner ; in which cafe the garrifons
fhould be allowed all the honours of war, and be permitted to
carry away all their valuable efFecT:s, leaving only fomething-
to gratify the Indians, from whom they had nothing to fear,
as there were regulars enough to protect them from any vio-
lence that might be offered : That, if thefe terms were not ac-
cepted, the French would make a general afTault; in which,
fhould they fucceed, the garrifon mull take the confequences."
To this extraordinary fummons, Major Eyres, the com-
manding ofiieer, returned the following fhort anfwer:
"
That
it was his fixed refolution to defend his Majefly's fort to the
lall extremity." M. de la Merciere was then difmifPed, and
conduded back blindfolded. Soon after he arrived at his own
army, the French wheeled about, and prepared every thing
for a general afTault. But neither their threats nor fuperior
numbers could intimidate the garrifon. Both men and officers
behaved with the greateit vigilance, and fhewed the greateft
refolution, fully determined to die rather than yield ; and
they had occafion for it all. The French returned to the at-
tack ; but were again obliged to retire for the fourth time.
Neverthelefs, as though this was a fervice to be executed at
'
all events, they once more prepared for an afTault ; and in
the night made a general attack ; but ftill without fuccefs.
Upon this, they fet fire to feveral llore-houfes belonging to
the provincial troops, and to all the huts of the rangers,
which were confumed. They afterwards burnt a floop on.
die.
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
the flocks; and then totally difappeared. Had not this gar- 175;
rifon been ftrong enough, and refolute enough to make a
"""^
^
proper ufe of that flrength, nothing could have hindered the
French from penetrating to Albany
; the confequences
of
which might have been fatal to every part of the Britifli em-
pire in North America,
The mifcarriage of this attempt againfl Fort William-Henrv,
was fomewhat alleviated to the French by an advantage thev
gained over a detachment of about four hiuidred men, com-
manded by Colonel John Parker, who went by water to attack
their advanced guard, near Ticonderoga. He landed in the
night on an ifland ; and, before day-break, fent three boats
to the main-land, to reconnoitre the enemy. But the French,
being on their guard, furprifed thefe boats, and made all the
men in them prifoners. Then, having procured, by this
capture, intelligence of the Colonel's defigns, they formed their
plan accordingly. They ported three hundred men in ambufli
behind the point where he propofed to land ; and fent the
boats they had taken, with men of their own in them, to the
place where he had ordered his own men to lie on their oars,
as a fignal for him to land. The bait took. Colonel Parker,
believing thefe boats to be ftill his, eagerly put on fliore, where
he was furroiitided by the enemy, who had been reinforced in
the mean time, with four hundred men ; and was attacked
with fo much impetuofity, that, of his whole detachment,
not
above the one half efcaped being either killed or taken
pri-
foners.
Whilft the little war was thus carrying on, the Earl of
Loudon was ferioufly engaged in making every
necefiary pre-
paration to aiTemble his troops, and repair to the rendezvous
at:
86
HISTORY OF THE .
^757-
at Halifax; and, the better to conceal his clefigns from the ene-
my, render proviiions cheaper to the Englifli forces, and make
fure of a fufficient number of vefTels to carry his troops to
Louifbourg, he laid an embargo on all the fliips in the Eng-
lifli North-American ports. But the merchants and planters
;
all, in fine, except thofe who were not concerned in the
contrafts for the army and navy, cried out loudly againft the
meafure. They openly affirmed, that it was impoffible it
Ihould ever do any good ; whereas it already did a great deal
of mifchief, by caufing a ftagnation in every branch of trade,
and rendering corn a dreg in America, at a time when Eng-
land was in danger of a famine for want of it. For, juft be-
fore the orders for this embargo were iffiied, accounts had
been
received from England, that, through a failure of the
lad year's crops, both in England and h-eland, bread was be-
come fo exceffive dear, that the common people, in many
places,
were on the point of rifing; and, with thefe melan-
choly accounts, there came orders to fliip confiderable quan-
tities of wheat and flour, to relieve the nation from this dif-
trefs. Nay, thefe orders were fo preffing, that moll of them
had been already complied with, and feveral veilels loaded
before the embargo took place. The merchants, and indeed
the whole body of the people of England, who fuffered equal-
ly, if not more, by this prepoflerous meafure, than the Ame-
ricans, were proportionally difgufted and provoked by it
;
and complained of it in fuch bitter terms, and remonflrated
againft it with fo much fpirit, that inflrudfions were imme-
diately fcnt to the refpecftive governors of the Britifh colonies
in
North-America, never, for the future, to attempt laying
any
embargo on fliips bound from their ports to thofe of Great
Britain or h'eland.
7
The
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
87
A confiderable part of the Englifli troops Rationed on the north- 1757.
em frontiers of the Britifli fettlements adjoining to Canada, and
^
"""
'
in other parts, were now drawn to New-York, where a number
of tranfports were collecfted together, and ordered to be in rea-
dinefs to receive them. On the 6th of May, Sir Charles Hardy,
governor of that place, hoifted his flag as rear-admiral of the
blue, on board the Nightingale of twenty guns ; the troops
expecT;ing every day to embark, as the commander in chief
waited only to hear of the fleet from England being arrived
at Halifax. During this flate of fufpence, on the 20th, there
was a hot prefs at New-York, and four hundred men were
taken into the fervice. Between the 22d and the 95th, the
troops were embarked, and ordered to Sandy-hook,
where
the tranfports came to an anchor. On the 5th of
June, Lord
Loudon followed, and embarked on board the Sutherland,
now commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir Charles Hardy
j deter-
mined, however, not to fail without further intelligence: for,
before he left New-York, he had learned from the prifoners
made on board fome French fliips brought into that port, that
thefe prizes were part of a fleet of French merchant-men, un-
der convoy of five fhips of the line, defigned for Louifbourg,
from which they had not been a long while feparated. This
intelligence was confirmed by an exprefs from Boflon, in*
forming him, That five French fhips of the line, and a fri--
gate, commanded by Monfieur de Beaufremont, had been feen
cruifing off Halifax, to intercept, it was thought, Sir Charles
Hardy's fleet ; but had retired, in confequence of the report
of a fifherman, that the Englifli had actually twenty fail of
the line in the harbour of Halifax. This news, as far as it
concerned the arrival of the fleet from England, being falfe,
it was highly probable, that as foon as M. de Beaufremont
fhould
88
1757-
HISTORY OF THE
iliould find it to be fo, he would return to his flation. As
therefore Sir Charles Hardy was by no means a match for him,
Lord
Loudon had no expedient left but to continue at anchor,
and difpatch two fliips of war to reconnoitre the coaft. Thefe
lliips
returning
without being able to fee the enemy, or learn
any
thing
about them, the licet was ordered to unmoor, and
failed
from the Hook on the 20th, with inflru6lions to rendez-
vous, in cafe of feparation, at Halifax. This armament con-
fifted
of the Sutherland of
50
guns, the Nightingale of 30, the
Vulture of 14,
the Ferret of 16, and about feventy tranfports,
having
on board the 2 ad, 42d, 44th and 48th regiments,
two
battalions of Royal Americans, together with five com.-
panies of rangers
commanded by Captain Rogers.
Part of a
battalion of Royal-Americans, about a thoufand
of the
Pennfylvania, three hundred Maryland, and fix hundred
Virginia
provincials, commanded by Colonel Stanwix, were
ordered for the prote(5tion of the weftern frontiers
;
and, in
Carolina,
part of a battalion of Royal-Americans, Commanded
by Colonel Bouquet, with three independent companies, and
the colony
troops, were to be employed for the fame purpofe.
The only force left to obferve and oppofc the vigilant and
aftive M. de Montcalm on the frontiers of New-York, was the
<>arrifon of Fort William-Henry, commanded by Colonel Monro,
with an army offour thoufand men under Colonel Webb to cover
it. But though Webb was well acquainted with all the motions
of M. de Montcalm, he beheld them with an indifference and
fecurity
bordering on infatuation, hi particular, he neglecft-
ed to colled; the militia, which, when alfembled, would have
been fufficient to oblige M. de Montcalm to relinquifh a defigii
lie had formed, to renew the operations againll Fort William-
4
Henry,
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
Ifcnry, or at leafl would have rendered the execution of it
very doubtful and hazardous. At length, however, the ap-
pearance of M. de Montcahn on the Lake, rouzed him from
his lethargy , but filled him, at the fame time, with fuch ter-
rible apprehenfions, that he determined to retire immediately
to Fort Edward. Biu he was prevailed on to flay till the next
morning, when he marched off early with a llrong train of
artillery, leaving Colonel Monro, with about two thoufand
men, to defend the fort.
"We muft now take leave of the Englifli for a fhort time, to
relate the proceedings of the French immediately prior and
fubfequent to the appearance of M. de Montcalm on the Lake.
No fooner had Lord Loudon put to fea, than M. de Montcalm
feized on the fair opportunity thereby afforded him, of renew-
ing his favourite projecSl againfl Fort William-Henry.
He had
collecfted his forces at Ticonderoga, where, being joined by a
confiderable body of Indians, his whole army amounted to about
eight thoufand men, well provided with artillery and ftores of
every kind in proportion to their numbers. He therefore loll
no time in putting his troops in motion, part by land, and
part in boats. Thofe who marched by land, were com-
manded by M. de Levi, and confifted of fix companies of gre-
nadiers
i
feven pickets, of fifty men each ; ten brigades of
Canadians, of four hundred men each
; another body of three
hundred Canadians, and feven or eight hundred Indians.
L'hefe forces began their rout on the 30th of
July. On the
id of Auguft; the remainder embarked, and proceeded in the
following order : the artillery, the regiments of La Reine and
Languedoc, and one battalion of the marine, formed the firil
divifion, by way of an advanced guard 5 the regiments of
Guienne and La Sarre followed
;
jhe boats, with the mortars,
N
ammunitio-n
rjQ HISTORYOFTHE
ijST- ammunition and otlier (lores, guarded by the regiment of
Royal Roufillon, and a corps of Canadians under M. de Rigaud,
formed a rear guard
;
the whole under the command of M.
de Montcalm in perfon. At midnight they arrived at a bay
which the hidians called Ganoufky bay ;
where they found M.
de Levi in a very good fituation, either to favour their de-
barkation, or to receive an enemy. The next day, about noon,
M. de Levi began his march
;
and the reil of the army, about
two hours after, proceeded in their boats, and at about ten in
the evening arrived in a bay very near the fort. Some French
favages perceiving two Englifh boats at a diftance, and fear-
ing they might be difcovered by them, Guifeniick, chief of
the Abenakies, purfued them v^rith two canoes, and paddled
towards them with fo much celerity, that one of the boats
furrendered with little reliftance
;
when all the men in it^
except two, were niafiacred : the other efcaped. The
pri-
foners made in that which was taken, informed M. de Mont-
calm, that the garrifon had difcovered his approach,
and'
intended to make a fortie of twelve hundred men to meet the
French in the woods. This news was agreeably received,
as a
battle, he hoped, would fuperfede the neceflity of a fiege. The
ftate and pofition of the Englifh, of which till now the French,
had not the leaft idea, became likewife known to them by this
accident ; fo that, being no longer under any neceflity to fecret
themfelves, part of their favages, in canoes, to the number
of one hundred and twenty, flood out into the Lake
; and
forming a chain from one fide to the other, gave their cry of
war. The army likewife began their march by land, M. de
Levi commanding the advanced guard, which was compofed
of all the favages left on fliore. As the refl of the army ap-
proached the fort, it formed into three columns, whilft the-
lavages
LATE WAR IN AMERICA. pt
ravages retired into the woods ; where difcovering a party
1757.
which had been in fearch of fome cattle, they foon took forty
fcalps, and fifty head of cattle. The French fpent the 3d of
Auguft in reconnoitring the place and its environs, and erect-
ing fome batteries ;
but their favages being impatient to begin
the attack on the fort before any cannon could be
mounted, M. de Montcalm, the next day, fent the Governor
the following fummons.
Augujl 4th,
1757.
"
I have this morning invefled your fort with a numerous
army, a fuperior artillery, and all the favages from the
upper parts of the country, the cruelty of whom a detach-
ment of your garrifon has fo lately experienced. I am obliged
in humanity to defire you to fan-cnder your fort. I have ic
yet in my power to rellrain the favages, and to oblige them to
obferve a capitulation, as none of them have been as yet
killed
;
which it will not be in my power to do in other cir-
cumftances
;
and your perfifting to defend yoiu' fort, can only
retard the lofs of it a few days, and muft infallibly expofe an
unhappy garrifon who can receive no fuccours confidering
the precautions that I have taken. I demand a decifive an-
fwer immediately, for which purpofe I have fent you the Sieur
Fonvivc, one of my aids-de-camp. You may give entire credit
to what he will inform, you, as from me.
I am, with refpedt, &c.
MOXTCALM."
This fummons was anfwered by Colonel Monro Vv^ith that
fpirit which the importance of his charge required. He faid,
he was determined to defend the fort till the lall extremity,
N~ 2 or
92
HISTORYOFTHE
1757. or till, by the affiftance of Colonel Webb, M. de Montcalm
iliould be compelled to retire.
This determined anfwer ferved only to accelerate the works
of the French, who not meeting any oppofition from the quar-
ter whence they moll dreaded it, the army under Colonel
Webb, profecuted the fiege with the utmoft vigour, hi the
iiight between the 4th and 5th, the trenches were fo far ad-
vanced, that on the 6th, at day-break, the fort was faluted
with ten pieces of cannon and one nine-inch mortar. This
gave the favages freih fpirits, though they did not want any
increafe to be fufliciently mifchievous. Numbers of them,
Ikulking behind Humps of trees; and others, who with fome
Canadians had found means to hide themfelves in a garden
near the fort, kept a conftant fire on every thing that appeared
on the ramparts, and continued it during the whole fiege.
The befieged, notwithftanding, condu6led their defence with
the greateft fpirit and refolution. Neither the threats nor the
promifes of M. de Montcalm made any imprefiion on them,
as long as they continued in a condition to defend themfelves,
or could reafonably hope for any afiiftance from Colonel
Webb. But the vanity of depending on him was foon evirrced
by the arrival of M. de Bougainville, with an intercepted
letter from Colonel Webb to Colonel Monro, which M. de Mont-
calm immediately fent him. This letter imported, that he
did not think it prudent to attempt a jundlion with the Colo-
nel, or endeavour to afllft him, till he fnouid be reinforced by
the militia of the colonies
;
and therefore advifed him to make
the befh terms he could. Though every profpetfl of relief
from
Colonel Webb was now at an end, the garrifon ftill per-
2 filled
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
fifled in a refolute defence
;
till having expended all their
bombs, and beginning to want ammunition, at the fame time
that the befiegers proportionally increafed their fire, and ad-
vanced their approaches acrofs a fwamp, fo as nearly to fur-
round the fort, Colonel Monro thought it would be only
throwing away his men's lives to hold out any longer. He
therefore demanded to capitulate, and the following articles
were agreed upon:
Capitulation granted to Lieutenant- Colonel Monro
for
his Britannic
Majejly''s garrifon
of
Fort William-Henry., the intrenched camp
adjoining, and all their dependencies.
Art. I. The garrifon of Fort William-Henry, and the troops
which are in the intrenched camp, Ihall, after being
joined, march out with their arms, and the ufual honours
of war.
Art. II. The gate of the Fort fhall be delivered up to the
troops of his Molt Chriflian Majefly, and the intrenched
camp, immediately on the departure of the Briiifh troops.
Art. III. All the artillery, warlike-flores, provifions, and, in
general, every thing except the private efFecfts of the officers
and foldiers, fhall, upon honour, be delivered up to the
troops of his Moll Chriftian Majefly. Provided always, that
this article fhall extend to the Fort and the intrenchmentSr
and their dependencies.
Art. IV. The garrifon of the Fort, the troops in the in-
trenchments, and the dependencies of both, fhall not ferve
for
HISTORY OF THE
for the fpace of eighteen months, neither againll his Mofl
Chriftian Majefly nor his allies.
Art. V. All the officers and foldiers, Canadians, women and
favages, who have been made prifoners by land fmce the
commencement of the war in North-America, fhall be de-
livered up in the fpacc of three months at Carillon
;
and,
according to the receipt which fliall be given by the French
commanding officers to whom they fliall be delivered, an
equal number of the garrifon of Fort William-Henry fliall
be capacitated to ferve, agreeable to the return given in by
the Englifli officer of the prifoners he has delivered.
Art. YI. An officer fliall be left as an hoilage till tlie return
of the detachment, which fliall be given for an efcort to
his .Britannic Majefly's troops.
Art. VII. All the fick and wounded, that are not in a con-
dition to be tranfported to Fort Edward, fliall remain under
the protedion of the Marquis de Montcalm, who will take
proper care of them, and return them as foon as recovered.
Art, VIII. There fliall be iffiied provifions for the fubfiftence
of the Britifli troops for this day and to-morrow only.
Art. IX. The Marquis de Montcalm, being willing to fhew
Colonel Monro and the garrifon under his command, marks
of efteem, on account of their honourable defence, gives
them one piece of cannon, a fix-pounder.
Done in the trenches before Fort William-Henry,
9th Augufl
1757.
George Monro.
Agreed
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
^s
Agreed to in the name of his Moll Chriftian Majelly, agree-
i757-
able to the powers vefted in me by the Marquis de Vau-
dreuil, his Governor-General, and
Lieutenant-General
of
New-France.
Montcalm.
Notwithflanding this capitulation, the Indian chiefs infifted
on the performance of a previous agreement made with M. de
Montcalm, who had promifed them the plunder of the Eng-
lifli ; and, on M. de Montcalm's refufing to comply, they re-
folved to execute the agreement themfelves.
Accordingly,
as foon as the garrifon had furrendered, they began an aflault
upon the men, killing and fcalping about ten or-
a^^ozen of
them. The Colonels Monro and Young, with a greafl
number
found means to gain protedtion from the French ; and
about
fix hundred more of the garrifon fled and efcaped to
Fort-
Edward. The French Indians made flaves of all the
Englifli
Indians and negroes
;
and the French demolifhed the fort, de-
firoyed all the Englifli vellels and boats upon the Lake,
carried
off all the artillery and other warlike ftores and baggage,
one
hundred live oxen, and provifions for five thoufand
men for
fix months
;
but without purfuing their fuccefs by any other
attempt..
That the French favages broke this capitulation,
is uni-
verfally confefled
;
and it has been faid, it was with the
con-
fent and approbation of M. de Montcalm : that a partizan
who led the French favages, gave the death halloo,
when.
the Engliih marched out of the Fort, to gratify the Indians.
N
4 im
96
HISTORY OF THE
1757- in
their lufl for blood and plunder. But the truth is, thar
as
foon as the horrid fcene commenced, M. de Montcalm
exerted his utmoft endeavours to put a flop to it. He laid
bare his own bofom, and bade them kill their father, but
fpare the Englifli, who were now under his protedlion ; he
even
defired the Englifli to defend themfelves, and fire on
the
favages ;
but the Englifli were feized with fuch an un-
accountable
flupor, that they fubmitted to the tomahawk
Vv'ithout
rcfiflance ; nor were M. de Montcalm's officers idle
in
the caufe of humanity ;
many of them were wounded
in
endeavouring
to refcue the perfons of the Englifli from
the
barbarous rage of the favages
;
and, after they had got
them
into their tents, flood themfelves as Gentries over them
for their
prefcrvation,
till the fury of their favage allies
had
fubfided.
Incidents of this kind are almoft always exag-
'^erated in the recital ;
for the impreflions of fear are in
<3-eneral too ftubborn to yield to the clearell truths
; and the
prejudices
of weak minds are not to be removed by the ef-
forts
of reafon, which can operate on thofe alone who pofl^efs
ir.
Hence it is, that the ear of credulity is fo often impofed
on by
the falfc reprcfentation of a(5tions, which, when re-
lated with
impartiality, are many times found deferving the
highcfl
approbation.
If it be aflced, Why M. de Montcalm
did not make ufe of his own troops to prevent thefe cruel-
tics ? the anfv/er is obvious
;
the Englifli were armed, and
fupcrior in number to the favages
j
and were, befides, as
we
have already faid, defired by the French General
to
defend
themfelves ;
nay, even to fire on the Indians his
friends.
Moreover, the balance of power in North-Ame-
6
ricaj
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
rica, was now in the hands of the favages
; and however hu^
manity might urge M. de Montcahii to interfere with his whole
force, reafons of policy and duty to his country bade
him
not hazard the confequences that might attend fuch a ftep.
Though we cannot help fliuddering at the recollection
of this
tragical event, yet candour requires we fliould fpeak of it as
we have done. Let not then the generofity of the EngHih,
when it can take place confiltent with truth, fuffer an unde-
ferved blot to remain and fully the reputation of a noble
enemy and an excellent foldier.
Having thus related the confequences of the Earl of Lou-
don's taking fo many of the Englifh troops from this part of
North-America, it is now necelTary we fliould purfue the de-
tail of the enterprize in which thefe troops were to be em-
ployed, as the fuccefs of it could fcarce fail to determine the
iflue of the war.
We have faid, that Lord Loudon failed from Sandy Hook
on the 20th of
June ;
but we did not obferve, that, as there
was fome reafon to apprehend he might meet in his paflage
with a French fleet fuperior to that which carried him,
efpecially as there was no account of Admiral Holborne,
it was rather trufting too much to chance to rifque the lofs
of fo confiderable a part of the troops as were to be em-
ployed in the expedition. The only excufe therefore, if any,
that can, with any propriety, be urged for fuch an hazard-
ous attempt, was the feafon being fo far advanced, and the
neceffity there was of f?#ving as much time as polTible for
the buiincfs of the approaching campaign. Be that as it will.
Fortune feemed to interell herfelf in condu(5ling the arma-
O
ment
98
HISTORY OF THE
1757.
nrmamcnt
under him to Halifax, where it arrived on the thir-
"
'
ticth of June,
and was augmented by the following fea and
land forces
:
The Nottingham man of war 60 guns
The Arc-en-ciel
50
The Winchelfca 24
TheSuccefs 22
The Elphinghara 20
The Baltimore 16
The Jamaica 14
And the Speedwell 1
2
A detachment of the fortieth, the forty-fifth, and the forty-
feventh regiments, with a detachment of Royal Artillery,
had been for fome time at Halifax. As foon as the troops
from New-York had landed, the ground being uneven, the
men were employed in making a parade for exercife, and a
garden to furnifli vegetables for the fick and wounded, who
might be fent thither for their recovery, in cafe the intended
attack againfb Louifbourg fliould take place.
In the mean time, feveral of the beft failing veflels were
difpatched, under able pilots, to look into Louifbourg harbour,
and make what difcoveries might be necefTary ; and fome
of the Englifh fleet were daily arriving, till, at length, by the
ninth of
July,
the whole armament was allembled. It con-
fided of the following fliips and regiments ; wdiich were im-
mediately formed in the order in which we give them.
THE
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
99
To repeat
fignals.
Hunter
Laforey.
Portma-
hone.
Ferret
Upton.
THE FLEET.
Ships
of
the Line, in Line
of
Battle.
1757.
["Kingfton
I
Captain
I
Invincible
I
Naffau
{Sutherland
'Tilbury
Northumberland
Newark
Orford
Sutherland
Centurion
Nottingham
Bedford
{ Grafton
I
Terrible
i
Defiance
60 guns
64
Captain ParryT This divlfion com-
74
64
50
60
68
80
68
68
54
60
64
68
Amherft
Sir C. Hardy, Bentley
y
Sawyer
FalkinghamJ
Barnfley
Lord Colville
manded
by Sir
C. Hardy, Rear-
Admiral of the
Blue.
Ad. Holb" Holborne
Spry
M'Kenzie
Mantell
Marlhain
Fowke
Francis
Holborne
Efq; Vice-Admi-
ral of the Blue.
74
60
C. Holmes,
Collins
Bairdj
Frigates ordered to lie
off
with the Tranfports.
Winchelfea 20 Rous
Kennington 20 Diggs
Furnace
Vulture
Hawk Bradley
Succefs Oury
Baltimore
Jamaica
Men
of
war ordered to remain at Hal
fax.
L'arc en Ciel
Windfor
Nightingale x Campbell
Speedwell Bond
Grenada
Gibraltar's Prize
Harriot-packet-boat.
O 2
Holmes
,,
1 Charles
Cornwall >
Efq; Commodore.
THE
100
HISTORY or THE
THE ARM Y,
Divided into the foUoiving
Brigades :
Firll brigade to be commanded by Major-General
Hopfonv
Royal
Forty-fourth
Fifty-fifth
Twenty-eighth
Second brigade. Major-General Abercombie,
Seventeenth
Forty-fixth
Second battalion of the iixtieth
Forty-fecond
Third brigade. Major-General Lord Charles Hay.
Twenty-fecond
Forty-eighth
Fourth battalion af the fixtietli
Forty-third
A corps de referve, formed from the twenty-feventh, for-
tieth, forty-fifth and forty-feventh regiments, to confift of
feven hundred men, to be commanded by Governor-Colo-
nel Lawrence.
And a detachment of three hundred and fevcnty men of the
Royal Artillery, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Wil-
liamfon.
So vaft an armament, in fo diflant a part of the world, filled the
fubjeifls of Great Britain with the mod fanguine expec5lations;
but the want of intelligence prevented the Admiral and the Ge-.
ncral from doing any thing to realize them. In the mean time,
4
the
LATE WAR IN AMERICA. xoi
the farce of fliam battles and fieges was aded in the higheft de- 1757.
gree; in order, as it was faid, to perfedl the undifcipHned
troops in the whole art of attack and defence. Whether the
General could have better employed his army or nor, thefe
meafures were highly cenfured by fome as trifling away the
courage of the foldiers, and expending the wealth of the
nation, in mock engagements and planting of cabbages,
when
they fliould have been ufefully employed in real attacks on the
enemies of their king and country. The extraordinary ardour of
Lord Charles Hay having made him much louder than others in
condemningLordLoudon's behaviouron this occafion, a coimcil
of warwas called to confider the tendency of his refleflions ; and
the confequence was his being put under an arreft. At length,
from intelligence received by velTels that had been ordered to
keep on the look-out for that purpofe, it was determined to
profecute the intended enterprize ; and the troops were em-
barked the firfl and fecond of Auguft, with orders to rendez-
vous at Gabarus bay, a little to the weflward of Louifbourg
harbour. But, on the fourth, before they could put to fea, it
was difcovered by a French prize fchooner, which, after a
chafe of feveral hours, had been taken on the banks of Nev/-
foundland, that there was then actually in garrifon at Louif-
bourg three thoufand regulars, befides fome Indians, and the
Burghers who had taken up arms
;
and, in the harbour, the
following formidable French fleet, which had ai'rived there fo
early as the month of
June: For, on the fourth of that
month, M. Reveft arrived with
Le Hedor
102
HISTORY or THE
1757- And on the fifth M. Beaufremont with the
"
'
L'Etonnant 80 guns
Le Defenfcur
74
Le Diademe /
74
L'Inflexible
64
L'Eveille
64
And on the twenty-ninth M. de la Mothe with
Le Due de Bourgogne 80
Le Formidable
84
Le Superbe
74
Le Glorieux
74
Le Heros
74
Le Dauphin Royal
70
Le Bellequeux
64
Le Celebre
64.
Le Bizarre 64.
FRIGATES.
La Brune
36
Le Bienacquis
40
La Comete
30
La Hermione 26
La Fochine
^6
La Fleur de lis 36
This intelligence produced a council of war, tlie refult of
which was to recal the former orders to rendezvous
at
Gabarus bay, and even totally change the plan of the cam-
paign.
Accordingly, the royal and twenty-eighth regiments were
ordered to difembark and encamp, all the other regiments re-
maining on board, with orders to fend for their heavy baggage
and
LATE WAR IN AMERICA. lo;
and the fick whicli they had left on fliore. The twenty- 1757-
feventh,
tlie
forty-third, and the forty-fixth regiments, with a
detachment of the royal artillery, were to be in readinefs to
fail for the bay of Fundy under the command of Governor
Lawrence ;
and, when the objedl of this detachment was ful-
filled, the
twenty-feventh were to go to Boflon, and fix com-
panies of the
forty-third to Annapolis. The other four were
to garrifon Fort Edward about thirty-fix miles from Halifax
;
and the forty-fixth Fort Cumberland. Major- General Hopfon
was left to command at Halifax, and the reft of the army was
to proceed with the earl of Loudon to New-York, whilit Ad-
miral Holborne was to cruize oiF Louifbourg, and watch the
'
motions of the French fleet in that harbour, in order, if pof-
fible, to bring them to an adlion.
Thefe refolutions were taken on the fixteenth of Auguft,
and, in purfuance of them, the whole fleet foon got under
way, the Ihips which compofed it taking their courfe agree-
able to their feveral deftinations. But they were fcarce fepa-
rated, when an exprefs arrived from Bofton with difpatches
to the earl of Loudon, informing him of the fate of Fort
William-Henry. A fignal therefore was made for the fleet to
lie to, and a council of war was immediately held on board
the Winchelfea
J
in confequence of which, the orders of the
twenty-feventh and forty-fixth regiments were altered
;
thefe
corps were now to accompany the earl of Loudon, and Gene-
ral Hopfon was to replace them with the twenty-eighth. Mat-
ters being thus fettled, the feveral fquadrons made fail again;
in the evening ; Admiral Flolborne for Louifbourg
;
that with
Lord Loudon for New-York ; and that with the reft of the:
troops which had not been relanded for the bay of Fundy.
3
On.
104
HISTORY OFTHE
175^ On the thirty-firft of Auguft, Lord Loudon arrived with his
troops at New-York, where they were immediately put on board
fmall veflels, and fent to Albany. Fort Edward being now the
moft advanced poft of the Englifli, the garrifon was increafed,
and the command of it given to Lieutenant-Colonel Haviland.
Lord Loudon likewife repaired thither in perfon to give fome
dire^lions about its defences, and afterwards returned to Al-
bany. Captain Rogers was then difpatched on a fcout to
Ticonderoga, with orders to make fome prifoners. Having
fucceeded, he returned with them to Fort Edward. The
account given by thefe prifoners vras, that the garrifon of
Ticonderoga conlifted of about three hundred and fifty regu-
lars
;
and that of Crown-Point of about one hundred and
fifty. The weaknefs of thefe pofts naturally fuggefted the
propriety of hazarding an attempt on the firfl by an efcalade;
bur, after many preparations for that purpofe, the projecT: was
abandoned.
The forty- third regiment, and the detachment of artillery,
commanded by Governor Lavv^rence, arrived in Beau-Baftn^
about five miles from Fort Cumberland, on the twenty-fourth
of Auguft
; and, on the twenty-fixth, was difembarked and
encamped. A detachment of the fortieth, forty-fifth, and
forty-feventir regiments, equal to a battalion, were already in
garrifon there, under the command of Lieutenant-Colo-
nel
Wilmot. On the thirtieth, the twenty-eighth regi-
ment arrived and encamped. Thefe troops were intended
for the protec5tion of Fort Cumberland, and the circum-
jacent country. They were kept in conflant alarms by
fmall parties of the French rangers, and were extremely
harafled in conftruding of lines, and otherwife making
Fort
LATE WAR IN AMERICA. lo^
Port Cumberland a refpedlable Ilation.

This work being com-
'7S7'
pleted by the eighth of Odober, the forty-third regiment was
ordered to embark their baggage ; and the twenty- eighth to
remain in garrifon with a company of rangers. On the four-
teenth of Odober, fi^ companies of the forty-third failed for
Annapolis Royal ; and the other four for Fort Edward, in order to
relieve the garrifons of thefe places, which failed for Halifax.
On the twenty-fifth, Governor Lawrence, who had touched at
Annapolis in his way from Fort Cumberland, failed alfo for
Halifax with the detachment of the fortieth, forty-fifth, and
forty-feventh regiments, which he had brought with him
from Fort Cumberland.
The garrifons of Annapolis Royal and Fort Edward were
obliged to be alert ; for parties of the French kept continually
fkulking about in their neighbourhood. This, together with
the feverity of the feafon, and fometimes a fcarcity of pro-
vifions, involved them in great diflrefs.
Nothing worthy of our attention attended the troops under
Colonel Stanwix, or thofe that v^^ere detached to the fouthward
under Lieutenant-Colonel Bouquet.
In the condu6l of this campaign, Lord Loudon was cen-
fured for having ordered fo rnany of the regular troops from
the frontiers of New-York, and thereby leaving fo extenfive and
valuable a part of that country, as well as the province itfelf,
expofed to the infults of the enemy. But this conclufion is
by no means juft. He was well warranted in drawing off
thefe forces, by the ftrength of the garrifon of Fort William-
P Henry,
jo5
HISTORYOFTHE
1757. Henry,
confifting of a detachment of the thirty-fifth, and a batta-
' "
'
lion of the Royal American regiment, exclufive of the provincials
;
the whole
amoimting to two thoiifand men. For thefe troops,
with the army
under Colonel Webb, and the militia which he
ought to have
afTembled, were doubtlefs ftrong enough, if con-
duiftcd with
proper
refolution, to oppofe and fruftrate any de-
li
-rns of the
French. A general, indeed, ought not to be account-
able for the
behaviour of his fubordinate officers
;
but then, it is
his
duty to take care that fuch as are appointed to particular
commands
under
him, fhould be men of approved courage
and
abilities ;
the retreat, or rather the flight, of Colonel
Webb,
when he heard of the lofs of Ofwego, could not re-
commend
him to the
commander in chief as pofTefTed of
either.
Though the defenfive plans of the Englifli were thus ihame-
fully
neglected, and their ofFenfive views againfl Louifbourg
mifcarried,
in fome degree, it muft be owned, through an un-
forefeen
event, yet there was no occafion for perfifting in the
defign
againil that place fo long as to be obliged to omit
other
operations. Minute intelligence is the fountain of
fuccefs.
Without it, the meafures of a general mufl be con-
tinually
cxpofed to the fport of chance. It had, no doubt,
been
highly cenfurable in Lord Loudon to have
profecuted
the
intended enterprize, without knowing fomewhat
certain
of the flrength of the French ;
but, furely, the proper fteps
fliould
have been taken to attain that knowledge in time.
Had
this been done, the council of war would have come
to the fame conclufions much earlier; and the troops,
of
courfe,
miglit have been back time enough to fave Fort Wil-
liam-Henry.
Thus
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
107
Thus ended the third campaign between the Englifli and 1757-
the French in North-America, in which the Enghfli, notwith-
'
'
Handing their manifeft fuperiority over the French, left their
aUies expofed to the refentment of a cruel enemy, and fuffer-
ed the inhabitants of their back-fettlcments to be maffacrcd
in their fight, to the eternal reproach of thofe who direclcd
the Britiili arms in this part of the world, and not without
diflionour to the Britifli name.
Though the unfortunate operations of the Earl of Loudon
in the field did not, as we have already hinted, efcape the fe-
verity of cenfure, his abilities in council were produdive of
fuch plans, as, in future, added greatly to the natural power
of the Britifli colonies in North-America, and rouzed them
into fuch an exertion of their flrength, as procured them al-
moft immediate fecurity. This happy condition was fo much
improved by a fucceeding commander, as to enable them,
with the affiftance of the mother-country, to fubdue the whole
power of France in that part of the world.
AVhilft the feverity of the feafon confined the refpe(5live
armies in their different quarters, the fparks of war were kept
alive by a few fcouting parties, without any material advan-
tage on either fide; and, in the mean time, a change in the
Englifh miniftry having produced the recal of the Earl of
Loudon, the command of the Englifh forces devolved on
Major-General Abercromby.
The Englifli fleet, whiifl; cruizing off Loulfbourg, was fur-
prifed, on the 24th of September, by a violent gale of wind,
in which the whole of it had nearly periflied. The Tilbury
was driven afliore on the ifland of Cape Breton
; and two hun-
P 2
tired
ic8
HISTORY OF THE WAR IN AMERICA.
1-57. drcd and twenty-five of her hands were drowned. The re-
mainder of her crew, amounting to one hundred and feventy-
five, were taken up by the French, and afterwards fent, under
a flag of truce, to Hahfax. The Newark drove into HaUfax,
after throwing eight of her guns overboard. Others were
obhged to do the fame, being, for the greateft part, difmafted.
In this difbrefled fituation, Admiral Holborne, with as many
fliips as he could colle(5l, made the beft of his way for England,
excepting only a fmall fquadron which he left at Halifax, under
the command of Lord Colville, to proted the trade of the Eng-
lifli, and watch the motions of the French in thofe feas.
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-^40^--.
Part of
:t
THE
HISTORY
O F T H E
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
BOOK HI.
Mr. Pitt refumes the expedition againjl Loiiijhourg^ Procures Co-
lonel Amherji the command
of
the army, and Admiral Bofcaiven that
'
^
the jleet dejlined to attack that place. The Admiral fails from
England. General Amherf meets him coining out
of
the harbour
of
Halifax. Sea and land forces employed againjl Louifoourg.
'
General Amherfs journal
of
the expedition. Louifjourg capitu~
lates. Admiral Bofca'aien^s letter to Mr. Pitt. Refeclions on
the ftege of
Louijbourg. Armament
fent
againjl the French fettle-
ments. General Amherjl reinforces General Abercromby. Ope-
rations
of
the EngUJlo againjl Ticonderoga, ivhich General Aber-
cromby attacks by affault :

He mifcarries in the attempt. Colonel

Bradflreet takes Fort Frontinac. Importance
of
the conqjief.
Brigadier Forbes proceeds againf Fort-du-^tefne
.
Colonel Stan-
nvix ereBs Fort Stanivix, General Amherf appointed commander
in chief of
the Briti/Jj forces in North-America. Generals Aber-
cromby and Wolfe return to England.
ryAHE
plans of adlion formed by the Englifli miniftry
j^^g.
^
for the preceding campaign in North-America, were
^ ^
fuch as could not be executed but at a very monflrous ex-
pence
j
and therefore, their having been little more than
7
barely
no
H13T0RY0FTHE
1 758-
barely
attempted, gave the people of England the greateft
^ ^
difn-uli. They were, and not without reafon, tu'ed with fee-
ing thofe
preparations end in an empty blaze, which they
were made to believe muil terminate in the redudion of the
power and pride of France ; and for which they had, accord-
ingly, mod
cheerfully granted the miniftry all their exorbitant
demands.
They v/crc fhocked at the fight of fleets returning
to their
harbours, and the news of armies retiring to their
-winter-quarters,
almoft without ilriking a Angle ilroke
;
and
be-s-an to grow fo clamorous,
attributing all their loflcs and
difgraccs
to the want of honelly, or fpirit, or prudence, in
thofe about the throne, that the King of Great Britain thought
it
neceflary to remove his minifters, and replace them with
men
more
agreeable to the bulk of his fubjeds.
'
Of this
number was again appointed Mr. Pitt, one of the fecretaries
of date ; a pofl, which, by every virtue and talent necefTary
to fill it worthily, became, in him, equivalent to that of prime
miniilcr.
The refcuing, therefore, the foldiery from that
lanp"uor
into which the difpiritcd behaviour of their leaders
had thrown them, and the Englifli arms from that diflionour
which was the unhappy confequence of both, feemed to de-
mand the firft exertion of his fuperior abilities, in which the
people had placed the mofl unbounded confidence ; and this
confidence he immediately juftified, by meafures which in-
fpired every department and every rank with new life. He
refumed
the expedition againll Cape Breton
; and, informed
by late experience, that wifdom and precaution in the cabinet
avail little without adequate condudl: and refolution in the
field, he thought it high time to employ other officers in both
the military and naval fervice in North-America. According-
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
im
ly, having obferved in Colonel Amlierd a folid judgment, a
175B.
fleady courage, and an adive genius, he, without fear of oiFend-
ing others older in command, in a cafe where the honour and
intereft of his country were deeply concerned, recommended
him fo flrenuoully to the King, that he was thereupon recall-
ed from the fervice .in Germany, promoted to the rank of
major-general, and appointed to command the land-forces
deftined for the attack of Louifbourg.
Nor was Mr. Pitt lefs guarded and alert in providing for
the fuccefs of the naval fervice in that part of the world. The
honourable Edward Bofcawen was named to the command
of a grand fleet to join in that attack; and, fo early as the
19th of February, failed from Portfmouth for Halifax in Nova-
Scotia, to be not only in the greater readinefs to a(5t himfelf
in his own province, but make all the preparations he could
to enable General Amherfl to proceed in his with tlic utmoft
vigour. With this view, he was provided with a commiilion
that gave him the command even of the army, till it fliould
be fuperfeded by the arrival of General Amherfl.
As the operations of the Englifh on the continent were
once more to be dire6ted againft Ticonderoga and Fort du
Quefne, Captain Rogers, being appointed a major in America
only, and the corps of rangers under his command being
augmented, was ordered to difcover the (Irength of the
French at the firft of tliefe places. Accordingly, the Major
iffiied from Fort Edward, on this fervice, with one. hundred
and feventy men, on the icth of March; but, on the 13th, he
unexpecStedly fell in with a party of one hundred French, and
fix.
no HI STOP. Y O F THE
'
'753.
fix hundred Indians. A fevere action was the confequence-j
in which both the Major and thofe under him did every-
thing that could be expcdled from good officers and foldiers,
kilHng about one hundred and fifty of the enemy, and
wounding as many more ; though not without loling five of
his officers, and about one hundred rank and file killed. The
enemy, therefore, Hill retaining their fuperiority in point of
firength, and leaving him, of courfc, but very little hopes
of fuccecding better in a fecond attack, he thought it pru-
dent to retreat. Lieiuenant Philips, and a few men, who
had furrendered, in this affiiii, to the French Indians, in con-
fequcnce of a promife of protedion, were inhumanly tied up
to trees, and cut to pieces.
We are now to return to Admiral Bofcawen and General
Amherfl, whofe operations were not only fuperior in import-
ance, but prior in time, to thofe upon the continent. The
former, as has been already obferved, failed, from Portfraouth,
for Halifax in Nova-Scotia, where all the forces, both of fea
and land, defiined againft Louiibourg, were to rendezvous.
On the 1 6th of March, General Amheril embarked, at Portf-
raouth, on board the Dublin man of war. Captain Rodney
;
but, in confequence of contrary winds, did not reach Halifax
till the sSth of May; when Admiral Bofcawen, defirous of
lofing as little time as poffible, -was coming out of the harbour
with his whole fleet, and all the land-forces which General
Amherfi: was to command ; the following troops having been
left afhore for the fafety of t4ie place, under Major Morris
.of the 3jth regiment.
The
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
114
HISTORY OF THE
Devonfhire,
- 66
Bedford,
- -
64
Captain,
-
64
Prince Frederick,
64
Pembroke,
-
60
Kingfton,
- - 60
York,
- -60
Prince of Orange, 60
Defiance,
- 60
Nottingham,
- 60
Centurion,
-
54
Sutherland, -
50
Captain Gordon.
Fowke.

Amherft.
Man.
Simcoe.
Parry.
Pigot.

Fergufon.

Baird.
Marfliall.
Mantell.
Rous.
Juno,
Gramont>
Nightingale,
Hunter,
Diana,
R I G A T
Shannon,
Kennington,
Scarborough,
Boreas,
Hind,
E S.
Squirrel,
Hawk,
Trent,
Portmahon,
Beaver.
The iEtna and Lightening, fire-hips ; and an armed veflel.
The following troops compofed the army
:
The I ft, or Royal Regiment. The 48th, Webb's.
15th, Amherll's.
17th, Forbes's.
22d, Whitmore's.
28th, Bragg's.
40th, Hopfon's.
Sj-th, Otway's.
45th, Warburton's.
47th, Lafcelles's.
58th, Anftruther's.
60th, 2d batt. Monckton's.
60th, 3d batt. Lawrence's.
78th, Frafer's.
Royal Artillery,
324.
Rangers,
si'i.
Brigade of Engineers.,
General
LATE WAR IN
AMERICA,
u^
General Amherft immediately went on board the Admiral's 1758.
fliip, when the command of the army was delivered
up to
'*-"^'
'
him; and it was then formed into the following
brigades:
Firft brigade. Brigadier-General
Whitmore.
Firfl regiment.
Fortietli,
firl
bnrmlinn
Sixtieth^
,^'^^<;^^/^^-
Forty-eighth.
Twenty-fecond.
Second brigade. Brigadier-General Lawrence.
Twenty-eighth.
Fifty-eighth.
Seventy-eighth.
Forty-fifth.
Fifteenth.
Third brigade. Brigadier-Genei'al Wolfe,
Seventeenth.
Forty-feventh, ad battal ion.
Sixtieth,
J^^JAt^.r/^^n^
Thirty- fifth.
The above regiments made eleven thoufand fix
hundred
men, of which nine thoufand nine hundred were fit for duty.
Colonel George Williamfon commanded the artillery, and
Colonel Baftide a brigade of engineers. Colonel
Monckton
was ordered on fhore, to fuperfede Major Morris, and com-
mand in Nova-Scotia.
The Admiral continued his voyage to the place of his defti-
nation,
and arrived off Cape Breton on the 2d of
June,
when
0^2
the
.ii6
HISTORY OF THE
1758.
the
greatefl: part of the fleet came to an anchor in Gabarus
'
' '
bay.
Here the General ilRied the following order :
"
As the General's intentions are to furprize the French, as
well as to attack them, he depends upon the care and vigi-
lance of the officers commanding the tranfports, that his or-
ders be flric^ly complied with.
The troops are to be in their
boats by two o'clock exadly. No lights are to be Ihewn in
any of the tranfports, except
fignals, after twelve o'clock at
ni'^ht.
There mud be a profound fdcnce throughout the
whole army;
and, above all things, the fn-ing of a fingle
niuflcet muft be avoided.

The General is fufficiently con-

vinced of the good difpofition of the troops, by what he has
already feen. He dcfnes they will not huzza, or make any
noife at landing ; but be attentive to the commands of their
ofiicers : by which they will avoid confufion, and will not
fail of fuccefs. Their officers will lead them directly to the
enemy."
The weather rendered the execution of thefe orders impof-
fible till the 8th of June,
when, the fea being lefs turbulent than
it had hitherto been fmce the arrival of the fleet, a fuccefsful
attempt
was made for that purpofe.

But I cannot pretend to

o-ive my readers a better detail of this affair, and of the opera-
tions that immediately preceded and followed the landing of
the troops, from the junction of the Admiral and General, to
the furrender of Louifbourg, than what they themfelves gave
in their
refpc6tive letters to the fecrctary of ftate; efpecially
as that of the General was fo much approved, that it produced
commands to him to tranfmit the operations of any army he
might again, command, in the fame kind of detail, as being
7
the
LATE WAR IN
AMERICA.
the beft method of conveying a true and explicit idea of mili-
tary operations. The General's journal of this important
affair is as follows
:
"
On the 28th of May, I had the good fortune to meet Ad-
miral Bofcawen, with the fleet and the troops, coming
out of
the harbour of Halifax.
*
The agth, we had fine weather
;
the fhips kept well toge-
ther
;
the whole confifted of one hundred and fifty-feven fail.
The Dublin went very fickly into Halifax.
"
The 30th, the wind blew hard in the afternoon : the fhips
were greatly difperfed.
"
The 3ifl, the wind fometimes contrary, obliged us to
tack ; and it blew frefh.
"
The I ft of June,
Captain Rous, in the Sutherland,
came
from off the harbour of Louifbourg : he faid. That tv/o fliips
had got in on the 30th of May; and that there were
thirteen
fail in the harbour. We faw the entrance of Gabarus at night.
"
The ad, it was foggy in the morning ; about twelve we
faw Louifbourg and the fhips in the harbour. The fleet, with
about a third of the troops, anchored in Gabarus bay. This
evening, with Brigadier-Generals Lawrence and Wolfe, I re-
connoitred the fliore as near as we could, and made a difpo-
lition for landing in three places, the next morning, in cafe
that the ti'oops fhould arrive.-
"
The enemy had a chain of polls from Cape Noir to the
Flat Point ; and fome irregulars, from thence to the bottom
of the bay ; fome works had been thrown up at the places
which.
ii8
HISTORY OF THE
175?. which appeared practicable to land at; and there were fomc
batteries.
"
On the 5d, moft of the tranfports arrived, and all pre-
pared for landing ; but the furf on the fiiore was fo great,
that this defign was thereby rendered impolTible. As one bay-
was found to have lefs furf than the others, a difpofition was
made to land, the next morning, in one place inftead of three.
"
The 4th, the wind and furf was fo high, that Admiral
Bofcawen faid it was impra(51:icable to land.
*'
The 5th, a great fwell and fog in the morning ; and the
Admiral ftill declared it impradticable to land.
"
The 6th, an appearance of a change of the weather; the
fignal was made to prepare to land ; but the fog came on
again, and the fwell increafed during the time the men were
getting into the boats
;
and the Admiral again declared it im-
pra6licable to land. I ordered the troops on board their re-
fpectivc fliips ; firll acquainting them with the reafon for fo
doing.
"
The 7th, the weather was bad in the morning; in the af-
ternoon, the fwell rather decreafed, and gave us great hopes
of landing at day-break the next morning ; for which orders
were given ; and Bragg's regiment, who were in a number of
floops, to fail under convoy, by the mouth of the harbour,
to Lorembec ; fending at the fame time a proportion of artil-
lery deftined for the Light-houfe Point, with orders to make
all the fliow they could of landing ; but not to land till fur-
ther orders, intending to dra,w the enemy's attention on that
fide.
', "
From
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
"
From the 2d to this time, the enemy has been reinforcing
their pofts, adding to their works, cannonading and throw-
ing fliells at the fliips, and making all the preparations tliey
can to oppofe our landing. Seven tranfports were now mif-
fing, with troops on board, three of which came in at night.
"
On the 8th, the troops were aflembled in the boats, be-
fore break of day, in three divifions
; and Commodore
Dureli
having viewed the coafl, and given his opinion the troops
might land, without danger ft-om the furf, the
Kennington
and Halifax fnow began the fire, on the left;
followed
by
the Grammont, Diana, and Shannon frigates, in the
center
;
and the Sutherland and Squirrel, upon the right.
When the fire
had continued about a quarter of an hour, the boats
upon the
left rowed in to the fliore, under the command of
Brigadier-
General Wolfe, whofe detachment was compofed of the four
el-
deft companies of grenadiers, followed by the light
infantry
(a corps of five hundred and fifty men, chofen as
markfmen
from the different regiments, commanded by Major
Scott);
and the companies of rangers, fupported by the
Highland
regiment
j
and thofe, by the eight remaining
companies
of
grenadiers.
*'
The divifion on the right, under the
command of
Brio-a-
dier-General Whitmore, confifted of the Royal,
Lafcelles's
Monckton's, Forbes's, Anftruther's, and
Webb's;
and
rowed
to our right, by the White-Point, as if intending
to
force
a
landing there..
"
The center-divifion, under the command
of
Brigadier-
General Lawrence, was formed of Amherft's,
Hopfon's,
Ot-
way's, Whitmore's, Lawrence's, and
Warburton's
; and
made,
3
a.t:
120
HISTORY OF THE
175^-
at the f.imc time, a Hiow of landing at the Frefli-water Cove,
This drew the enemy's attention to every part, and prevented
their troops polled along the coafls from joining thofe on
their right.
"
The enemy acted very v^rifely ; did not throw away a fliot
till the boats were near in fliore, and then directed the whole
lire of their cannon and rauflcetry upon them. The furf was
fo great, that a place could hardly be found to get a boat on
fliore.
Notwithftanding the fire of the enemy, and the vio-
lence of the furf, Brigadier Wolfe purfued his point, and
landed jud at the left of the Cove, took poll, attacked the ene-
my,
and forced them to retreat. Many boats overfet, feveral
broke to pieces, and all the men jumped into the water to get
on fliore.
"
As foon as the left divifion was landed, the firfl detach-
ment of the center rowed to the left likewife, and followed
;
then the remainder of the center-divifion, as fail as the boats
could fetch them from the fliips ; and the right divifion fol-
lowed the center, in like manner.
"
It took up a great deal of time to land the troops
;
the ene-
my's retreat, or rather flight, was through the rougheH and
worft ground I ever faw ;
and the purfuit ended in a cannon-
ading from the tov/n, which was fo far of ufe, that it pointed
out how near I could encamp to inveil it.
"
The lofs of his Majefly's troops at landing, is, Captain
Baillie and Lieutenant Cuthbert, of the Highland regiment.
Lieutenant Nicholfon of mine, four ferjeants, one corporal,
and thirty-eight men killed} twenty-one were of my regi-
ment,
LATE WAR IN AMERICA. 121
ment (the grenadiers), of which eight were fliot, and the
175^-
reft drowned in trying to get on fliore ; five lieutenants, two
ferjeants, one corporal, and fifty-one men were wounded
;
and, of the five companies of rangers, one eniign and three
private men killed, one wounded, and one miffing.
"
On the enemy's fide, two captains of grenadiers,
and two
lieutenants, are prifoners ;
one officer killed,
and an Indian
chief; feveral men killed
;
and, I imagine,
about feventy
men taken prifoners. They were fent on board as faft as pof-
fible. By fome of the prifoners I had intelligence,
that M.
St. Julien
commanded in the Cove
; that there were five bat-
talions in the town, namely, Bourgogne, Artois,
Royal
Ma-
rine, Cambife, and Volontaires Etrangers, with
about
feven
hundred Canadians. The three firft regiments
wintered
in
Louifbourg;
Volontaires Etrangers came there, not long
fince,
v/ith part of the fleet; and Cambife, the night
before
we
landed.
"
We took from the enemy three
twenty-four
pounders,
and feven fix-pounders, two mortars, and
fourteen
fwivels
;
all which were placed along the fhore to prevent
our land-
ing;
likewife fome ammunition, fome tools, and ftores of ail
kinds.
"
The gth, Lieutenant-General Bragg's
regiment
returned,
in their floops, from Lorembec. The weather
continued
ex-
tremely bad, and the furf fo great, that we could get only
fome of our tents on fhore in the afternoon.
*'
The loth, the furf fl:ill continued,
and it was with oreat
liifficulty that we got any thing on fhore.
II "
The
i;2
HISTORY
OF THE
1758.
*'
The nth, the weather grew clear and better, and the light
'
^
fix-pounders
only were now landed, and fome artillery-flores
with them.
"
On the 1 2th, from the intelligence I had received, that the
enemy had deftroyed the grand battery, and called in their
out-pofts, I detached Brigadier Wolfe, with twelve hundred
men,
four companies of grenadiers, three companies of ran-
gers, and fome light infantry, round the north-eaft harbour,
to the Light-houfe Point, with an intention to filence the
iiland-battery, and, at the fame time, to attempt to deftroy
the fliips in the harbour ; fending, likewife, by fea, the pro-
portion of artillery, ammunition and tools, that had been
ordered for this fervice.
"
I received, this day, a report from Brigadier Wolfe, that
he had taken poffefRon of the Light-houfe Point, and all the
polls on that fide the harbour, which the enemy had aban-
doned,
leaving feveral cannon, which were rendered ufelefs,
and a great quantity of fifli at Lprembec. The weather
continued extremely bad, but we got fome tools on fhore
this night; fo that, on the 13th, we began to make a com-
munication from the right to the left, in front of the camp
j
and I ordered three redoubts on the moft advantageous
ground in the front. A party of the enemy came out, this
day, towards our camp, but were foon beat back by the light
infantry, before two picquets could well get up to their affift-
ance. We worked at three redoubts in front all night.
"
The 14th, the enemy cannonaded us great part of the
day. The furf Itill continued fo high, that it was with the
gieateft difficulty we could land any thing: The fleet under
the
LATE WAR IN AMERICA. _ lo.
o
the command of Sir Charles Hardy, which appeared
ycllcr-
175S.
day for the firft time, was, in the night, blown off to fea.
"
"
The 15th, I fent four more mortars, in a floop, to the
Light-houfej but we could not get any artillery
landed on
this fliore. At night, two deferters from the
Volontaircs
Etrangers came in, and faid, they had five killed and forty
wounded in the fldrmifh on the 13th.
"
The 1 6th, the firfl; fine v/eather, we landed twelve
days
provifion, and got many things afhore ; but could not yet
land any artillery.
"
The 17th, I got Colonel Baftide on horfeback, and,
with
Colonel Williamfon and Major Mackellar, we reconnoitred
the
whole ground, as far as we could ; and Colonel Baftide
was
determined in his opinion of making approaches
by the
Green-hill, and of confining the deflrudion of the fhips
in
the harbour to the Light-houfe Point, and the batteries
on
that fide. I added two eight-inch mortars, and three royals,
to the Light-houfe batteries.
"
The 1 8th, we had fine weather. Some Indians
took
three of the tranfports men at the bottom of Gabarus bay,
who landed there contrary to orders. The road for the artil-
lery was puflied on as fafl as poffible. We got three
twenty-
four-pounders on fliore, though the furf was great the
begin-
ning of the day.
"
The 19th, the batteries of the Light-houfe were intended
to have been opened this night; but could not be got ready fo
foon. L'Echo, a French frigate of thirty-two
guns, was
brought in to-day. She had got out of the harbour the
13
th,
R 2
at
J04
HISTORY OF THE
'758-
at niglu, and was bound to Quebec. By her we have intel-
ligence, that the Bizarre got out the day we landed, and the
Comettc, fmce our arrival off the harbour.
''
The 2cth, the ifland battery and fliips fired at the batte-r
ries on the fliore, who began their fire this lad night. The
enemy burnt an old fhip at the bottom of the harbom-.

Theaift, very bad weather, and the furf high. The

ene-
my
difcovered us making the road for the artillery, and can-
nonaded us ; threw fome fliot into the left of the camp, but

did not oblige me to decamp any part. An advanced redoubt,
towards Greenhill, was thrown up this night.
"
The 2 2d, the bad weather continued; we were employe4
on the roads, and getting up a block-houfe on the left, by the
miry
road, to fecure the communication to the north-eall
harbour and light-houfe, and to hinder any parties from go-
ing into the town.
"
The
qsd,
the Admiral afTured me there were above one
hundred boats loft in landing the troops and provifions. This
day, fine weather; and we now have, on fhore, twelve
twenty-four pounders, and fix fix-pounders. The enemy fired
a great deal from their fill pping and iiland-battery ; and they
threw forac fliot into the left of the camp. Colonel INIelTervey,
and moll of his carpenters, taken ill of the fmall-pox, which
is a very great lofs to the army. Gabions and fafcines are
landed, and carried forward as faft as pollible, to make an
epaulment to Greenhill. The batteries at the Light-houfe
fire with fuccefs againft the ifland-battery, and, I hope, will
filence it.

On
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
*
On the 24th, the enemy fired on the hght-houfe batteries
from the town and Ihipping
;
and, on our advanced redoubt,
which was finiflied, they fired from the town. We had this
dav,
in the park of artillery, thirteen
twenty-four-pounders
and
feven twelve-pounders.
'*
On the 25th, the cannonading continued night and day
;
in the evening, the ifland-battery was filenced : their own fire
had helped to break down part of their works.
Fafcines and
gabions were forwarded to Greenhill as faft as poffible ; all
die men employed at work, and making the necefifary com-
munications. The enemy fired a good deal at our advanced
redoubt.
"
On the 26th, a fmall alarm on the left, of a party that:
had advanced from the town, and got up to the Block-houfe,
which was not quite finiihed. They had with them a barrel
of pitch, to fet it on fire. The guard on it was not fufficient
to oppofe a large party; but a detachment was fent out fo
quick, that they were forced to retreat without effeding their
defign, though two of the men had been in the Block-houfe
i
and they were drove back into the town very fail,
4" Three hundred pioneers ordered to Greenhill.
Admiral
Bofcawen landed two hundred marines, and took the pod: at
Kennington Cove, which is a great eafe to the army. I defired
of the Admiral four thirty-two-pounders, and two twenty-four-
pounders, to leave at the Light-houfe, to keep the ifland-battery
in ruin
;
that, with a proper number of men intrenched there,
Brigadier Wolfe, with his detachment, might be able to come
round the harbour, bringing his artillery with him, and to
try to deftroy the fliipping, and to advance towards the weft-
gate.
"
On
10.6
HLSrORY
01' THE
,-.8.
"
On the 27tb, one brafs twenty- four-pounder was loft in.

'
twelve
-fathom water, by flipping ofi' the catamaran, as they
were coming from the fliip to land it. The cannon I afked
of the
Admiral were, this night, landed at the Light-houfe.
"
On the 28th, many popping fliots and cannonad-
ing.
As the poft at Greenhill was covered, we began the
road over the bog, by throwing up an epaulment. Colonel
MaflTervey and his fon both died this day ;
and, of his com-
pany of carpenters, of one hundred and eight men, all, but
fixteen,
who are nurfes to the fick, are ill with the fmall-pox.
This is
particularly unlucky at this time.
"
On the 2gth, cannonading continued; a frigate fired con-
ilantly at the epaulment. We perfevered in working at the road,
which coft a great deal of labour. At night, the enemy funk
four fliips in the harbour's mouth: the Apollo, with two
decks ; La Fidelle, of thirty-fix guns
;
La Chevre and La
Biche, of fixteen guns each ; and they cut off moll of their
mafts. Remain in the harbour, five of the line of battle, and
a frigate of thirty-fix guns.
"
The 50th, at night, fome firing at Kennington Cove;
the marines thought they faw Indians. The frigate fired all
night at the epaulment, as the men worked in the night-time.
"
The ill of
July,
the enemy crept out, in the morning, to
get fome old palifades and wood. Brigadier Wolfe, and
Major Scot's light infantry, puflied them in with a very brifk
fire
j
and the Brigadier took poft on the hills, from whence
it was intended to try to demolifli the fliipping : we marched
forward on the right
J
forced the enemy back to Cape Noir,
with a fmart lire.
"
The
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
127
"
The 2d, the epaulment and road went on heavily,
from
1758.
the extreme badnefs of the ground, The enemy
continued
"
'
their cannonading, and threw fome fliells ; we fliirmifhed all
day with parties out of the town.
"
The 3d, a great cannonading from the town and ihip-
ping, on the batteries. Brigadier Wolfe was making an ad-
vanced work on the right, thrown up at fix hundred and fifty
yards from the covered way, with an intention of eredling a
battery to deflroy the defences of the place, as the falling of
the ground, from this place, towards the works, would hin-
der our difcovering as much of the works as would be necef-
fary to do them any confiderable daiuage. In the evening,
the fea-officers imagined, that fome of the fliips would try to
get out of the harbour. The batteries on the left imme-
diately played on them; but it grew fo dark, they could not
continue.
*'
The 4th, a great fog: when there were glares of light,
the cannonading began. Five hundred men were kept con-
tinually making of fafcines.
"
The 5th, very bad weather. The epaulment was haftcn-
ed on as much as poffible
; it fwallowed up an immenfe num-
ber of fafcines, and coll fome men, as the frigate cannonaded
it without ceafing.
"
The 6th, a floop failed out of the harbou.r, v/ith a flag of
truce, to Sir Charles Hardy, to carry fome things to their
wounded officers and prifoners.
"
The many difficulties of landing every thing in almoft a
continual furf, making of roads, draining and paffing of
bogs,
HISTORY OF THE
bogs, and
putting ourfelves under cover," render our approach
to the place much longer than I could wifli,
"
On the -th, we had very foggy weather
;
the cannonading
continued all day, with many popping Ihots, from the ad-
vanced polls.
"
The 8th, I intended an attack on fome advanced polls at
Cape Noir ;
but it did not take place. Colonel Baftide got a con-
tulion by a
mulket-ball on his OEoot, which laid him up in
the gout.
"
The .9th, in the night, the enemy made a fally,
where
Brigadier Lawrence commanded ; they came from Cape Noir,
and, though drunk, I am afraid they rather furprifed a com-
pany of grenadiers of Forbes's, commanded byLordDundonald,
who were polled in a fmall work on the right. Major Murray,
who commanded three companies of grenadiers, immediately
detached one, and drove the enemy back very eafily.
Whit-
iviore's and Bragg's grenadiers behaved very well on this occa-
fion ;
Lord Dundonald was killed
;
Lieutenant Tew wounded,
and taken prifoner ; Captain Bontein, of the engineers, taken
prifoncr ; and one corporal, and three men were killed
; one fer-
jeant and eleven men are milling; and feventeen men wound-
ed.
The fally was of five picquets, fupported by fix hundred
men.
A Captain, Chevalier de Chauvelin, was killed ; a lieu-
tenant wounded, and taken prifoner ;
feventeen men killed
;
four wounded, and brought off prifoners
;
befides what wound-
ed they carried into the town, one of whom, a captain, died
immediately. The enemy fent out a flag of truce to bury
their dead ;
which when over, the cannonading began again.
The frigate was fo hurt, flie hauled clofe to the town
; the
,fhips fired very much againfi Brigadier Wolfe's batteries,
"
The
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
=9
"
The loth, the road, at the epaiilment, went on a little 1758-
better.
*'
The nth, a waggoner was taken ofFby feme Indians, be-
tween the Block-houfe and the left of the north-eafl harbour.
"
The lath, it rained very hard all night; we made an ad-
vanced work to Greenhill ; at night, the waggoner, who had
been taken, luckily made his efcape, and faid, they were two
hundred and fifty Canadians, The citadel baflion fired very
fmartly.
'
Tlie 13th, the enemy threw a great many fliells ; we per-
fedted our works, as faft as we could ; bad rainy weather ; the
enemy was at work at Cape Noir to hinder our taking poft
near that point, which is of no confequence
j fome deferters
came in, and faid a floop from Miray got in, three days ago.
"
The 14th, the batteries were traced out, laft night, with an
intention to place twenty twenty four pounders, divided into
four different batteries, to deftroy the defences
;
and a battery
of feven mortars, with fome twelve-pounders to ricochet the
works and the town.
*
The 15th, the cannonading and firing continued
; the ene-
jny tried to throw fome fhells into our cainp, fuppofed
to be
intended againll our powder magazine
; at ten at night, the
light-houfe battery fired fome rockets, as a fignal of fliips fail-
ing out of the harbour. Sir Charles Hardy anfwered it ; a
frigate got out, and Sir Charles Hardy's fleet got under fail
and went to fea. Before day-break, Captain Sutherland, poll-
ed at the end of the north-eaft harbour, was attacked, and
there was a great deal of firing -, the grenadiers of Brigadier
S . Wolfe's
13
HISTORY OF THE
i7s8-
Wolfe's corps marched to fuftain him, and all the light in-
fantry ; it was over before they could arrive, and, by a de-
ferter from the enemy, they were only one hundred men,
come from Miray, where they left Monfieur de Bois-Hibert,
who had, on their fide of the water, three hundred men with
boats ready to pafs. Major Scott, with the light infantry, pur-
fued ; but could not get up with them. I encamped a corps
forward.
"
The 1 6th, towards night, Brigadier Wolfe took poirefllon of
the hills in the front of the Barafoy, where we made a lodg-
ment }
the enemy fired very brifkly from the town and fliip-
ping.

The 17th, we refolved to extend the parallel from the right

to the left.
The fleet returned.
"The 18th, all laft night, the enemy fired mufketiy from
the covert-way ;
and tried to throw flieils into the camp.
*'
The 19th, I relieved the trenches by battalions, the four-
teen
battalions forming three brigades
; a fmart fire from the
covert-way ; the batteries, on the left, fired againfl the baflion
Dauphine,
with great fuccefs.
"
The 2 1 ft, one of the fliips in the harbour had fome pow-
der blown up in her, made a great explofion, and fet the fliip
on fire,
which foon caught the fails of two more ; they bm'ned
very faft, and we kept firing on them, the whole time, to hin-
der
the boats and people from the town to get to their aflift-
ance ;
the Entreprenant, Capricieux, and Celebre, were the
three burned fliips
;
the Prudent and Bienfaifant remained.
"
The
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
"
The 22d, two batteries, on the right, opened with thirteen
twenty-four pounders, and another of feven mortars
; and
fired, with great fuccefs ;
the enemy fired very fmart from the
town, for fome time
;
and threw their fliells into our works.
Our Ihells put the citadel in flames. I ordered Colonel William-
fon to confine his fire, as much as he could, to the defences of
the place, that we might not deftroy the houfes. A lieutenant
of the Royal Americans, going his rounds on an advanced
poll, loft his way, and was taken prifoner near Cape Noir.
A
battery was begun, on the left, for four twenty-four pounders.
'
"
The
234,
the cohorns we ufed at night, and the French
mortars were fent to throw ftones from the trenches. The
enemy fired all forts of old iron, and any fluff' they could pick
up.
Colonel Baftide was out to-day, for the firft time, fince he
received his contufion. Our batteries fired with great fuccefs.
This night, the fliclls fct fire to the barracks, and they burnt
with great violence.
"
On the 24th, the fire was very brifk on our fide
; and the
enemy's decreafed. The Admiral gave me four hundred fea-
men to help us to work at the batteries, and two hundred
miners were added to a corps of a hundred already efta-
blilhed, that we might make quick work of it ; and they were
immediately employed. The four gun battery opened, and
another of five erecting. One of the men of war in the har-
bour, the Bienfaifant, fired at our trenches, at high-water
;
and
the citadel, and Baftion Dauphine, fired againfl the four gun
battery ; but our men, firing fmall arms into the cmbrazures,
beat the enemy off their guns.
"
The a^th, the batteries fii-ed, with great fuccefs. Tlic
Admiral fent me word, he intended to fend in boats, with fix
S 2 hundred
J32
H 1 S T O R Y F T H E
175S. hundred men, to take or detlroy the Prudent and the Bienfai-
'"^ """
'
fanr, in the harbour. I ordered all the batteries at night to
fire into the works, as much as poflible, to keep the enemy's
attention to the land. The miners and workmen went on
very avcII, with their approaches to the covered way, though
they had a continued and very fmart fire from it ; and grape-
Ihot, and all forts of old iron from the guns of the ramparts.
We continued our fire, without ceafmg, and en ricochet. The
boats got to the fiiips at one in the morning, and took them
both : They were obliged to burn the Prudent of feventy-four
guns, as fhe was a-ground ;
and they towed off the Bienfai-
fant of fixty-four, to the north-eafl: harbour.
"
The 26th, the Admiral came on fliore
; and told me he
propofed to fend fix fliips into the harbour the next day.
Jull
at this time, I received a letter from the Governor, offering to
capitulate, and the following articles were agreed upon. The
troops remained in the trenches, this night, as ufual.
Articles
of
Capitulation betiveen their Excellencies Admiral Bofcaiven
and Major-General Amherji^ and his Excellency the Chevalier Drii-
cour, Go'ucrnor
of
the Ifland
of
Cape Breton,
of
Loiiifbourg^ the IflanS
of
St. yohn, and their appurtenances.
Article I. The garrifon of Louifbourg fliall be prifoners of
war, and fliall be carried to England in the fliips of his Bri-
tannic Majelly.
II. All the artillery, ammunition, provifions, as well as the arms
of any kind whatfoever, which are at prefentin the town of
Louifbourg, the lilands of Cape Breton, and St.
John, and
their appurtenances, fliall be delivered, without the leaft
damage, to fucli CommifTaries as fliall be appointed to re-
ceive them, for the ufc of his Britannic Majefly.
III. The
t
ATE WAR IN AMERICA.
133
jn. The Governor fliall give his orders that the troops which
1758.
are in the Ifland of St, John, and its appurtenances, fliall
go on board fuch fhip of war, as the Admiral fliall fend to
receive them.
IV. The gate, called Port Dauphine, fliall be given up to the
troops of his Britannic Majefty, to-morrow at ciglu o'clock
in the morning, and the garrifon, including all thofe that
carried arms, drawn up at noon, on the efplanade, where
they fhall lay down their arms, colours, implements, and
ornaments of war. And the garrifon fliall go on board, in
order to be carried to England, in a convenient time.
.
v. The fame care fliall be taken of the fick and wounded that
are in the hofpitals, as of thofe belonging to his Britannic
Majefly.
VI. The Merchants and their Clerks, that have not carried
arms, fliall be fent to France, in fuch manner as the Admi-
ral Ihall think proper.
(Signed) Le Chevalier de Drucour.
Louifbourg, Edward Boscawen.
26th July, 1758.
^
Jeffery Amherst.
This account was too full to leave Mr. Bofcawen much to
fay
;
accordingly, his letter to Mr. Pitt, on this occafion, dated
on board the Namur, Gabarus Bay, the aStli of
July 1758,
was comprized in the few following words :

I will not trouble you with a particular detail of the land-

ing and fiege, but cannot help mentioning a particular gallant
adtion, in the night between the twenty-fifth and twenty-fixth
inflant. The boats of the fquadron were, in two divifions,
8
detached,
134
HISTORY OF THE
175S.
detached, under the command of Captains Laforey and Bal-
four, to endeavour either to take or burn the Frudente of
feventy-four guns, and the Bienfaifant of fixty-four, the only
remaining French iliips in the harbour ; in which they fuc-
ceeded fo well as to burn the former, flie being a-ground,
and take the latter, and tow her into the north-ealt harbour,
notwithilanding they were expofed to the fire of the cannon
and mufketry of the ifland-battery, Point-Pv.ochfort, and the
town, being favoured with a dark night. Our lofs was in-
confiderable
;
feven men killed, and nine wounded."
On the 27th of
July,
three companies of grenadiers, com-
manded by Major Farquhar, took pofTcfGon of the town;
when the garrifon confided of
Twenty-four companies, being the ufual garrifon, and
two companies of the artillery,
- -
10
17
Second battalion, Volontaires Etrangers,
-
-
526
Second ditto, Artois,
- _ -
. _
^(^(,
Second ditto, Bourgogne,
-
-
- -
414
Second ditto, Cambife,
_ - _ _
608
hi all,
303
1
To which if we add
The fea-oflicers, failors, and marines,
- -
2^06
The total of prifoners will be,
5637
In this memorable fiege, twenty-one commilTioned and non-
comrniirioned ofllcers, one hundred and fort^'-fix private men,
one gunner, and three matroflTes, were killed, on the part of
the feefiegers
;
and thirty commillioned and non-commiffioned
officers, three hundred and fifteen private men, one corporal,
one gunner, and three matroflTes,
were wounded.
The
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
The French troops had about three hundred and fifty killed
and wounded.
And the fleet of that nation fuffered, in this fiege, a confi-
derable diminution, by the lofs of Le Prudent and L'Entre-
prenant, of feventy-four guns each; Le Capricieux, Le Ce-
lebre, and Bienfaifant, of lixty-four each ; Apollo, fifty ; Le
ChevrC} Biche, and Fidelle, frigates ; the Diana, taken by the
Boreas
j
and the Echo, by the
Juno.
On the 30th of
July,
the Shannon frigate, commanded by
the
Honourable Captain Edgecumb, who was charged with
the
Admiral's difpatches, and carrying Captain Amherft, with
thofe of the General, failed for England. Thefe gentlemen
took with them the colours of Louifbourg, and of the troops.
Thefe trophies, after having been prefented to the King of
Great Britain by Captain Amherft, were depofited, with great
pomp, in the cathedral church of St. Paul's, London, to per-
petuate the glory of the Britifh arms, by this conquefl re-
ftored to their former luftre.
It muft appear, by the foregoing journal of General Amherft,
that there was fcarce a difficulty, which accident or induftry
could create, that did not prefent itfelf to obftrudl his opera-
tions. Yet, whilft we admire the intrepidity that forced a
landing, when the violence of the furf almoft baffled the power
of art, we muft not conceal the fliare which fortune had in the
execution of fo dangerous an enterprize. Even the refolution
of Brigadier Wolfe was ftaggered, when he viewed the break-
ing furge ; and, fuppofing a landing at that time impraili-
cable, he made a fignal with his hat to retire. But, it being
miftaken for a fignal to advance, the boats in which were
3
Lieii^
1,6
HISTORY OF THE
1758. Lieutenants
Hopkins and Browne, and Enfign Grant, puflied
on
fhore. Thefe, with their men, climbed up feme rocks,
and formed.
Tliis being obfervcd by Mr. Wolfe, he advanced
his brigade, and landed, in the face of an infernal fire. In
the mean time, the party that was on fhore crept unfeen on
the flank of the enemy, who, being ignorant of their num-
bers,
immediately quitted their intrenchments, and fled. Ani-
mated by the example of Mr. Wolfe, thofe boats neareft to him
puflied for the fliore, and the men leaped into the fea to
gain the land; but many of them were drowned in the
attempt.
No oppofition, it fcems, could check the animating fpirit
raifed by the ardent deflre of regaining credit, and of ex-
punging the foul blot with which the mifcarriages of fuccef-
five years had flained the Britiih colours. The vigilance,
r-efolution, and other military virtues, of the two command-
ers in this enterprize, and, perhaps ftill more, the pcrfc^T:
li-armony that reigned between them, gained the confi-
dence of all the forces under their command
; and every of-
flcer exerted his utmofl abilities, in token of this confulcnce;
particularly Brigadier Wolfe, whofe martial ardour mide
him ever ready to execute the boldefl: plans of his General
;
yet, with a circumfpecftion and fliill, which jtiftly procured
him the affedion and efteem of the whole army.
The alcrtnefs of the gentlemen of the navy to aflifl: in for-
warding the operations of the army muft not be forgotten.
An<l the attack on the French men of war, the Bienfaifant and
the Prudent, by Captains Laforey and Balfour, will ever re-
main an honourable teflimony of their bravery, as it gained
&:icm fuch immediate encomiums from their Admiral.
In
LATE WAR IN
AMERICA.
In this campaign, vv'e fee the genius of Britain rouzed ; the
glory of her arms burfting forth from that cloud of difgrace,
by which it had, for fo many years paft, been obfcured ; and
the perfeverance, prudence, and fpirit of her fons, getting
the better of an almoft confirmed habit of levity,
mifmanage*
ment, and timidity; fulfilling the commands of a gracious
fovereign,
and executing the plans of an enterprifing
minifter.
But,
whilfl we are thus lavifli of our praife on the con-
quering army, our impartiality will not fufFer us to overlook
the good condu6l and bravery of the beficged. As to the
landing
of the Englifli, it mufl have been efFeded by facri-
licing lives in one part or another ; it being impoffible to
guard fuch an extent of coafl wich about three thoufand men,
and yet leave a fuflicient number for duty in the town. The
French occupied above two leagues and an half of ground in
the moll accefllble parts
: but there were fome intermediate
places they could not guard ; and it was precifely in one of
thefe that the Englilh took poft.
The French employed every method to retard and deflroy the
works of the befiegers, both by the fire of the place, and that
of the fliips in the harbour. The Commodore of thofe ftiips
warmly folicited for leave to quit the place; but M. de Dru-
cour, knowing the importance of their flay to its fafety,
would not permit them to depart. It was his bufinefs to defer
the determination of his fate as long as poffible. The ac-
counts he received from Canada afTured him, that M. de
Montcalm was marching to the enemy, and would come up
with them, between the 20th and a^'tli of
July.
If the fhips
had left the harbour, as the Commodore defired, on the i oth
T
o
HISTORY OF THE
of June,
the Englifli Admiral would have entered it imme-
diately after, and the place might have been loft before the ex-
piration of the month ; and this would have put it in the
power of the Englifh General to employ the months of
July
and
Auguft in fending fuccours to the troops marching
againft Canada, and to enter the river St. Lav/rence at the proper
feafon.
This objecT; alone feemed to I\L de Drucour of fuffi-
cient
importance to require a council of war, who agreed
with him in opinion. The fituation of the fliips was no lefs
critical
than that of the town. Four of them were burnt;
and the cafemates were dcftroycd, by the bombs of the
Englifli.
At length, no French fliips being left, and the place
being
open in different parts of the King's, the Dauphin's,
and the
Queen's baftions, the Governor ftill did all that an
officer
in his fituation could do: He called a council of war;
and
yielded to its advice to afli a capitulation.
M. de Drucour propofed much the fame terms as were
o-ranted at Minorca; and the Englifli General's reply to his
propofal, was to the follov/ing purport:
"
In anfwer to the propofal I have juft now had the
honour to receive from your Excellency, by the Sieur Lop-
vinot, I have only to tell your Excellency, That it hath
been
determined by A.dniiral Bofcawen and rayfeif, that
Ills
fliips fliall go in to-morrov/^ to make a general at-
tack upon th.e town. Your Excellency knows very w^ell the
fituation
of the army and the fleet: and, as the Admiral, as
well as
ipyfelf, is very deflrous to prevent the effulion of.
blood, we give your Excellency one hour, after receiving this,..
to
determine, either to capitulate as prifoners of war, or to
6
take
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
take upon you all the bad -confequeiices of a defence againft
this fleet and army.
E. BoSCAWEN.
Jeff. Amherst."
M. de Drucour anfwered the above letter, in the following
terms
:
"
To anfwer your Excellencies in as few words as poflible,
I have the honour to repeat to you, That my refolution
is Hill the fame
; and that I will fuffer the confequences,
and
fullain the attack you fpeak of.
Le Chevalier De Drucour."
Immediately after this letter was difpatched, M. Prevor,
CommifTary-General, and Intendant of the colony,
brought
M. de Drucour a petition from the traders and
inhabitants,
which determined him to fubmit to the law of fuperior force
;
a fubmillion, in his fituation, inevitable. Before this,
for
eight days together, his officers had not, any more than
the
private men, one moment's reft. Indeed, they had no
place
in which they could take any; nor did there remain any place
of fafety, even for the wounded : fo that they were almoft as
much expofed, every minute of the four and twenty
hours,
as if they had been on the covered-way.
Neverthelefs,
the
men did not murmur in the leall, nor difcover the
fmalleft
difcontent ; which was owing to the good example
and exad:
difcipline of their officers. None deferted but
Germans ; one
of whom prevented an intended fally : for, as he had gone over
to the Engliffi two hours before it was to have been put in exe-
cution, it was not thought prudent to hazard it. The burning
T 2
of
14
HISTORY OF THE
J 75^'-
of the dips, and of the cafemates of the King's and
Queen's
baftions, hindered another. A third had no better
fuccefs-:
the French proceeded no farther than the glacis of the covered-
way. So that, of four falHes that were intended, one only
fuccceded ; in which, thirty grenadiers and two officers
were
made prifoncrs.
No refources could be had by intrcnchments in the gorges
of the b^tHiions
;
nor were the French provided with the necef-
fary implements for fiich operations. And, of fifty-two
pieces
of cannon,- which v/ere oppofed to the batteries of the be-
liegers, forty were difmounted, broken, or rendered unfervice-
able. In fuch circumftances, therefore, it was impoffiblc
for
the French to make any further reliftance; and, of courfe, it
was no way blameable in them to furrender prifoncrs of war.
We muft now refume our narrative of the operations
of the
Englifh forces.
On the yth of Augufl, a detachment, commanded by Major
Balling, was ordered to Efpagnolle, to take pofTefTion, agree-
able to the capitulation, of the appurtenances of Louifbourg
j
and
anoiher, under Lord Rollo, on the fame errand, to the
ifland of St. John
; the inhabitants of which, amounting to
about
four thoufand fouls, immediately on his -arrival,
brought in their arms. This place had been, ever fince the
com.mcncement
of the war, a thorn in the fides of the inha-
bitants of Nova-Scotia ;
at the fame time that, from its ferti-
lity in corn and cattle, it contributed not a little to the lupporc
of the
inhabitants of Canada, whom it greatly imported the
Englifh to dillrefs
j
fnice, as long as that country remained in
2 the
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
the hands of the French, they could not rely upon any
permanent tranquiUty m North-America. For tliis reafon,,
Admiral Bofcawen and General Amherfl, having refolved to
reap every advantage they polTibly could from the conqueft
of Cape Breton, as foon as the tranfports could fail with the
French prifoners to Europe, which was not till the 15th, Sir
Charles Hardy, with feven fliips of the line and three frigates
;
and Brigadier Wolfe, with the fifteenth regiment, Amherft's;
the twenty-eighth, Bragg's ; and the fifty-eighth, Anftruther's
j
a detachment of artillery, two engineers, two light fix-pounders,
two eight-inch mortars, five royals, fix. cohorns, and every kind
of flores in proportion
;
were ordered to fail for the gulf of St,
Lawrence, and as far up the river of the fame name as the
feafon would permit, with inftrudlions to dellroy all the French
fettlements in both bay and river, w^ith their fliips and boats,
efpecially on the fouthfide; and, in particular, thofe of Miri-
michi, Baye de Chaleurs, and Gafpie ; and difperf^ or carry
off the inhabitants. None of thefe places were of aay greasi
force ; but thofe we have particularly mentioned were well
in'iabited; and the inhabitants of all, by being feated imme-
diately on the back of Nova-Scotia, afforded fiielter to a fet of
renegadoes, who, by juft marching over the head of St.
John's
river, and fo to the bay of Fundy, had it always in their
power
to infeil the Englifii fettlements in that peninfula ; and, ac-
cordingly, never let flip any opportunity to do it. Another
advantage expe(5ted from this expedition, was the alarming of
the French at Quebec, and thereby effc6tually preventing theit^
fending any frelh fuccours, as they might orhervvife do, to
their countrymen employed againil General Abercrombv,.
Sir Charles Hardy and Brigadier Wolfe failed, on tnis fervicey.
on the 28th of Auguftj and, two days after, the thirty-
fifth
142
HISTORYOFTHE
1758. fifth
regiment, the fecond battalion of the Royal Americans,
and three hundred and fifty rangers, to be commanded by Co-
lonel Monekton, were fent up the bay of Fundy to deftroy the
French fettlements on the river St. John, clear the country of
its
inhabitants, take and keep pofTeflion of St. Anne's, and, in
fliort, penetrate as far up the river as they conveniently could,
to annoy the enemy. In thefc two expeditions, as the feveral
oflicers commanding them behaved with their ufual bravery
and condudl, and were properly feconded by the officers and
men under them, fo they met with adequate fuccefs. When
the above fervice was finiflied. Brigadier Wolfe was ordered
to fend to Louifoourg the twenty-eighth regiment, Bragg's,
which it was intended fhould make part of that garrifon ; call
back to their regiments the fick and wounded of the fifteenth,
Amherfi's, and the fifty-eighth, Anftruther's, that had been
left there ; and then, with thefe two regiments, proceed to
Halifax, and take on him the command of the troops there,
till he fliould receive further orders.
The Admiral and General having, as foon as they had fent
off the troops for thefe expeditions, again deliberated on their
inftrudlions, and on the prefent flate of affairs in North-Ame-
rica, were of opinion, that the meafures which had been
purfued fince the reduction of Louifbourg, for annoying the
enemy's fettlen-scnts as long as the feafcn v/ould permit, was
all that, with prudence, could be attempted in that part; and
having, at length, received undoubted alTurance, that the at-
tack on Ticonderoga had mifcarried, with fuch an heavy lofs
as obliged the troops to retreat, they did not hefitate a fingle
moment in coming to the refolution of fending five batta-
lions, (which were the remains of the army, after garrifoning
Louif-
LATE WAR IN
AMERICA.
14,
Louifbourg, Nova-Scotia, and their dependencies),
as a rein- 1758.
forcement to General Abercromby's army. For, thoup-li
their
^
-v
.
inftruc^ions did not extend to any part of the
continent
be-
yond Nova-Scotia, they wifely judged themfelves
authorifed
to bellow their attention and affiftance wherever
the
intereft
of their country required it, and it could be afforded
without
deviating from their inftrudlions. In order, therefore,
to lofe
as little time as pofTible in doing this important
fervice,
and
that it might be done as efFedlually as pollible,
General
Am-
herlt, in perfon, took on himfelf the command of the
fecond
battalion of the Royal, the feventeenth, forty-feventh,
forty-
eighth, and feventy-eighth regiments ; and failed with them,
on the 30th of Auguft, for Bofcon, where he arrived the
13th
of September. The next day he landed, and encamped
his
ti-oops. Then, confidcring that the accidents
attending
the
paffage, by fea, to New-York, might fruftrate his
intentions
to join General Abercromby as foon as he could wilh, he de-
termined to march to Albany, through the
Green-wood
; and
demanded of the magiftrates of Bofcon
guides to conduct
him; but, infiead of guides, the felei51: men fent him a depu-
tation to allure him, that his defign was impra(5licable,
there
being no road through the wood, and that it was
impofiible
to make one. Not content with this bare alTertion,
many of
them, in hopes of diverting the General from his purpofe, vo-
luntarily made affidavits to confirm' what had been
advanced
by the whole. Hov/ever, from the information of many-
people, whom the General himfelf took the trouble to exa-
mine, the paffage v/as fo far from being found
impracticable,
that there did not appear any great difficulties to effect: it. He
likewife difcovered the reafons why the raagiflracy were fo
ayerfe to his attempting it. If the General could conduct: an.
army.
144
HISTORY OF
T
K E
1753. tii-my
through the Green-wood to the enemy, they concluded,
'
the enemy
might as eafily bring an army againft themfelves,
by the fame rout ; and, in cafe they fhould prove fuccefsful,
>vould perhaps do it, inllead of proceeding immediately to New-
York. But thefe were not fuflicient reafons, in the opinion
of the General, to make him alter his refolution. He there-
fore decamped, and began his march. On the 2d of Oclober,
about thirty-five miles eaft of Albany, he left the troops under
the command of Colonel Burton, with orders to continue his
rout, the next day, to Kinderhook-mills ; and fo, through
Albany, to Lake George ; whilit himfelf proceeded to General
Abercromby's camp, which he reached on the 5rh, and found
as fecure as
intrenchments could make it. Having
conferred
with General Abercromby, and put the regiments he had
brought with him under his command, he returned to Al-
bany on the 8th, and from thence immediately proceeded to
Halifax; where, by his inllructions, he was ordered to re-
main,
after the reducftion of Louilbourg, for farther orders.
We are now to relate the operations of the armies on the
continent,
intended for the execution of the plans againfl Ti-
conderoga and Fort du-Quefne, and which were to rendezvous
at Albany and Philadelphia. The firft was commanded by
General Abercromby; and confifled of
The T.venty-feventh regiment
Forty-fecond
Forty -fourth
Forty-fix th
Fifty fifth
Firft battalion of the Royal Americans
And a detachment of the Royal Artillery,
////) ^/i-ior'rt //o/rit^/iY/t/f/yy/
making
144
175'
.-.^-^
1
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
I45
making about fix thoufand three hundred and fixty-feven
^758-
of the King's troops, and nine thoufand and twenty-four
provincials, boatmen included; amounting, in the whole,
to fifteen thoufand three hundred and ninety-one men,
Thefe were condu6led to the fpot on which formerly flood
Fort William-Henry,
and encamped there the latter end of
June.
But the cannon, ammunition, and other ftores, be-
ing all arrived by the 5th of July,
the troops embarked,
in the morning of that day, in nine hundred boats, and one
hundred and thirty-five whale boats
;
attended by a proper
number of cannon mounted on rafts, to cover the landing, if
necefiTary. In the evening, the General, at firfl, ordered the
forces to lie-to, at a place called Sabbath-day Point, a few miles
from which lay an advanced' guard of the French; and then
to land, and make feveral large fires, in order to engage the
'
attention of the enemy to that fpot ; hoping thereby to
divide their force in fuch a manner as would weaken their
oppofition at another place, where he really intended to difem-
bark, after another motion by water. About eleven at night,
his Excellency ordered the troops to reimbark, and proceed
to the Narrows, where they arrived about five the next morn-
ing. An advanced guard of five hundred boatmen. Major
Rogers with eight hundred rangers, and Gage's light infan-
try, the whole commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel
Bradftreet,
were then ordered on fliore, to difcover if any of the enemy
were ported there to oppofe a landing. Colonel
Bradftreet
finding there was nothing to hinder it, the whole of tlie army
advanced and landed. Being then formed into four
colimms
and ordered to march, they foon came to an encampment
that
had been occupied by the advanced guard of the enemy, con-
fiding of three picquets of the regiment of Guienne, and de-
U
fened
146
H I S T O R Y O F T I-I E
1758. fcrted by them on the approach of the EngUfli ; but not till
~"~''~
they had defcroyed thek ammunition and provilions, and fet
fire to their camp.
Ticonderoga, the place General Abercromby intended to
attack, was a fort ere6led on a peninfula, with every advan-
tage to relift an enemy; the only fide that could be attacked
by land, being chiefly a fwamp ; and v/here that failed, art
fupplicd the place of nature. The v/ood being very thick,
and impaflable, with any regularity, to fuch a body of men,
and the guides unfkilful, the troops were bewildered, and the
columns broke, falling in one upon another. During this dif-
ordcr, Lord Howe, at the head of the right center-column,
fupported by the light infantry, 'fell in with about five hun-
dred French, who had likewife loft themfelves in the woods.
The adlion was maintained with great bravery on both fides
;
nor did the enemy give way, till they had near three hundred
killed, and one hundred and forty-eight taken prifon^rsj
the killed and wounded on the fide of the Englifli did not
exceed forty. But this advantage was too inconiiderable
to
counterbalance the lofs of Lord Flowe, who, almoft at the be-
ginning of the adion, received a mufket-ball in the breaft, of
which he inftantly expired. The want of guides in a country
fo circumftanced as to render the regular motion even of a
fmall party extremely difficult, muft greatly embarrafs that of
a large army. Accordingly, the total ignorance of the ground,
on which this flcirmifli happened, together with the early death
of Lord Howe, caufed fuch confulion amongft the Englifli,
that
the w^hole benefit of this little fuccefs was confined to that of
occupying the ground on which it was obtained, the night
f after.
In
LATE WAR IN
AMERICA.
147
In Lord Howe, the foul of General Abercromby's army
feem- 1758.
ed to expire. His enterprifing fpirit infufed a noble
ardour
^"""^
'
into every rank
;
and his adlivity was fuch as created an emu-
lation amongil the foldiers, that teilified the higheil
opinion
of his good example. From the unhappy moment the
General
was deprived of his advice, neither order nor difcipline
was
obferved in the army ; and a ftrange kind of infatuation
ufurp-
ed the place of refolution, to fuch a degree, that, on the 7th,
the whole army Vv-as ordered to return to the place where they
had landed, except the forty-fourth regiment, fix companies
of
the Royal Americans, a party of rangers, and fom boatmen,
making in the whole about feven thoufand men, under the
command of Colonel Bradftreet. Thefe were detached to attack
a poll occupied by the French, called the Saiv-miJh. At his
approach, the French deftroyed a bridge, by which alone he
could come at them. But Colonel Bradllreet foon laid anotlierj
and the whole army advanced that very night, and took poll
on this fpot. The General, having occupied every advantage-
ous eminence in the neighbourhood, ordered Mr. Clark, the
chief engineer, to examine the enemy's ftrengtli, by which
fome judgment might be formed of the oppofition reafonably
to be expected. Upon this, the engineers, with fome principal
officers of the army, endeavoured to get fufficient information,
by
which their future operations might be directed to the befl
advantage. But all they could difcover, with any certainty,
was, that there was a breail-work, without being able to afcer-
tain the nature of it. So various were the opinions of thofe
whofe duty it was exactly to inform themfelves of thefe par-
ticulars : fome reported it a well-finifhed work; whilft others,
and amongil them the chief engineer, treated it as a flimfy
conflrucftion, flrong in appearance only. The General, unfor-
tunately, adopted the lail opinion, and therefore determined
U 2 -to
HISTOR Y OF THE
to attack the enemy that very morning, by afTault ; efpecially,
as he had received intelhgencc of M. de Levi's being on his
march from an excurfion on the Mohawk-River, with a body
of three thoufond men, to join tliofe ah-eady at Ticondcroga
;
for the General concluded it would be much eafier to force a
garrifon of fix, than one of nine thoufand men. He judged
rightly ;
but the reports, on which he formed his judgment,
had been greatly exaggerated ; M. de Levi's force did not ex-
ceed eight hundred, wliich were now arrived; and the garrifon,
under M. de Montcalm, was confiderably iliort of three thou-
fand. Thefe confifted of the regiments of La R.eine, La Sarre,
Beam, Guienne, Bury, Languedoc, and Royal Roulillon. In the
defence of the lines, M. de Montcalm commanded in the center,
M. de Levi on the rigiit, and M. de Bourlemaque on the left.
Whilfl preparations were making for the aflault. Sir William
Johnfon joined the army, with four hundred and forty Indians.
Early in the morning, the troops began to form for the attack,
in the following order: On the left, the rangers; in the center,
the batteau-men ; and on the right, the light infantry
; and
polled themfelves in a line out of the reach of cannon-dot
;
their right extending towards Lake-George
;
and their left to-
wards Lake-Champlain ; in the rear of thefe a line of provincials
was formed, and the regular troops, which were to make the
firll afTault on the intrenchments, were drawn up behind thefe:
the Conneclicut and Jerfey
regiments compoflng a rear-guard
to the whole.
The troops, being thus difpofed, received flricl orders, that
no one fliould prefume to fire, till lie was within the brcail-
work; a party of the enemy advanced bevond tlie breall-v\rork,
and fired on the rangers, but, indeed, without doing any ex-
ecution
;
or being permitted to continue long enough with-
out
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
out the bread-work, to fire a fecond time. At length, about
one, in the afternoon, the regulars advanced, with the greated
intrepidity, to ftorra the breaft-work, which they now, when
it was too late to retreat, found well covered with felled trees,
extending one hundred yards in front, with the branches
pointing outwards, and ilrengthened with logs, flumps of
trees, and every other kind of rubbifli they could collect:, that
was fit for the purpofe. But, in fpite of all thefe obflacles-,
and the great irregularity with which the troops were obliged
to make their approach, on account of the rubbifli that lay
in their way, fuch was their ardour, that many of the officers,
got to the breail-work itfelf, and were killed in attempting to
fcale it ; another body who kept advancing, but had loft
their
line of march, perceiving a fire in their front, and fuppofing
it to be the enemy's, fired on their own people. This
miftake
created irretrievable confufion, and the troops retired in the
utmoft diforder, no perfon appearing to take on him the com-
mand
;
their diforderly retreat foon degenerating
into a pre-
cipitate flight, they continued it till they arrived at the Saw-
mills, where a rally at length took place. But it was fcarcely
effecfled, when an unexpected order fi-om General
Abercrom-
by to march to the landing place, renewed the panic, to fucli
a degree, the foldiers thinking it was to reimbark in confe-
quence of their being purfued by a vicftorious enemy,
that,
had it not been for the extraordinary
alertnefs of Colonel
Bradflreet, in preventing the foldiers from entering the boats,
the greateft part muft have periflied. This prudent
behavi-
our of the Colonel's having afforded the General time to reftore
a little order, the troops kept their ground that night.
On
the ninth, they were ordered to embark
j and retired to Fort-
Wilham-Henry. In this unhappy attempt, the Englifli had
fou-
ij-o
HISTORY OF THE
1758. four hundred and fixty-four regulars killed
; eleven hundred
and feventeen wounded
; and twenty-nine miffing
; and of the
Provincials, eighty-feven killed
; two hundred and thirty-nine
wounded ; and eight miffing. The lofs of the enemy was
twelve officers, and about one hundred foldiers killed on the
fpot ; and twenty-five officers, and about two hundred and
fifty foldiers wounded
;
but their wounds being chiefly in the
head, in confequence of their bodies being fo well defended,
very few of them recovered.
Although enough cannot be faid in commendation of the
bravery of the Englifli troops in this ill concerted attack
;
yet
the defence of the French muft be confidered as deferving, in
every refpedV, the approbation of their enemies. Though their
mailer
thanked them very formally for their refolution and
perfeverancc, it mull be acknowledged that he did not confer
on them any greater marks of efteem and gratitude than
they deferved. Accordingly, it may be fafely affirmed, that
during the whole conteft in America, there happened no af-
fair, which afforded the commanding officer of the Englifh
troops, fo fine an opportunity of difplaying his military ta-
lents, and exerting his authority in a manner to command
fuccefs. But, through v/ant of proper information, fuch an
undigelLed attack Vv^as, at once, refolved upon, as nothing but
a notorious degree of timidity in the enemy could juftify. The
notion that the bread-work itfelf was very feeble, mud, in-
deed, be allowed an inducement ; but, even in that cafe, cover-
ed as it Vv^as by the felled trees, and other rubbiffi, it mull: for
fome time have Hood the fliock of cannon. But the bread-work
itfelf was eight feet thick, on both flanks, it was in a manner
defencelefs ; and M. de Montcalm, confcious of this circum-
flancc, h.;d given orders, that when the Engliili fliould appear
on
7
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
151
on either of thefe weak parts, the troops fhould immediately 1 758.
retreat to the boats prepared to receive them, and Hkewife
abandon the fort. When the EngUfli retreated, he had not
the leaft doubt of their returning to the charge, till the next
day, that M. de Levi, with a reconnoitring party, difcovered
their having repailed the lake. If he had been informed of
the confufion that prevailed amongfl them and purfued them,
he might, even with his inferior numbers, have given them
a
fevere blow. For, when the diforder amongfc the Englidi
troops began to encreafe to fuch a degree as to recjuire the
perfonal appearance of a commander in chief to reilrain it ef-
fecftually, the general, who had remained during the greateil
part of the attack, at the Saw-mills, two miles from the fcene'
of action, was not to be found; nor did there, in facT:, ap-
pear any other officer to do his duty, though fo fair an oppor-
tunity prefented itfelf to the fecond in command to dillinguiili
and recommend himfelf. Notwithflanding all this, it is a mat-
ter of aflonifhment, that troops, who had fo refolutely ad--
vanced to the attack, and who had fo valiantly repeated it,
fhould, Vv^hen broken, yet unpurfued, and with day-light be-
fore them, be fufceptible of fo flrong a panic. But it is Hill
more furprifing to think of the Heps taken by the General,
when he had refumed the command. He ordered the artil-
lery and ammunition to Albany. Nay, as though he did not
think them fafe even at that place, meafures were taken ta
convey them to New-York.
I could wifh that impartiality, fo much the duty of an hif--
torian, would, on this occafion, fufFer me to confign to obli-
vion the defeat of my countrymen at Ticonderoga. But that^
is impoffible. Indeed, recording of it will prove a mofl ufe-
ful leflbn on the little confequence of the moil confummate"
bravery,,
HISTORY OF THE
bravery,
when not fleadily diredled by ability and expe-
rience.
Lake George being now betwixt the French and Fort Wil-
liam-Henry,
the General recovered himfelf fufficiently to con-
fider it as a fort of barrier. Yet, not wholly fatisfied that the
French
would not, in fpite of it, endeavour to return his vifit,
he
prepared to give them the beft reception in his power, by
intrenching
his army, without feeming, however, to entertain
the moft diftant idea of turning the check he had received to
any
advantage.
His numbers were not fo much diminiflied,
as to be
infufficient to act ofFenfively if prudently
diredl-
ed;
and, as the flrength of the lines at Ticonderoga was now
known,
there could be no great difficulty in flcetching
out
fuch a
method of attack, as could not fail of fuccefs.
At
leaft,
the attempt was worth hazarding, as a fafe retreat
might,
at all times, have been eafily effefted.
As foon as the General thought himfelf fecure in his in-
trenchments.
Colonel Bradileet propofed to him the plan of
an
attack on Fort Cataraquoi or Fontenac, on Lake
Ontario;
which the General, having approved, gave him the following
troops to execute it.
Regulars,
LATE WAR IN
AMERICA.
j^:
gation of Wood-Creek, by Colonel Webb in
1751^, proved a
175S.
very mortifying circumftance to Colonel Bradftreet, and a
"""
fource of great labour and fatigue to his troops. But refolu-
tion and activity furmounted, at length, every
obftaele
; and
the Creek was again rendered in fome degree navigable.
Co-
lonel Bradftreet then, about the
13
th of Auguft,
after em-
barking his artillery and ftores, led the army by land, to the
Oneida-Lake
;
and, from thence, by the
Onondaga-River,
to
Lake-Ontario, where they all embarked.
On the 25th of
Auguft, they landed v/ithout oppotion near the fort they
were to attack -, and it furrendered between fevcn and eight
in the morning of the 27th
;
the garrifon,
confifting of one
hundred and ten men, and fome Indians,
fun-endered
prifoners
of war.
The fort, thus eafiiy reduced, was a quadrangle of about
one hundred yards every way on the outfide ; mounted with
thirty pieces of cannon, and fixteen fmall mortars
; and con-
taining thirteen pieces more of cannon, with an immenfe
quantity of goods and provifions to be fent to the troops gone
to oppofe Brigadier-General Forbes, and to their weftern gar-
rifons ;
to fupply the army commanded by Mr. de Levi, dur-
ing his enterprife againft the inhabitants on the Mohawk-River;
and likewife the Indians in their intereft. Thefe ftores were va-
lued, by the French themfelves, at eight hundred thoufand livres.
The conquerors, moreover, made themfelves
mafters of nine
vefTels from eight to eighteen guns each ; two of which
were
fent to Ofwego
;
one of them richly laden : the reft were
moft unaccountably burnt, or otherwife
deftroyed, together
with the fort, artillery, and ftores, in obedience to General
Abercromby's orders. The French troops, to the fouthward,
were by this lofs expoied to the danger of ftarving
;
but they
X
mig-ht
HISTORY OF THE
might
have been equally expofcd, and as feverely annoyed
without fuch wallc. The fort, if improved and enlarged, could
not fail, from the excellency of its harbour, and its conveni-
ent
fuuation, to render the Englifli mafters of Lake- Ontario,
and thereby enable them to ruin the commerce of the French,
and be a check upon all their expeditions to the weft-
ward. And, as to the vefTels, and the goods and ftores, the
latter might have been eafdy removed by means of the for-
mer, and both faved, even though it was not thought proper
to leave the fort ftanding ; or truft them to the care of a
garrifon, in the cafe it was.
Fort Frontenac was, at this period, the general rendezvous
of all the Indian nations, that had any knowledge of each
other ; the center of all the trade between themfelves, and
with the French, whofe traders, in confequence of their con-
ciliating
methods, were fo much preferred, by the Indians,
to the Englifh traders, that great numbers of them, in their
yearly progrefs to this market, acftually pafTed by the town of
Albany, though they might have been fupplied there, with
what articles they wanted, on much better terms, than they
could at Fort Frontenac, or even Montreal ; fo much better,
that the French traders themfelves often purchafcd their com-
modities for the Indian market from the Albany merchants,
as coming much cheaper than they could procure them from
France. It was not, hov.^ever, from mere commercial views,
that all the fouthern Indians undertook fo long a peregrina-
tion.
Thefe annual meetings conftituted a kind of general
council, in which the events of the preceding year were re-
lated ;
alliances renewed, or new ones formed ; and plans of
operation
agreed upon for the enfuing year ; and many In-
dians rcforted to Fort Frontenac, chiefly on thefe accounts..
The-
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
The rcdu6lion, therefore, of this place was attended v/ich one
more advantage to the Enghfli, befides tliofe we have ah-cady
taken notice of; and that a very fmgular one. It proved the
means of diflblving a very powerful confederacy amongfl their
mofl dangerous enemies, and confiderably weakening the in-
tereft of the French amongfl them. And there is no doubt,
but that the redudlion of Fort Frontenac greatly facilitated the
expedition of the Englifh againft Fort du-Quefne, as the
French troops, againll whom Brigadier Forbes's army was to
^t, were thereby effecT;ually deprived of the neceflary fup-
plies. Accordingly, the King of Great Britain took notice of
the
importance of tliis conqueft, from the throne, to his par-
liament, along with that of Cape Breton.
The troops deftined for the attack of Fort du-Quefne, were
to
alTemble at Philadelphia. But, till the middle of April, Bri-
gadier Forbes, who had been named to command them, was
a
General without an army. The Provincials, who were to
make part of it, were not fo much as raifed ; and the High-
landers, expedted from Carolina, who were to make another
part, did not arrive till the 7th of
June. As to the artillery
and military (lores, which were to come from England, they
did not make their appearance till the 14th of the fame month.
In fliort, it was the 30th of June, before he could get the laft
divifion of his army out of Philadelphia. This army now con-
filled of
Royal Americans,
_ _ _
3^50
Of Montgomery's Highlanders, - - 1200
Virginia Provincials,
- -
16:0
Pennfylvania Provincials,
- -
2700
Waggoners, &c.
- -
- 1000
Making in all
X 2
6S50 men.
From
156
HISTORY OF THE
175s-
From the valour, experience, and vigilance of the General,
there was a great deal to hope in this expedition. But, on the
other hand, from the length of the march, and the number
of clofe woods, narrow defiles, deep fwamps, and high moun-
tains, which lay in his way, there was as much to fear. Add
to all this, the oppofition he had jufl reafon to apprehend
from an infidious enemy, who had acquired new degrees of
courage by a long and almofl uninterrupted feries of fuc-
ceffes. But all thefe mighty obftacles yielded to the excellent
difpofition of the General's line of march
;
and feveral at-
tempts, which the hidians made to obftrucl his progrefs, were
all fruftrated by the alacrity of the troops in obeying his
commands.
When the Brigadier got as far as Ray's Town, about ninety
miles eafl of Fort du-Quefne, he halted with his main-body,
and detached Lieutenant-Colonel Bouquet, with two thoufand
men, to take pofl: at Lyal Hanning. The Colonel, fuppofing
that this force was fufficient to reduce the fort, v/ithout
any afllflance from tlie General, and eager to fecure to
himfelf the honour of fuch an atchievement, began to think
of forming a plan for that purpofe. With this view, he de-
tached about eight hundred Highlanders, vmder Major Grant
of Montgomery's, to reconnoitre the fort and its outworks,
and make the beft obfervations in his power. The Major, in
the execution of thcfe orders, drew his men up on the heights
near the fort ; and beat a march by way of daring the
French to come to an adion, in which if he had fucceeded, in
all probability the fort mult have fallen, and then the whole
glory would have been his own. The French accepted the
challenge
; they detached a party, to meet him
; and a very
fevere acT:ion was the confcquence. The Flighlanders fought
with
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
with great bravery for fome time, till fuperior numbers ob-
liged them to give way ; and, about three hundred of them,
including nineteen officers, having been either killed or taken
prifoners, with the Major himfelf amongft the latter, the refl
fled, in great diforder, as far back as Lyal Hehning. On
this occafion. Colonel Bouquet's ambition got the better
of his judgment. The fplendor of the prize he had in
view dazzled his underftanding
;
for, if it was thought
by as able officers as himfelf, that Brigadier Forbcs's whole
army was little enough to beliege Fort du-Qnefne, how
could the Colonel reafonably hope to fupply the want, and fo
great a want, of equal power, by any furprize or Uratagem ?
When the news of this defeat reached the Brigadier's camp,
he was, as may naturally be expected, greatly cliagrined at
the lofs of fo many brave fellows
;
who, without his orders,
or even knowledge, had been facrificed to an unwarrantable^
third after glory. This mifcondu6t, however, in one upon
whom he fo much depended, fharpened his vigour. He ex-
pofed no more parties to the danger of fuffisring by the vanity
of individuals ;
but niarched his whole force, under his own
direction, with all poffible expedition, and with a fliew of
llrength, which effedtually impofed upon the French. It flruck
them with fuch a panic, that, dreading the confequences of
a fiege, they difmantled and abandoned the fort, and retired
down the river Ohio, to their fettlements on the Pviiffiffippi
y
and, the day following, being the 25th of November, Briga-
dier Forbes took pofTeffion of it. Moreover, tlie Indians in
the French intereft, having fuffisred feverely in many Hiir-
miflies, began to think it imprafticable to deflroy the com-
munication, of the Englifh with their polls, and prevent thcii-
penetrating
138
H I S T O R Y O F T H E
1758. pcnelrating
to Tore du-Quefne. They, therefore, thought
' ' '
proper to cater into a neutrahty, and became reconciled to
the
Englilli government. The fort \A-as ordered to be repair-
ed, and garrifoned with provincials, by the name of Pittjburg,
The Brigadier then began his march back to Philadelphia,
and, at Lyal Henning, built a Block-houfe for the defence of
Pennfylvania. But, unfortunately for his country, he did not
live long to enjoy the glory he acquired by this memorable
expedition. His conflitution having been exhaufted by the
incredible fatigues of the fervice, he died at Philadelphia, in
the forty-ninth year of his age, juftly regretted, as a public
lofs, by all ranks.
Brigadier Stanwix had been detached with a confiderable
number of provincials, to erecl a fort at the carrying-place
between the Mohawk river and Wood-creek, and leave a
fufficient garrifon in it to afibrd, at leaft, a local fafety to
thofe Indians in the neighbourhood who were (till firm to the
Englifli intereft. This fervice the Brigadier had the good
'
fortune to perform, and the honour of giving his name, in
memory of it, to the fort he creeled. It was called Fort
Stanivix.
Whilft the intrenchments of General Abercromby inclofed
liim in fecurity, M. de Montcalm exerted his ufual aiftivity
in harafling the frontiers, and in detaching parties to at-
tack the convoys of the Englifn, On the 17th of
July,
one
of tliefe parties deftroyed three provincial oflicers and up-
wards of twenty men, at Half-way-brook; and on the 27tli
of the fame month, one hundred and fixteen waggoners
and fixteen rangers met with the fame fate between that
place and Fort Edward. Major Rogers was then detached
with
jEitflr/ii^'c' /hr ^t(i/ifWJI/s/o/;v <>/'//i^Jrri/'iii Xi>/'(// ^l/ite/'icd.fy
T.\
o^^o
Jkrojr:^ e^jTE.
irpf/rfi'pibef

fo /lis - KiJKSTY. Tp/ace pat^e /gS.

Briflt-gy '(i firr Slf(/// r'sI//s/0/;V o^- 't/o' Wa/in ^1 7
V
// , 1/IK^/ '/rt/./n
T.A
O^^^
^
J3ojri g^jt:e
LATE WAR IN
AMERICA.
159
with a party of feven hundred men, in quell of the enemy;
'75^-
but they had the good fortune to efcape him. On his return,
he met an exprefs from the General, with orders to proceed
to fouth and eafl Bay, and return by Fort Edward. Whilft
the Major was purfuing the rout prefcribed him by thefe or-
ders, he was attacked, on tlie 8th of Auguft, near the fpot
where Fort St. Anne flood, by about five hundred of the
enemy, his own number being reduced to five hundred
and thirty men. But both he and his men beliavcd with
fo much fpirit, that, in an hour, they broke the afi"ail-
ants, and obHged them to retreat, though (fuch was the
enemy's
cautionj without any profpe^t of being able to dif-
trefs them by a purfuit. In this adiion there fell one hun-
dred and ninety of the French; and the Englifh loft about
forty, the mifling included. Major Putnam and two lieu-
tenants were made prifoners.
The prodigious preparations againfl Ticonderoga were car-
ried on by two or three gentlemen, fubordinate in command
;
but men, in whofe military abilities, refolution, and adlivity
the army juftly confided. When Lord Flowe was killed,
a
kind of defpondency enfued ; and the manner in which the
attack of that place was conducSled, too plainly proved, that
there exifted fufficient grounds for fuch defpondency. All,
however, that courage could do, was done. Although the
Englifli were beaten off by a number greatly inferior, they
loft not a jot of honour by their retreat. The mifcarriagc of
an ill-formed, ill-guided plan, cannot, with any colour of juf-
tice, be imputed to either the foldiers or inferior officers who
rcfolutely attempted to carry it into execution.
The
t6o
HISTORYOFTHE
17
5S.
The advantages refulting from the conqueil of Fort Frontc-
^
'
nac have been ah-eady recorded. The polTeflion of Fort du-
Quefne fecured the frontiers of the Englifli fcttlements in
tliat part of the continent from any further malTacres by the
Canadians and hidians, who ufed to find flicker in that place.
For this reafon, though the Englifli lofl many brave foldiers in
this campaign, they mull be allowed to have been, upon the
whole,
gainers by it. The folc advantage on the fide of the
French, was the defeat of the Englifli at Ticonderogaj and
the fole fruit of that advantage, the opportunity of improving
the defence of their lines at that place againft a fecond attack.
Thus concluded the fourth campaign, on the continent
of North-America, of that war of which we have undertaken
to write the hillory -, and the firil expedition in which the
Englifli fought under the adminiftration of Mr. Pitt.
His
plans of operation, and his judgment in felecling officers to
execute them, did not deceive the expe6tations of the people.
The reduction of Cape-Breton would, alone, have been fuffi-
cient to indemnify them for all their wailed trcafure
; lince,
not to mention every advantage expedled from that conqueft,
it gave them pofleflion of a noble harbour, juftly deemed the
key to the river St. Lawrence; and from which they might, at
any time, fend a fleet into the gulf formed by the mouth of
that river, and thereby elTeclually prevent any fuccours from
France being thrown into Canada.
A conqucfl of fo much confequence could not fail of recom-
mending its conqueror to the throne. Every military virtue
was chcriflied by the King. Reward was the fure attendant
on courage and perfeverance ; and difgrace as certainly fol-
7
lowed
LATE WAR IN AMERICA. i6i
lowed an oppofite condudt. General Abercromby was dif- 1758.
mifled from his command, and General Amherft appointed
his fucceflbr. Accordingly, on the 9th of November, the
latter, who was then at Halifax, received difpatches from
England, by the way of Bofton, with a commiflion, appoint-
ing him commander in chief of the Englifli troops in North-
America. Upon this he embarked, on the 19th, for Bofton,
where he landed the 3d of December. From thence he pro-
ceeded to New-York, where he arrived the 12th, and took
upon him the command of the army. On the 24th of January
following. General Abercromby failed for England in the
Kennington man of war. Brigadier Wolfe likewife returned
to
England, in confequence of permiffion granted him for
that purpofe in his letter of fervice ; and Colonel Monckton
was left to command in Nova-Scotia.
THE
THE
HISTORY
O F T H E
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
BOOK IV.
Refolutlon
taken in England to attack the French i/lands in the Wejl-
Jndies.
Armament ordered for
that piirpofc, fails from England
arrives at Barbadoes fails for
Martinico. The troops
land, and march agairf Fort Royal. Refoliition taken to attack
Saint Pierre. Troops reimbark. The armament proceeds againfi
Guadaloupe. Baffe-Terre defroyed. Troops land. French
governorfummoned to furrender \
his anfiver. Refolute behaviour
of
the inhabitants. Seat
of
ivar transferred to the eafern part
of
the ifland. Fort Louis reduced. General Hopfon dies
; is
fucceeded by General Barrington. Batteries in and about
Baffe-
Terre defrayed ; and all the troops, except one regi}7icnt, drazvn
off.
French feet difcovered
off
Barbadoes
;
general council
of
zuar
in confequence thereof. French ynake ajljevo
of
attacking the cita-
del
of
Baffe-Terre. Colonel Defbrifay
and others bloivn up and killed.
French driven back. Fnglijlj attempt to
firprife Petite-
Bourg mifcarry land at Arnottville carry St. Alary^s

enter Cape/lerre. Inhabitants
offer
to furrender on terms
capitulate.
F
"-i-"ni'v_" nmrir-TrfT

tt-""
t/nfMoumaatti^
^
ruiTiTAnoi'i-i'i.iiK-AKjm
V (jiiiiiKiutu-n
byjrCTiTinTKfl
P7XTT\TTT{TX^^TF)^^J ii(aaj:i:'n)vl'()^jj\ioi)oiU'U\l6oitE.
LATE WAR IN AMERICA. 16
capitulate. M. de Bompart arrives
off
the ijland retires.
Commodore Moorefails in purfuit
of
him.^

General Barritig"
ton appoints Brigadier Crump governor
of
Guadaloupe fails for
England.
rr^HE theatre of the war being now enlarged, we muft 1758.
conduct our readers to new fcenes. The attention of
'
Mr. Pitt was not confined to North-America only: he refolved
to fend the Britifli thunder amongft the French ifiands in the
Weft-Indies. With this view, a confiderable number of fea
and land forces failed from Portfmouth and Plymouth, to-
wards the end of the year
1758 ;
and having joined, in the
latitude 49
40'
N. on the 15th of November, formed the
following powerful armament:
o
Name.
164
HISTORY OF THE
1759.
under
Major-General
Hopfon, as commander in chief; and

'
'
Major-General
Barrington, as fecond in command
;
with the
Colonels Armiger and Haldane, and Lieutenant-Colonels Tra-
paud and Clavering,
brigadiers,
13elldes, the marines on board the men of war had been
augmented to eight hundred men, with a view to their be-
ing formed into a battalion, under the command of a lieute-
nant-colonel and a major, exprefsly named by the King for
this
fervice, in order to land with the troops, and to do duty
in the line ;
but this difpofition never took place.
Thefe forces were to be joined by fomefhips of war, already
in the
Weil-Indies, under Commodore Moore, to whom Cap-
tain Hughes was to relign his command ;
and likewife by as
many
volunteers as could be raifed in the Englifli illands.
On the 3d of January,
after a paffage of little more than
feven weeks, and without any material occurrence, this arma-
ment
came to an anchor in Carlifle bay, off Barbadoes, the
place of rendezvous in cafe of feparation
;
and Commodore
Moore, who was lying there, with the Cambridge of eighty
guns.
Captain Bennet ; the Briftol of fifty. Captain Leflie
;
the
Woolwich, Roebuck, and Rye, frigates; and Barbadoes
Hoop of war : his broad pendant hoifted on board the firfl of

thefe fliips, threw out a fignal for all lieutenants, and he took
upon him the command of the now united fquadrons.
The time that the fleet was obliged to continue in Carlifle
bay, was fpent in watering the fliips, landing and reimbarking
ihe troops, who were reviewed by Governor Pinfold and Ge-
4^.
neral-
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
i6s
neral Hopfon ; in councils of war
j
in affemblies of the
coun-
1759.
cil of the ifland
;
in iflliing proclamations ; and in beating
up
^"^

for volunteers. But all the ileps taken for the purpofe of re-
inforcing the army and^ navy, ended in fending
forty-fix
ne-
groes on board each line of battle fhip. But, in the
mean
time, there arrived the Ludlow-caftle, and a
detachment
from the fecond battalion of Lord John Murray's
Highlanders.
So that the army, tho' conliderably weakened by ficknefs,
par-
ticularly the fmall-pox, which had broken out amongfl;
the
tranfports, ftill amounted to very near fix thoufand
men.
Thefe troops being at length reimbarked, the whole arma-
ment put to fea again on the 13th, and Hood for the ifland of
Martinico, in the following order
:
The Berwick, to lead, with the flarboard, and the Burford,.
with the larboard tacks, on board.
Frigates and Bombs.
i66
HISTORY OF THE
1759- men from thefe fliips took pofleflion of it without the lead oppo-
fition, and hoifled upon it the Englifli colours
;
and foon after
the whole fleet came to an anchor in the great bay of Port-
Royal.
The Winchefl:er, Woolwich, and R.oebuck, now attacked a
fmall fort called Cas-des-Navieres; and having done it with the
fame fuccefs that Fort Negro had been attacked, two entire bri-
gades, and mofl of the third, each in two battalions, landed
without oppofition, on the beach, in Cas-des-Navieres bay,
about five miles from Port-Royal ; and immediately upon
landing formed, and marched towards Fort Negro, lying
on
their arms all night. The Commodore, on his fide, did all
that lay in his power to get nearer Port Royal. In the morning
of the 17th, the troops continued their march beyond Fort
Negro, where the reft of the third brigade now landed, firing
the woods, and otherwife endeavouring to clear their front,
as they advanced. About noon, they arrived near a hill
called Morne-Tortuifon, which overlooks the town and citadel of
Port-Royal. In this march they were much incommoded
by an
enemy they could not fee ; the French being entirely covered the
whole way by trees and bufhes, notwithflanding all the pains
taken to fcour and deflroy them. Some militia had aflembled
themfelves to defend this eminence ; but it was not thought
worth while to form any regular attack againfl them.
The
roads being bad, and the communication otherwife difficult,
between the place where the General had landed his troops,
and
that where he was to ufe his artillery, he found himfelf
under
the neceffity of defiring the Commodore to land fome heavy can-
non, ammunition, and ftores, on the Savannah, near the town
of Port-Royal
5
and, in cafe that could not be done, to have the
3
boats
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
boats ready, the fame evening, to bring off the troops, as foon
as the moon was up. The Commodore having, immediately
on receiving the General's requifition, fummoned a council
of war, a comphance with that part of it which concerned
the cannon, was judged impracticable, as tlie boats
employed
in that fervice mull be unavoidably expofed to the fire of the
garrifon ; and, as to the fquadron's attacking the citadel, in
order to favour them, it could not be done without the great-
eft rifk; feeing the eafterly wind, and leeward current, which
conftantly fets out of the bay, would oblige the men of war
to tack frequently to get higlier up
;
and the doing of this
would take up fome hours ; during all which time they
could not avoid being cannonaded, not only from the citadel,
but from Pigeon-iiland batter}', a battery on the fhore oppo-
lite the town, and a third flrong battery at the upper end of
the bay, without being able to return their iire to any pur-
pofe. However, the Commodore propofed to land the cannon
at Fort Negro, the feamen having cheerfully offered to draw
it to any place the General fliould think moil convenient to
form his attack. Accordingly the fquadron came to an anchor
for
that piirpofe ;
but before it could do more, the troops were
recalled from their advanced pods in the evening, and reim-
barked by the Commodore, with great relucT:ance ; the greater,
as the little molellation with which their retreat was attended
gave them jult grounds to hope, they could not meet with any
conliderable impediments in their progrcfs. This ridiculous
attempt cofl the Englifli army Captain Dalmahoy of Duroure's,
with twenty-two men, killed
;
Captain Campbell of Duroure's,
and Lieutenant Leilie of the Highlanders, with forty-feveni
men, were wounded.
Br
t63
HISTORYOFTHE
1759.
Ey this precipitate retreat the inhabitants of Martinico ob-
^'
tained fome refpite from the moft terrible apprehenfions
; for
they had given up every thing for loft, and the principal men
amongft them were actually deliberating on a deputation,
with terms of capitulation, to the Englifli General. But of
this
circumftance, fortunately for them, the Englifh were ig-
norant ;
and, accordingly, a council of war determined, That
it would be moft for his Majefty's fervice to proceed with the
troops to Fort St. Pierre, in order to make an attack upon that
place ; and that no time fliould be loft in doing it.
This council of war was held in confequence of an opinion
of the chief engineer and fome other officers. That another
landing fhould be made to the fouthward of the Carenage ; for
the pilots confulted on this occafion declared. That, ftiould
the troops land there, it would be extremely difficult, if not
impracfticable, for the fleet to keep up a communication with
them ;
that the Ihips, in turning up, would be expofed to the
fire of Port Royal, Pigeon ifland, and another battery ; and,
after all, muft be content to lie at three miles diftance from
the landing-pUce. Notwitliftanding thefe objedions, Com-
modore Moore offisred to make the attempt, if the general of-
ficers thought that a communication at that diftance could be
kept up to their fatisfac^ion ; but an immediate attack on
Fort St. Pierre being judged the moft prudent meafure, the
Commodore bore away, about fix in the evening of the i8th,
from Port-Royal bay
j
and running down, along the weft fide
of Martinico, appeared, about the fame hour the next morn-
ing, off the harbour of St. Pierre. This town is built in the
form of a feinicircle, and is a place of great trade
;
infomuch
<iha.r, though the Engli/li armament had been long expected
in
L ATE WA
R IN AMERICA.
in thefe parts, and had been now four days at PorL-Royal,
forty fail of merchant-men were Hill lying in the bay. The
fliore is bold, with a fufficient depth of water to carry in the
largefl men of war. The Commodore, immediately on his
arrival, fent in the Panther, to found; the Rippon, to filence
a battery about a mile and a half north of the town ; and two
bombs, to take their ftations againfc the town and citadel;
and threw out a fignal for the tr'anfports with the troops,
to come under his flern ; fo that every thing had now the
appearance of a general attack. But the face of battle foon
wore off: the Panther was recalled ; the bombs were forbid
to play ; and the French merchant-men left unmolefted in the
bay. The Rippon, indeed, was permitted to ftand in, and at-
tacked the fort with fo much fury, that it was foon aban-
doned ;
but fhe fuiFered fo much herfelf from the fire of
three other batteries to which fhe lay expofed, that Captain
Jekyll
ordered his boats to be manned, and towed her ofF.
This retreat from St. Pierre, was owing to a new refolution
that had been taken to employ the armament againft fome
other place. For, when the attack of St. Pierre was propofed
by the General, in confequence of the opinion of his council
of war, to the Commodore, the latter, on examining the
coaft, reprefented to the General, That indeed he made no
doubt of being able to deftroy the town of St. Pierre, and put
the troops in poiTeflion of it ; but, then, the Ihips might be
fo much difabled in the attack, and the army fo much re-
duced, as not to be in a condition to proceed immediately
on
any other fervice ; that he even doubted, whether the troops,
-
in cafe the place was taken, would be flrong enough to keep
poffeffion of it; that, befides, he was of opinion,^ that the
deflroying of the town and citadel of Baffe'Terre, in the iJland
2 of
I70
'
HISTORY OF THE
1759- of
Guadaloupcj
keeping pofle.Tion of that place, and re-
"""""^^
ducing,
if poflible, the illand iifelf, would be of great benefit
to the
fugar-colonies ; fince it was the chief neft of the French
privateers,
which conflantly infefted the Biitifh iflands, and
ruined the trade between them and North-America; that,
therefore,
every thing well weighed, he fubmitted it to t]ie
General's
confideration, whether it would not be bed to pro-
ceed to Bafle-Terre.
The propofal of turning the force of this armament againft
Guadaloupe could only be fuggefted by the Commodore's
defire of doing fervice to his country, and- honour to the arms
of his fovereign ; ends which were not to be obtained by an
attack on St. Pierre. For the General himfelf was in doubt,
as
well as the Commodore, whether, in cafe he took it, he
Ihould be able to garrifon it ; the town being commanded
by
hills, from which the French might, unannoyed, continually
harafs the troops ;
and, confequently, create fuch employment
for the Eritifli army as would eiFe6tually prevent him from fo
much as attempting to reduce the ifland of which it was the ca-
pital. Thefe weighty confiderations induced the General to
confent to the Commodore's propofal
j
and, accordingly,
the
latter, on the 20th, bore away to the northward, for the town
and citadel of BaiTc-Terre, the metropolis of Guadaloupe.
Guadaloupe, the largell of all the Caribbee iflands, is fituated
in latitude
16
N. and longitude
61*^
W. about thirty leagues
from Martinico. It is about fifteen leagues in length, and
twelve in breadth, and divided into two parts by a fmall arm
of the fea, or rather a narrow gut, through whicli no fliip
can venture; the inhabitants crofs it in a ferry. The country
to
LATE WAR IN AME-RICA.
to the weft is called Bajfe-Terre, where ftands the metropolis,
and where the citadel and ftrength of the iiland lies. The
part to the eaft is called Grand-Terre. It has plenty of water,
which in fome places is very good
;
in others, it has a mineral
quality, which produces fluxes in thofe who drink it. The
citadel, a very large but irregular fortification,
is fituated at
the fouth end of the town ; is built very high,
and mounted
forty-feven guns.
On the 22d, the fleet arrived off' this ifland ; and Commodore
Moore made the following difpofitions to attack the capital the
very next morning:
,
The Lyon, - 60 to attack the firft battery, of
9
guns
St. George, go-. .:. - -
Cambridge, 80 I
^
-the citadel, of
47
guns
Norfolk,
74
J
Burford,
707 i .r

j 1 r
Panther,
60}
'^^
'"^''^ ^^"''^'
^ ^"
^"^^
Berwick, 66 the fourth battery, of
7
guns
Rippon, - 60 '
'
the fifth battery, of 6 guns
The fhips to filence their refpecTtive batteries, and then to lie
by them.
The fquadron fpent the whole of the enfuing night in turn-
ing under the ifland of Guadaloupe ; and, in the mean time,
two of the bombs flood clofe in, and threw fhells againfl the
citadel of Bafle-Terre, but without any execution. On tlie
23d, the Commodore fhifted his broad pendant from the
Cambridge, and hoifted it on board the Woolwich, the better
to obferve the afliflanee which the fhips might happen to
fland in need of, during the attack on the forts ; and, the
Z 2 fignal
HISTORY OF THE
fignal for engaging being then made, the Hiips, according to
their orders, endeavoured to bear away for their refpective fla-
tions.
The Lyon began the engagement, by boldly attacking
the firfh battery of nine guns, though raked by a fmall one of
two guns a-ftern of her, to the fouthward , and, by the cita-
del, with all their guns the garrifon could bring to bear upon
her.
The refl of the Ihips kept moving on, whilft the citadel
played on them, likevv^ife, as they advanced. The St. George,
Cambridge, and Norfolk brought their guns to bear againft
the ci:adel about nine in the morning ; and, after an incef-
fant fire, filenced it by five in the afternoon, x^bout ten, Cap-
tain Shuldham, in the Panther, engaged the twelve-gun bat-
tery, which having filenced, he lay by it till called oiF by the
Commodore.
The Burford, which was to have fupported the Panther in
this attack, and the Berwick which was to have engaged the
feven-gun battery, drove out to fea ; by wdiich means, the Rip-
pon, which followed, became expofed to the battery the Ber-
wick was to have attacked, as well as that flie was to attack
lierfelf ;
and, then, to add to her misfortune, fhe, in bringing
up, got too clofe to the fliore, and ran a-ground. The enemy
having difcovered her diftrefs, afifembled in great numbers on
the brow of the hill, and lined the trenches, raking her fore
and aft from both, with fuch a brifk fire of fmall arms, as
killed and wounded a number of her men. Not fatisfied
with this, they, at length brought up an eighteen pounder,
and kept playing with it about tv/o hours, as it lay fo high
above the iliip, that it was with difficulty flie could filence it.
To increafe her diftrefs, a box of nine hundred cartridges
blew up on the poop, and fet her on fire : befides, all her grape-
fllQC
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
173
fliot and wadding was expended;
the latter, the marines and 1759-
feamen fuppHed the want of,
with their jackets and fliirts,
which they fired away upon the
trenches. In this terrible fitua-
tion, flie made a fignal of diftrefs, but while fhc was expeding
an anfwer, the fire on the poop was happily
extinguiflied.
At this time, Captain Leflie of the Briftol, in his way from
fea, obferving the fituation of the Rippon, whofe
fignal had
not been difcovered by any one on board the
Commodore,
ran in between her and the feven-gun battery, which
had
played upon her from the very beginning of the engage-
ment, and threw a whole broadfide upon the enemy,
whilft the marines flanked the militia in the lines.
Upon
this, the fire on the Rippon flackened
; but it was, never-
thelefs, a confiderable time before fhe floated, and could be
got off.
As foon as the batteries had been all filenced, a fignal
was
made to prepare to land the troops ; but loon after counter-
manded, the day being too far advanced for that purpofe : it
was now found very difficult to difpofe of tli^ men during the
enfuing night, as it was too dark for them to find their refpec-
tive tranfports. To obviate this difiiculty, the Commodore
found means to diftribute them among the fhips of war. The
four bombs now flood in for the fhore, and began to throw
flieils and carcafTes with fuch fuccefs, that the houfes and
churches were every where foon in flames, and the magazine
of powder blown about the enemy's ears. In fliort, by ten
"
..;
o'clock, the whole town blazed out one general conflagration.
On the 24th, about two in the afternoon, the fleet came to an
anchor in the road of Bafle-Terre, where they found the hulls
of many fliips to which the enemy had fet fire on their ap-
pioacli.
174
HISTORY OF THE
1759- proach,
feveral others had turned out, and endeavoured to
efcape, but were intercepted and taken by the cruifers.
At five, the troops landed without the leaft oppofition, the
town and citadel being abandoned ;
and hoifted the Engliili co-
lours on the latter about fix. AGenoefe deferter from the French
now gave information, that the enemy had but five companies of
regular troops, fcarce making one hundred men, in the whole
illand ; and that a train was laid to blow up the powder ma-
gazine in the citadel, but that the garrifon had been obliged
to retreat with too much precipitation, to execute this defign.
Upon this the train was immediately cut ofi, and the maga-
zine faved. The guns had been all fpiked up by the enemy,
but were afterwards drilled out by the matrofies. Part of the
troops lay upon their arms all night upon the rifing ground,
that overlooked the town
;
part of them made themfelves maf-
ters of an advantageous poll upon a hill, about a mile to the
weft; and part entered the town, which ftill continued in
flames. The fliip, in which was the phyficians and head fur-
geons, not having appeared from the time the fquadron left
the Englifli channel, it was juftly feared fhe was loft. But
fhe now providentially arrived, when fhe began to be moft
wanted.
Early in the morning of the 25th, the French appeared on
the hills, to the number of about two thoufand. M. le Che-
valier Nadau d'Utriel, had fixed his head-quarters at the dif-
tance of about four miles from the ' tqwn
;
and gave out, that
he would defend this poft, with another called the Dos d'Ane,
a little higher up tlie country, to the laft extremity ; faying.
That, the Englifli having left them nothing but their lives,
they would fell them dearly.
The
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
175
The Dos d'Ane is fituated about five miles from BafTe-Terre 1759-
to the fouth-eaft, and is nothing more than a deep cleft or
palTage through the mountains, affording a communication with
Capes-Terre, a more level, and indeed very beautiful part of
theifland. This opening, in itfelf hilly, flony and rugged, had
been rendered very practicable by a tolerable road the French
had made through it ; and, had an attempt been made on this
pafs at the firfl landing of the troops, whilfl the inhabitants
were yet under the dominion of a panic, it might, perhaps,
have been attended with fuccefs. General Hopfon had fixed
his head-quarters in the town of BafTe-Terre, at the Govern-
our's houfe, or rather in the ruins of it ; and fent a flag of
truce, with an ofTer of terms to M. d'Utriel
;
but this gentle-
man thought proper to rejeft them by a letter, in which he
fays,
"
The terms your Excellencies offer me, are fuch as can
only be dicftated by the eafy acquifition you have made of the
town and citadel of BafTe-Terre
;
for, otherwife, you muft do
me the juflice to believe, that I would not have received
them.

The force you have with you is indeed fufficient to give

you pofTeflion of the extremities of the ifland, but as to the
inland part we there have an equal chance with you.
"
In regard to any confequences that may attend my refufal
of the terms propofed, I am perfuaded they will be fuch only,
as are authorifed by the laws of war. But fhould it happen
otherwife, we have a mafler who is powerful enough to re-
venge any injury we may fuflain.
GuaJaloupe, NADAU D'UTRIEL."
January
27,
ly^^-
7
The
ijG HISTORY OF THE
^JSJ- The conduct of M. d'Ucriel did not corrcfpond with the fpi.it
of this anfwcr. A gallant behaviour and a worthy
example
during the firft aitack would have done him honour. But, in-
ftead of this, he retired to a plantation dillant from danger
;
and remained an ina'5live fpecflator of the ruin of the capi::al,
and every other difgrace, which, the fame day, attended the
French arms. Nor did he the next morning take any precau-
tions to prevent the landing of the Engliili troops, who had
the difhculty of a rugged fliore and a violent furf, to fur-
mount : And, even after their landing, when he might have de-
fended the entrenchments, and the lines which were every
where thrown up, he flew from them, in fpite of all the ad-
vantages of ground and fituation, which, in a manner, foli-
cited him to defend them.
The General, as if convinced of M. d'Utriel's want of real
courage,
notwithftanding his bluftering anfwer, propofed to
try the efFecft of a fecond meflage
;
but the Commodore warm-
ly oppofed it ; advifmg him to purfue his blow, before the
enemy could recover from the confternation into which they
were thrown ; and offered to affift him in doing it with the
marines on board the fleet. Mr. Moore the more ftrongly re-
commended this meafure, as he knew the nature of the climate,
and that the troops were likely to fuffer more by ficknefs than
oppofition. And it mufl be owned, that, had this advice been
adopted, the ifland would have been, in all probability, fooner
reduced, as the polls the enemy poflefTed on the Capes-Terre
fide, were not as yet fortified.
The inhabitants now exerted themfelves like men engaged
in the defence of every thing that was dear to them. They
harafled the troops, on all occafions, with the greatefl re
folution
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
177
folution and adivity, firing upon them from every fugar
^'-'^
plantation that lay in their way. But this proved a very fliort
refource. The Englifli reduced to allies every place that
could afford them any fhelter
j
and at one in particular, where
a body of armed negroes had concealed themfelves in the
canes, and from thence annoyed the troops, they fet fire to the
feveral corners of the field, and burnt the negroes and the
canes together. Madam Ducharmey, with the valour of an
Amazon, not only armed her flaves, but, heading them in per-
fon, made feveral attempts on fome advanced pofts, and threw
up fome intrenchments upon a hill oppofite to a poll com-
manded by Major Melville. At length, orders being given to
attack the works of this heroine, they were immediately
exe-
cuted ;
the intrenchments were carried, the houfes were burnt,
the plantations deftroyed
;
and it was with the greateft difii-
culty, that Madam Ducharmey made her efcape. This af-
fair coll the Englilli about twelve men killed, and thirty
wounded.
A redoubt, with feveral intrenchments, had been by this
time thrown up at M. d'Utriel's head-quarters
; and moll
of the French troops alTembled there. On the 6th of Febru-
ary, early in the morning, a detachment of them, in their
way towards the citadel, fell in with a party of the Englifli,
which they engaged with fo much ardour, that the whole line
of the Englifh camp got under arms to their fupport. But,
at length, the French, after a warm difpute, v/ere defeated,
without any aliiftance.
All this while, the natives endeavoured as much as pollible
to harafs the troops in fmall parties, and carry on their de-
A a
fence
78
HISTORYOFTHE
i7sg-
fence in flying platoons. Inured, themfelves, to the climate,
they had little to apprehend from its fcorching heat ; and
were, befides, encouraged to bear it from the influence they
very well knew it muft have on an European conftitution.
And, indeed, the Englifh army and navy now began to feel
its effects ;
they were attacked with fevers, and other epide-
mical difeafes to fuch a degree, tliat it was thought neceflary
to fend five hundi'ed. fick to the ifland of Antigua.
The difficulty of reducing the iflanders, in the manner hi-
therto purfued, increafing from day to day, it was refolved
to transfer the feat of war to the eallern and more fertile part
of the ifland, called Grande-Terre . With this view, fomc
men of war were detached from the fquadron, to take pofl!ef-
flon of Fort Louis. The Berwick, Roebuck, Renown, Wool-
wich, Bonetta, two bombs, and three tenders, were ordered
on this fervice
;
and on the
1
3th of February, after a fevere can-
nonading of fix hours, the Highlanders and the marines were
landed, drove the enemy from their intrenchments, hoifted
the Englifh colours on the fort, and kept poflfeflion of it.
After this expedition, the men of war were ordered to cruize
all round the ifland, to prevent the landing of any fuccours
from St. Eufl:atia ; and this fervice they effectually performed,
the enemy, by their own confeffion, having had no provifions
in the mountains, nor any fupply from elfewhere, but what
they drew from their flores in Baffe-Terre. However, the
more effedually to anfwer this end, the Rippon and Briftoi
were ordered to fail to St. Eufl;atia, there to cruize, and pre-
vent the Dutch attempting to throw into Guadaloupe that
afliftance, which the inhabitants were now unable to procure
for themfelves.
General
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
General Hopfon, who had been for fome time in a bad
ftate of health, died on the 27th ; by which the command
of the forces devolved upon Major-General Barrington, who,
on the 28th, ordered the army to flrikc their tents, and to huto
On March the ill, at break of day, the army was hutted
j
and the enemy fo- amufed by it, as to imagine that the
General propofed ftill to continue the attack ; but, a few days
after, the detachments at the out-pofts were all drawn in
; the
batteries in and about the town of BalTe-Terre blown up and
deftroyed ; and the whole army, except one regiment,
brought
off and reimbarked on board tranfports, the whole, by break
of day, and without the lofs of a man.
The regiment left on fliore was to garrifon the citadel, the
government of which was conferred on Colonel Defbrifay.
The St. George and Buckinghani were left to cover the garri-
fon, in cafe of any attack from the enemy ; and this proved a
happy precaution. The French no fooner perceived the ma-
tion of the troops, than they defcended from the redoubt,
fet fire to the huts, and entered the town. Upon this. Colonel
Defbrifay fired upon them from the citadel, beat down and
burnt the houfes which they occupied, and S.t the fame time
made a fally, in which he took fome prironefs ; the reft made
the beft of their way back to the redoubt.
Although the fleet failed on the 7th of March, it was tlic
nth before all the fhips of war and twenty-five tranfports
-came to an anchor at Fort Louis, owing to the very great dif-
ficulty of turning to windward. Accordingly, the others
were driven to leeward, or were prevented by the winds and
ilrong currents from weathering the point of the Saintes. The
A a 2 General,
79
HISTORY OF THE
General, that night, went on fliore to view the works that
were carrying on by a detachment which had ah-eady been fenc
thither from Bafle-Terre. On the 12th, he went in a boat to
reconnoitre the coafl on both fides of the bay, in order to fmd a
proper place to make a defcent. But Commodore Moore ha\'ing
acquainted him, in the evening of that day, that he had re-
ceived certain intelligence of a French fquadron, of nine fail
of the line and two frigates, having been feen to the north-
ward of Barbadoes, and that it was therefore necelTary for
him to exchange his prefent for fome more advantageous fitu-
ation ;
Mr. Barrington, the next day, called together the gene-
ral officers, to conlider what, in the prefent jundlure, was
befl to be done. The refult of this council was, That, not-
withftanding the divided ftate of the troops, by the feparation
of the tranfports, the weak flate of Fort Louis, and the im-
poffibility of fupplying it with water but from the fliips, it
would be more for his Majefty's fervice, and the honour of
his arms, to do the utmoft to keep pofTeffion of it, and
wait for fome further intelligence of the motions of the
enemy.
The French fleet had' now come to an anchor in the bay of
Fort-Royal. It was commanded by M. de Bompart, lieute-
nant-general, and chef d'efcadre, and had on board fome
troops intended for the relief of Martinico, in cafe he found
it
invefted by the Englifh. It was very practicable for M. de
Bompart to throw fuccours into Grande-Terre, as it was im-
poffible at the fame time for Mr. Moore, confidering the fitua-
tion of his fquadron, to put to fea. A refolution was there-
fore taken to call in the cruifmg fliips, and fail immediately
to-Frince Rupert's Bay in Dominico, the only place where his
I
fliips
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
i8]
fliips could rendezvous and unite. Here he refreflied his
i759'
men, who were grown fickly by fubfifting on fait provifions
;
here he fupplied his fhips with plenty of frefli water ; here he
had intercourfe once or twice a-day with General Harrington,
by means of fmall vefTels, which paiTed and repalTed from one
iiland to the other. By continuing in this fituation, he like-
wife maintained a communication with the Englifh lee-
ward iflands, the inhabitants of which, on account of
their defencelefs condition, were conftantly foliciting
the
Commodore's prote6tion ; and here he fupported the army,
rhe commander of which was unwilling he fhould remove to
a greater diftance. Had he failed to Port-Royal, he would
have found the enemy's fquadron fo difpofed, that he could
not attack it to advantage, unlefs M. de Bompart had been
inclined to hazard an a<5lion. Had he come to an anchor
in the bay, all his cruifers muft have been employed in con-
veying provifions and ftores to the fquadron. Befides, he
could not have procured any frefli provifions or water; nor
could he, in lefs than eight or ten days, have had intelligence
of, or communication with the army or the leeward iflands.
After all, this was but avoiding the greater evil : The pri-
vateers of the enemy took advantage of this movement.
They fkulked out along the coafts, and took between eighty
and ninety fail of Englifli merchant-men, which they carried
into Martinico.
Thefe frequent captures occafioned heavy complaints from
the inhabitants of the Britifh iflands. They faid, it was as eafy
to have anchored in Port-Royal, as in Prince Rupert's Bay
;
and
that by anchoring in the former, two ends would have been an-
fwered: the French men of war could not have got out, nor the
prizes
iBa
HISTORYOFTHE
1759. prizes to their privateers have got in
;
fo that the latter mufl;
'
'
have
fallen into the hands of the Englifli cruifers, no harbour
being
then open to the French privateers, but St. Pierre's or
Grenada, cither of which could, at any time be blocked up by
a finglc frigate.
It was likewife aflerted, that if the Englifh had made their
appearance off Port-Royal Bay, M. de Bompart would have
been reduced to the alternative, either of engaging with a fu-
perior force, or of retiring, behind the citadel, into the Ca-
renage, to avoid it ; and fo leave to Mr. Moore room to come to
an anchor with his fquadron between Fort Negro and Pigeon
ifland, where he lay before.
The fleet being failed, the General continued to erecft works
for the fecurity of the camp, and for the finifhing, ^3 well as
llrengthening, the lines. At length, the chief engineer, who
happened to be in one of the tranfports which could not get
up fooner, being arrived, he made a report of the weaknefs
ot: the fort ; and, though a council of war had deemed it not
tenable, the General determined to pofTefs it, till fome future
event might point out to him what other flep it might be
proper to lake for his Majelly^s fervice. He reflefted on the
flate of the army under his command, and the little probabi-
lity there was of fucceeding with them, in any attempt to re-
duce the country, without the aflidance of the fliips of war
to cover their landing. However, he determined to make a
dcfccnt on the coaft of Grande-TeiTC. For that purpofe he or-
dered Colonel Crump, with a detachment of fix hundred men,
to embark on board fome of the tranfports which carried the
iiioll guns, and endeavor.r to land between the towns of St.
4
Anne
LATE WAR IN AMERICA. i8
Anne and St. Francois, and dcftroy their batteries; and the
'7'9-
Colonel happily performed this fcrvice with very little lofs.
The General imagined, that, by his fending Colonel Crump
to attack the towns of St. Anne and St. Franpois, the enemy
would be obliged to detach fome of their troops from the pod
of Gofier. With this view, two days after the Colonel had
failed, he ordered the only three hundred men he had left,
to be put on board the tranfports, and lie ofF Goficr ; and,
on the morning of the 29th, he reconnoitred the battery and
the intrenchments ;
and, the enemy appearing lefs numerous
than for fome time before, he made a difpofition to force
them by two different attacks. This the troops executed the
next morning, at fun-rifmg, with great fpirit and refolu-
tion ; and, notwithftanding the fire of the enemy from their
intrenchments and their battery, foon carried both with very
little lofs, and drove the enemy into the woods.- The cannon
and the battery were immediately deftroyed, together with the
town. Succefs having attended this attempt, the General or-
dered the detachment to force its way to Fort Louis
j and at
the fame time fent orders for the garrifon to make two
fallies; one to the right, in hopes of putting, the enemy be-
tween two fires; and the other, to attack their lines. The
firfl was made ; but, by fome miftake, the other was not exe-
cuted. The detachment from Gofier forced their way with
fome lofs, in fpite of a very ftrong pafs which the enemy
occupied; and took a battery of three twenty-four-poundcrs,
which the next day was to have played on the camp.
During thefe tranfacflions, the French, at the redoubt and
the Dos-d'Ane, came down upon Colonel Dcfbrifay in the cita-
del
i84
HISTORY OF THE
1759- del of Bafie-TciTC; and, having got a thirtecn-inch
mortar
^"^
from Islartinico, threw fome fliclls into it from the neigh-
bouring hills. They likewife eretfted a battery, and kept
playing with it upon the new works thrown up by the Go-
vernor. Now and then, they made a Ihew of afTault in the
body of the place, but were as often difperfed by the fire from
the garrifon ; which, not content with barely defending itfelf,
made frequent fallies to annoy the enemy.
On one of thefe occafions, a twenty-four pounder happened
to be fired too near a barrel of powder, placed in a ftone fentry-
box, at the angle of the fouth-eaft baftion; the wadding fet fire
to it, and it blew up the Governor, Major Trollop, one lieute-
nant, two bombardiers, and feveral raen that were on the
platform. Colonel Defbrifay and Major Trollop were taken
up dead, being thrown at a great diflance into the heart of
the place ; but fome of the men, though greatly hurt, reco-
vered.
By this unhappy accident, the army was deprived of two
gallant and experienced oflicers ; and the citadel loft a bold and
a6live governor when it moft wanted fuch an officer to defend it.
The difordcr occafioned by this explofion induced the French
to come down in great nuinbers from the hills; but tl;ey
were foon beat back. Major Melville, who had particularly
diftinguiflied himfelf, and who commanded the detachment
of the thirty-eighth regiment, was appointed governor, in the
place of Colonel Defbrifay. The General ordered him to
caufe a detachment of three hundred men to fally out, under
the command of Captain Blomer, on the ift of April, to at-
tack a bomb-battery, and other works of the enemy; and
the
LATE WAR IN AMERICA."
the Captain met with no great difficulty in carrying them.
The chief engineer, and the commanding officer of the ar-
tillery, were then fent to the citadel, that no time- might be
loft in putting it again into a proper ftate of defence.
By this time, the remaining part of the tranfports, with the
troops on board them, were arrived. A plan, therefore, was
formed, in confequence of the information of fome negroes,
and their promiling to conduct the troops by night, in flat-
bottomed boats, to furprife Petit-Bourg, Guoyave, and St.
Mary's, upon the Guadaloupe fide, and all at one and the
fame time. The firft of thefe fervices was to be performed
by Brigadier Crump; who, as foon as he had carried his
point, was to march to Bay-Mahaut, and deftroy the bat-
teries there, as well as a large magazine of provifions,
which the enemy had formed by the help of the Dutch, and
to prevent the arrival of any more Dutch fliips. The fc-
cond of thefe fervices was entrufted to Brigadier Claver-
ing; who, after furprifmg St. Mary's and Guoyave, was to
march into the Capes-Terre, and reduce that fine country. The
fruits of the fuccefs of this plan were evident, not only
to
the General, but to thofe who were to execute it. But the
night proved fo bad, and the negro conducftors were fo much
frightened, that they ran feveral of the boats on tlie flioals,
of which the coaft is full. Brigadier Clavering,
indeed, land-
ed with about eighty men ; but it was on a fpot fo full of
mud and mangrove trees, that he was obliged to return,
though not without being difcovered by the enemy. Force
now became neceffary to execute what ftratagem could not
accomplifh. The General, therefore, who, at this critical
time, happened to be laid up with a rnoft fevere fit of the
B b
gout,
i36
HISTORYOFTHE
U59- gout, fent "Brigadiers Clavering and Crump to reconnoitre
the
coaft near Arnouville ; and, in confequence of their
report,
ordered thirteen hundred regulars and one hundred and fifty
of the Antigua vokmtecrs, to land, under the protedlion of
the Woolwich.
Accordingly, on the isth of April, at day-break, they
were
put on Ihore at a bay not far diftant from Arnouville.
The
enemy made no oppoution to their landing, but retired to very
ftrong
intrenchmcnts behind the river La Come. This poll was
to them of the greatefl importance; and therefore they had
fpared no pains to ftrengthen it, though the fituation was fuch
as required very little afliftance from art. The river was ac-
celTible only at two narrow pafles ; and thofe they had occu-
pied with a redoubt and well-palifaded intrenchment, de-
fended with cannon, and all the militia of that part of the
country. It was impoffible to approach them but with a very
contradled front ; fo contracted as, at length, to be reduced to
the breadth of the roads, which were inrerfe(fted with deep
and wide ditches. The artillery was ordered to keep a con-
llant fire on the top of the intrenchmcnts, to cover an attack
which was to be made by Duroure's regiment, and the High-
landers, who behaved, on this occafion, with the greateft cool-
nefs and refolution, keeping up, as they advanced, a regular
platoon-firing.
This gallant behaviour fo much intimidated
the French, that they abandoned an intrenchment on the left,
when the Highlanders threw
themfelves into it, fword-in-
hand,
and, with part of Duroure's,
purfued them into th-e
redoubt.
The French in the right intrenchment fiill kept
their
ground, and annoyed the afiTailants both with mulketry
and
cannon} and, though thofe who had carried the firil
intrench-
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
187
intrenchment, had gained their rear, they could not get up 1759.
to it, till a bridge could be made to pafs the river. This
took up near half an hour j notwithilanding which, the Eng-
lifh crofTed it time enough to take about leventy French, as
they were endeavouring to make their efcape; and, amongfl
them, were fome of the moll confiderable inhabitants of the
ifland. Thefe intrenchments contained fix pieces of cannon,
yet were gained with the lofs of only thirteen men killed, and
two officers and fifteen men wounded. As foon as the ditches
could be filled up for the paflage of the artillery, Brigadier Gla-
vering marched towards Petit-Bourg. A confiderable num-
ber of the enemy had lined an intrenchment about half a
mile on the left of the road ; but when they perceived the
Englifli troops endeavouring to furround them, they aban-
doned it ; keeping conllantly, however, within about two
hundred yards in the front of the Englifh, and fetting fire, as
they retreated, to the fugar canes ;
v^^hich often made it necef-
fary for their purfuers to avoid the road, to prevent any acci-
dent happening to their powder.
The Englifli troops arrived late on the banks of the Lizard,
beyond the only ford of which, the French had throv/n up
very firong intrenchments. Thefe v/ere protected by four
pieces of cannon on the hill in their rear. The banks of the
river being reconnoitred, and it appearing from the fituation
of them, that it might coil a great number of iiicn to force ir.
Brigadier Clavering kept up the attention of the enemy the
\Yhole night, by firing into their lines ; and, in the mean
time, got tAvo canoes conveyed about a mile and a half down
the river, and ferryed over, by means of them, before break
of day, a fuflicient number of men to attack the French in
flank, whilfl he did the fame in front. The Fzench foon per-
B b 2 xieived
i88
HISTORYOFTHE
1759. ceived their danger, and left their intrenchments with
the
greateft precipitation. This palTage did not coft a fingle man
j
and the enemy were flill purfued to Petit-Bourg, which they
had fortified with Hnes, and a redoubt filled with cannon.
Here the Grenada bomb, Captain Uvedale, was employed in
throwing fhells into the fort, where the enemy did not long
remain after they had difcovered in the Englifli an intention to
occupy the heights around them. They left the Englifh mailers
of the fort and the port, with all the artillery and ftores.
Brigadier Clavering now halted to get provifions for his
men; and, on the 15th, Brigadier Crump was detached with
feven hundred men to the Bay-Mahaut, and Captain Steil, with
one hundred, to Guoyave, to deftroy a battery there. The panic
of the enemy was fuch, that they juft difcharged their cannon at
the latter, and then abandoned their poll, tho'it might have been
defended againft an army. He nailed up feven pieces of cannon,
and retired the fame evening to Petit-Bourg. Brigadier Crump,
the next day, returned from the Bay-Mahaut, where he found the
town and batteries abandoned. Thefe he deflroyed, with fome
provifions which had been landed there by the Dutch, before
the Englifli attacked the ifland ;
and he reduced the whole
country as far as Petit-Bourg. The heavy rains which fell on
the fucceeding days, fwelled the rivers fo much, that it was
impoflible to advance any farther ; but the Englifli took advan-
tage of this circLimllance to llrengthen the poft at Petit-Bourg.
On the 1 8th, in the evening, the Antigua volunteers again
took poflTeflion of Guoyave; and, on the 2otli, Brigadier Cla-
vering, after leaving a fmall garrifon at Petit-Bourg, moved
on to Guoyave, in order to proceed to St. Mary's, where he
was informed, that the enemy v/ere colledting their whole
force to oppofe him, and had thrown up intrenchments,
befides
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
18
befides making barricades on the road, to prevent his ap- 1759.
proach to it. Accordingly they were foon perceived at this
'
'^'~"
work ;
and it was, at the fame time, difcovered, that there
was a poffibiUty of gaining their rear by roads which they
thought impradlicable, and confequently had guarded with
very little care. A detachment was hereupon
immediately
formed under Colonel Barlow, for this fervice
; and orders
were fent to haften the artillery, which, from the badnefs of
the roads, had not been able to get up. The firft fhot from
the cannon, with the alarm which was given by the detach-
ment in the rear, made the enemy very foon fenfible of
their
danger ; and indeed their precipitate flight alone faved them
from being all taken prifoners. They were purfued as far
as the heights of St. Mary's, where the Englifli again formed
for a frefh attack on the lines and batteries, by which thefe
heights were defended.
Whilft the barricades were levelling for the paflage of the
artillery, a fecond attempt was made to penetrate the woods,
and gain the precipices that covered the flanks of the ene-
my's lines ; but, before the cannon could arrive, the
French
perceiving the motion made for that purpofe,
began to
quit their lines to oppofe it. This produced a refolution
in
the Englifh to make an attack in front, without any farther
delay
;
and they made it, accordingly, with fo much vivacity,
that, notwithftanding the conftant fire both from the cannon
and mufketry of the French, they drove them from their
artil-
lery, and obliged them to retire in fo much confufion,
that
they never afterwards made head. Brigadier Clavering
took
up his quarters at St. Mary's the fucceeding night, and,
the
next day, entered the Capes-Terre, which is the richefl and moft
beautiful part of the whole ifland, and exceeds perhaps any
other
'
190
HISTORY OF THE
1759.
other in the Well-Indies. Eight hundred and feventy negroes,-
'
" '
belonging to one perfon only, furrendered this day.
Here the Brigadier was met by Meffieurs de Clainvilliers and
du
Queruy,AYho were deputed by the principal inhabitants of the
iiland to know what capitulation would be granted them. The
Brigadier ordered them to be conduced to Petit-Bourg, where
they were prefented to General Barrington. The General,
eonlidering that his forces were now much reduced, and flill
daily decreafmg ; that part of the country remaining in the
hands of the French, was very difficult of accefs
;
and that they
mio-ht fhill be reinforced from Martinico ; took the advantage
of their prefent panic, and fettled, without delay, the follow-
ing terms of capitulation
:
Articles
of
Capitulation betiveen their Excellencies the Honourable
Major- General Barrifigton, mid John Moore, Efquire, commanders
in chief of
his Britannic Majeffs
land and
fea forces in thefe feas
;
and M. Nadau d'Utriel, governor,
for
his
Moft
ChriJIian
Majefy, of
Giiadaloupe, Grande-Terre, Defeada., and the Saintcs.
Article I. AVe, the Governor, ftafF and other officers of the
regular troops, fliall march out of our polls, with one mor-
tar, two field-pieces of brafs cannon, with ten rounds for
each piece, arms, baggage, and the honours of war.
Granted, except the mortar; and as to the cannon, we
will allow only four rounds for each piece
; a-nd on condition,
that the troops of his Britannic Majedy fhall take poireiaon of
the different polls of the three rivers, and the hofpital, to-
morrow morning, the 2d of May, a| eight o'clock ; and that
all the magazines of provifions, ammunition, and implements
of \var, as well as all papers relating to the revenue, be deli-
vered into the poffcdion of a coramiffiry, to be named by us
for that purpofe.
7
II. That
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
191
n.
That we fliall be fent to Martinico, in a good vefTel, well '759-
provided, and by the fhorteft paffage.
Granted.
III. That the CommifTary-General, officers of juftice, admi-
ralty, and all fuch as have the King's commiffion, fliall
likewife be fent to Martinico, in a good veflel, well pro-
vided, and by the fhorteft paflage.
Granted only for the CommilTary-General, and officers of
the admiralty ; and refufed to the others.
IV. That the ftaff and other officers Ihall have leave to take
with them their wives and children to Martinico.
Granted^
V. That the ftafF and other officers fliall have the fame num-
ber of fervants granted them, as were allowed by the Moft
Chriftian King, viz. to the Commiffary General, twenty-
four; to the Lieutenant-Governor, eighteen; to the Fort-
Major, fifteen; to the captains, twelve each; to the lieute-
nants, eight each; and to the enfigns, fix each.
Granted.
VI. That it fliall be allowed to all the officers who have eftates
in this colony (except to me the Governor, unlefs the King
permits me alfo), to appoint attornies to a6l for them until
the peace
;
and, if the ifland be not then ceded, the above-
mentioned officers fliall have leave to fell their eftates, and
carry ofi^ the produce.
Granted.
VIL That a good veflel fliall be allowed to the lady of Monf.
Duclieu, Lieutenant-Governor-General of the iftands, and
Captain
tg2
HISTORYOFTHE
1759- Captain of one of the King's fliips, to carry her to Marti-
nico, with her equipage, furniture, plate, and fervants,
fuitable to her rank ; and alfo to the Governor's lady, and
the wives and widows of the ftaff-officers.
Granted ; one vclTcl for all the ladies.
VIII. That Monf. de Folleville, Lieutenant-Governor of Marti-
nico, fhall have a good veflel to carry him and his volun-
teers thither, by the lliorteft pafTage, with only fuch arms,
baggage, and fervants as they brought with them.
Granted.
IX.
That the Sieur Avril of Dominica, and his detachment,
Ihall be fent thither, with their arms and baggage.
Granted.
X.
That the prifoners, foldiers and failors, fhall be mutually
exchanged.
Granted.
XL
That all the negroes who were inlifled, and continued till
the laft day of the attack, in the companies of Boulougne,
Petite,
Dumolicre, and Ruby, agreeable to the lift that will
be given in of them, fliall have their freedom, at the ex-
pence of the colony, as by agreement.
Granted, upon condition that they are immediately fent
oS the ifland.
XII. Tliat the men belonging to the privateers, who delire to
go to Martinico, Ihall have a vefTel to carry them thither.
Granted.
3
XIII. That
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
Xni. That there fliall be a reafonable time allowed for remov-
ing the furniture, effedts, and cloaths that are in the reduit,
or other places, belonging to the perfons who are to be fcnt
to
Martinico ; and that his Excellency General Barrington
fhall grant his prote(5lion for the fafe conveyance of the
above-mentioned efFe<5ls to the place of conveyance.
Granted.
XIV. That there fliall be an hofpital-fhip provided for the
wounded and fick that are in a condition to be removed
;
and that the reft fhall be taken care of, and fent with a flag
of truce to Martinico, as foon as they are recovered.
Granted
;
thofe that remain fhall be taken care of at the
expence of his Moll Chriflian Majefty.
XV. That all fubjedls, formerly belonging to the King of
Great Britain, who for crimes were forced to fly their coun-
try, and have carried arms in this ifland, fliall be pardoned,
and allowed to remain in it as inhabitants.
They muft go out of the ifland.
XVI. That the fame honours and conditions fhall be granted
to the King's troops in the Grande-Terre, as are given to
thofe in Guadaloupe.
They fhall have neither mortar nor cannon.
XVII. That the troops at the head of the reduit, as well as
thofe at the three rivers, fliall march to the poft of the camp
at La Garde, and remain there till the day of embarkation.
The tranfport-fliips fliall be at the great Bay to-morrow
morning to receive the troops of the garrifon, the privateers
men, and thofe who are to pafs to Martinico.
T. Barrington.
i,T i.TT
John
Moore.
NADAU dllTRIEL.
"^
C c Articles
j^4
HISTORY OF THE
1
7 CO. Arllclcs
of
Capitulation
bet%veen their Excellencies and the Inhabitant
f
Article I. The inhabitants fhall march out of their pofts with
all the honours of war, viz. with two field-pieces, their
arms, colours
flying, drums beating, and lighted match.
Granted
, in
confidcration of the brave defence which the
inhabitants
have made during an attack of three months^
unon condition
that they lay down their arms as foon as they
have marched by our troops, and that all the forts, pofts, bat-
teries, cannon,
mortars, firelocks, and bayonets, with all kind
of
ammunition
and implements of war, be delivered to a
commiiTary
to be named by us
;
and that we fliall have a
power of fixing a garrifon in all fucli places as we lliall think
proper.
II. The inhabitants of the iiland of Martinico, MarigaTante,
and Dominica, who came to the afliftance of this ifland,
Ihall have leave to retire with their arms and baggage, and
a fnip fliall be provided to carry them, and the fervants
they brought with them, to their refpedlive ifiands, . with
provifions for their pafTage.
Granted; except thofe from Marigalante, who fhall be
fent to Martinico.
III. The inhabitants fliall be allowed the free and public exer-
cife of their religion. The priefts and religious fliall be
preferved in their pariflies, convents, and all other pofTef-
fions ; and the fuperiors of the feveral orders fhall be, per-
mitted to fend for fuch as they think necefiary from France,
and the neighbouring iilands ; but all letters wrote on tliis
occafion fliall be tranfmittcd by the Governor appointed by
his Britannic Majefty.
Granted.
IV. They.
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
ip5
IV. They fliall obferve a fhrid neutrality, and not be forced to 1759-
take up arms againft his Mod Chriftian
Majefty, or a.Tainl]:
' " '
any other power.
Granted; on condition that they take an oath within
a
month, or fooner, if poffible, to maintain all claufes of this
capitulation, as well as to remain exadlly and faithfully
neu-
ter.
V. They Iliall be allowed their civil government, their laws,
cufloms, and ordinances
;
juftice fhall be adminiftered
by
the fame perfons who are now in office ; and what relates
to the interior police of the ifland, iliali be fettled between
his Britannic Majefty's Governor and the inhabitants.
And
in cafe this ifland fliall be ceded to the King of Great Bri-
tain, at the peace, the inhabitants fliall have their
choice,
either to keep their own political government, or to accept
that which is eftablifhed at Antigua and St. Chriflopher's.
Granted
;
but when any vacancies happen in the feats of
juftice, the fuperior council of the ifland is to name proper
perfons to fill up thofe vacancies, who muft receive their com-
miffions from, his Britannic Majefty : And all ads of juftice
whatfoever are to be in his name. But in regard to any
change in the political government, v/e grant it, if agreeable
to his Majefty's pleafure.
VI. The inhabitants, as well as the religious orders, fliall be
inaintained in the property and the enjoyment of their pof-
feffions, goods moveable and immoveable, of what nature
foever they may be ; and fliall be preferved in their pri-
vileges, rights, honours and exemptions ; and alfo the free
negroes and mulattoes in their liberty.
Granted.
C c 2 VII. They
HISTORY OF THE
YU.
They
fhall pay no other duties to his Britannic Majcfly
but fuch as they have hitherto paid to his Moll Chrillian
Majcfly,
without any other charge or impofts ; the expences
attending the adminiftration of juftice, the penfions to cu-
rates, and other cuftomary charges, fhall be paid out of the
revenue
of his Britannic Majcily, in the fame manner as
under tlie government of his Moil Chriflian Majefty.
Granted ;
but if this ifland is ceded to his Britannic Ma-
jefty at the peace, it lliall be fubjecR; to the fame diities and
impoHs, as the other EngUIh Leeward Iflands, the moll fa-
voured.
VIII.
All prifoners taken during the attack of this ifland fliall
be
mutually exchanged.
Granted.
IX. The free mulattoes and negroes, who have been taken,
Hiall be confidered as prifoners of war, and not treated as
Haves.
Granted.
X.
The fubjefts of Great Britain who have taken refuge in this
ifland, whether criminals or debtors, fhall have leave to retire.
Granted.
XL No other but the inhabitants adlually refiding in this
ifland, fhall pofTefs any lands or houfes, by purchafe, grant,
or otherwife, before a peace
;
but if at the peace this ifland
fhouldbe ceded to the King of Great Britain, then fuch of the
inhabitants as do not chufe to live under the Englifh govern-
ment, fhall be permitted to fell their polTeilions, inoveable
and immoveable, to whom they will, and retire whenever
they pleafe -, for which purpofe there fhall be a reafonable
time allowed.
Granted
J
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
197
Granted} but fuch of the inhabitants as chufe to retire, 175Q.
fliall have leave to fell to none, except fubjedts of Great Britain.
^~
' '
XII. In cafe there fliould be any exchange
at the peace,
their
Britannic and Moil Chriflian Majcfhies, are
defii-ed to give
the preference to this ifland.
This will depend on his Majefly's pleafure.
XIII. The inhabitants fliall have liberty to fend their children
to be^ucated in France
;
and to fend for them
back
j and
to make remittances to them while there.
Granted.
XIV. The abfent inhabitants, and fuch as are in the fervice
of his Moft Chriftian Majelly, fhall be maintained in the en-
joyment and property of their ellates, which fliall be ma-
naged for them by attornies.
Granted.
XV. The wives of officers and others, who are out of the ifland,
fhall have leave to retire with their effe(5ts, and a number of
fervants fuitable to their rank.
Granted.
XVI. The Englifli government fliall procure for the
inhabi-
tants an exportation for fuch commodities as the ifland
pro-
duces, and are not permitted to be imported into England.
Granted
;
as the ifland produces nothing but what may
be
imported into England.
XVII. The inhabitants fliall not be obliged to furnifli
quarters
for the troops, nor flaves to work on the fortifications.
Granted
;
but barracks will be provided as foon as pofllble
for the lodgment of the troops
j
and fuch negroes as fliall be
employed
ngS
HISTORY OF THE
employed with the confent of their maflers, on pubHc works,
Ihall be paid for their labour.
XVIII. The widows and other inhabitants, who through ill-
ncfs, abfencc, or any other impediment, cannot immediate-
ly iign the capitulation, fliall have a limited time allowed
them to accede to it.
Granted
;
but all the inhabitants, who chufe to partake of
the advantage of the capitulation, fliall be obliged to fign it
within a month from the date hereof, or to quit the illand.
XIX. The men belonging to the privateers, and others who
have no property in the illand, and are defirous to leave it,
fliall have veflels to carry them to Mariinico or to Dominica,
(at their option) and Ihall be furniflied with provifions for
the palTage. Neverthelefs, thofe perfons who have any
debts with the inhabitants of the iiland, fliall be obliged to
fettle their accounts with them before they depart.
Granted.
XX. The inhabitants fliall have leave to give freedom to fuch
negroes as they have promifed it to, for the defence of this
iiland.
Granted
; on condition that they are immediately fent off
this ifland.
XXI. The inhabitants and merchants of this ifland, included
in the prefent capitulation, fliall enjoy all the privileges of
trade, and upon the fame conditions as are granted to his
Britannic Majefty's fubjedls, throughout the extent of his
dominions.
Grant FD
; but without afrciHiing the privileges of particu-
lar companies eilabliflied in England, or the laws of the king-
8 dom.
LATE WAR IN AMERICx\.
I-99-"
&)m, which prohibit the carrying on of trade in any other
1759.
than
EngUfh bottoms.
'
'
XXII.
The Deputies of the Grandc-Terre, not having a fufli-
cient power to fign the capitulation, though the colony ad-
heres to the conditions of it, under the authority of M. Na-
dau, may fign it when they have their full powers, and they
Vv^ill be comprehended in all the claufcs.
Granted.
Given at the head-quarters in the Capes-Terre.
].
Barrington.
John Moore,
Guadaloupe,
Nadau d'UxRiEL. De Bourge..
ift May,
1759.
^
Clainvillers. Du Query.
It was a remarkably fortunate circumllance, indeed, that:
General Barrington loll no time in agreeing to thefe capitula-
tions
;
for that with the inhabitants of Grande-Terre was
but juft figned, w^hen a melTengcr arrived in their camp to
acquaint them, that M. Beauharnois, the General of thefe
iflands, had landed at St. Anne's on the windward fide of the
ifland, with a reinforcement of troops, under the convoy of
M. de Bompart's fquadron. This armament, had it arrived
but an hour fooner, might have rendered the conquefl of the
ill and very difficult, if not impoffible. When M. Beauhar-
nois heard that the capitulation was figned, he immediately
reimbarked, and returned to Martinico.
The town of BaJfle-Terre was now no better than an hea'^y
of ruins. But the inhabitants, in the true fpirit of French-
men, feemed to think no farther of their loilcs than was necef-
fary to repair them. They immediately fet about clearing-
away the rubbilli
5
and the General affiited them with every
humane--
200
HISTORY OF THE
1759. humane
indulgence, to which that uncommon fpirit
feemcd
to
entitle them.
Before this period which we have laft recorded, Commo-
dore Moore having received intelligence, that M. de Bompart
had failed from Martinico, with a defign to land a reinforce-
ment at Guadaloupe, and that his fquadron was feen Ceven
leagues to the windward of Marigalante, he failed from Prince
Rupert's Bay, and turned to windward with all poffible dif-
patch ;
carrying a prefs fail, night and day, with a view of
coming up with the enemy j
nor did he negleft any ftep
that could be taken for that purpofe. Had he purfued any
other courfc, the French commander might have run into the
harbour of St: Chriflopher's, and deftroyed or taken a great
number of merchant fhips, which were then loading
with
fugar for England. Not content with this looking out for M.
de Bompart, Mr, Moore had recourfe to every expedient and
ftratagem he could devife for bringing him to acn;ion. He
even fent away part of his fquadron, out of fight of the in-
habitants of Dominica, that they might reprefent to their
friends at Martinico, his force as much inferior to what it
really was. But this had no efFecSt on M. de Bompart. He
feemed to take as much pains to avoid a battle, as Mr. Moore
did to bring him to one.
Guadaloupe being thus reduced, General Barrington fum-
moncd Marigalante, the Saintes, and Defeada to furrender. The
latter fubmittcd immediately, upon the fame terms that had
been granted to Guadaloupe ; as did Marigalante, on the ap-
pcaranceof the Berwick, Briftol, Ludlow-Gaftle, and two Bombs,
with a body of troops before it. The little Ifland of Petit-
Terre was amongfl the firfl to fubmit.
The
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
201
The General now prepared for his return to England; and,
'759-
with. this view, he gave the Commodore notice, that he in-
tended to fend back to England, about the beginning of
July,
part of his troops in the tranfports which had brought them
out. In confequence of this intimation, Commodore Moore
repaired with his fquadron to BalTe-Terre road, where he was,
the next day, joined by two fhips from England. This rein-
forcement gave his fquadron a great fuperiority over that of
the French, which, by this time, was difcovered by the Rippon
to have retired to the illahd of Grenada. The Commodore
was made acquainted with this circuraftance ; but, before he
could weigh anchor, a frigate came in with frefli intelligence,
that M. de Bompart had quitted Grenada, and was fuppofed
to have fleered towards Hifpaniola.
In a tour the General now made of the ifland of Guada-
loupe, he gave dire6tions concerning what forts and fortifica-
tions he thought proper to have repaired and garrifoned
; and
regulated in concert with the inhabitants every thing that
concerned them. He then ordered the Highlanders, with fome
draughts from the other troops, to North America
;
and con-
ferred the government of the illand on Brigadier Crtunp.
Every thing being now fettled to his entire fatisfacflion, he
went on board the Roebuck, on the 23d of
June ; and on the
25th, fet fail for Great Britain
;
in company with forty tranf-
ports, carrying what remained of the old Buffs, Barrington's,
and Elliot's, after completing, by draughts from them, Du-
roure's, Watfon's, and Armiger's, which were left to garrifon
-.
'
the new conquefts. Two days after, Commodore Moore, with
his fquadron, fleered for Antigua.
D d THE
1759-
THE
HISTORY
O F T H E
LATE
WAR
IN AMERICA,
BOOK V.
Plan
of
operations for
the enfiing
campaign. Honour conferred on
General
Amherfi
and Admiral Bofcaiven. Difpqfttions
of
the
French.
General Amherfi
repairs to Albany takes the
field
arrives on the banks
of
Lake-George traces out a fort, and
encamps
embarks on the Lake difembarks. French abandon
the lines at Ticonderoga, and alfo
the fort,
which are taken pojfejjlon
of
by the Englifh
their preparations to attack Croivti-Poitit
the French abandon it occupied by the Englifh.
General Am-
herfi
receives an account
of
the furrender
of
Niagara. Major
Rogers ordered to chafiize
the Indians
of
St. Francois. General
Amherfi
embarks his army to purfue the French, ivho had retreated to
the Jfie-Aux-Noix
returns to Crown-Point clofes the cam-
paign. Particulars
of
the fiege of
Niagara. The
forts
of
Prefque-ifie,
Venango, and Le Bmf,
reduced. Colo7iel Halditnand
attacked at Ofwego.
Operations
of
Brigadier Stanwix.
E muft now return to the continent of North-America,
where the Enghfli minifter had determined to make, at
once, three different attacks, in order to divide and weaken
the power of the French, and, if polTible, complete the con-
queft of Canada in one campaign.
The
LATE WAR IN AMERICA. 203
The plan for this pnrpofe was, That Major-General Am-
^759-
^
herft, the commander in chief, fhould endeavour to reduce
Ticonderoga and Crown-Point ; then, in cafe of fuccefs, by
the Lake-Champlain, proceed, down the river RichHeu, to the
banks of the river St. Lawrence, and there join Mr. Wolfe,
now appointed a major-general, who, with another army, and
a conliderable fleet of Ihips, was to undertake the liege of
Quebec, the capital of Canada ; that a third army fhould in^
veil the fort of Niagara, whilft a fmaller one attacked
the lefTer forts in the neighbourhood of Pittfbourg, and
on the line of communication between that place and Lake-
Erie.
General Amherft, in conjundVion with Admiral
Bofcawen,
had now received the higheft honour that the nation
could
bellow. They were thanked, by the reprefentatives of the
people alTembled in parliament, for their gallant behaviour and
lleady condud in the reduction of the important fortrefs of
Louilbourg. The great talents fo happily exerted on that me-
morable occafion, infpired the people with hopes, that the
fame fuccefs would attend this campaign. Accordingly,
every
heart beat with anxiety for the iffue of the part which General
Amherft was to have in thefe operations. The fatal
mifcar-
riage againft Ticonderoga, in
1758,
was ftill recent in the
minds of every one, and gave great uneaflnefs
to many.
There was no rcafon to think, that the difficulties
which
then prefented themfelves, were any way diminiflied,
but
rather the greatell grounds to fear they were
confiderably
increafed. The French had reinforced
Crown-Point ; acquired
new ftrength on Lake-Champlain, of which they
were entire-
ly mailers; and had, at Fort-Chamble, a body of regulars
D d 2
and
HISTORY OF THE
and Canadians, to maintain the pafs from the falls of the river
Richlieu to the river St. Lawrence.
To purfue, with cfl'ccT:, the plan of which we have been
fpeaking, it was necelFary to take the field early. General
Amherft, therefore, embarked at New-York on the 28th of
April, and arrived at Albany on the 3d of May. What time he
fpent here was employed in collecfling his army, forming
them for the field, and, in particular, giving the provincials
fome little idea of military difcipline
;
getting ready whale-
boats, and other boats, for tranfporting the troops, artillery,
and flores ; and in every other preparation neceffary to attain
the grand objecH: of his inftru(5lions.
In the mean while, Major Rogers had been ordered, with
Lieutenant Brheme, an alliflant engineer, and a party of three
hundred and fifty men, to make what obfervations they could
on the enemy's forts of Ticonderoga and Crown-Point. They
left Fort-Edward the 3d of March. Lieutenant Brheme having
executed his orders, returned. Major Rogers fell in with a
working party of the French, killed fomc, and took feveral
prifoners, near Ticonderoga, with the lofs of three or four
men. The weather was fo intenfely cold during this expedi-
tion, that it froze the feet of two-thirds of the detachment
;
fome to fuch a degree, that the reft were obliged to carry
them.
A regiment having been raifed in America, to ferve as light
infantry, it was given to Colonel Gage, who was now ap-
pointed a brigadier. This regiment, having received new
arms, were detached to take poft at the rifts above Saratoga,
there to remain till farther orders; as, Hkewife, a party of
the
5
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
the feventeenth and the forty-fecond regiment, to the rifts
near Still-water
:
and three hundred of the Rhode-ifland
regi-
ment to Fort-Edward. The forty-fourth
regiment was order-
ed to encamp at Schene<5lady, where Brigadier
Prideaux was
to take upon him the command of the expedition
defigned
againft Niagara. Colonel Haviland, with the remainder of
the feventeenth, the twenty-feventh, and two
companies of
the Royal, joined Brigadier Gage's. The refl of the troops^
when completed for the field, were ordered to
Fort-Edward.
A fpirit of defertion broke out amongft the troops,
which
made examples necefTary to flop, if pollible, fo great an evil.
Lenity on fuch occafions is often a temptation to the commif-
fion of crimes, which the certainty of punifhment would ef-
fectually deter men from committing : his Excellency,
there^
fore,
approved the fentence of a general court-martial
which
had found Dunwood and Ward guilty of defertion,
and fen-
tenced them to death
;
and the fentence was accordingly
exe-
cuted.
Some former orders to the regulars, declaring the General's
refolution never to pardon defertion, and his aUlirances, that
their good behaviour Ihould be rewarded, were now addrefTed
to the provincial troops, that they too might know what they
were to expe6t from good or bad condudlr, and have time to
refledl on the ignominy which would certainly attend the
latter. But, in fpite of thefe examples, in fpite of thefe pro-
mifes and threats, the fpirit of defertion ftill prevailed ; and
two other deferters, PvOgers and Harris, being found guilty,
were condemned to die.
Oil
5c6
HISTORY OFTHE
17J9.
On the 5d of June,
the rear of the army were ordered to
take the field. The General left Albany the fame day
; and,
on the 6th, arrived at Fort-Edward, where he encamped.
Blockhoufes were erecled in the front of each regiment;
and every polTible precaution was taken to prevent the army's
being furprifed by the enemy ; nor was the prefervation of
the health of the troops lefs attended to. The drinking of
fpirituous liquors was totally difcouraged, and a wholefome
beverage was introduced in its flead. This coniiiled of me-
lafles and the tops of the fpruce fir, boiled together in a pro-
per quantity of water; a mixture which had been found a
nioft excellent antifcorbutic, and even an antidote againfl
thofe dillempers frequently occafioned by the exceflive drink-
ing of fpirituous liquors.
A flag of truce now arrived from M. de Montcalm, forward-
ed by M. de Bourlemaque, on pretence of exchanging prifon-
ers, and fettling a cartel. But the real purpofe of it was, to
gain an opportunity of making obfervations on the numbers
and quality of the EngliHi troops, and other particulars of
that nature. The General, therefore, whofe vigilance was
not to be eluded, fruftrated the enemy's defigns, by order-
ing the mefTenger to remain at a dillance from the camp,
till his difpatches were examined, and an anfwer returned to
them.
Ahhough fcouting parties were kept conllantly on the pa-
trolc, and every kind of protedion given to the inhabitants,
yet numbers of them were daily fcalped. The French and their
Indians feemed to wanton in cruelty ; nor age nor fex could
arreft
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
207
arrefl the bloody knife. The fliocking accounts, which almofl 1759-
hourly arrived of thefe outrages, produced the following or-
der ;
copies of which were fent to M. de Vaudreuil, and to
M. de Montcalm:
"
No fcouting party, or others in the
array, are to fcalp
women or children belonging to the enemy. They are, if
poffible, to take them prifoners ; but not to injure them, on
any account. The General being determined, fhould the
enemy continue to murder and fcalp women and children,
who are the fubjeds of the King of Great Britain, to revenge
it by the death of two men of the enemy, for every woman or
child murdered by them."
Not any thing could add more to the reputation of General
Amherft than this order, in which mercy and juftice, huma-
nity and found policy, were all fo happily combined, as mu-
tually to temper and fupport each other.
The greateft part of the troops, artillery, and ftores being
now arrived, the General left Fort-Edward on the 2 ill of
June,
with about fix thoufand regulars and provincials
; and march-
ed them, in two columns, vifiting the feveral ports on the
communication, and making fuch alterations in them as he
judged beft for their fecurity. hi the evening, he
encamped
on the banks of Lake-George, and, the next day, with the
affiflance of Colonel Montrefor, the chief engineer, traced out
the ground for erecfling a fort.
All poffible expedition was nowufedto get up the remainder
of the artillery and ftores, and to haften the arrival of the
3,
troops
2o8
HISTORY OFTHE
75Q- troops
and "he boats, that the army might lofe no time in pro-
^""""^
^
cecding on the intended enterprizc. But the difficulties occa-
fioned by the length of the carrying-place between Fort-Ed-
ward and Lake-George, and the badnefs of the roads over it,
greatly impeded the endeavours of the General.
In the mean time, however, feveral ambufcades were form-
ed on both fides of Lake-George, and feveral parties were fent
out by General Amherft, as if merely to fifli, in order to decoy
the French into them ; but all to no purpofe. The French
never
appeared whenthefe parties were out, or at leafl never took
notice
of them, but once, when, the advanced guard firing too
foon, the enemy difcovered their flrength, and precipitately re-
tired.
The French, on their part, were no lefs affiduous in en-
deavouring to annoy the Englilli camp. On the 2d of
July, a fer-
jeant, corporal, and fixteen men, of the new Jerfey regiment,
who were
cutt'ingbark within fight of the camp, were attacked
by a body of French Indians, who had concealed themfelves in
the brufli-wood,
and from thence Hole on them unperceived.
The General, the moment he heard the firing, ordered a com-
pany of light infantry and rangers to their relief, and then two
more
companies of light infantry, and three companies of gre-
nadiers. But tho' thefe troops were out as foon as ordered, and
did not lofe a fingle moment in the purfuit, the enemy fled time
enough to get into their canoes, after killing fix of the bark-
cutters. They, befides, carried oflf the corporal and five pri-
vate men. The ferjeant, with the remainder, returned to
the camp.
Captain Jacobs of the Stockbridge Indians, with
about
thirty others, having been fent to hover about Ticon-
deroga,
was not (o fuccefsful as the French Indians ;
but it
was, in a great meafure, his own fault. He had received
orders
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
orders not to appear on the lake in the day-time; but was fo
imprudent as to difobey them
: in confequence of whicli
he was attacked by a fuperior force, and only ten. of his party
returned to the camp; Jacobs himfelf being taken pri-
foner.
On the 17th, another effort was made by M. de Montcalm
to gain intelligence of General Amherll's fituation, by means
of a flag of truce. But, as foon as it was difcovered on the
lake, an aid-de-camp was difpatched to condudl the boat into
a bay, from whence the camp could not be feen ; and a com-
pany of light infantry was ordered as a guard to the nearcll
of the two points that formed the bay. This flag of truce
brought letters from M. de Montcalm at Montreal, and M.
Bourlemaque at Ticonderoga. The General anfwered them
during the night ; and, in the morning, fent an aid-de-camp
with his anfwer to the Capitaine de milice, who had been the
bearer of them.
The fuperintendence of the naval department, on this ex-
pedition, having been inti-ufled to Captain Loring of the navy,
and a floop called the Halifax, that had been funk the laft
campaign, having been weighed and rigged, and the whole
of t\\Q. troops, ammunition, fliores, and boats being now ar-
rived, the General, on the 21ft of
July,
ordered the army to
embark.
E e This
2?0
759.
HISTORY
OF THE
This army confided of the following
forces
:
Regulars,
The whole, officers included,
amounting to - -
Royal
42d
17th
55th
27th
77th
Royal
Artillery,
- -
"
provi n ci a ls,
Whiting
Schuyler
^
Lyman
Fitch
1
The whole, officers included,
Worcefler
Lovewell 1>
Babcock
Willards
Ruggles
amounting to
1
5743
III
5279
Total III
Gage's
light "Infantry..
Thefe forces were divided into four columns ; and to crofs
the
lake in the following order
:
Fifty men of Gage's light infantry.
The
remainder, in two lines, to cover the front of the columns.
The invincible radeau.
4//j Column.
3d Cohimn. 2d Column. jjl Column,
I
eighteen-pounder Rafts with cannon Reghncnts. i twelve-pounder
Royal
17th
27 th
Lyman's battalion
Worceftcr's
Fitch's
Babcock's
Lovewell's
03
O
!-: P^ 2. ST* P
-1
Rangers
^ o
f::
i-j-
K^ -1 ^
-^
--
o
P o
Light infantry
Grenadiers
p
42
d
55th
77
th
Ruff^leS )
Second
Willards
)
lions.
Whiting's to cover the rear.
Halifax floop to cruize in the rear of tlie whole.
5
Whiting's
LATE WAR IN AMERICA."
Whiting's regiment to have the batteau-guard ; and
Colonel
Bradftreet was to make fuch difpofuions for them
as he
thought bell.
The front column was commanded by Colonel Haviland;|
That in the rear, by Colonel Lyman
;
The fecond column, by Brigadier-General Gage
;
And the third, by Colonel Schuyler.
The artillery was ordered to land immediately after the fecond
column. It was commanded by Major Ord, and compofed
the following train
:
6 twenty-four- pounders
4
eighteen-pounders
lo twelve-pounders
7
fix-pounders
,
, ,
.
, ; .;
3
three-pounders
6 eight-inch hawitzers
5
five-and-a-half-inch
hawitzers
8 royals
4
ten-inch mortars
1 thirteen-inch mortar.
On the 22d of
July,
this armament arrived at a place called
the Second Narroivsy without any accident ; and the troops
dif-
embarked very near the landing-place formerly ufed by Ge-
neral Abercromby's army. The advanced-guard fldrmillied
with a party of the French, from which they took two pri-
foners
;
by whom the General learned, that M. Bourlemaque
commanded at the lines, and that his force confifted of about
three thoufand regulars and Canadians, and about four hun-
dred Indians. This was all the oppofition General Amhcril:
E e 2
met
212
HISTORY OF THE
1759- met in his way to the Saw-Mills, where he now tookpoil;
'
'
and
having
cllc^lually feciired it, he advanced towards the
enemy's
lines. The troops, that night, lay on their arms.
The next morning, the French obferving that his Excellency's
dirpofttions
indicated a formal attack, they faved him any far-
ther trouble, by abandoning their lines, which he immediate-
ly took polFeffion of with the grenadiers of the army,
and
then encamped
behind them with the reft of the army. The
French now began a brifk cannonade from t]::e fort, on the
Engliili troops ; but the fame work that had proved fo de-
flructive to the latter the preceding year, now became a pro-
tedion to them.
In the center of thefe remarkable lines, the French had
erected an high crofs, which was now ftanding. Before this
crofs was funk a deep grave. To the crofs was affixed the
following infcription, engraven on brafs
:
Pone principes corumficut Oreb, et Zeb, et Zebee, et Zahnanna.
The French having abandoned their lines without
oppo-
fition, the General had the lefs reafon to fear any refiftance
fuperior to the forces he had to conquer it. He, therefore,
on
the 24th, fent off the New-Hampfliire regiment, to ftrengthen
the garrifon of Ofwego, that, in cafe of neceflity, a detach
ment might be made from thence to affift in the reduction
of
Niagara.
Difpofitions were now made to attack the fort with all the
vigour the army brought againft it could exert ; and the gar-
rifon of the fort fliewed every appearance of being equally
difpofcd to make a refolute defence. But M. Bourlcmaque,
I the
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
213
the commandant, foon finding that the General was not only
J
759.
well provided with every requifite to carry on the fiege, but
'
^
was alfo polTefTed of every military talent neceffary to em-
ploy them, thought proper to retire, on the 23d, with all his
forces, except four hundred men, who
remained till the
evening of the 26ih, when they likewife
abandoned
their
poll, after doing every thing the fhortnefs of their time
would
allow them, to deflroy and blow up the fortifications
of the
fort. Some deferters from this party came into the Englifh
camp, and informed the General, that the commander
had
loaded every gun, charged feveral mines, and laid fuzes to
fpring them when all his men fliould have evacuated
the
place ; and that there was a great quantity of powder in the
fort. The General offered them one hundred guineas if they
would
difcover the fuzes, that they might be cut off;
but
they
abfolutely declared, they did not know where to find
them.
Their fears, it is probable, had abforbed their
whole
attention to fuch a degree, as to make them forget what they
knew of the matter. They flood trembling at the thoughts
of the terrible event, although at fo great a diftance from the
fcene of expe<5led ruin. Nor were their fears ill-grounded,
in
point of time at leail
;
for, as they were flill protefling
their
ignorance, the explofion was heard. One would
fuppofe,

that the French were under fome apprehenfions from the
confequences of it ; for fo precipitate was their retreat, that
they forgot to give information of it to fome of their fcout-
ing
parties ; the confequence of which was, that, when
they returned, expecting to find their own army where they
had left it, they found themfelves prifoners in that of the
Engliffi.
As
214
HISTORY OF THE
1759.
As foon as the General could be fatisficd, that there no
' '
'
longer remained any latent feeds of deftru6tion in the fort, lie
took pofleffion of it ; and, immediately, detached Colonel
Haviland, with the light infantry, in flat bottomed boats, to
purfue the fugitives. The Colonel came up with their rear
j
took fome po\vder and a few prifoners ;
and then returned.
Ticonderoga is a very important pofl. It cffeclually covers
the frontiers of the province of New-York ; and is a fecure
retreat for the army in cafe of necefQty. The General, there-
fore, now ordered the fort near it, which lies towards the
water, and which the French had not finiflred, to be not only
repaired, but completed. He likewife gave directions for re-
pairing the fort of Ticonderoga on the fame plan on which it
was originally built, as this would be a great faving, confi-
dering that but a fmall part of it had been ruined. This fort
is a fquare, with four baftions, built with logs, on rocks cover-
ed with mafonry, to afford a level foundation. The counter-
fcarp of the glacis, and that of the ditch, with two ravelins,
covering the only front to which approaches could be made,
are all mafonry. Only one baftion and two courtines were
demoliflied 5
and thefe not in the front eafieft to be attacked.
The glacis, the covert-way, the cafcmate, the walls of the bar-
racks, and eleven good ovens, which proved of great ufe to
the troops, had not received the leaft damage.
Fifteen private men were killed, and about fifty wounded,
in the acquifition of this important poil, befides Colonel Roger
Townfhend, who fell by a cannon-ball, on the 25th of
July.
His fpirit and military knowledge juflly entitled him to the
clleem of every foldier ; and, accordingly, the lofs of him
was univcrrallv lamented.
In
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
srj
In the night of the 25th, the camp was alarmed by an ima-
r-js9-
ginary attack. The foldiers flew to their arms
; and every man's
^
->
'
fears transforming his neighbour into a Frenchman, they fired
at each other as if real enemies. This is one inflance, amongft
many, to prove that the forming of a foldicr is not the work
of a day. It requires time to make the ruftic villager Ihake
oiF his natural timidity ; familiarife him to objects which
heretofore they could not even think of without horror;
and infufe into them habits of that obedience necelTary
to the prefervation of good difcipline. The bayonet, in the
hands of men who can be cool and confiderate amidfl: fcencs
of confufion and horror, is, by far, .more fafe to thofe who
ufe it, as well as more deflrudtive to thofe againfl whom it
is ufed, than powder and ball. On thefe principles, the Gene-
ral ordered, that in cafe, the enemy fliould make any attack in
the night, they fhould be received with fixed bayonets. Ano-
ther reafon for giving this order was, to prevent the repe-
tition of falfe alarms, by the difcharging of muflcets
; and
thereby preferve the lives of many, who might otherwife fall'
by the hand of their fellow-foldiers, in confequence of that
diforder infeparable from attacks in the dark. In the morn--
ing, the army faw the lofs and difgrace with which difobedi-
ence of orders mull infallibly be attended, efpeciahy by night
;
confidering the impofiibility of diftinguifhing between friends
and foes at that feafon. A panic, which had feized on two or
three raw recruits, unhappily fpread to great part of the line
;
and got the better of their recollection to fuch a degree, that
nothing lefs than the General's prefence could corred: their
belief of the enemy's being acftually in the heart of their
camp. At length day-light convinced them of the confe-
quencesof thus encouraging groundlefs fears, by fliewing them
two
HISTORY OF THE
two of their
comrades killed, and many others womided
; and
how
iieceffiiry it was for them impHcitly to obey every order
of their
oilicers, in order to avoid fuffering again in the like
manner.
On the 28th, a courier arrived from General Johnfon to in-
form the General of the death of Brigadier Prideaux before
Niagara.
Brigadier Gage was, upon this, immediately order-
ed to fucceed him ;
and the fccond battalion of Royal High-
landers
detached to Ofwego, that, in cafe Niagara fliould
not be yet taken,
Brigadier Gage might renew the attack
with
the
utmoft
vigour and difpatch.
Five
hundred men were ordered to Lake-George, and to return
with
provifions and ftores. The General's intention being now
engaged in making himfelf equal, if not fuperior, to the
enemy on the lake, he ordered Captain Loring to weigh fome
French battoes that had been funk, and conftrucT; a brig
;
and
took every other ftep that was neceflary to be able to pro-
ceed
without the leafl lofs of time on the intended attack
affainft Crown-Point.
As it was highly neceflary to be firft juftly informed of the
fituation of the enemy, and the condition of the place, fcouts
were ordered out to reconnoitre both. A body of two hun-
dred
rangers, commanded by Major Rogers, were detached to
take poll as near Crown-Point as poffible
;
but in fuch a man-
ner, as not to be furprifcd ;
then feizc on the befl
ground they
could to defend themfelves ; and keep it, in cafe they were at-
tacked, till they could be reinforced by the army. But all
thcfe precautions
proved equally needlefs. On the ift of Au-
guft, intelligence was received, that the French had abandoned
that
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
217
that place
;
upon which a detachment was ordered to take pof- ^759
feflion of it. The General followed, with the bulk of the army,
^
""^
and arrived on the 4th, when he encamped his troops, and or-
dered a new fort to be traced out by Lieutenant-Colonel
Eyres,
as a farther protedtion to the Britifli dominions,
particularly
againft the fcalping parties that had fo long infefled this part of
the country ; and thereby infure fuch a continuance of peace and
quiet to the King's fubjecfls, as was necelTary to induce them
to return to their deferted habitations between this place and
Albany.
The fcouts employed to procure intelligence were not idle
;
and were, befides, fo judicioufly difpofed, as to bring fome,
almofl every hour. Part of this intelligence was, that the
enemy had halted on the IJIe-Aux-Noix in Lake Champlain
;
that their army coniifted of three thoufand five hundred men,
and a very large train of artillery, the whole commanded by
M. Bourlemaque ; that there were, befides, on the lake, four
large veiTels well manned, and mounted with cannon, com-
manded by M. le Bras. In confequence of this information,
the General, who was refolved to fecure a naval fuperiority
on the lakes, fent orders to Captain Loring, who had been
left at Ticonderoga, to add a floop of fixteen guns to the brig-
antine now on the Hocks, whilfl Major Ord conftruded a raft
to carry fix fix-pounders.
On the 3d, a courier arrived from Niagara, with the agree-
able news that the garrifon pf that place had furrendered to
Sir William Johnfon, by capitulation, on the 25th of
July.
Brigadier Gage had been inflruded, in cafe Niagara fiiould
be reduced, to take port immediately, at a place the French
F f called
,i8
HISTORYOFTHE
i7S->. cdMcd
lu-Ga!ctL\ near the entrance of the river St. Lawrence
;
and as foon as General xA.mhcrfl was informed of the above
event, he fent Major Chriftie to Brigadier Gage, to enforce
thofe
orders, as by that means the EngUfn on the Mohawk
river w^ould be as efTecTtually freed from the inroads of the
enemy's
fcalping parties, and be enabled to live in as much
fecm-ity,
as the inhabitants of any part of the country be-
tween
Crown-Point and New-York had already been. But,
however ncceflary it might be to take polTeffion of this poft,
the difficulties which would attend the doing of it appeared to
Brigadier Gage fo great, that he thought proper to make the
General acquainted with them ; and, in the mean time, defer
the execution of his orders to a more favourable opportunity.
As the General deemed this poft an obje6l of the firll confe-
quencc, he was greatly chagrined at the account from Brigr^-
dier Gage, efpecially as the feafon would be too far advanced
before his orders, if he renewed them, could reach Brigadier
Gage, for the Brigadier to execute them. He, therefore,
was
obliged to poftpone this necelTary bufinefs to another campaign.
Captain Kennedy, who had been fent by the General with
a flag of truce, to offer peace to the hidians of St. Francois,
was detained by them with his whole party. Tliis infult ex-
afperated the General to fuch a degree, that he immediately
determined to chaflife them with a feverity equal to the
offence. With this view, the more effedlually to diflrefs the
enemy, he ordered a party of two hundred men under Major
Rogers to march and attack them on the fouth fide of the
riv'er St. Lawrence ;
the barbarities and infamous cruelties
which thofc daflardly villains, in particular, had promifcuoufly
committed on women and children, meriting the moft exem-
plary punifliment. The troops fent againft them were, how-
I ever.
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
219
ever, forbid to ufe any retaliation againft women and chil- 1759.
dren ;
in a fpirit truly becoming an Englifb enemy.
""'
^
The floop, the brig, and the raft, being now ready, the
General, on the nth of October, embarked his whole army
in boats, with a defign to attack the enemy on the IJle-Aux~
Nolx. But his endeavours to get at them were baffled by the
extreme badnefs of the weather, which obliged him to get
into fome place of fecurity. For this purpofe, he chofe a com-
modious bay on the weftern fhore, where all except the Rangers
landed, and boiled their kettles, covered by Gage's light
in-
fantry. The Rangers were difembarked on a neighbouring^
ifland. The lake now became too boifterous to venture on it
with any kind of fafety
; and the year was too far advanced
to
leave any room to expefl it would be again favourable
for
military operations. The winter itfelf approached with the
moft rigorous afpecft.
On the 1 8th, however, the lake calmed a little, and a fouth-
-
rly wind, the ufual forerunner as well as caufe of mild
weather in all northern climates, fpringing up, the General was
tempted to make one more effort. But a northerly wind blow-
ing freflion the 19th, convinced him of the impracticability of
executing his plan, or at leaft the impropriety of attempting
it. He therefore ordered the troops to return to Crown-Point,
This was a fevere difappointment, as they thought them-
felves on the eve of putting an end, by one decilive ftroke, to
the uncommonly fevere fatigues and dangers of an Ameri-
can war, which they had now fo long endured. Thus, juil
as they were upon the point of feizing the palm of peace,
and, of courfe, infuring the pofTeilion of the wreath of glory,
their views were blafted
;
and the completion of their wifhes
F f 2 protradted
220
>759-
HISTORY OF THE
protracted to the return of a feafon more favourable to new
exertions of their patience and fpirit.
The firfl evening after the army left Crown-Point, a miftake
had nearly proved fatal to part of the forty-fecond regiment.
-This corps, having followed the light of the brig inilead
of the radeau, was led clofe to the enemy, and attacked by
them; and it was with the greateft diiiiculty they cleared
themfelves, at the expence of one boat, and twenty-five men,
with Enfign Mackey, taken prifoners. But the French foon
paid for this advantage. The Englifli brig was a formidable
vefTel for this lake. She mounted fix fix-pounders, twelve four-
pounders, and twenty fwivels
;
carried feventy feamen, and a
detachment
of fixty men with officers, from the troops, to
ferve as marines ;
this vefTel was commanded by Captain Lo-
ring.
The floop mounted four fix-pounders, twelve four-
pounders, with twenty- two fwivels
;
carried fixty feamen,
and
fifty foldiers ;
and was commanded by Lieutenant Grant of
the
feventy-feventh, Thefe vefiels gave chafe to three French
floops,' and drove them into a bay on the wefl: fliore, where
their own crews funk two of them, and ran the third on
fhore. But Lieutenant Grant got her off, whilfl Captain Loring
went in purfuit of a fchooner, the only vefiel belonging to the
French,
which now remained on the lake to molefl the Eng-
lilh.
On the 21 ft of Odtober, the whole Englifli army arrived ar
Crown-Point, where the General's firft care was beftowed on
the fort he had begun. He gave orders for adding to it what-
ever could contribute to its firength, and for opening of roads
to Ticonderoga, the Maflachufets, and New Hampfhire, go-
vernments. He likcwife diftributed the troops into winter-
quarters.
LATE WAR IN AMERICA. 221
quarters, in fuch a manner as to cover that part of the coun- 1759-
try from the inroads of the enemy. He then, on the 25th of
November, after appointing fufiicient garrifons for Crown-
Point, and other forts, to preferve the communication
with
Albany, fet out for New-York, where he arrived on the nth
of December.
Though the General had been early acquainted with the
fate of Niagara, it was the 19th of October before he received
the leaft intelligence of General Wolfe's fuccefs before Qiiebec
;
and this was by a prifoner, who informed him that
Quebec
had furrendered on the i8th of September. Some letters,
in-
deed, had pafTed between him and M. de Montcalm about the
fettling of a cartel, .in which mention was made of General
Wolfe's being before that place
;
but, till the period we have-
mentioned, he continued an entire ftranger to his operations,^
though he had done his utmoft to open a proper channel of"
intelligence for that purpofe.
On the 8th of November, whilft the General was ftill at
Crown-Point, he received the following account of the expe-^
dition on which he had fent Major Rogers, againft the Indians
of Saint Franpois. It was not till the twenty-fecond day after'
his departure that the Major came in fight of the place
; and,,
by this time, his party, from various accidents in the march,
was reduced to one hundred and forty-two men. However,,
he reconnoitred the town about eight in the^ evening, in^
hopes of difcovering an opportunity fuitable to liis numbers 5
and, agreeably to his wifhes, finding the Indians in a high
dance, returned to his party at two, and marched them to
within five hundred yards of the town, where he eafed them-
of their packs, and formed them for the attack. At half an
hour
Z2
HISTORY OF THE
1759- hour after fun-rife the next morning he furprifed the tow n,
when the inhabitants were all fad aflcep, and fell on them
fo
inflantaneoudy, that they had not time to recover them-
felvcs and take arms for their defence. Some attempted to gee
to the waters, and, by that means, make their efcape
; but
they were quickly purfued by about forty of the Major's
people, wdio funk them and their boats. The remainder,
in
the mean time, fet fire to all the houfes except three,
in
which there was corn, which Major Rogers thought proper to
referve for the ufe of his party; and tliie flames confumed
many of the hidians, who had concealed themfelves in the
cellars and lofts. By feven o'clock in the morning, tlie bufinefs
was
completely over. In this fhort period the EngliQi killed at
leaft two hundred Indians, and took twenty of their women
and children ;
but they brought away but five. The reft were
permitted to go where they pleafed. Five Englifli captives
were likewife delivered from flavery, and taken under the pro-
tecTtion of their countrymen ;
and all this with the lofs of only
one Indian killed, and Captain Ogden and fix men wounded.
Major Rogers being informed by his prifoners that a party of
three hundred French, with fome Indians, were about four
miles below him on the river, and that his boats were, befides,
way-laid, and having reafon to believe this information was
true, as they told him the exacT; number of his boats, and
named the place where he left them, he thought proper to
confult with his officers concerning a retreat, efpecially as he
had the fame reafon to believe that a party of two hundred
French, and fifteen Indians, had, three days before he attacked
the town, gone up the river to Wigwam Martinique, on a fup-
pofition of its being the place he intended to attack. The re-
fult of this deliberation was, that there was no fafe way to
return
LATE WAR fN AMERICA. 223
return but by No.
4,
on. the Connecticut river: upon this he
i759-
marched his detachment that rout for eight days fucceffively,
in one body, till, provillons growing fcarcc, near Amparamagog-
Lake, he thought bed to divide his people into fmall parties,
giving guides to each, with orders to rendezvous at the dif-
charge of the Anianfook river into the Connecticut river, as
he there expected to receive a fupply of provifions from the
army, in confequence of a requeft he, on his fetting out, had
made to the General for that purpofe
;
for it v^^as impofiible
for him, at that time, to tell which way he fiiould be obliged
to return. He then continued his march, and arrived at No.
4,
on the 5th day of November ;
fatigue, cold, and hunger, with
the continual profpe6t of flarving, being his conftant attendants.
But great as the fufferings of this party were, they were no-
thing when compared with thofe of another, commanded
by Lieutenant George Campbell, then of the Rangers. Thefe
were, at one time, four days without any kind of fuilenance,
"when fome of them, in confequence of their complicated mi-
fery, feverely aggravated by their not knowing v.diither the
route they purfued would lead, and, of courfe, the little
profpeCt of relief that was left them, loft their fenfes
; whilft
others, who could no longer bear the keen pangs of an empty
ftomach, attempted to eat their own excrements. What leather
they had on their cartouch-boxes, they had already reduced to
a cinder, and greedily devoured. At length, on the 28th of
October, as they were crofting a fmall river, which was in
fome meafui-e dammed up by logs, they difcovered fome hu-
man bodies not only fcalped but horribly mangled, which
they fuppofed to be thofe of fome of their own party. But
this was not a feafon for diftincT:ions. On them, accordingly,
they fell like Cannibals, and devoured part of them raw; tlieir
impatience
224
HISTORY OF THE
1759' impatience being too great to wait the kindling of a fire to
drel's it by. When they had thus abated the excruciating
pangs they before endured, they carefully colledled the frag-
ments, and carried them off. This was their fole fupport,
except roots and a fquirrcl, till the 4th of November,
when
Providence condu(5ted them to a boat on the
ConnecTcicut
river, which Major Rogers had fent with provifions to their
relief, and whicR rendered tolerable the remainder of their
journey to No,
4,
where they arrived on the
7
th of November.
Havmg mentioned an attack on the fort of Niagara, as part
of the plan of operations for this campaign, and having in-
formed our readers of its being reduced, it is now time we
fliould give the particulars of that tranfacftion. General Am-
herft, having taken every precaution neceffary to infure fuc-
cefs to this important attempt, Brigadier Prideaux fet out
from Schenectady, with the troops to be employed on. it, on
the 20th of May, Thefe troops confifted of the following re-
giments :
The Forty-fourth,
The Forty-f).xth,
'
The Fourth Battalion of Royal Americans,
Two Battalions of New-York troops,
A detachment of the Royal Artillery 5 and
A large body of Indians, under the command of Sir Wil-
liam Johnfon,
When^ Brigadier Prideaux arrived at Ofwego, he ordered
Colonel Haldimand with a detachment, to remain and erecT:
a tenable fort at that important poll. On the ift of
July,
the Brigadier embarked his troops on Lake-Ontario, and
7
landed
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
22j
landed them,withoutmeeting any oppofition, about fixmileseafl 1759-
of Niagara. This place, being fituated on a narrow peninfula,
required no great labour effecflually to invefl it by land. As
foon, therefore, as he could open a communication between
the landing-place and the river, he began his approaches, and
erected batteries, from which he fired on the defences of the
fort ; flill advancing new works, in proportion as thofe de-
fences were deftroyed. The French, on their fide, fully con-
vinced of the importance of the place, exerted themfelves in
taking every necefTary meafure to defeat the endeavours
of
the Englifli to get pofTeflion of it. "With this view, all the
troops they could fpare from Detroit, Prefque-ifle, Venango,
and Le-Boeuf, were ordered to alTemble at the Rapids, on thg:
eaft fide of Lake-Erie, and make the bed of their way to at-
tack the army befieging Niagara, in the rear ; while the be-
fieged made a fortie on their front. Brigadier Prideaux,
who fortunately received timely intelligence of their defigns,
made every difpofition that was necelTary to fruflrate them.
But he did not live to reap the honours due to his uncommon
zeal and abilities. On the evening of the 19th of
July, as he
was giving diredions in the trenches, he was unfortunately
killed through the carelefTnefs of a gunner in difcharging a co-
horn
;
the fhell burfting inftantly, as the Brigadier was pafling
by it. No time was loll in giving General Amherft an ac-
count of this accident
; and his Excellency, on receiving it,
ordered, as we have already feen, Brigadier Gage, from his
own army, to fucceed him. In the mean time, the command
devolved on Sir William Johnfon, who continued the attack
with the utmoft vigour
;
took every precaution to receive the
enemy, if they lliould attack him ; and refolved to give them
battle, rather than retreat ; not doubting but that the courage
and ardour of his troops would court victory to his banners,
G
g
Whilft
2^6
HISTORYOFTHE
,i75'3-
Whilfl: in thcfe difpofitions, he, on the 23CI, in the evening,
received
advice, that the French troops were marching towards
him, under the command of M. d'Aubrey, to the amount of
about tweh'e hundred men. Upon this. Sir WilHam ordered his
light infantry and pjcquets to take pofl on the left, on the road
between Niagai'a Falls and the fort ; and then, after reinforcing
them with the grenadiers, and another part of the forty-fixth
regiment, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel MafTey, and the
forty-fourth regiment, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel
Farquhar, difpofed of them to fuch advantage, as effedtually
to fupport the guard left in the trenches.
On the morning of the 24th, the French made their appeal^
ancc ;
and the Indians of the Englifh army advanced to fpeak
to thofe of the Frencli ; but the latter declining the conference,
the
former gave the war-whoop, and the adlion commenced.
The
Englilli regulars attacked the French in front, whilft the
Englifh
Indians gained their flank. This threw the Frencli
into great diforder, and the Englifli, feizing fo favom-able
an
opportunity
with all the eagernefs it naturally infpired,
charged
the French with inexpreffible fury, and totally routed
them
with great llaughter j
which continued, without ceafmg,
till mere fatigue obliged the conquerors to return. But the
number of the killed could not be precifely aicertained, their
bodies lying fo difperfed in the woods.
As the event of this battle, fought in fight of the bclieged,
might well be fuppofed fufficient to deftroy every hope they
entertained
of being relieved, Sir William Johnfon fent the
commandant,
M. Pouchot, Captain in the regiment of Bearne,
an account of it, by the Honourable Captain Hervey; and
fummoned him to furrender in confequence of it, whilft he
yec
LATE WARIN AMERICA,
527
yet had in his power to reftrain his favages from adVs of 1759.
cruelty. Befides, to leave the commandant no room to doubt
^~^
'
'
his veracity, he permitted feveral of the officers he had made
prifoners on the occafion, to vifit him, and confirm it.
Thefe
wife and humane meafures had the deBred and deferved ef-
fed. M. Pouchot confented to furrender on the following
terms
:
Article I. The garrifon fhall march out with their arms and
baggage,
drum beating, and match lighted at both ends,
and a fmall piece of cannon, to embark upon fuch veifels
as the commander of his Britannic Majelly's forces fhall
furnifli, to convey them to New-York, by the fliortell road,
and in the fhorteft manner.
Granted.
II. The garrifon fhall lay down their arms when they em-
bark} but fhall keep their baggage.
Granted.
III. The officers fliall keep both their arms and their baggage.
Granted.
IV. The French ladies, with their children, and other women,
as well as the chaplain, fhall be fent to Montreal
; and the
commander of his Britannic Majefty's troops fliall furnifli
them with vefTels and fubfiflence necellary for their voyage
to the firft French port ; and this is to be executed as foon as
poffible : thofe women who chufe to follow their hufbands,
are at liberty to do it.
Granted, except Avith regard to thofe women v/ho are his
Britannic Majefty's fubjeds.
G
g
2 V. The
;28
HISTORYOFTHE
759- V. The Tick and wounded who are obliged to remain in the
fort, fhali have liberty to depart, with every thing that be-
longs to them
;
and fhall be conducfled in fafety, as foon as
they arc able to fupport the fatigues of a voyage, to the
place deftined for the reft of the garrifon : in the mean time,
they arc to be allowed a guard for their fecurity.
Granted.
VI. The commanding officer, all the other officers, and pri-
vate men, who are in the fervice of his Moil Chriftian Ma-
jefty, fhall quit the fort without being fubjedl to any ad of
reprifals whatfoever.
Granted.
Vn. An inventory fhall be made of all the military flores in.
the magazine, which, with the artillery, fhall be delivered
up, bona
fide,
as well as all other effisdls, which are the pro-
perty of his Moil Chriftian Majefty, and which are found
in the magazine at the time of the capitulation.
Anpwer. The velTels and boats are included in this article.
VIII. The foldiers fhall not be plundered, nor feparated from
their officers.
Granted^
IX. The garrifon fhall be conducted, under a proper efcort, to
the place deftined for their reception ; the General fhall ex-
prefsly recommend to this efcort to hinder the favages from
approaching and infulting any perfons belonging to the gar-
rifon, and fhall prevent their being pillaged by them, when
they quit their arms for embarkation ; and the fame care
is to be taken on every part of the route where favages ma^
be met with.
Granted^
X. An.
LATE WAR IN AMERTCA.
X. An exacSt lift fhall be made of the names and furnamcs of
the different troops, as well regulars as militia, and all
others who are employed in his Moft Chriftian Majefty's
fervice; and all thofe who are fo employed, fliall be treated
in the fame manner as the reft of the garrifon.
Granted in the firft article.
XI. All the favages, of whatfoevcr nation they be, who arc
found in the garrifon, fliall be protected from infult, and
be allowed to go where they pleafe.
Granted
;
but it will be advifable for them to depart as
privately as poflible.
Thefe articles being accepted, the General of his Britannic
Majefty's forces fliall be put in pofTeffion of a gate of the
fort ; but this cannot be done until to-morrow at feven
o'clock in the morning.
Niagara, PoucHOT, Captain in the
25th July, 1759. regiment of Bearne.
Wm. Johnson
The next day, accordingly, the garrifon, which confifted of
about fix hundred men, marched to the fide of the lake, with
the honours of war ; and there laid down their arms, and em-
harked on board the veffels provided to tranfport them, by the
neareft route, to New-York, agreeable to the capitulation.
The French ladies, and other French women who had follow-
ed their army, were, at their own requeft, conduced to Mon-
treal.
Though this fiege was fevere, it was not attended with
any confiderable lofs, except that of Brigadier Prideaux and
4
Colonel
v-.o HISTORY OF THE
1759- Colojiel John
foil ot the Provincials. When the command
'
^
devolved on Sir William Johnfon, he purfued the late Briga-
dier's vigorous meafurcs; and, as his adopting them fo
readily did great honour to his modefty, fo the happy event
contributed equally to difplay his good fenfe and found judg-
ment.
This moll important pod of Niagara, the ftrongeft the French
pofTefled in this part of America, being now in the hands of
the Englifli, there was no room to fear any great reliftance
from the forts of Prefquc-Ifle, Venango, and le Boeuf
j efpe-
cially confidering how much their garrifons muft have been
weakened by the draughts made from them toaflift the French
army in their late unfuccefsful attack of the szi-th. Accordingly,
Colonel Bouquet, who was detached from Brigadier Stanwix's
army, for that purpofe, had fcarce any thing to do, but ap-
pear before them, to oblige the French to furrender.
We mull now for a moment, return to Colonel Flaldimand,
who, as we have already mentioned, had been left at OUvego
by
Brigadier Prideaux, In the forenoon of the 5th of
July,
whilft he vv-as executing the orders left him by the Briga-
dier, the Indian howl was heard, and word was brought
by fome fcouts he had fent out upon the lake, that they had
difcovered about one hmidred boats. Between eleven and
twelve, fome hidians and Canadians appeared round the
place by land, and made a fliew of attacking two redoubts,
which he had thrown up to flrengthen it ; but he loon drove
them off, into the woods. From thence, however, they
continued to fire till fun-fet ; but kept quiet all night. In
the mean time a dcferter of the French corps dc marine came
7
in,
LATEWARINAMERICA.
23
in, and gave intelligence, that M. de la Corne
commanded 1759.
the party, confifting of about three hundred of the corps de
marine^ thirteen hundred Canadians, and one hundred and
fifty Indians ; and that la Corne had hopes of furprifing the
poll: that the Abbe Piquet marched at the head of thefe
troops till they began the attack, encouraging
them, from
the profpecfl of plunder they were to get, to give no quar-
ter. The night, however, palTed without any alarm. At
day-break, the Indians made their appearance again ; and,
by half an hour after feven, moil of them
marched to
the left of the Englifli, as if they intended to attack the in-
trenchment: but two pieces of cannon, loaded with grape,
feconded by the mufketry, drove them back again very fpeed-
ily. They, then, no lefs than three times, endeavoured to fet
fire to the boats
;
but all to no purpofe. In thefe feveral at-
tacks, the Englifli had two men killed
; and Captain Sowers,
the Engineer, Lieutenant Otter of the Royal Americans,
and
eleven private, wounded. The French buried their dead
; and
took off their wounded; as appeared by the blood which
could be traced to the batteaus. But the number was foon
known by fix deferters of \\\q. corps de marine^ all Germans.
By their report, an officer of the corps de marine was killed
; the
Commandant of la Gallette^ another officer, and about twenty
private men, were wounded. M. de la Corne got as little ho-
nour as intelligence by this attack
; for he neither made a
prifoner, or got a fcalp, though the deferters declared that he
ffered a thoufand livrcs for one.
As to the Abbe Piquet, who diftinguillied himfelf fo much
by his brutal zeal, as he did not expofe himfelf to any dan-
ger, he received bo injury
j and he yet lives, juftly defpifed to
fuch a degree by every one who knows any thing of his pad
conduct
23;
HISTORY OF THE
1759. conduct in America, that fcarce any officer will admit him to
'
'
his table.
However repugnant it muft be to every idea of ho-
nour and
humanity, not to give quarter to an enemy when
fubdued
; it muft be infinitely more fo, not to fpare women
and
children. Yet fuch had often been the objecTis of the
Abbe Piquet's cruel advice, enforced by the moll barbarous ex-
amples, efpecially in the Englifli fettlements on the back of
Virginia and Pennfylvania.
We have ftill to relate the proceedings of Brigadier Stan-
wix, as part of the plan of operations immediately under the
diredtion of the Commander in chief. He was ordered to Fort-
Pitt, with a battalion of Royal Americans commanded by Co-
lonel
Bouquet, three battalions of Provincials, and fome In-
dians, to attack the forts Venango, le Boeuf, and Prefque-Iile
;
and
like wife receive the fubmiffion of the Indians inhabit-
ing
that part of the country. He reached Fort-Pitt without any
obftruftion ; and detached Colonel Bouquet to poflefs himfelf of
the above polls, which he did without any great difficulty;
the greater part of their garrifons, as we have already obferv-
ed, having been detached with a view of raifmg the fiege of
Niagara ;
and, unfortunately for them, fallen in that attempt.
The Brigadier put Fort- Pitt and Fort-Ligonier into a good
{late of defence ;
and having attached fome Indians to the in-
terell of the English, returned to his former poll. Venango
and le Bceuf were well garrifoned, and likewife Prefque-Iile.
Detroit was the on]y fort of, anvopon/equence which the
French flill retainecL ^^a^^te Lake-Erie, and its garnfon
were expofed to the perpetual danger of periiliing ; as every
communication, by which they could receive provilions, was
.aitirely dcilroyed by the redu(5lion of the above forts.
THE
^-iJ) VIA' IT
-"**
I*- OS
^^ -"^i^ "^.tT '^x.tt^
'I I'
lJ-
l
, .
'I
'
'
.
li-<*?T.-<*'" "Tikis' "''^2^jii'^'"
"/
References to ftie Camp on
tlieWeltpart
ofOHLEANS.
,3. 4/f'Seimiait.
4- ,jfif'Bt\7Bnmt.
.5 I'.JiiMtlum
ofJlival^-bnericans
.
6. Lettishwo'jy Orertadiers
.
7. LiijhtJrifmtry
.
8. /Zv?i/ Qtuntrrs.
9. Hospital.
o.
Redinibts klbuv w mdosi'jTTos-
piral, Stores. k landinqplace
.
11 Afldttm: eree/eiitp ffre iipcii (En,
nn J' Battpes.llcatim/Jiatteries, kc
.
when iTttaeJar^ cia-Boats in the
Ni^rth (Vuinriel
,
REB'ERENCE S to the CAMP
atMONTMOHEI^fCI
.
l.Theifif'Keoiment.
a. ^^BeiTiment.
3. 4^f'-Rej.Timent.
4. sPf^cirimmt.
5. z'iBttrmh'mofJttn'al.Jmericans.
6. liOieishoimt Grenaefiers
.
7. Lr/j/iffnfimtn'.
8. TJeai/ifiiarters.
g. Qiiartvr Chianis
.
10. Redcitbts
.
Lu Hedouhts.widiSouses
.
12. Z^OTi"
.
0. J^attfries,andi4Fiajiiets.
r )\ I >toji
71^
w ".f
ADMJA'UT HoJ.MJ Ss i)/I /
w^^
%M
%
i'*'
lOncMilt
I Vl(M1 U \L\T1II( ( I NI 1(\I Woi I 1
-arn wTV^
-.Cii ^^ \rj
^:^i
THE
HISTORY
O F T H E
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
B o o K VI.
Expedition againjl ^ebec. Forces employed in it. Previous
difpofitions to infure fuccefs.
The Englijh troops land on the
ijland
of
Orleans^ in the river St. Laivre^ice. General Wolfe's
vianifefto.
Strength
of
the French. An attempt made by them
to dejlroy the EngliJJo
fleet
by fire-Jloips defeated. A fall
y
made by them to defray the
firfl
-works
of
the Fnglijlo repulfed.
The Fnglifh prepare to attack the French troops covering the
toivn. The French again attempt to defray the Engli/Io
fleet
by
flre-rafts.
77^,? Englijh attack the French are repulfed.

Orders
iffued
by General Wolfe.
General Wolfe falls ftck. His
letter, on the occafion, to the Brigadiers and their anfwer.

Battle
of
^lebec General Wolfe and M. da Montcalm killed.
The toivn
invefled
capitulates the articles. Reflexions on
the foregoing events. Honours paid the conquerors by their King
and country and to M. de Montcalm by the French army.-

The
Cherokees ravage the frontiers
of
South-Carolina 'are compelled
to make a peace^ by Mr. Lyttclton, governor
f
that province. Ar-
ticles
of the peace.
E
fliall now proceed to give a detail of the campaign
i7S9-
againft Quebec, the fuccefs of which, in feme meafure,
depended upon the operations of General Amherll, either by
H h
his
234
HISTORYOFTHE
1759. his engaging the attention of a great part of the forces that
'
'
might otherwife be employed to defend that place, or by his
penetrating to the affiftance of General Wolfe, who was to at-
tack it. In the courfe of this expedition, we fliall have occa-
iion to admire the moll undaunted refolution combined with
the calmeft perfeverance, amidft an unufual variety of oppo-
fition, arifing from the peculiar fituation of the country, and
the great abilities of M. de Montcalm, who v/as charged with
tts
defence.
About the middle f February, a confiderable
fquadron
failed
from
England to Louifbourg, where the fleet and the
troops
defigned
for the expedition up the river St. Lawrence
were to
rendezvous ;
and arrived oflp that place on the 2 ill of
April. But the harbour was ftill fo blocked up with ice, that
there was no
entering it. The fquadron, therefore, of which
Admiral
Saunders was commander in chief, affifted by Ad-
mirals
Durell and Holmes, fleered for Halifax in Nova-Scotia;
where being arrived, the whole fleet at that place conflfted of
the following
fliips of the line
:
Names.
LATE WAR IN AMERICA,
Names.
2.^.6
HISTORY OF THE
1759.
Three
companies of rangers; a detachment of the Royal Ar-
^'""^
tillery ;
and a brigade of engineers.
The whole commanded by Major-General
James Wolfe.
The other general and Half officers of the army were as follows:
f Monckton ^
The
Honom-able Colonels
j
Townfhend I
Brigadiers-General.
L Murray
J
Lieutenant-Colonel
Carleton, Quarter-Mafter-General.
Captains Caldwell and Leflie, affiftants to the Quarter-Mafler-
General.
Major
Barre, Adjutant-General ; and
Major
Mackeller, Chief Engineer.
The regiments were formed into three brigades :
Firll brigade. Brigadier Monckton.
Fifteenth
Forty-third
Forty-eighth
Seventy-eighth
Second
brigade. Brigadier Townfhend.
Twenty-eighth
Forty-feventh
Second battalion of the fixtieth
Third brigade. Brigadier Murray.
Thirty-fifth
Fifty-eighth
'
Third battalion of the fixtieth
The
LATE WAR IN AMERICA,
The grenadiers of the army were formed into a corps, un-
der the command of Colonel Carleton; a detachment, called
the Loidjloiirg Grenadiers^ were to receive their orders from
Lieutenant-Colonel Murray
; the honourable Lieutenant-Colo-
nel Howe had a detachment of light infantry under his com-
mand
;
and Major Bailing, another corps of the fam.e troops.
Major Scott headed the rangers.
Before Admiral Saunders left England, he had received intel-
ligence, that the French would endeavour to throw into
Que-
bec a reinforcement of troops, ammunition, and other
{lores.
He therefore ordered Admiral Burell, with a fmall
fquadron,
to fail up the river St. Lawrence, and intercept any fupplies
intended
for Quebec. Admiral Durell picked up two ftore-
flaips ; but feventeen had arrived too foon for him, with re-
cruits,
provifions, and military ftores, under the convoy oT
three
frigates.
From Halifax, Admiral Saunders proceeded to Louifbourg,
as foon as the ice would permit him to enter that harbour.
Here, in conjuni5lion with the General, he made fuch difpofi-
tions as were necefTary for the profecution of the intended en-
terprizc againfl: Quebec. Every poffible precaution was taken
by the Admiral to prevent any accidents that might happen
to his fliips in their progrefs up the river of St. Lawrence
;
the navigation of which the French had artfully reprefented
as very dangerous. But had it been really fo, the wife pre-
cautions of the Admiral, by porting veiTcls near every place
there was any reafon to fuppofe dangerous, would have pro-
cured fafety to the fleet, as long as his order of failing fliould
be obferved.
3i?v
.
Though.
2 38
HISTORY
OF THE
1-59.
Though the flaips began to fail out of Louifbourg harbour
"^"^
the ift of June,
it was the 6th before they had all cleared it.
The
Admiral then fleered for Quebec ;
and on the 26th, ar-
rived
without the leall accident off the iiland of Orleans,
where the troops were landed the next day. This ifland is fitu-
ated a little below Quebec. It is fertile, and well cultivated,
and
produces
great plenty of grain. Immediately after the
troops
were landed, there came on a very heavy gale of wind,
by
which many anchors and fmall boats were loil, and the
tranfports
fuftained much damage, by driving the one againfl
the other.
On the 28th, General Wolfe publiflied a manifefto, fetting
forth,
"
That the King his mafter, juftly exafperated againft the
French Monarch, had equipped a large armament to reduce
the molt confiderable French fettlements in America
; but that
it was not on the induftrious peafants, their wives, and chil-
dren, nor againft the minifters of religion, that he intended
to make war ; on the contrary, he lamented the mifery to
which they muft be expofed by the quarrel, and, therefore,
he offered them his protection, and promifed to maintain
them in the enjoyment of their temporal poffeffions, as well
as in the free exercife of their religion
;
provided they would
remain quiet, and take no part in the difference betv/een the
two crowns. That, as the Englifli were mafters of the river
St. Lawrence, fo as to be able to intercept all fuccours from
Europe ;
and as they had befides a powerftil army, under the
command of General Amherft, the refolution which they
ought on this occafion to take, was neither difficult nor doubt-
ftil, as the utmoil exertion of their valour would be ufelefs,
and ferve only to deprive them of the advantages, which they
might reap from their neutrality. He then mentioned the
'i cruelties
LATE AVAR IN AMERICA.
cruelties exercifed by the French, which he faid would
autho-
rife the moil fcvcrc rcprifals
j but that Britons
were too
ge-
nerous to follow fucli barbarous examples. He again ofTered
to
the Canadians the fwcets of peace amidft the horrors of war
;
and left to themfelves to determine their own fate by their
own condu<5t
;
exprefling his hopes that the world
would do
him juftice, lliould they oblige him, by rejedling thefe
favour-
able terms, to adopt violent meafures. He concluded,
by re-
prefenting to them the power, as well as the
generolity
of
Great Britain, who thus ftretched out the hand of
huma-
nity, and offered her allillance, when France was, by her
weaknefs, compelled to abandon them in the moft critical
conjundiure."
This declaration had no efFedt. Every peafant exerted
his
utmoll endeavours to be ufeful to his country. They either
fei^ed in the army, or furnifhed it with proviiions.
Not
content with this, they committed the moft cruel hoftilities,
by fcalping^ all thofe who fell in their way. General Wolfe
exerted himfelf to put a ftop to this inhuman pradlice, by
reprefenting thefe cruelties to M. de Montcalm, as contrary to
the rules of war obferved by all civilized nations. But the
French General's authority was not fufficient to bridle the
bloody difpofition of the favages
;
and General Wolfe, in order
to intimidate them, was obliged to connive at fome irregulari-
ties by way of retaliation.
M. de Montcalm, who commanded the French troops, had
greatly added to the natural ftrengthof the country, by intrench-
ing every acceflible place -, and feemed to put more confidence
in his fituation than in the number of his troops, though fupe-
rior to that of the invaders. He had, likewifc, thrown into
Quebec
240
1759.
HISTORY
OF
THE
Quebec
five battalions of regulars,
completed
from the beft
inhabitants
of the country. Some of the troops of the co-
lony, and
every Canadian able to bear arms,
with feveral nations
of favages,
had taken the field, in a very
advantageous fitua-
tion ;
and encamped, along the fliore of
Beauport, from the
river St.
Charles to the Falls of Montmorenci.
The Admiral having conceived fome fufpicion, that the ene-
my
had artillery and a force upon the point of Levi ; he com-
municated it to the General, who, thereupon, detached Briga-
dier
Monckton, with four battalions, to drive them from
thence.
With this view, the Brigadier pafTed the river on the
sgth at night ; and marching next day to the Point, obliged
the enemy's
irregulars to retire, and poiTeiTed himfelf of that
poft, after fkirmilhing a little with the Canadians and the
Indians,
without any material lofs. But' the Brigadier found
no
cannon or batteries, as was fuppofed to be erected on this
fpot.
Colonel Carleton marched, alfo, witli a detachment to
the weftermoft part of the ifle of Orleans, from whence there
"was fome reafon to think the operations would commence.
On the Point of Levi were now ercsfled, though not with-
out great difficulty, batteries of mortars and cannon, to fire
the magazines, demolifli the works, and filence the bat-
teries of the town. It was incumbent on the EngliHi to make
themfelvcs maflers of, and fortify thefe two Points, were it only
becaufe the French, from either one or the oLaer of them,
could ealily render it impoffible for any fliip to lie in tiie bafon
of Qiicbcc, or even within tv/o miles of it.
M. de r.'Iontcalm, well avvarc of the advantage which tliefe
works would give to the Englifli, by the time he judged they
I were
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
241
were in fome forwardnefs, ordered fixteen hundred men to
1759.
crofs the river and deftroy them. But this detachment fell
^">'-
'
into diforder, fired upon each other, and made a precipitate re-
treat; which, in all appearance, however, prevented
their
being entirely cut.,oF. Thefe batteries were not long
finiflied,
when they juftified M. de Montcalm's fears
;
they did confider-
able damage to the upper town, though the fire was acrofs
the rivei'. As to the lower town, it was entirely
deftroyed
bv
them.
In the mean time the fleet had been expofed to the moil
imminent danger. The enemy, judging that the ftorm on the
28th muft create great confufion, prepared fevcn fire-fiiips to
take advantage of it ; and at midnight fent them down from
Quebec among the tranfports. But this fcheme, though well
contrived, was intirely defeated by the feafonable
orders of
the Admiral, and the boldnefs and dexterity of the
feamen,
who tovv'cd the fire-fhips a ground, where they
burnt to the
water's edge, without doing the leafl injury to any
part of the
fquadron.
'
The works, for the fecurity of the hofpitals and fcores on
the ifland of Orleans, being now finiflied, the army,
in the
night of the 9th of
July,
pafTed the north channel
; and en-
camped near the enemy's left, the river Montmorency
lyin<y
between them. The next m.orning Danks's company
of Pvaif-
'"
gers, who were pofted in a wood to cover fome
workmen,
'
were attacked and entirely defeated by a body of Indians
;
'
~
who, however, fuiFered confiderably in this affair, and
were,
'
'
in their turn, repulfed by the neareil troops.
The General had conceived fome hopes of engaging M.'d'e
Montcalm upon-more equal terms than thofe of diredlly attack-
ing him in his intrenchments ; for the ground to the eaflward of
i i
the
24-2
1759-
HISTORY OF THE
the
Falls fccmcd to him to be, as it really is, higher than that on
the
enemy's fide ;
and from thence he thought fome advantage
might be derived. There is alfo a ford below the Falls, which
may be palled, for fome hours, in the latter part of the ebb,
and the beginning of the flood tide
;
and there was fome rea-
fon to believe, that other means might be found to pafs the
river above the Falls. But though, in reconnoitring the
river, a ford was difcovered about three miles up, the oppo-
fite bank was fo fteep and woody, and fo well intrenched, that
any attempt to pafs at that place mufl have proved ineffec-
tual.
The detachment fent to reconnoitre it, was twice at-
tacked by the Indians, but they were eafdy repulfed. Thefe
rencounters,
however, loft the Englifh forty private men, be-
lides fome ofiicers killed and wounded.
The General now determined to reconnoitre the country
above the town. For this purpofe, on the i8th of
July, the
Admiral ordered two men of war, two armed floops, and two
tranfports, which had fome troops on board, to run up the river
j
thefe palTed by the town, and got into the upper river without
any lofs, except that of the Diana, who ran afhore upon the
rocks of Point-Levi : but here the enemy had ufed the fame
precautions as in the lower, and the difficulties occafioned
by them were greatly increafed by that of communicating
with the flats, and by the nature of the ground. But the mod
forbidding circumflance was, a well grounded appreheniion
that, if the General fliould attempt a landing between the town
and Cape -Rouge, the body firft landed would be attacked by
the enemy's whole army, before any more troops could be
put afliorc to fupport it.
Thefe mighty obstacles, hov\/-ever, were not fnflicient to
deter the General from forming a plan for landing at St. Mi-'
7
chad's,
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
243
tliael's, about three miles above the town. But having difcovcred >759-
that the enemy, jealous of the defign, had adualiy brought
artillery and a mortar to play upon the Ihipping, and judging
that, as it mull be many hours before they could be attacked
by his troops, even fuppofing that a favourable night fhould
carry the boats unhurt beyond the reach of the town, he dropt
the defign as rather too hazardous. However, to divide the
enemy's force, draw their attention as high up the river as
poffible, and at the fame time procure fome intelligence, he
ordered Colonel Carleton, with a detachment, to land at the
Foint-aux-Tremhles, to attack whatever he might find there,
and bring off fome prifoners, and all the ufeful papers
that he could
;
for information had been received, that fe-=
veral of the inhabitants of Quebec had retired to that place
;
and this was a circumfiance which rendered it not impro-
bable, that a magazine of provifions had been formed there.
Colonel Carleton was fired upon by a party of Indians the
moment he landed
;
but he foon difperfed, and drove them
into the woods. He then fearched for magazines
\ but all to
no purpofe. However he brought off fome prifoners, and re-
turned with little lofs.
The General now came to Montmorency, where Brigadier
Townlhend had, by a fuperior fire, prevented the French from
eredling a battery on the banks of the river, from whence
they intended to cannonade the Englifli camp.
But as General Wolfe had not yet been fortunate enough
to difcover any fpot v/herc the difficulties were lefs, he refolv-
ed, at all events, to feize the firft opportunity v/hich prefent-
ed itfelf of attacking the enemy, however advantageoufly
they might be polled, and how well foever they might be pre-
pared to receive him.
lis
Th:
:i44
HISTORY OF THE
1750. The men of war could not get near enough to the enemy's
' "^ '
trenches to annoy them, for want of a fufhcient depth of
water. TJie Admiral, therefore, prepared two tranfports that
drew but little, to be run a-ground, if occafion required it, and
thereby
favour the defcent. With the aliiftance of thcfe vef-
fels, which the General underftood would be carried in clofe
to the fliore, he propofed to make himfelf mailer of a detach-
ed redoubt, clofe to the water's edge, which appeared to be
out of
mufket-fliot of the intrenchment upon the hill. If the
cnemv offered to fupport this work, it would bring on what
he moft wanted, an engagement ;
and if it did not, it would
at leaft aflbrd the means of difcovering their fituation, with
fuflicient precifion to determine where it was moft eligible to
attack them.
Whilfl; preparations were accordingly making for an engage-
ment, on the 28th of
July,
at midnight, the French fent down a
raft of fire ftages,. confifting of near an hundred radeaux, which
fucceeded no better than the fire-lliips. Things being in readi-
nefs for the feivice in agitation, on the lall day of
July,
in
the forenoon, the boats of the fleet were filled with grena-
diers, and a part of Brigadier Monckton's brigade, from the
Point of Levi. The two brigades, under the Brigadiers Mur-
ray and Townfliend, were ordered to be in readinefs to pafs the
ford, when it I'liould be thought necellary ; and the Admiral
placed the Centurion in the channel, in order to facilitate their
paflage by checking the fire of the lower battery, which com-
manded the ford. This was a happy thought
;
her fire being
extremely well directed, anfwered every purpofe that could
be exDe6fed from it. A numerous train of artillery was be-
fides
placed on the eminence, to batter and enfilade the left of
the enemy's
intrenchments. The two tranfports were then
run
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
ruii a-ground
;
and that which was fartheft upon the Ihore,
afforded the General an opportunity of obferving, that the re-
doubt was too much commanded, to be kept witliout very-
great lofs. For the two armed lliips could not be brought
near enough to cover it, as wa? at firfl fuppofed, with their
artillery and mufketry at the fame time.
Thefe previous meafures, however, having
thrown the
enemy into fome confufion, the General, who was prepared
for an action, thought it no bad opportunity to make an at-
tempt upon their intrenchment. He therefore lent orders
to the brigadiers-general, to be ready with the corps under
-their command; Brigadier Monckton to land, and the-Briga--
diers Townfliend and Murray to pafs the ford.
At a proper time of the tide, the fignal was made for this
purpofe
;
but many of the boats, in rowing towards the fliore,
grounded on a ridge of rocks, that ran out a confiderable
dif-
tance into the river. This accident caufed fome diforder,
and
fo much lofs of time, that the General was obliged to Hop the
march of Brigadier Townfhend's brigade, which he perceived
to be in motion. During the time it took the feamen to get
oif the boats, the enemy fired a vafl number of fhot and
fdells
;
but they did little damage. The grounded boats be-
ing fet afloat, the whole were foon ranged in a proper man-
ner; and fome of the navy-officers accompanied the General
to difcover a better place to land at. They took with them a
flat-bottomed boat to make the experiment ; and as foon
as
they had found what they wanted, the General ordered the
troops to difembark, thinking it not yet too late for theattempt.
Thirteen companies of grenadiers, and two hundred of the
fecond battalion of the Royal Americans, got firii: on fliore. The
grenadiers
=45
HISTORY OF THE
1759. grenadiers
had orders to form themfelves into four di{lin(fl:
'
'
bodies, and to begin the attack, fupported by Brigadier Monck-
-
ton's corps, as foon as the troops fliould have pafled the ford,
and were near enough to alTiil them. But, whether from the
noife and hurry of landing, or from fome other caufe, the gre-
nadiers, inflead of forming themfelves as they were directed,
ran on
impetuoufly tov/ards the enemy's intrenchments, in the
utmoft diforder anck confufion, without waiting for the corps
which was to fupport them, and join in the attack. Briga-
dier Monckton was not yet landed ; and Brigadier Townfliend
was ftill at a confiderable diflance from them, though upon
his march to join them in very good order. The grenadiers
were checked by the enemy's firll j6re, and were obliged to
fhelter themfelves in or about the redoubt, which the French
abandoned at their approach. In this lituation they conti-
nued fome time, unable to form under fo hot a fire
j and
many gallant officers, carelefs of their perfons, having
been
wounded, it became necefTary to call them off, that they
might
form behind Brigadier Monckton's corps, which was now
landed, and drawn up on the beach in extreme good order.
By this new accident, and the fecond delay occafioned
there-
by, it was near night before any more could be done ; and
then a fudden ftorm came on, and the tide began to make;
fo that the General thought it moft advifable not to perfevere
in fo difiicult an attack; particularly as, in cafe of a repulfe,
the retreat of Brigadier Townfhend's corps might become ha-
zardous and uncertain.
The artillery had great effecT: upon the enemy's left, which
Brigadiers Tov.nCiend and Murray were to have attacked;
and it is very probable, that, had it not been for the above
accidents, the Englilli would have penetrated there; and
their
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
347
their left and center being more remote from their artillery, 1759.
would have borne all the violence of the French mufketry.
The enemy made no attempt to interrupt this retreat. But
the favages, agreeable to their cuftom, came down, and mur-
dered fuch of the wounded as could not be got off, and fcalp-
ed the dead. Among the wounded who efcaped their cruel
hands, was Lieutenant Peyton of the Royal Americans
; whofe
cafe, for the fmgularity of it, deferves to be particularly men-
tioned. Being providentially provided with a double-barrelled
fufd, though not able to flir from the fpot where he lay,
he killed two of the favages as they were advancing ta
execute their horrid purpofe
; and, before others could come
up, he was taken off the field by a Highlander, and laid down
in a boat which was ready to put off.
In this attack the Englifh had upwards of four hundred
killed and wounded. Amongft the former, were two captains
and two lieutenants -, and, amongft the latter, Colonel Burton,
fix captains, and twenty-two fubalterns. The two tranfports
that had been run afliore, were ordered to be burnt, to pre--
vent their becoming a prize to the en^my. The advantages
which induced the General to make his attack at this place
rather than any other, were, that here artillery could be
brought into ufe
;
the greateft part, or even the whole of the
troops, might a6t at once ; and the retreat, in cafe of a re-
pulfe, was fecure, at leaft till a certain time of the tide : ad-
vantages Vkfhich could not be found anywhere elfe. But, to
balance them, the beach upon v/hich the troops were drawn
up, was covered with a deep mud, full of holes, and inter-
fered with many gullies ; the hill to be afcended was fteep,
and not every where prafticable ; theenemy numerous in
their intrenchmcnts, from whence they kept up a heavy fire.
The lofs, therefore, even had the attack fucceeded, mull
have.
u>

f~^
43.
HISTORYOFTHE
1759. liavc been very great 5
and, from the Iheltcr which theneigh-'
~"^
'
bouring woods would have afforded the enemy, theirs would
have been very inconfiderable. Bcfides, the river of St.
Charles was yet to pafs, before the town could be invefled.
Soldiers, in general, have the honour of their regiment, or
the corps in which they fcrve, greatly at heart. The cenfure
or praife beftowed on it, has therefore a particular elFe6l on
their imaginations ;. although every individual may not per-
haps feel the fting of reproach, yet, as a body, they fcldom
betray a want of fenfibility. This no one was better ac-
quainted with than General Wolfe. He, therefore, the next
day, ilRied the following order: "The check which the gre-
nadiers met v/iih yefterday, will, it is hoped, be a Icffon to
them for the time to come. Such impetuous, irregular,
and
unfoldicr-like proceedings, deftroy all order, and piu it out of
the General's power to execute his plan. The
grenadiers
could not fuppofe, that they alone could beat the French army
;
therefore it was neceflliry the corps under Brigadiers Town-
Hiend and Monclcton fhould have time to join them, thai the
attack might be general. The very firft fire of the
enemv
was fufficient to have repulfed men who had loft all fenfe of
order and military difcipline. Amherft's and the Highland
regiment alone, by the foldier-like and cool manner in which
they formed, would imdoubtedly have beaten back the whole
Canadian army, if they had ventured to attack them.
The
lofs, however, is very inconfiderable, and may be eafily re-
paired, when a favourable opportunity offers, if the men will
fliew a proper attention to their ofiicers."
Immediately after this check, twelve hundred men,
under
'
the command of Brigadier Murray, were detached
above the
Xown, to attempt, in conjundlion with Admiral Holmes, to de-
ilroy
LATEWARINAMERICA.
249
{Iroy the French fliips, if they could be got at, in order to 1759.
open a communication with General Amherft. Brigadier
Murray was ordered, at the fame time, to feek every favour-
able opportunity of engaging fome of the enemy's detach-
ments on tolerable terms ; and even ufe all the means in his
power to provoke them to attack him. The Brigadier, after
making two different attempts to land on the north fliore,
without fuccefs, made a third attempt, unexpectedly, at de
Chambaud, where he burnt fome fpare clothing belonging
to
the French troops.
The enemy's fliips being fecured in fuch a manner as not to
be approached, and no other obje<5t prefenting itfelf to induce
Brigadier Murray's longer ftay, he returned to the camp with
fome prifoners, who were the firll to inform the Englifli of the
furrender of Niagara. It was likewife difcovered, by inter-
cepted letters, that the enemy had abandoned Ticonderoga and
Crown-Point, and retired to the Ifle-Aux-Noix
; and that Gene-
ral Amherft was making preparations to pafs the Lake-Cham-
plain to fall on M. Bourlemaque's corps, which confifted of
three battalions, and as many Canadians as made the whole
amount to near three thoufand men.
In the mean time, the General exerted his endeavours to re-
trieve the lofs he had fuftained at Montmorenci, but the bodily
fatigues he had endured, increafed a diforder with which he
had been afflicSted even from his firft leaving England, and
this bringing on a fever, he was thereby totally difabled. He
therefore wrote the following letter to the brigadiers :
Major-General Wolfe''s Letter to the Brigadiers.
*'
That the public fervice may not fufFer by the General's
indifpofition, he begs the Brigadiers will meet and confult to-
gether for the public utility and advantage, and confider of
the beil method to attack the enemy,
K k
"If
2-0
HISTORY OF THE
1750.

If the French army be attacked and defeated, the
General
' '
concludes, that the town would immediately farrender;
be-
caufe he does not find rhey have any provifion in the place.

The General is of opinion, that the army lliould be at-

tacked in preference to the place, becaufe of the difficulties
of
penetrating
from the lower to the upper town
;
in which at-
tempt,
neither the guns of the fhipping, nor of our own bat-
teries, could be of much ufe.
*'
There appears to be three methods of attacking the army
:
"
FirJ,
In dry weather, a large detachment may march in
a day and a night, fo as to arrive at Beauport (fording the
Montmorenci eight or nine miles up) before day in the morn-
ing. It is likely they would be difcovered upon this march on
both fides of the river. If fuch a detachment penetrates to
the
entrenchments, and the reft of the troops are ready, the
confequence is plain.
"
Second, If the troops encamped here pafs the ford with the-
falling water, and in the night march on diredlly towards the
point of Beauport, the light infantry have a good chance to gee
up the Woody-hill ; trying different places, and moving quick
to the right, would foon difcover a proper place for the reft.
The upper redoubt
muft be attacked, and kept by a company
of grenadiers.
Brigadier Monckton muft be ready, off the
point of Beauport, to land where our people get up the hill
j
for which fignals may be appointed.
"
Third, All the chofen troops of the army may attack at
Beauport at low water. A diverfion muft be made acrofs the
ford an hour before the fecond attack.
"
A^. B. For the firft attack, it is fufficient if the water begins-
to fall a little before day-light, or about it. For the other two,
it will be beft to have it low water lialf an hour before day.

TLe
LATE:WAR IN
AMERICA.
,j,^t
"
The General thinks the country iliould be ruined and dc-
i
ftrpyed .as much as can be done conliilent with a :morc capital
operation. There are guides in the army for
the'detitckmfeait
in quellion."
The Brigadiers immediately alTembled in confeq^ucnce of this
letter; and having deliberated on it, returned the following
anfwer:
,
i;- .
Point-Levi,
Auguft
2g, 17^-9.
"
Having met this day, in confequence of General Wolfe's
defire, toconfult together for the public utility and advantage^
and to confider of the beH method of attacking the enemy,
and having read his Majclty's. private inftrudlions which the
General was pleafcd to cofmmunicateto
us, and having confi-
dered fome propofitions of his with refpecSt to our future opera-:
tions, we think it our duty to offer our opinion as follows : :
"
The natural ftrength of the enemy's fituation between
the rivers St. Charles and Montmorenci, now improved by all
the art of their engineers, makes the defeat of their army,
if attacked there, very doubtful. The advantage which their
eafy communication along the Ihore, gives over our attack
from boats, and by the ford of the river Montmorenci, is evi-
dent from late experience
;
and it appears to us that that part
of the army which is propofed to march through the woods,
nine miles up the Montmorenci, to furprife their camp, is cx-
pofed to certain difcovery, and confequentiy to the difadvan-
tage of a conftant wood fight ; but allowing that we could get
footing on the Beauport fide, the Marquis de Montcalm will
ilill have it in his power to difpute the pafTage of the river St.
Charles, till the place is fupplied with provifioiis from the fhips
and magazines above, from which it appears they draw their
fubfiftence.
K k 2
*'
We
I^BS^-ssaa^
SS2
HISTORYOFTHE
1759'
*'
We therefore are of opinion, that the moft probable method
of flriking an effedlual blow, is to bring the troops to the fouth
fhore, and to carry the operations above the town.
"
If we can eflablifli ourfelves on the north fliore, the Mar-
quis de Montcalm mull fight us on our own terms ; we are
between
hira and his provifion, and between him and the army
oppofing
General Amherft.
"
If he gives us battle and we defeat him, Quebec, and" pro-
bably all Canada, will be our own, which is beyond any ad-
vantage we can expcdl by the Beauport fide ; and fliould the
enemy
pafs over the river St. Charles with force fufficient to
oppofe this operation, we may ftill, with more eafe and proba-
bility of fuccefs, execute the General's third propofition, (which
is in our opinion the moft eligible) or undertake any thing
elfe on the Beauport fliore, necefrarily weakened by the de
tachments
made to oppofe us above the town.
(Signed) tMoncktok.
Brigadiers
^
Town s h e n d..
(Murray."
This plan of operations being approved of by the General,,
preparations were immediately begun to carry it into execution.
The Admiral and the General had already reconnoitred the
town with a view to a general alTault ; but, after confuking
with the chief Engineer, who was well acquainted with its
interior part, it appeared, that, though the batteries of the
lower town might be eafily filenccd by the men of war, the
bufinefs of an alTault could be but little forwarded by fuch fuc-
cefs ;
fince the few palTages that lead from the lower to the
upper town were carefully intrenched, and that the fl:iips mufb
be content to receive great damage from the fliot and bombs
of the upper batteries, without making the leaft impreilion on
them. The enemy befidcs, to the uncommon ftrength of the
9
country,
LATE WAR IN AMERICA;
country,
had added, for the defence of the river, a great num-
ber of floating batteries and boats ; and as to any thoughts of
fuTpi-ifing them, their vigilance, together with tlie alertnefs of
the Indians, who kept continually hovering round the Englifh
army, rendered it impoflible. Seldom a day pafled, that thefe
favages did not Ikirmifli with the Englifli
j
and though they
were always beaten, yet it was often at a conliderable expence.
Such an uncommon combination of circumftances, which left
nothing but a choice of difficulties, was fufficient to perplex
and diftrefs the moll able commander.
In confequence of the refolution taken to quit the camp at
Montmorenci, the troops and artillery there were reimbarked
and landed at Point-Levi ; and it being likewife determined to
carry on the operations above the town, the General, after fe-
curing the poll there, and at the ifle of Orleans, marched with
the remainder of the forces from Point-Levi the 5th and 6th of
September, and embarked them in tranfports which had pafTed
the town for that purpofe. On the 7th, 8th, and 9th, Admiral
Holmes with the fhips failed up the river, in order to amufe
rhe enemy now polled along the north fliore.- But the tranfportS'
being extremely crowded, and the weather very bad, the Ge-
neral thought proper to cantoon half his troops en the fouth
iliore, in order to refrefli them : in the mean time he was
wholly employed in reconnoitring: at length he difcovered a
fmall path leading from the river fide up a fteep precipice, at'
the fiimmic of which it appeared that the enemy had a port,
but by their number of tents, which did not exceed a dozen, ic
was judged the ftrength of it could not be more than one hun-
dred men ; the General therefore determined, if poffible, to
land on this fpot : preparations were accordingly made for this
purpofe the day and night preceding the attack, and the Ad-
miral, to engage the attention of the enemy, caufed many
buoys to be laid, and employed a number of boats in found-
ing
654
:)H.J6fT0RX
OF THE
1-75^-
ing the Bau:pc>rt <?Gaft, to create a fufpicion that it was iriteijded
"
to land on that ijiore.
piiJn^fi^o-;,.
On the 13th, at one in the morning, the lightinfantry
com-
manded by Colonel Howe, the regiments of Bragg, Kennedy,
Laicelles, and Anflruther, with a detachment of Highlanders
and American grenadiers, the) whole under the command of
Brigadier MoncMton, wer put into the flat-bottomed boats,
about three leaguies above the intended landing-place;
and,
after fome feints made by the Ihips, imder the immediate di-
ret5lion of Admiral Holmes, to draw off the attention of the
enemy
above, the .boats fell down with the tide : the fhips fol-
lowed them about three quarters of an hour afterwards, and
got to the landing-place jull at the time that had been concerted
to cover the landing. The troops landed on the north fliorc,
within a league of Cape-Diamond, an hour before day-break.
The
rapidity of the tide of ebb having carried them a little
below the intended place of attack-, the light infantry were
obliged to fcramble up a woody precipice in order to fecure the
landing of the reit of the troops, by diilodging the men at the
before mentioned poft, which defended the fmall intrenched
path they were to afcend. After a little firing, the light
infantry gained the top of the precipice, and difperfed the
guard; by which means , the reft of the troops got up, and
were formed with very little lofs from the oppofition of a few
Canadians and Indians in the wood. The boats, as faft as they
were emptied, were fent back for the fecond embarkation,
which was immediately made by Brigadier Townfliend. Bri-
gadier Murray, who had been detached, with Anftruther's
4)attalion, to attack a four-gim battery on the left, was recalled
by the General, who now faw the French army crofting the
river St. Charles, and thereupon began to formihis line, having
his right covered by the Louifbourg grenadiers ;
on the right
of thcfe again he afterwards brought Otv/ay's ; to the left,
I were
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
255
were Bragg's, Kennedy's, Lafcelles', the Highlanders, and 1759.
Anftruther's. The right of this .body was commanded by Bri-
'
'"""'
gadier Monekton-, and the l5ef
6 by Brigadier- Murray. His rear
and his left were protected by Colonel Howe's
light-infantry
;
the Colonel being returned from the four-gun
battery
before-
mentioned, which had been taken poffeffion of by
part of
'Anftruther's. M. de Mbrttcalm having, as he advanced,
dif-
covered an intention to flank the left of the Englifli,
Brigadier
Townflaend was immediately ordered there with
General
Amherft's battalion, which he formed en potence. His
numbers
were foon 'after increafed by the arrival of the two
battalions
6f Royal Americans. Webb's was drawn up by the
General
as a refervej in eight fubdivifions, with large
intervals.
The French lined the bufhes in their front with fifteen
Iiun-
dred Indians and Canadians, and a^nongft them moft of their
beft markfmen, and by means of them kept up a verv gall-
ing, though irregular fir^, on the whole line, who bore it
with the greateft patience and good order
5 referving
theirs
for the main body now advancing.

This fire was,
however,
checked by the front polls of the Englifli, which
proteded the
forming of their line. The right of the enemy v/as compofed of
the troops of the colony, the battalions of i-aSaard,
Ljinguedbe,
and the remainder of their Canadians and Indians, Their cen-
ter moved on in a line; but as it advanced, accidentally
gained
tlie appearance of a column. It confifted of the battalions
of
Bearne and Guienne. Their left was formed of the remaining
troops of the colony, and the battalion of Royal Roufdlon,
They brought up two pieces of fmall artillery. The Englifli
had been able to bring up but one gun. But as it was ad-
mirably well -ferved,' it galled the French troops exceedingly.
The attack of the French was very fm'art and brifk to the right.
The Englifli troops referved their fire till the French came with-
in forty yards of them; and then gave it fa heavily, and con-
tinued:
256
HISTORYOFTHE
I7S9'
tinued it fo fmartly, that the French every where gave way. It
was now that the General fell, at the head of Bragg's, and Co-
lonel Carleton received a defperate wound on his head; forae
time after, whilft the Louifbourg grenadiers were advancing
with their bayonets fixed, Brigadier Monckton was fliot through
the body at the head of Lafcelles'. In the front of the oppofite
battalions fell alfo M. de Montcalm; his fecond in command
was likewife wounded, and afterwards died on board an l^ng-.
lifli fliip. Part of the French made a fecond, but faint, attack.
Pare took to fomc thick copfe-wood, and made fuch an ellecftual
fland, as covered the retreat of the rell of the French army. At
this moment, each particular corps of the Englilh. feemed in a
manner to rival each other, with a view to its own peculiar cha-
radler. The grenadiers, Bragg's and Lafcelles', prefTed on with
their bayonets.
Brigadier Murray,
advancing brifkly with the
troops under
his command, completed the rout on this fide.
The Highlanders, then,
fupported by Anilrutlier's, took to their
broad fwords, and drove part of the French into the town,
and
part to the works at their bridge on tlie river St. Charles.
The a(5lion on the left and in the center of the Englifli was
not fo fevere. The houfes into which their light-infantry
were thrown, were well defended by them, as they were fup-
ported by Colonel Howe, who, taking pofl with two companies
behind a fmall copfe, and frequently fallying upon the flanks
of the enemy during their attack, drove them often into
heaps, and Brigadier Townfhcnd, by advancing platoons of
Amherft's regiment againft the front of this body, totally pre-
vented the right wing from executing their firil intention. Be-
fore this, one of the Royal American battalions had been de-
tached to preferve the communication with the boats, and
the other, to occupy the ground which Brigadier Murray's
movement had left open. Brigadier Townlhend remained
with
LATEWARINAMERICA.
257
with Amherfl's to maintain this difpofition, and keep in
^759-
awe the right of the French, and a body of their favages,
who waited ftill more towards the rear of the Enghfli, op-
pofite tlie polls of their hght infantry, for an opportunity to fali
upon ir. Things were in this fituation, when the command in
chief devolved on Brigadier Towniliend, who thereupon im-
mediately repaired to the center ; and, finding that feme of
the troops were in diforder, occafioned by their purfuit of the
enemy, formed them again as foon as poffible. A corps of ca-
vahy, light infantry, and grenadiers, commanded by M. de
Bougainville, was flill drawn up in the rear of the Englifh
army. This corps coniiHed of about two thoufand men, and
was intended to march along the fhore abreaft with the boats
of the Engliili, to prevent their landing if pofTible
; but the
current of the river hurried down the boats with fo much ra-
pidity, that the troops were difembarked, before the French
could arrive. But Brigadier Townfhend did not think it pru-
dent to quit his advantageous fituation, and rifk the promiling
advantages of the day by feeking a frefh enemy, polled,
per-
haps, in the very kind of ground he might have wifhed for,
which was woods and fwamps. The lofs of the Englifh in
this memorable adtion was fifty-feven killed, and fix
hundred
and feven wounded. The French had near fifteen hundred,
chiefly regulars, killed, wounded, and made prifoners
; among
the prifoners were fome officers, taken on the field of battle.
M. de Montcalm died of his wounds ; and the Brigadiers
de
Senefergue and de Saint Ours were killed. The French, be-
fides, lofl one piece of cannon.
As foon as die. adion was over, Brigadier Townfliend re-
doubted his camp beyond infult ; made a road up the pre-
cipice for the cannon and artillery
j conftruded batteries
L
1
againfl
i^^B
HISTORYOFTHE
1759,
againft the town; and cut ofF its communication with
the
'
~^
country. Bur, on the 17th, at noon, two or tliree days be-
fore any of thefe batteries could be ready to play, he re-
ceived by a flag of truce propofals of capitulation from the
Governor, and then fent them back again with his anfwer, and
a meflage, purporting, That unlefs he received a fatisfaclory
reply in four hours, he fliould liftcn to no farcher treaty. Ad-
miral Saunders had, by this time, brought his large lliips to
bear on the town, as if he intended to attack it. This was ano-
ther fpur to the French to come to fome fpeedy determination:
and on the 18th accordingly, the fame officer who had brought
the Governor's propofals, returned at night with his reply; and
the next morning, the commanding officers on both fides
figned the following capitulation:
jlrticlcs
of
capitulation required by AL de Ranifey, Commander,
for his
Mojl Cbrijlian Majejiy, iji the higher and loiver toztm
of
^lehec^
Knight
of
the Military Order
of
St, Lewis, from his Excellency the
General commanding his Britannic Majefy's forces.
Article I. M. de Ramfey requires the honours of war for
his garrifon 5
and that it fliall be conducted back to the
army in fafety, by the fhortefl road, with its arms, bag-
gage, fix pieces of brafs cannon, two mortars or hawit-
zers, and twelve rounds.
Answer ;
the garrifon of the town, compofed of land
forces, marines, and failors, fliall march out with their arms
and baggage, drums beating, lighted matches, two pieces of
cannon, and twelve rounds ; and fl:iall be embarked, as con-
veniently as poffible, in order to be landed at the firfl port in
France.
II. That
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
II. That the inhabitants fliall be maintained in the pofTeflioii
of their houfes, goods, efFedts and privileges.
Granted, provided they lay down their arms.
III. That the faid inhabitants fhall not be moleiled on account
of their having borne arms for the defence of the town; as
they were forced to it, and as it is cuflomary for the inha-
bitants of the colonies of both crowns to ferve as militia.
Granted.
IV. That the efFeds belonging to the abfent officers or inha-
bitants fhall not be touched.
*
Granted.
V. That the faid inhabitants fhall not be removed, nor ob-
liged to quit their houfes, until their condition fliall be fet-
tled by a definitive treaty between their Moil Chriftian and
Britannic Majellies.
Granted.
VI. That the exercife of the Catholic and Roman religion
fliall be preferved ; and that fafe-guards fliall be granted
to the houfes of the clergy, and to the monafteries, parti-
cularly to the bifliop of Qiiebec ;
who, animated with zeal
for religion, and charity for the people of his diocefe, de-
fircs to reficle conilantly in it, to exercife freely, and with
that decency which his character and the facred myfleries
of the Catholic, Apoftolic, and Roman religion require,
his cpifcopal authority in the town of Quebec, wherever he
fliall think it proper, Lintil the pofl'effion of Canada fliall
have been decided by a treaty between their Mofl Chriilian.
and Britannic Majeflies,
LI
3
Granted,
a6o
HISTORYOFTHE
1759' Granted, the free exercife of the Roman religion;
and
fafe-guards to all religious perfons, as well as to the
Bi-
Ihop, who fhall be at liberty to come and exercife freely,
with decency, the fundlions of his office, wherever
he
fliall think proper, until the pofTeffion of Canada fhall
have
been decided between their Britannic and MoH Chriftian
Majellies.
VII. That the artillery and warlike florcs fliall be delivered up
bona fde,
and an inventory taken thereof.
Granted.
VIII. That the fick, wounded, commifTaries, chaplains, phy-
licians,
furgeoiis, apothecaries, and other perfons employed
in the hofpitals, fhall be treated agreeable to the cartel
fettled between their Moll Chriilian and Britannic Majellies
on the fixth of February,
1759.
Granted.
IX.
That, before delivering up the gate, and tlie entrance
of the town, to the Englilh forces, their General will be
pleafed to fend fome foldiers to be placed as fafe-guards at
the churches, convents, and chief habitations.
Granted.
X.
That the commander of the city of Quebec fhall be per-
mitted to fend advice to the Marquis de Vaudreuil, governor-
general, of the reduction of the town
;
as alfo that this
general fhall be allowed to write to the French miniflry, to
inform them thereof^
Granted.
Xr. That
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
XI. That the prefent capitulation fhall be executed according
to its form and tenor, without being hablc to non-execution
under pretence of reprifals, or the non execution of utiy pre-
ceding capitulation.
Granted.
The prefent treaty has been made and fettled between us,
and duplicates figned at the camp before Qaebec, the
1 8th of September,
1759.
Charles Saunders.
George Townshend.
De Ramsey.
Agreeable to this capitulation, Lieutenant-Colonel Murray,
with three companies of grenadiers, took pofleffion of the
upper town ; and Captain Palifer, of the navy, with a large
body of fearaen, of the lower.
In the courfe of this campaign, Fortune diflinguiflied herfelf
by her ufual caprice. If General Wolfe did not happen to
be her favourite at the inftant of the attack in the neigh-
bourhood of Montraorenci, fhe amply compenfated him when
he made good his landing ; and he fo well knew how to im-
prove her favours, by means of an able difpolition, as to infure
fuccefs : But unhappily, like another Epaminondas, death
fnatched him from the arms of victory.
A recent event, by the general's manner of communicating
it, diifufed new fpirits amongft his troops. An order ap-
peared the day preceding the adlion, informing the army,

"
That the enemy's force is now divided/ great fcarcity of
provifions
262 H I S T
O
R Y O F T H E
1759- provifions in their camp, and a univerfal difcontent amongfl:
tl>e
Canadians. The fecond officer in command is gone to Mon-
treal or to Saint John's, wh.ich gives rcafon to think that Ge-
neral Amhcrft is advancing into the colon)\ The troops below
are in readinefs to join us, anvl the army will land where
the
French lecm lead to think of it. The oflicers and men will re-
membr what their country cxpefbs from them, and what
a
determined bodv of foldiers, inured to war, are capable of doinn-
againfl; five weak French battalions, mingled with a diforderly
peafantry."
In war the nioft trifling accident may fometimes dedroy
the bed imagined plan. The following circumftance had
nearly proved fatal to the General's fcheme of landing where
he did. hi the twilight of the evening preceding the battle,
two French deferters, from the regiment of laSarre, came in
;
and, being carried on board a fliip of war commanded by Cap-
tain Smith, then lying near the north fhore, gave information,
that, that very night, the garrifon of Quebec expeAed a con-
voy of provifions from M. de Bougainville's detachment, which
was higher up the river. Thcfe deferters, fome time after,
perceiving the Englifli boats gliding down the river in the dark,
fuppofed them to be the expe6ted convoy; and on this a noifc
enfued, which General Wolfe fortunately heard time enough
to prevent the refolution which occafioned it : For Captain
Smith, not having been informed of the General's intentions,
was making preparations to fire into the boats, believing they
were the convoy the deferters had been fpeaking of; and had
he done fo, would have not only confiderably hurt his friends,
but fufficiently alarmed the French to fruflrate the attempt.
Again, the French fentries, polled along the fliore, were in
expedation
LATEWARINAMERICA. 26^
expecTiation of the convoy ; and therefore, when the Englifli ^"SQ-
boats came near their pofts, and properly anfwered their
ufual challenge, they fuilcred them to pafs without the leaft
fufpicion.
Thus the great abilities of the Englifli ofEcers, exad dif-
cipline of the troops, and courage of both, gave them poiTef-
fion of Quebec.
Though the conqueft ofQuebec was of the utmoft importance
to the Englifli, yet the heavy lofs they fuftained in the death of
their commander, greatly abated its value. They loft a general
who merits every encomium that is due to quick conception, to
fleady courage, to luiwearicd perfeverance, to a noblenefs of
fentiment, and fuperior abilities. General Wolfe early habitu-
ated himfelf to iludy, and being perfe6lly acquainted with the
theory of his profellion, the practice of it was familiar to him:
His genius was of that adiive kind, that; no impediment could
prevent the execution of any plan he once had formed: His
judgment was confpicuous on every occafion
;
this begot an
implicit confidence in all under his command, but more parti-
cularly thofe who were immediately to execute his orders
j
hence the alertnefs of tlic Brigadiers : And if they were
afTured that no ill-formed plan would fall to their lot to
execute, on the other hand the General was certain of their
full exertion of every endeavour to accomplifli his orders.
The Houfe of Commons therefore voted them their thanks,
but addrefTed his Majefty that he would be pleafed to order;
a monument to be ereiSted in Weftminftcr Abbey to the me-
mory of General Wolfe : And it will not be improper here
to obferve, that the French army petitioned Mr. Pitt for
leave
H I S T O R Y ' b i^ T n E
leave to ereft a monument, in the principal church at Que-
bec, to the memory of th-eir late General, M. de Montcalm
;
to which Mr. Pitt gave his imrhediate confent, and fcnt pro-
per inftruc^ions to the Governor for that purpofe.
In combined expeditions, the capital parts of a(51:ion muil,
in general, fall to the fliare of the land forces
;
yet, as in
this cafe, it would, without a powerful ileet, have been im-
poffible to fucceed, the Englifii admiral and his fcamen
have an equal claim to praife with the Englifii generals and
their troops. The failors executed their part of the fervict^
with an alacrity and refolution peculiar to a body who are by
nature the protedfors and guardians of their country
; and who
have enriched it with trophies brought from every quarter of
the world. The admirals therefore on this expedition, like-
wife received the thanks of the Houfe of Commons.
-
Quebec being gari'ifdned with feven thoufand men, and
well vidlualled, the government of it was entrufled to Briga-
dier General Murray
;
and Colonel Burton was appointed
Lieutenant Governor. Brigadier Monckton returned to New-
York, where he foon recovered of his wound ; and Brigadier
Townfliend embarked, with Admiral Saunders, for Eng-
land where they both arrived about the beginning of the
winter.
The Cherokees, all this while, were continuing to deftroy
the fettlements on the frontiers of South Carolina, not with-
out exercifmg the moft fliocking cruelties on the fettlers theni-
felves. Governor Lyttleton, therefore, convinced that it was
only by an early and vigorous exertion of the force of the pro-
9
vincc,
v>'>
-w^
4^
y
/' .^.^
<^
>
">,
1
(reo?^p^ia
o Fjco/tumite
-^,Ttr?"'!''/'-^"^
^
|m mm
..Wl
mu ini -jim
iV
. ^^^i' prt-^Let'el/rom I^H'a/iree cn To?tui/see ui dteLowef
Severn f Distance abouC^)oMll<?. T/w 'lhx/ii/i</ pach is 4SMika
froniKe^onee to t^3fiddle S('fdi'm':'ThfPit/iorcrAe2Ji3{oiffir'
i.fihcTVWfstirqf'. htrmoreDiffji-it/tcri-n tiuindk-AWrJi TfistF^i/i aLXijtxlUv
.
FjJffUWywlJulm2LnOir"viVihat>raftrO''mt>'tc)rrXiUiJ^^^^
toGreafUlJicjiw.FortMooi', FortAihjusbJ luaJtoufSoii/^iEMtfrivn
TortFCeonjfejSoIfi/ts.
^1
Sc,i7i' ofJfi/t\t n-n tp o/if Iiirh
4
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
265
vince, that the Indians, committing thefe ravages, could be 1759.
brought to reafon, determined to march againfl them as foon
"^
as poflible. With this view, he appUed to the legiflature of
his province, for the necefTary authority and
powers to raife
and maintain a body of men ; and when he had raifed them,
marched at the head of eight hundred provincials
and three
hundred regular troops into their country. This quick and
fpirited proceeding fo intimidated the barbarians, that they
immediately fent a deputation of their chiefs and head war-
riors to beg a peace, which the Governor thought
proper to
grant them by the following treaty.
Treaty
of
Peace and Fnendjloip^ concluded by his Excellency
William
Henry Lyttelton,
Efq;
Captain-General and Governor in
chief
of
his
Majeflys
Province
of
South CaroVmat ivith Attahdla-kulla,
or the
Little Carpenter, Deputy
of
the ivhols Cherokee nation, and other
Headmen and Warriors thereof^ at Fort Prince George
; December
ibth,
1759.
Article I. There fhall be a firm peace and friendfliip between
all his Majefty's fubjecfls of this province and the nation of
Indians called the Cherokees, and the faid Cherokees fliall pre-
ferve peace with all his Majefty's fubjecfls whatever.
II. The articles of friendfliip and commerce, concluded by the
lords commiffioners for Trade and Plantations with the de-
puties of the Cherokees, by his Majefty's command, at
Whitehall the 7th of September
1730,
fhall be ftridly ob-
ferved for the time to come.
III. Whereas the Cherokee Indians have, at fundry times and
places, fince the 19th of November
1758,
flain divers of his
M m Majefty's
.
266
HISTORYOFTHE
1759.
Majefty's good fubje(fts of this province, and his Excellency
'
^^ '
the Governor having demanded that fatisfadion fhould be
given for the fame, according to the tenor of the faid ar-
ticles of friendfhip and commerce aforementioned, in con-
fequence whereof two Cherokee Indians, of the number of
thofe who have been guilty of perpetrating the faid mur-
ders, have already been delivered up to be put to death, or
otherwife difpofed of as his Excellency the Governor iliall
diredl ; it is hereby ftipulated and agreed, that twenty other
Cherokee Indians, guilty of the faid murders, fliall, as foon
as poffible after the conclufion of this prefent treaty, in
like manner be delivered up to fuch perfons as his Excel-
lency the Governor, or the Commander in Chief of this pro-
vince for the time being, fliall appoint to receive them, to
be put to death or otherwife difpofed of, as the faid Gover-
nor and Commander in Chief fhall diredt.
IV, The Cherokee Indians, whofe names are herein after men-
tioned, viz. Chenohe, Oufanatah, Tallichama, Quarrafatahe
Conafaratah, Kataetoi OtafTate of Watago, Oufanoletah of
Jore,
Kataeleta of Cowetche, Chifquatulone, Skiagufta of
Sticoe,Tanaefle, Wohatche,Wyeyah, Buccah,Chiftanat,Nicho-
lehe, Tony, Totaiah-hoi, Shallilofld, and Chiftie, fliall remain
as hoftages for the due performance of the foregoing articles,
in the cuftody of fuch perfons as his Excellency the Go-
vernor fliall pleafe to nominate for that purpofe ; and when
any of the Cherokee Indians, guilty of the faid murders,
fhall have been delivered up, as is exprefled in the faid ar-
ticles, an equal number of faid hoftages fliall forthwith
be fet at liberty.
V, Immediately after the conclufion of the prefent treaty, the
licenfed traders from this government, and all perfons em-
3
ployed
LATE WAR IN
AMERICA.
267
ployed by them, fliall have leave from his Excellency
the 1759.
Governor to return to their refpe(5live places of abode in the
^' "" '
Cherokee country, and to carry on their trade with the Che-
rokee Indians in the ufual manner, according to law.
VI. During the continuance of the prefent war between' his
Moft Sacred Majefly and the French King, if any French-
man fhall prefume to come into the Cherokee
nation, the
Cherokees fliall ufe their utmoft endeavours to put him to
death, as one of his Majefty's enemies
; or, if taken alive,
they fliall deliver him up to his Excellency the
Governor,
or the Commander in Chief of this province for the time
being, to be difpofed of as he fliall dire<5t ; and, if any per-
-
fon whatfoever, either white man or Indian, fliall at any
time bring any meflages from the French into the Cherokee
country, or hold any difcourfes there in favour of the
French, or tending to fet the Englifli and Cherokees at va-
riance, and interrupt the peace and friendfliip ellabliflied
by
this prefent treaty, the Cherokees fliall ufe their utmoft en-
deavours to apprehend fuch perfon or perfons, and detain
him or them until they fliall have given notice thereof to
his Excellency the Governor, or to the Commander in Chief
for the time being, and have received his directions therein.
Given under my hand and feal at Fort-Prince -George, in
the province of South Carolina, this 26ch of Decem-
ber,
1759,
in the thirty-third year of his Majefty's reign.
William-Henry
Lyttelton.
By his Excellency's command,
William
Drayton, Secy.
M m 2
We,
268
HISTORY OF THE L^TE WAR IN AMERICA.
1759- We, whofe names are here under-written, do agree to all and
every thefe articles
;
and do engage, for ourfelves and our na-
tion, that the fame fhall be well and faithfully performed.
In teflimony whereof, we have hereunto fet our hands anr'
feals, the day and year above-mentioned.
Attakulla-kulla.
ouconnostota.
Otassite.
KiTAGUSTA.
OCONOCCA.
KiLLCANNOHCA.
Joseph
AxsoN, 1
_
'
[
Sworn Interpreters.
William
Forster,
)
Witnefs Henry Hyrne, Adjutant General.
The alacrity of the troops during this march, and the fafety
with
which it was condu6ted, deferve the highefl applaufe.
But
what does moft honour to the Governor, is the almofl in-
credible
fliortnefs of the time in which, withal, it was per-
formed.
It was the beginning of October before he could fet
out for
Congrees, about one hundred miles off, to colleifl the
militia ; and from thence he had an uninhabited track to
march them through, to Keowee, a place in the Cherokee
country
three hundred miles from Charles-Town, where he
obliged the Indians to fue for peace. ^Yet this truce was to
all
human appearance happily concluded on the 26th day of
the following December.
THE
THE
HISTORY
O F T H E
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
BOOK VII.
Strength
of
the French and
EngUJlj in Canada
after the reduSiion
of
^lebec. Farther operations
of
the Engli/Jj. French
'veffeh
pafs
^ehec. Preparations
of
the French to attack ^ebec in the
ivinter.
Their
firft
defign frujlrated Their preparations to he~
fiege
^ebec and thofe
of
the EngUflo to defend it. Farther at-
tempts
of
the French mifcarry. Governor Murray marches out
of
^lebec.
Battle
of
Sillery. French invefl ^lebec ivho
retire on the
firf
appearance
of
Engli/li
fJoips. Governor Murray
prepares to join General Amh
erf before Montreal Cherokees guilty
of
neiu ravages. Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel Montgomery
marches againft
them kills a great number, and hums Efatoe
offers
them peace, which they
refufe. He returns to Charles-Tovun.
Cherokees blockade Fort-Loudon.^ The garrifon capitulates.
THE
feafon being no longer favourable to military opera-
r;59.
tions, the Engliili troops, as we have feen, w^ere ordered
'
^^
into
winter-quarters
;
but General Amherft, in the mean time,
formed
his plan for the total reduction of Canada, the next
campaign.
Montreal was now the only placS of confequence
remaining to the French in that colony ; but here they had
collec5led
^yo
HISTORYOFTHE
1759- collecled
their whole llrength, and here they intended
mak-
ing their laft efforts : however, it was only to complete that
difgrace, which their too ambitious views defcrved.
Againil
this place, therefore, to do the bufmefs at one llroke, if pof-
fible, the General refolved to direct: all his ftrength, as foon
as the feafon would permit, by fending an army againft
it by the Lake-Champlain ; conducfting another, himfelf, by
Ofwego, over the Lake-Ontario, and down the river St. Law-
rence ;
whilil General Murray led a third, up the fame river,
from Quebec ;
the three to rendezvous before Montreal, and,
jointly, form the attack of that place, or whatever troops might
be affembled there for its defence.
Although the winter afforded eafe and repofe to the gene-
rality of the Britifh forces employed in North America, the
garrifon of Quebec had. too troublefome neighbours to enjoy
any long ceffation from labour. The redu6lion of the city
proved to them the commencement of a campaign as fevere
and as extraordinary as any they had yet ferved. Though the
garrifon confiiled of the 15th, 28th, 35th, 43d, 47th, 48th, 58th,
and 78th regiments, and the 2d and 3d battalions of the Royal
Americans, with a detachment of artillery, amounting in
the whole to between feven and eight thoufand men, and
the Admiral had left the Race-horfe of 20 guns, and the Por-
cupine of 18, commanded by the Captains Miller and Macart-
ney, yet great numbers of the men being entirely difabled
by an inveterate fcurvy, the reft were extremely haraffed with
every kind of duty.
The Canadians having retired to their habitations, the
French army was thereby greatly diminifhed. Nevcrrhelefs,
it
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
it flill continued much fuperior to that of the EngUfh,
and
had many other advantages over them. The French had en-
dured but little fatigue compared with what the Englifli had
fuffered. They were alfo accuftomed to the climate, and
were befides warmly lodged. They had provilions in great
abundance, the country being under their command
; whilft,
from the fmgular fuuation of the town, every movement of
the Englifli was open to them. Though the Englifh were in
Quebec, they were very far from being well provided with
good, or indeed any quarters at firft ; the fhells and fliot
thrown into it during the fiege having left very few
houfes
that could afford them any fhelter. Befides, the whole de-
fence of the town confided of fix baftions with their cour-
tines, forming a chain from St. Roch to Cape-Diamond
j and
even thefe baftions had neither banquette, nor embrafure,
nor covered way, nor any other exterior work
;
and the can-
non were fo much damaged by time as to be utterly ufe-
lefs.
The French had taken up their winter-quarters between
Jac-
ques-Quartier and Trois-Rivierres
;
their advanced
pofts lay
at the Point-Aux-Trembles, St. Auguftin, and Calvaire.
Their
patroles frequently advanced to within muflcet-fhot of the
Englifli cattle guard ; nay feveral detachments of them
came
up to the very gates of the town, by the afliftance of their
pea-
fants, and even without the knowledge of their late
con-
querors.
The fecurity of the garrifon engaged Governor
Murray's
firft attention. He ordered eight timber redoubts to be eredl-
ed without the works of the town, with ramparts,
embrafures
and
banquettes, and feven platforms for cannon; and the
road
n *7 *>
'759-
HISTORY OF THE
road
leading to the town to be broke up. He likewife
caufed
eleven months provifion to be brought, by the foldiers, from
the lower to the upper town ; and five hundred houfcs to be
repaired for the purpofe of lodging the troops comfortably
during the cold feafon.
The garrifon being fo far fecured, the Governor determined
to extend his quarters, and take poft at St. Foix and Lorette
;
the fird about five, and the other nine miles from Quebec.
Accordingly, about the middle of November, Major HulTey
took
pofTeffion of thefe polls with a confiderable detachment
;
and, as foon as he had e{tablifl:ied himfelf, another of feven
hundred men was ordered on the fame fervice to St. Auguf-
tine,
where it carried off the advanced guard of the French,
burnt about a dozen houfes beyond it, and obliged the inha-
bitants to take the oaths of allegiance to his Britannic
Majefty.
This blow alarmed the natives
;
but they were foon
quieted
by a promife, that the damage fhould be repaid. However,
the
Governor, at the fame time, publiflied a manifefto
exhort-
ing
all the inhabitants to remain quiet, and ftridly
forbid-
ding them, on the fevered penalties, to afiift the enemy,
but
giving them, withal, the fuUeft alTurances of his utmoft pro-
tedion.
The eflabliiliing of jiofls at St. Foix and Lorette was of the
utmofl confequence, as thereby the motions of tlic EnglKh
were concealed, and an opportunity fecured of obferving thofe
of the French. The inhabitants of eleven pariflies had now
fubmitted themfelves, and taken the oaths of allegiance to his
Britannic Majefty ;
and were of great advantage to the army,
by
fupplying it to the utmoft of their ability with frefli pro-
vifions, during the whole winter.
I Wood
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
273
Wood for firing now became an object of conflderation. 1759.
When the fleet left Quebec, there was fcarce enough
remain-
' "^
ing to fupply the garrifon for twenty days, and the winter
advanced apace. No lefs than fixteen thoufand cords was ne-
ceflary for the hofpital and the guards in their quarters.
A
fmall quantity was cut on the ifland of Orleans
; but the get-
ting it to Quebec was attended with great rifk and difficulty,
the river being full of floating ice. For this reafon,
a few
days after the poll of St. Foix had been eftabliflied, two hun-
dred men were ordered into the woods of that name to make
a fufficient number of hand-fleds for the foldiers to draw their
wood upon ;
and, about the latter end of November, thefe fleds
were diftributed to thofe who were ordered on the wood-cut-
ting fervice. By thefe a magazine was formed for every regi-
ment, and then diftributed, in equal proportion, to each com-
pany.
The feverity of this duty was almoil infupportable,
as
one
fourth of the army was obliged to march ten miles every
day while it lafted
;
and the froft fo intenfe the whole time,
that, in defpite of every precaution, there fcarcely pafl"ed a day
that many of the men were not froft-bitten. The feverity
of
this fervice, and the feducing arts of the priefts, caufed a de-
fe(flion in many of the foldiers
; but the making an example
of a Frenchman, who had inveigled an Englifli foldier to de-
fert, and of fome foldiers, whofe intention of deferting had been
difcovered, put a flop to fo criminal and dangerous a pra.c~
tice.
The feafon was now fo far advanced as to leave the French no
room to doubt but that the Englifli fleet had quitted the gulph.
They therefore, in the night of the 24th of November, fent
N n
down
74
HISTORY OFTHE
1759. down eight or ten veiTels loaded witli peltry, in order to pafs
"^
Quebec ; and although the Englifli were apprifed of this de-
fign, and the batteries of the town were prepared to prevent
tlie execution of it, yet they all paffed uninjured by the many
fhot and fhells that were difcharged againft them. One, in-
deed, by fome manoeuvre in her working, ran afhore ; and an
unfortunate accident happened, in confequence of it, to Cap-
tain Miller of the Race-horfe, his lieutenant, and a number of
his men, who, when the French abandoned their vefTel, went
and boarded her
;
but before the French quitted their fliip, they
laid a flow match, which communicated with the powder ma-
gazine ;
but this match being difcovered and extinguiflied,
no other danger was appi-ehended. Captain Miller, therefore,
ordered a light to be ftruck, to enable them to examine the
fhip ;
but fome of the fparks falling on a quantity of loofe
powder that had not been obferved, blew np the vefTel, and
killed moll of the party, wounding others in a moH: lliocking
manner.
Captain Miller and his lieutenant died in a day or
two
afterwards.
The Governor, being afTared that many of the merchants
liad gone to Montreal to purchafe peltry
;
and tliat the filvcr
tlicy carried with them for that purpofe was of no fraall be-
nefit to the French army, their paper currency being in great
difcredit, and his own military cheH: fcarce containing mo-
ney enough for the cxpences of the garrifon, he iffued a ma-
nifefto
prohibiting a commerce that v/as fo prejudicial to the
fervice of the King and his troops
;
and inviting all true
patriots and friends to their country to bring in their cafli,
and
receive notes from himfclf and Colonel Burton, payable
in fix months, with intereft at ths rate of live per cent. In a
few
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
27J
few days after the publication of his manifefto, the military ^7
^-
,
chefl was increafed to eight thoufand pounds flerling.
We have abferved, that the inhabitants of eleven parifhes
had taken the oaths of fidelity to his Britannic Majefly. In order
to add to the provifions with which they fupplied Quebec, the
Governor detached a party below the town, in order to givc
the inhabitants of that diftritfl every pofllble encouragement
to bring theirs likewife to market. This mcafurc was attend-
ed with the defired efTecl ; and the affairs of the garrifon
might now be faid to be in a good way ; but that the fcurvy,
which raged amongft the troops, increafed from day to day,
and carried off great numbers. The French v/ere not igno-
rant of this circumflance. They therefore refolved to attack
Quebec in the winter, formed a plan for that purpofe, and
loll no time in making every necefTary preparation to carry it:
into execution. Snow-flioes were made, and diflributed to
their foldicrs, who were withal exerclfed in mounting of walls;.
with fcaling-laddcrs. This attack they intended to make in
the middle of February ; but, notwithftanding all their pre-
cautions to conceal their defign, by cutting off all communi-
cation with Jaques-Cartier, which had hitherto been open
to the Canadians, the Englifli were apprifed of their inten^
tions. The firll ftcp of the Governor, in confequence of this
intelligence, was to order fix weeks proviiion to be diflributed
to each regiment, as there were many Canadians in the town,
ready to attempt the deflrudion of the magazines, if an op-
portunity fhould offer. It was likewife necefTary that Gene-
ral Amherft fhould be made acquainted with the critical fitua-
tion of the garrifon. The confideration of the great fatigue,
dangers and difficulties with which the conveyance of fuch
N n 2 intelligence
276
HISTORY OF THE
1760. intelligence mufl be attended, prevented the Governor from
exerting his authority to force the commiffion on any one. But
his wifhes were no fooncr known, than Lieutenant Montrefor,
an engineer, offered himfelf for the performance of this ne-
cefTary duty ; and having received the Governor's difpatches the
latter end of January, he, in twenty-fix days, delivered them to
General Amherft, after enduring in his journey every diftrefs
that cold, hunger, and fo long a march could be attended with.
M. de Levi flill perfifting in his defign to attack the town,
M. de Cadet the commilTary collecSled a quantity of flour and
cattle for the fubfiflence of the troops to be employed in the
enterprife ; and a detachment was ordered to Point-Levi to cover
it. Orders were likewife given to the inhabitants of the coun-
try to join the above detachment, and afTemble for that pur-
pofe at the pofl of Calvaire. The French had been eight days at
Point-Levi, when, on the 13th of February, Governor Murray
ordered his light infantry, with two hundred men, and two
pieces of cannon, to diflodge them
; but, at the approach of
thefe troops, the French retired with the greatefl precipita-
tion, leaving the principal part of their provifions behind them.
The Englifh, notwithftanding, took one ofRcer and eleven fol-
diers piifoners, and then made a lodgment in the church
of St. Jofeph. All this while the French in Quebec had fuf-
fcred greatly for want of proper fubfiflence ; the Governor,
therefore, ordered the provifion taken on this occafion to be
fold to them at a moderate price, and fome flour and cattle to
be reflored to thofe to whom it belonged. This acfl of gene-
rofity was foon returned by the inhabitants of the adjacent
country, bringing into the garrifon every kind of frefh pro-
vifion they could pofTibly fpare.
6 On
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
On the 24th of February, the French affembled to retake
the pofl of Point-Levi
; but Governor Murray, being
apprifed
of their defign, ordered fome battalions with cannon to crofs
the river on the ice, and cut off tlieir retreat by the river Etch-
min. The 15th regiment, with fome light infantry,
was to
endeavour to get on their flanks, and in their rear. The
French, feeing they were on the point of being
furrounded,
retired fo precipitately, that, notwithftanding all the
endea-
vours of the Englifli, they efcaped with the lofs of a few
of
their rear-guard, who were made prifoners. The
conquerors,
after this, erec5led fome redoubts, and felled a number
of
trees to fecure themfelves from any fudden attack.
The in-
habitants about fix miles from Point-Levi, having,
notwith-
ftanding their oath of fidelity, joined with the French
army,
the Governor, juftly incenfed at this unprovoked breach of
faith, on the 27th of February ordered a detachment to burn
all their houfes ; but not without publifhing a manifefto to
make known his reafons for having recourfe to fuch
mea-
fures.
In confequence of thefe checks, M. de Levi poflponed any
farther attempts on Quebec till the fpring, when he refolved
to befiege that town in form : at leaft his preparations feemed
to denote fuch a refolution. He collected a vaft number of
veflels and boats, caft a great quantity of bullets and fhells,
formed a magazine of fafcines and gabions
;
and, in a word, did
all that was neceflary to carry on a vigorous fiege. Governor
Murray was not idle on his part. He ftrengthened his works,
and prepared for an obftinate defence. Fafcines and picquets
he had already caufed to be made during the winter, that they
might be in readinefs on any emergency, and be ufed, if not
othcrwifc
.yS
HISTORYOFTHE
1760. othcrwifc
employed, in intrenching the heights of Abrahaiii,
"
'
as foon as the fcafon would permit.
Every day now became more critical than the preceding;
there being the greatell probability that the French army would
come down as foon as the ice fliould break up. We have already
intimated,
that Governor Murray intended to intrench on the
heights
of Abraham ; but it was yet impoflible, the earth be-
ing
ftill too hard frozen for that purpofe. This circumftance
obliged him to order his light infantry to take poft at Cape-
Rouge,
and there fortify thcmfelves, in order both to prevent
the enemy
from debarking at that place, and be near enough
to
them to obfcrve their motions. Thefe works were fcarcely
begun,
when the river became navigable. Accordingly, the
French
vefTels came down, and anchored off St. Auguftine,
whilll;
their army proceeded by the rout of Lorette, to dif-
lodge
the troops at that port, and cut ofF thofe of St. Foix and
Cape-Px.ouge.
But Major Dalling, who commanded the lighc
infantry
at Cape-Rouge, having difcovered that their ad-
vanced guard was within half a league of his pofl, gave notice
of it to the governor ; and his intelligence was confirmed by
a ferjeant
belonging to the French artillery, who, being in a
boat,
was overfetby the violence of the wind, but had fcram-
bled upon a cake of floating ice, and had been carried down
on it by the tide, below Quebec, where he was taken up by a
boat belonging to one of the Englifh frigates.
The next day, being the 27th of April, the Governor, with
part of his garrifon, marched out to cover the retreat of the
troops
polled at St. Foix and Cape-Rouge
; and, notwithftand-
ing the utmoil efforts of the French to obftru(51: him, he loll
but
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
but two men in eiFeding it. The French cantoned
themfelves
in and about St. Foix.
Governor Murray now determined to take the field
; and, if
neceflary, to hazard a battle. The French were indeed fuperior
to him in numbers
;
but his troops had ah'eady beaten them
;
and he had a fine train of field-artillery, an article with which
they weie wholly unprovided. Had he fliut himfelf
up in
his walls, he muft have rifked his whole flake on the fingle
chance of defending a wretched fortification. Should the event
of a battle prove unfortunate, he could flill retreat into the town,
hold out tothelaft extremity with the remainder of the garrifon,
and perhaps defend the place as long as if he had not given
himfelf the chance of an engagement in the open field. Agree-
able to this refolution, on the 28th of April, the Governor,
with
about three thoufand men, and twenty field pieces,
marched
out of the city, taking with them fuch tools as were necefi!ary
to intrench on the heights of Abraham. His line was formed
into three brigades
;
that on the right, confifted of the 15th and
48th regiments, and the fecond battalion of Royal Ameri-
cans, commanded by Colonel Burton
;
and that on the left,
of the 28th, 47th, and 78th, under Colonel Frafcr ; the 43d and
the 58th compofed the center, headed by Colonel
James. The
35th, and the third battalion of the Royal Americans formed
a fecond line. Major Balling's light infantry covered the right
flank
;
and fome volunteers and the rangers, the left ; the field
pieces were pofted where mofl necefiJary, under the dire6lion
of Major Godwin
;
and Mr. Mackelier attended as chief Engi-
neer. This little army being thus drawn up on the heights
of. Abraham, the Governor went to reconnoitre that of the
French. We have already obferved, that the French army lay
2
ill
i8o H I S T O R Y O F T H E
ijfo-
in and near St. Foix. The night having been extremely wet,
and the greatefl part of the foldiers being uncovered, their
arms had received the rain. Accordingly, when General Mur-
ray got near enough to make his obfervations, he found them
irregularly employed in drawing their wet cartridges, and
cleaning their firelocks. This confufion afforded an advan-
tage of which the Governor determined to avail himfelf. He
therefore immediately returned to his army, gave his orders
for battle, and defccnded the heights.
The French beheld this movement with fiu'prife, but an
acTtion was flill the fartheft of any thing from their thoughts.
M. de Levi could not believe the Englifli General would aban-
don fuch advantageous ground to give him battle
; but when
he faw the Englifh colours Hill advancing, he gave the word
"
To arms." Thenien hurried together; but, before they
could be formed, two companies of their grenadiers, that had
been advanced, by way of a covering party, as far as the
entrance of the wood of Sillery, were attacked by the Englifli
light troops confifting of volunteers and rangers
;
and on their
retiring, agreeable to their orders, the Englifli, who took
their retreat for a flight, brifkly purfued them
;
but thefe foon
received a check by a heavy fire from the French, who had
by this time acquired fome form. In fliort, they were entirely
broken, and difperfed themfelves along the front of the Eng-
lifh right wing, by which means the cannon, that had hi-
therto played with faccefs, was now rendered enureiy ufelefs.
Governor Murray, upon this, immediately fent tliem orders to
form on the right of the array
;
but in attempting
it, they
fell into fuch confufion, that they precipitately retired to the
rear, and never again returned to the charge. The right
flank^
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
sai
flank being now expofed, Major Morris was ordered, with 1760.
Otway's regiment, to cover it from the attack of a column
of the French froops, that had flipt along the efcarpement of
St. Roche
;
and this movement of Major Morris had its defired
effefl, and reftored order on the right. All this while, the
left fufFered greatly. As to the volunteers and the rangers,
they were, as we have feen before, entirely defeated. The
enemy took advantage of thefe circumftances, and advanced
a column to attack the left ; on which Governor Murray or-
dered the regiment of Kennedy from the center, and the third
battalion of Royal Americans to fupport it ; but they arrived
too late. The diforder was now general, and a retreat enfued.
Amherfl's and Anftruther's fupported each other with
great
firmnefs
;
and retreated in fome order. The return of the other
regiments refembled a flight more than a retreat, till they
got under the cannon of the wooden redoubts. The field
train which the Governor had brought with him, became the
prize of the victors. In this affair, the Englifli had three
hundred killed on the field of battle, and about feven hun-
dred wounded. The lofs of the French was not fo confider-
able.
The French followed their blow by intrenching themfelves,
and making farther preparations to befiege the town, whilft
Governor Murray employed himfelf in the eredtion of every
work that could contribute to its defence. The lofs he fuf-
fered on the a 8th had reduced his army to two thoufand two
hundred effetftive men. Six hundred v/ere in the hofpital,
moll of them unable to walk without crutches. Yet, in this
fituation, they gave their comrades all the afliftance in their
power; and that was far from being contemptible. Part,
O o feated
o82
HISTORYOFTHE
1760. feated on the ramparts, filled faiid-bags ; others made
cartridges
for the cannon. The women exerted themfelves likewife
:
They were indefatigable in taking care of the wounded, and
dreffing their meat for the foldiers, now too bufy to do it
themfelves. At length the alacrity of the troops had brought
the affairs of the garrifon into a very refpecStable fituation,
there being no fewer then one hundred and thirty-two
pieces
of cannon mounted on the ramparts, the greateft part of them
brought from the lower city by the labour of the foldiers
;
and fo fuccefsful was the continued fire of this numerous ar-
tillery, that the French were forced to defift from an attack
they had begun againil St. John's gate. After all, the only
hopes
of prcferving the city centered in the arrival of Lord
Colville, to whom Governor Murray had fent an officer
with
all
poffible difpatch to inform him of his critical
fituation.
At
length, on the gth of May, the apprehenfions of the
garri-
fon began to fubfide, on the appearance of the Leoftaffe
fri-
gate,
commanded by Captain Deane; and brightened
into
hope
on receiving by her the agreeable news of
Commodore
Swanton's
being arrived from Old England, in order to inter-
cept any affiftance that France might attempt to give her army
in Canada.
On the nth, the French opened three
batteries of
cannon,
and one of mortars
;
but their fire was returned with
great fpirit till the i6th, when the happy hour arrived
that
faved
Quebec. On this day, the Vanguard, Commodore Swan-
ton,
came in light, with the Diana. The next day, he paffed
the town, and made a fignal for the two frigates to attack the
veffels, that had brought down the French artillery, ammu-
nition
and llores. They accordingly entered upon this fer-
vicc
with fo much celerity, that the enemy flipt their cables,
and
7
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
283
and made fail. But the frigates purfued them fo clofely, and
1760.
cannonaded them fo brifkly, that the whole of them, fix in
'
number, were foon a-ground in different places. Part of their
crews, indeed, efcaped on fhore. The remainder were made
prifoners
;
and, amongft them, M. Vauguelin, the commodore.
The arrival of Commodore Swanron was like a flroke of
thunder to the French. They imagined that he had troops on
board his men of war, and that he would land them at the
Point-aux-Trembles, and endanger their retreat. They,
there-
fore, raifed the fiege with a precipitation fcarcely to be equal-
led. They abandoned their camp, thirty-lix pieces of can-
non, fix mortars, all their ammunition and provifions, and all
the tools and materials they had collecfled to carry on their
approaches. Governor Murray ordered the grenadiers and
light infantry to purfue the fugitives as far as Cape-Rouge,
and they made fome prifoners. Thofe who efcaped, retired
to the other fide of Jacques-Cartier, to the quarters which they
had formerly occupied.
It is impoffible to exprefs what the garrifon fuffered during
the winter, from the inclemency of the weather, labour with-
out intermiffion, and a moll inveterate fcurvy. Yet there were
foldiers, whom even the want of pay during the whole of
that rigorous feafon of near eight months continuance, could
not tempt to deviate from the (Irlcfteft obfervation of the moft
minute military duties. Din'ing this period, a thoufimd died
of the fcurvy ; and above two thoufand had been alternately
in the hofpital, fo that the whol,e labour fell on about four
thoufand men. Quebec being thus happily relieved, by the
arrival of Commodore Swanton, General Murray proceeded to
obey the orders he had received to join General Amheril,
before Montreal.
O o 3 WhiUl;
HISTORY OF THE
Whilft the Englifli were flruggling to preferve a conqueft
of
fo much confequencc, in the manner we have related in the
foregoing
pages, the Cherokees, notwithftanding the treaty they
had
concluded with Governor Lyttehon, their having given up,
as we have already feen, fome of the villains who had perpe-
trated the murders complained of, and even left two-and-
twenty of their chiefs as hoftages for the delivery of the
remainder,
relapfed into their native barbarity and perfidiouf-
nefs, if they had ever quitted it. Governor Lyttelton had fcarce
time to get home, when thofe mifcreants began to ravage, as
ufual, fuch of the back fcttlements of the Englifli as lay moil
convenient to them for that purpofe. They firit fell upon that
called Long Canes, where they fpared neither plantations
or
buildings, men or cattle, women or children. They, in par-
ticular, murdered as many of the Englilh traders as they found
there. Not content with this firlf irruption, they foon after
made a fecond, to the amount of about two hundred men,
into the fame wretched country, and ipread themfelves over
that bordering on the forks of the Broad River, where they cut
off about forty fcttlcrs more They like vvife made an attack on
Eort Ninety-fix ;
and, finding it too ftro-^
j
for tlum, took the
rout to Congarees, or Orange Couui where, with fire and
fword, they laid every thing wafle bci e them. But the pro-
vinces to which thefe fettlements belonged were far from be-
holding thefe excelTes v/ith their ufual indifTcrence, particularly
that of South-Carolina. Governor Lyttelton, on the firfl news
of this frelli infra<ftion, immediately difpatched an xprefs to
General Amherfl for inftru6lions and a fpeedy reinforcement
of troops ; and, in the mean time, the Provincial Alfembly, at
his requeft,
earneftly fet about getting ready a force fufEcient
to repel and chaflife, with General Amherll's afiii^ance, thefe
cruel
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
cruel and treacherous invaders, whenever the Governor's rc-
quifition
(hould arrive for that
purpofe.
All this while, however, the Indians were following their
blow. On the i8th of February, 1760,
they alTembled before
Fort Prince George, in order, as it appeared, to furprife the
garrifon. With this view Ocunnajio., the great Warrior of Chote,
coming
within hearing, defired to fpeak to Lieutenant Coyt-
more, the commanding officer of the Fort, who thereupon
went to the bank of the river to meet him, accompanied by
Enfign Bell, Mr. Doharty, and an interpreter. The
Warrior
then informed Mr. Coytmore, that he intended to go down to
the Governor on bufmefs of confequence, and defircd a white
man to accompany him as a fafeguard. His requefl being
granted, he faid he would go and catch a horfe for him.
This
was objecT:ed to ; but the Warrior made a feint to perfift in this
offer ;
and, whilfl he was fpeaking, he fwung a bridle,
which
he held carelefsly in his hand, thrice over his head
; when,
inilantly, a volley was difcharged at Mr. Coytmore and liis
company from an ambufcade, where fome Cherokees
were
placed, and to whom the fhaking of the bridle was a fignal,
Mr. Coytmore received a fliot through the left breafr, which
proved mortal ; Mr. Bell was wounded in the leg ; and the
interpreter in the buttock. Enfign Miln, who vv^as left in the
Fort, judging from this treachery that the garrifon was not
fecure, fliould the hoftages which the Fort contained be per-
mitted to continue any longer under no reftraint but that of
mere confinement to a room, ordered the foldiers to put them
in irons. Thefe orders they immediately fet about executing;
but the firft who attempted to take hold of an Indian, was in-
ilantly killed with a tomahav;k ; and another was wounded. This
outrage
2S6
HISTORYOFTHE
1760.
outrage fo cxafperated and alarmed the garrifon, that it was
thought expedient to put all the hoflages immediately to death
;
and it was done accordingly. In the evening fome Indians
appeared again before the Fort, fired two fignal guns
; and,
not knowing how the hoflages had been difpofed of, cried
out in the Cherokee language,
"
Fight ftrong, and you fhall be
affiiled." Soon after which the Indians began to fire upon
the Fort, and kept doing fo moft part of the night, but without
elTcfl. This attack was undoubtedly concerted between the
hoilages within, and their friends without, with a view to
furprife and maflacre the garrifon
;
for, upon fearching the
apartment in which the hoflages lay, feveral tomahawks
were
found buried in the ground, which their friends, who had
been
fufFercd to vifit them, had privately conveyed there.
From this circumftance it appears, that putting the hoilages
to death was a very falutary, as well as necelTary,
meafure,
fince it faved the garrifon at that time, and delivered it from
any
apprchenfions for the time to come.
In the mean time General Amherft, on receipt of the es-
prefs fent him by Governor Lyttelton, detached to his affiftance
lix hundred Highlanders, and an equal number of the Royals,
under the command of the Honourable Colonel Montgomery.
This party arrived at Charles-Town early in April
; and, as foon
as every thing could be got ready for the purpofe, the Colonel
took the field, and led them to Fort Ninety-fix, where he ar-
rived on the 26th of May. Two days after, all his forces being
now collecled, he continued his march againfl tlie enemy, and,
by the i (I of
June,
reached the pafs at Twelve-mile River, which,
as it had been fufficiently reconnoitred the preceding night,
the troops got thrjugli ^yithout oppofition, and, about eleven
in
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
287
in the morning, drew up on a rifing ground near the river.
J760.
About four in the afternoon the carriages were brought to the
camp,
having been dragged up rocky banks, and amazing
fteeps, by the force of hands, as the horfes could not do it,
they were fo much jaded with a march of eighty-four
miles
without a day's reft.
As Colonel Montgomery had met with no oppofition
at
Twelve-mile River, and his fcouts could difcover no Indian
tracks, he concluded that the enemy knew nothing of his
motions.
This was a moft favourable circumftance to avail
himfelf of: he kept advancing, though the troops that morn^
ing had marched forty miles. Having at length halted,
a
camp was immediately formed upon very advantageous
ground ;
and the Colonel (leaving the tents ftanding, with one
hundred and twenty of the King's troops, a few Provincials,
and about twenty Rangers, commanded by Captain Peter Gor--
don of the Royals, as a guard to the camp, waggons, cattle,
.
8CC.) pufhed forward, at eight in the evening, with the reft
of his troops, through the woods, in order to furprife Eftatoe,
a great Indian town, about twenty-five miles from the place
where he had pitched his camp. When they had marched
about fixteen miles, the barking of a dog was heard at fome
*
diftance, in the front. It feems there lay, about a quarter of
a mile out of the road, a few ftraggling houfes, called Little
Keowee, of which the guides had neglecfted to give intelli--
gence. As foon as this circumftance came to be known, to
prevent any inconvenience from a difcovery, by the Indians of
this village, the light infantry company of the Royals were de-
tached to furround and furprife it, and put all the inhabitants
to death with their bayonets, except the women and children,
whO'
HISTORY OF THE
who were to be made prifoners. The detachment found the
Indians encamped near their houfes, and rufliing on them
with their bayonets, made an end of mod of thofe who were
without the houfes, and all who were within, except the women
and children, whom they carried off.
During this affair the main body of the army had proceeded
on its march to Eftatoe. They found a few houfes on the road
juft deferted. Early in the morning they entered Eflatoe itfelf,
which had been abandoned about half an hour before their
arrival. About ten or a dozen Indians, who had not time to
efcape, were killed. The town, conlifting of about two hun-
dred houfes, well provided with ammunition, corn, and, in
fliort,
all the necelTaries of life, was plundered and laid in
afhes ; and many more of the inhabitants, who had endea-
voured to conceal themfelves in their houfes, periflied in the
flames. In order to continue the blow, and thereby efFedlually
convince the favages that it was poflible to punifli their info-
lence, the Colonel ordered the army to proceed, and every
town
and houfe in the lower nation fliared the fate of Eflatoe.
After
deflroying all that could be defbroyed, the army returned
to
Keowee, and arrived at Fort Prince George on the ifl of
June,
without halting.
In this expedition about feventy Cherokecs were killed, and
about forty taken prifoners, including women and children.
Thofe who efcaped, were in a mofl miferable condition, hav-
ing no method left to fubfifl nature, but by flying over the
mountains. It was, indeed, impofTible they fliould have faved
any thing ; fome of them having had but jufl time to get out
of
I
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
o
of their beds, others left their fepann warm in their
kettles,
1760.
and even upon their tableSj. The furprife in every town
was
^^

"~"
equal ; as every where the whole bufinefs was the work of a
few hours only. There was at Ellatoe and Sugar-Town
plenty
of ammunition, and every where aftonifhing
magazines
of
corn, which were all burnt or otherwife deftroyed. The
barba-
rians had not time to fecure even their moft portable and va-
luable efFedts. The.foldiers found in their houfes, fkins,
cloaths
wampum, fome watches, and even money ; in fhort,
every
thing. Sugar-Town was intended to have been faved,
and
centries were placed for its fecurity ; but the body of a man,
whom the favages had that very morning put to the
torture
made it impoffible any longer to think of mercy.
On the part of the Englifli four foldiers were killed,
and
Lieutenants Marflial and Hamilton, of the Royal,
wounded.
The Indians are of fuch a difpofition, that unlefs they really
feel the rod of chaftifement, they cannot be prevailed on to
believe that we have the power to infli(5l it ; and accordingly,
whenever they happened to be attacked by us
unprepared,
they had recourfe to a treaty of peace, as a fubterfuge
which
gave them time to coUecfl themfelves
;
then, without the
leaft
regard to the bonds of public faith, they, on the firfl
opportu-
nity, renewed their depredations. Negociation and treaties
of
peace they defpife ; fo that the only hopes of being able to
bring to reafon their untraceable minds, and of making
them
acknowledge our fuperiority, and live in friendfhip
with
us^
mull arife from the feverity of chaftifement : that which they
now experienced, operated more llrongly to make them enter
into articles of accommodation, than all the prefents the pro^
vince of South-Carolina had in her power to beftow
P
p
That
r
29
HISTORY OF THE
1760. That
this corredlion might make the deeper
impreffion
on
' '
'
the
Indians in general, and that a peace with the Cherokees in
particular
might be t^.'-" morefpeedily concluded, on fuch
terms
as
would
fecure their attachment to the Englifh, Tiftoe
and
the
Old Warrior of Eftatoe were fet at liberty to inform
their
nation,
that
"
though they were in our power, we were ready
to give them peace, as they were formerly friends and allies
to the white people." An exprefs was likewife difpatched
to
inform Captain Demere, at Fort Loudon, of what had hap-
pened ; and to deftre him to acquaint the Little Carpenter witl*^
it, and tell him, that
"
he might come down, with fome other
headmen, to treat, but it muft be done in a few days, or he
might expeft to fee all the towns in the upper nations in
aflies ; but that the Englifli were willing to give his people
peace on his account."
Colonel Montgomery then retired to Fort Prince
George,
with about forty Indian prifoners, and there encamped,
to
wait the arrival of the headmen to conclude a peace
; but the
intimations given for that purpofe having produced little
or
no efFe<ft, the Colonel refolved to make a fecond irruption
into
the middle fettlements of the Cherokees. To this intent
he,
on the 24th of
Jime,
led the army from Fort Prince
George,
and continued his march on the 25th and 26th without
any
interruption. On Friday the 27th, about fix miles from
Etchowee, the firft town in the middle fettlements,
the ad-
vanced party, commanded by Ciptain Morrifbn,
difcovered
three Indians, one of whom they took. This man
pretended
that the middle fettlements were for peace, and knew nothing
of the army's coming up ;
but Colonel Montgomery, not giving
much credit to what he faid, marched on with the
greateft
6
precaution.
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
precaution. "When they had proceeded about a mile,
Captain
Morrifon was fired upon, by fome Indians, from a thicket.
However, he flill kept moving on with his party, but was foon
obliged to order a retreat, in which he was unfortunately
killed. Colonel Montgomery, on hearing the fire, ordered
the
grenadiers and light infantry to advance. This
detachment,
though it was informed, on coming up with Captain Morri-^
fon's party, that five hundred of the enemy lay in ambufli,
marched on notwithflanding, braving a fire which annoyed
them, without feeing the enemy who gave it. At length,
coming to a rifing ground, they difcovered a party of Indians,
whom they immediately charged, and obliged to retire into x
fwamp. Colonel Montgomery then put himfelf at the head,
of the Royals, and ordered Lieutenant Colonel Grant to the
Highlanders, when the whole moved forward. The Indians^
flill continued firing, and the army returned it, but at too great
a diftance to do execution
;
till, having got fomewhat nearer,
the enemy thought proper to retire, after a few platoons had
been difcharged at them. The army was then ordered into a.
road leading to the Indian town
; a deep river covered its right,
and its left was well fecured by fcouts ; but the path being
narrow, the army was obliged to march in an Indian file.
This circumfiance being obferved by the Indians, they made
a circuit, and came upon the rear of the army, firing fre-
quently, and wounding feveral men
;
but, on the army's facing
about, they retired haftily, dragging their killed and wounded
with them by the legs and arms. The front, alfo, received
two or three fires, but without any lofs. By the time the
army reached Etchowee, the inhabitants were all fled. The
troops then encamped on an extenfive plain, furrounded by
hills* About five ia the afternoon, an exprefs arrived, with
P
p
3 advice
92
HISTORYOFTHE
1760. advice
that the piquet and guard left with the proviCons
'~~^
were attacked by the Indians ;
upon which Captain Sinclair
was
immediately ordered with two hundred men to their
affiftance ; but before he could get to them, they had bravely
beaten ofF the enemy ;
whereupon he returned that night.
On the 28th, about four in the afternoon, a fliot was fired
from a hill at a fmall diftance from the camp, and follow-
ed by
vollies fi'om a body of Indians. Upon this, Captain
Sutherland was ordered to the river fide, with a company, to
repulfe them ; but, being at too great a diftance to do execu-
tion, he crofTed the river, and obliged them to retire, at the
expence
of two or three men flightly wounded. Several horfes
being by this time killed, and many wounded, it became im-
prafticable to advance, without leaving the provifions, or the
fick and wounded, to the mercy of the favages. The provifion
could not be facrificed, as there was no other polliblc means
of fubfiftence ;
and there was no probability of being able to
execute any farther fervice, which could be deemed an equi-
valent for the hazard of loiing fo many brave fellows, and
that by the torture of a cruel and enraged enemy. The Colonel,
therefore, ordered a retreat ; and carriages were immediately
made for the conveyance of fach as were not able to bear the
fatigue of riding on horfeback. About twelve at night the
whole army was in motion, and proceeded about twenty- five
miles without hearing any thing of the enemy. On the 30th,
at alTembly-beating, feveral fliot, which could not be drawn,
were difcharged. Upon this, a party of the Indians, imagining
the camp was attacked by fome other of their parties, advanced
and fired upon the center of the piquet, who were ported at
fome diftance in the woods
; but they were foon made fenfible
of their miftake, and obliged to go off in great hafte. The
front
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
front being on their march, before the rear were off
their
ground, Lieutenant Montgomery, who commanded the flank-
ing party of the front, fell in with about fixty Indians,
which
he foon difperfed, killing or v/ounding feveral of them,
whom
the reft, however, found means to carry off on horfes. The rear
was likewife attacked, but the enemy were foon beaten oiF; after
thefe rubs, the Colonel continued his march to within nine
miles of Fort-Prince-George, where he encamped
; and the
next day, being July
the ift, arrived at that place
without
any
other moleftation : His lofs in this expedition conlifted of two
captains killed ; and one captain, two lieutenants,
and one
enfign wounded ; two ferjeants killed, and two
wounded
;
fourteen rank and file killed, and fifty-eight wounded.
Colonel Montgomery returned with his troops to Charles-
Town, and there embarked on the 15th of Auguft, for New-
York, where he arrived on the ift of September.
Notwith-
ftanding the labour and fatigue which his men had fo recently
endured, they were immediately ordered to the Mohawk's
River : here they were fcarcely arrived, when it became
ne-
celfary they fhould return to New-York, and embark
for
Halifax in Nova-Scotia, which they accordingly did. So that,
in the fpace of a few months, they had to endure, befides the
dangers of war, the extremity of heat and intenfenefs of cold,
during a tedious march, attended with a variety of hard labour,
all which the men bore with that unrepining chearfulnefs
and
implicit obedience to their officers, which juftly characfterifes
the foldiers of North-Britain.
The Cherokees, to retaliate the diftrefs Colonel
Montgomery
had brought on them, formed, in confiderable numbers the
blockade of Fort-Loudon, a fraall fortification on the con-
fines
294
HISTORY OF THE
1760. fines of Virginia. And the garrifon, being reduced to the ut-
'
'
mod extremity for want of provifions, Captain Paul
Demere,
the
commandant,
fummoned the officers to deliberate on their
critical fituation, when they came to the following refolution
:
Fort Loudon, Auguft
6, 1760.
"
The officers being afTembled by Captain Pavil Demere, to
concert proper meafures to be purfued in the prefent diftrefs
of the garrifon, it being reprefented, That our provifions are
entirely exhaufted: That we having fubfifted upon horfe-flefli,
and fuch fupply of hogs and beans, as the hidian women
brought us by Health, without any kind of bread, fmce the
7th of
July,
by which means our men are greatly weakened,
and
muft, in a fliort time, become incapable of doing duty :
That the enemy blockade us night and day : That, for two
nights pad, confiderable parties have deferted, and fome even
have already thrown themfelves upon the mercy of the ene-
my:
That the garrifon, in general, threaten to abandon
us,
and betake themfelves to the woods : That we have no reafon
to hope for feafonable relief, having had no intelligence from
any Britifh fettlement fmce the 4th day of
June : We are,
therefore, unanimoufly of opinion, that it is impradlicable
to maintain the fort any longer ; and that fuch terms as can
be procured from the Indians, confident with honour, be im-
mediately accepted of, and the fort abandoned : That Cap-
tain Stuart go to Chotee to treat with the warriors and head-
men, and to procure the beil terms he can."
Signed by all the Officers.
A copy of this refolution was immediately fent to Colonel
Byrd, at Williamfburgh in Virginia, to be forwarded to Gover-
nor Lyttelton, accompanied with the following letter

Fort
LATE WAR IN
AMERICA.
2p^
Fort-Loudon,
Augufl
8, 1760. 1760.
"
This goes by an exprefs to acquaint you, that we have
"
'
agreed
upon articles of capitulation with the Great
Warrior,
and head-men of the nation
;
which,
confidering
the
great
diftrefs we are in, I hope you will approve of. Nothing
but
the inclination thefe Indians have for a peace could have
faved
us
;
for we fhould have been obliged to abandon
the fort
this day, happen what would
;
and few of us would
ever
have reached Carolina. To-morrow morning, we fet out ; and
we flatter
ourfelves the Indians mean us no harm.
We fhall
make all the difpatch that our ilarved condition will admit of.
"
The Indians expe6l that, immediately
upon our arrival at
Keowee, the prifoners confined there will be releafed, all
thoughts of farther hoftilities laid afide, and an
accommodation
heartily fet about
;
that a firm peace and v>rell-regulated
trade
may be eflabliflied, which, they fay, will lall for ever. We
can difcover nothing in their prefent behaviour, that contra-
di6ts this ; and hope, at leaft, that nothing
will be undertaken
which may endanger us upon the march.
Paul Demere."
Although the troops were in fuch diftrefsful
circurnflances,
and a capitulation with the Indians the only means of relieving
them, they were too fanguine in their hopes of its being ob-
ferved with fuch a degree of faith, as they might depend upon
for protection. Accordingly, they too foon experienced that
they were deceived. They had not marched above fifteen
miles from the fort, when they were moft treacheroufly fur-
prifed by a large body of Indians
; and all the officers, except
Captain Stuart, were killed, together with about twenty-five of
the
6 HISTORY
OF THE LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
760. the private men ; the reft were made prifoners, and
difperfed
""
through the nation.
Captain Stuart was faved by the interpofition of Atta-kuUa-
kulla, the Little Carpenter, who parted with every thing
he had for that purpofe. Indeed, his attachment to the Eng-
lifh was fuch, that his countrymen never informed him of
their treacherous dcfigns, left he Ihould thwart or counteradl
thcra. He now left the reft of the Indians on pretence of
hunting ; and condufted Captain Stuart fafe to a party of Vir-
ginians on the Holfton-River, who prevented Fort Ninety-fix
from iharing the fame fate with Fort-Loudon ; the Indians
having thought proper to retire at the approach of this body.
THE
THE
HISTORY
O F T H E
LATE
WAR
IN
AMERICA.
BOOK
viir.
Dtverfton made by Major
Rogers, in Canada,
in
favour
of
the
garrifon
of
^ehec.
General
Amherfl proceeds
againfi Montreal
A
French
armed
-veffel tahiK}^ the
River St.
Laivrence.
Fort Levi
taken.
Rapids in the River
St. Laivrence;
pajed by
theEngliJlj
army.
Extraordinary
clemency
of
the
EngUfh to the
French
inhabi-
tants. General
Amherjl arrives
before, and
invefts Montreal;
the
French army having retired
into it.
Letters
bet-ween
the
EngliJIj
and French
Generals.
The
French
General
capitulates.
The
articles.
Favourable
imprejton
made by the
appearance
of two
other Englijlx armies
before Montreal,
under
Governor
Murray
from
^Aec, aid Brigadier
Haviland
from Croivn-Point.
Governor
Murray
strength and
progrefs
he is joined by t-wo
regiments
or-
dered
from Louifbourg
reaches
the
ifland
of Montreal,
and
marches up to the totvn.
Brigadier
Haviland^s
flrength and
pro-
grefs. Major Rogers
fent to take
poffefton
of
the
forts in Canada,
Jlilt tn the hands
of the French,
Reflexions on the
conquefl
of
Canada.
^
"^
"^
TN our lad book
we
mentioned
an
exprefs
being
fent by
A
Governor
Murray
to
General
Amherfl,
in
confequence
of
which his
Excellency,
on the
2^th of May,
ordered
Major
Q^q
Rogers,
i;(5o.
,^3
HISTORYOTTHE
176a. Rop-ers,
with a detachment of three hundred men, to enter
'*^'
^
Canada,
that thereby the attention of the enemy might be
drawn off, fo as to prolong the fiegc of Quebec, till the men
of war,
expected to its relief, could get up the river St. Law-
rence.
As the mon efTectual method of executing this fervice.
Major
Rogers was ordered to fall down the Lake Champlain,
tinder
convoy
of a brig ; then, after laying up his boats, to
proceed, by land, with two hundred and fifty men, on the
weft fide of the Lake
;
get to St.
John's, if poffible, without
the
knowledge
of the enemy
;
furprife the fort at that place,
and
deftroy
the veffels, boats, provifions
;
in a word, all the
floies
he
might find laid up there for the ufe of the French
troops
at the
I(le-Aux-Noix. From hence he was to proceed to
Fort-Chamble,
on the fame bufmefs. In Ihort, he was to de-
ttroy
every
magazine he could meet Avith, and diftrefs the
enemy
every otlier way as much as poffible, particularly
by
fending
fifty rangers againft Wigwam-Martinique. But, as
his
arrival and
operations muft foon be known at the Ille-
Aux-Noix,
he had likewife directions to keep, in his return,
on the
eaft fide of that ifland, in order to prevent his retreat
being
cut off. In the mean time Lieutenant Grant was to con-
tinue
cruizing
in the brig, to be ready to receive the Major on
his return.
To thefe orders was added a ftrong injunction,
that
neither
women nor children fhould be injured.
On the 4th of June,
Major Rogers landed at the place he was
ordered,
and proceeded on his expedition by land
; but, two
days
after, he was attacked by a party of about three hundred
and fifty French, and had Hxteen men killed, and ten \<roiinded.
The enemy
had about forty killed and v^^ounded. After this
affair
Major
Rogers thought, proper to return to the IHe de la
Motte.
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
Motte, where Lieutenant Grant was waking for him in his
brig. Here, being joined by the Stockbridge Indian company,
he determined, at all events, to fet forward again and purfue
his orders
;
firll agreeing with Lieutenant Grant wpon the
place where the latter fliould cruize to receive him, and on
feme fignals, by which he might know him at his arrival
there. On the 9th of
June the Major landed, about midnight,
on the weft fhore oppolite the Ifle de la Motte, and from thence
proceeded, as fail as poflibic, to St. John's ;
fo that by the
15th,
in the evening, he found himfelf but about two miles from
the road that led to it from Montreal : the enemy, however,
being too alert to be furprifed, he marched down the river
fide to St. Therefe, where there was a ftockaded fort, defen-
fible againft fmall arms only. The French being carting hay,
he feized the opportunity of a cart's being jufl entering the
gate, and rufhed into the fort before the carriage could be
got clear enough of the gateway to let the gate be fliut. The
garrifon, confifting of twenty-four foldiers, were made prifo-
ners, with feventy or eighty inhabitants, women and children
included. From the intelligence he gained here, the attack
on Fort Chamble appeared impra(5licable. This determined
the Major to burn the village and the fort, and deftroy every
thing in them that could be ufeful to the enemy. The wo-
men and children he fent to Montreal, with proper pafTes to
proteiTt them from any fcouting party. He then continued
his march on the eaft lide of Lake Champlain
;
but, as he was
palTmg by Miffifquey-Bay, oppofite to the Ifle-Aux-Noix, his
advanced party was attacked by an advanced detachment of
the French, whofe main body being about a mile in their rear,
they thought proper to fall back upon it, whilfl the Major
feized the opportunity of purfuing unmolefted his march with
all poITible expedition. On the 20th of June he arrived at that
Q^q
2 part
;oo
HISTORY OF THE
1760.
part of the banks of the lake, oppolite to which Lieutenant
Grant was to keep cruizing to receive him
;
and the lieutenant
performed his duty on this occafion, fo much like an officer,
particularly by keeping a diligent look-out for the appointed
fignals, that the Major and his party were arrived but a few
minutes before Lieutenant Grant had them on board, to the
great mortification of a large body of French, who immedi-
ately after made their appearance. Lieutenant Holmes, who
commanded the fifty rangers fent to Wigwam-Martinique,
mifled his way by going down a river which falls into the
Sorel, inftead of that called Wigwam-Martinique, which
empties itfelf into the river St. Lawrence, at Lake Saint
Francis.
The necefTary preparations having been made to bring the
whole
power of the Britifh forces in North-America, againft
Montreal, in order to finifla by its reduction the war in that
part of the world ; and the feafon being fufficiently advanced
to enable Sir JefFery
Amherft, the commander in chief, to com-
mence his part of the operations, he embarked at New-York
on the 3d of May, and proceeded to Schenedlady. From
thence, with part of his army, he purfued his rout lo Ofwego,
where he encamped on the gth of
July.
Tlie remainder he
ordered to follow with the greatefl diligence under the com-
mand of Brigadier Gage. On the 14th, two veflels hove in
flight on Lake-Ontario, which proving to be thofe that had
been
fitted out at Niagara, under the command of Captain
I.oring, boats were immediately difpatched to him with or-
ders
to look out for, and attack the French veflels cruizing on
the
lake. On the 20th, two other vefl"els appeared, and proving
to be the French vellcls which had efcaped Captain Loring's
vigilance, a fmall boat was immediately difpatched to cruize
for
One liundrea ana torty-lix rangers,
^- -
Three battalions of the New-York regiment, ,
The New-Jerfey regiment,
Four battahons of the Connecticut regiment, and
One hundred and fixty-feven of the Royal Artillery -,
amounting, in the whole, to ten thoufand one hundred and
forty-
:
c^iuri'
S'^^
le IS Ti ATsTD ofl^lQlSJTBEAI. .EiiRTrayd fox.
TV T^JRJ O
2
a, uiiuLT nic
commaim
ot
Captain
Loring, boats were
immediately
difpatched
to him
with or-
ders to look out for, and attack the
French vcflels
cruizing
on
the lake. On the aoth, two other vefTels
appeared,
and
proving
to be the French vellbls
which had
efcaped
Captain
Loring't
vigilance, a fmall boat was
immediately
difpatched
to
crurze
for
's
m:sTOJi:r
of i-lie WjLR inlST oitTS-Ai
^iJnzhiZ7i Thuti
/<S
One hundred and forty-fix rangers,
Three battalions of the New-York regiment, .
The New-Jerfey regiment.
Four battahons of the Conneclicut regiment, and
One hundred and lixty-feven of the Royal Artillery
;
amounting, in the whole, to ten thoufand one hundred and
forty-
.
'.'''' 3''^
le I S Ti ATsTD ofMOJsrTS"R AX, .EiiRxayd for.
a^a, uiiuer tiic
commuiiu
ot
Captain
l.oring, boats were
immediately
difpatched
to him
with or-
ders to look out for, and attack the
French vcfTels
cruizing
on
the lake. On the 20th, two other
vefTels
appeared,
and
proving
to be the French vellbls
which had
efcaped
Captain
Loring't
vigilance, a fmall boat was
immediately
difpatched
to
cruFze
for
Tin- RiYER SADJT IjAwhjeh-ci: fimiI>AKE OlSTTAaio to Ou- Is^jn) ofMosTmiLar.EmrraVd iaxiBMAwTE'x UJ.iTOjg- uf Oie ;ilm inN oitTH^UiioiticA.bvg.igirf.zzo^.HTDn.0 gitAHiEa to Hla Mate
-
o*'^'>-5
uiiuer rnc commana ot Captain
l.oring, boats were immediately difpatched to him with or-
ders to look out for, and attack the French vcflels cruizing on
the
lake. On the 20th, two other vefTcls appeared, and proving
to be the French vellcls which had efcaped Captain Loring's
vigilance, a fmall boat was immediately difpatched to cruize
for
LATE WAR IN AMERICA..
for him, with an account of this difcovery : and, at the fame
time, to prevent his being obHged to return to Ofwego
for
want of provifions, the General ordered Captain
Willyamoz,
with a detachment of one hundred and thirty men in twelve
boats, to take pod on the Ifle-Aux-Iroquois, and fupply Gap--
taing Loring with every thing he might want. On the 2 2d,
Brigadier Gage arrived with the rear of the army
; as did
Sir
"William Johnfon, on the 23d, with a party, of Indians.
On
>
the 24th, the General received intelligence, that the
French
veiTels
had efcaped into the River St. Lawrence,
and that.
Captain
Loring was returning with the Onondaga of fixteen,
.
and the Mohawk of eighteen fix-pounders.
.
On the 5th of Auguft, the General ordered the army, to be
in
readinefs to embark. It now confided. of the following
troops.
-
The firfl and fecond battalion of Royal Highlanders,
forty-fourth regiment^
,
forry-lixth,
fifty fifth,
fourth battalion of the fixtieth.
Eight
companies of the fcventy-feventh,
Five of the eightieth,
Five hundred and hinety-feven
grenadiers^
Five hundred and ninety-feven light infantry;,
One hundred and forty-fix rangers,
Three battalions of the New-York regiment,-.
The New-Jerfey regiment.
Four battalions of the Connecticut regiment, and
One hundred and fixty-feven of the Royal Artillery
;
amounting, in the whole, to ten thoufand one hundred and
forty-
.
o-
52
H I S T O R Y O r T 11 E
[760. forty-two eiFeclive men, ofFiccrs included. The Indians
under
""'
'
Sir William Johnfon
were feven hundred and fix.
On the 7th, Captain Loring failed with his two veiTels
; and
immediately after the fn-fl battalion of Royal Highlanders,
the grenadiers of the army commanded by Lieutenant-Colo-
nel MafTey, with Captain Campbell of the forty-fecond to afliil:
him as major; the light infantry commanded by Lieutenant-
Colonel Amherfi, with Captain Delancy, as major to affift him,
with Ogden's and Whytc's companies of rangers
; the
whole
under the comm.and of Colonel Plaldiman, embarked and fail-
ed to take pod at the entrance of the River St. Lawrence.

On the loth, the General himfelf embarked, with the

Royal
Artillery,
the regulars, Sir William Johnfon and part of his
Indians, in boats and whale-boats
;
but, the wind being
very
high, and the water of the lake very rough, they
were
forced
to make for a fmall creek, at whofe entrance there is a very
dangerous bar, on which one of the artillery boars
was loft.
The next day, the weather being a little
more moderate,
the
General, at noon, proceeded for the river de la Motte
; and,
on the 1 2th, was joined by Brigadier Gage, with the
provin-
cials, in a bay, where the enemy had lately
encamped.
On
the 13th, the whole embarked
;
and that very day encamped,
with Colonel Haldiman, at the poft which he had taken at
the head of the River St. Lawrence. Captain Loring, with his
two vefTels, having miftaken the channel from the lake to the
River St. Lawrence, the army palTed him, whilil: he was endea-
vouring to extricate himfelf. On the 13th, the whole army
gained Point de Barril, in the neighbourhood of the poft called
la-Gallette,
which Brigadier Gage was ordered to deftroy
the preceding year. Here the enemy had a very good dock,
'
in
FOJIT X, E VZ
IlclVrencc s
A Fojt Zcvi
M . T/i.Fnr/r/i TT/j-.'/ fi/Arf/ ///^ ^7/'
J) Two of//i,\Er'n7H/'s T7m-iV^'
F. S,^',nif ,/,//,//,;/Jiysfy.
of tlie
attack
upon
F O It T Jj F, VZ
.
'
^
^
References
-^
)-
^
A Fo?t Ztt'i
T? T/i,- Fn7/r7t re/srf h>Ar7t //if IZ^
V Tf7/,'7y
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/Sf
D Tiic
of//i,\En,/ru'S Tk,s,'/s
/'>//
.,
Eii<i'riT\;ed lor
//, //<_!/// i-W.ifrn/ <^///r
/l/,-/,//\,>,//.
'/,/,vr,>
I /)// k/.-,)'//V,-/ii'//fy/y,/ny,>//i/,..,- /r,
/,,', , IJ^tpssTi
/400
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
503
in
which they built their veflels. The grenadiers and light
u6o.
infantry, with the row-galHes, took poll that day, without halt-
ing, at Ofwegatchie, a few miles below the Point de Barril.
All this while, one of the enemy's veflels kept hovering
about the army ; and, as Captain Loring had not yet got
into the right channel, it became necellary, for the fafety of
the army, either to compel this vefFel to retire, or to take her.
The General was, therefore, obliged to order Colonel William-
fon, with the row-gallies well manned, to do one or the other.
On the 17th, the gallies advanced with the utmofl inti'epidity,
imder a very heavy lire from the enemy
; but it did not in
tlie leaft damp the ardour of the afTailants
; their fire was re-
turned with fuch refolution and bravery, that, after a fevere
conteft of about four hours, the French veflel ftruck her co-
lours. She mounted ten-twelve pounders
; and had on board
one hundred men, twelve of whom were killed or woitnded.
Two of Colonel Williarnfon's detachment were killed, and
three v/ounded. The General immediately named the vellel
the Williamfon, in honour of the Colonel, and to perpetuate
the memory of fo gallant an adtion. The fame day the army
proceeded to Ofwegatchie, from whence it was necelTary to
reconnoitre lile-Royal, fo that it was noon the next day before
the army could proceed.
Fort-Levi flood on this ifland, which was otherwife ftrongly
fortified. Though the redu(5lion of Fort-Levi could be of little
fervice, merely as' a fort, yet it was, certainly, of too much
confequence to be left in the rear of an army : befides, the
number of pilots, perfeftly acquainted with the intricate na-
vigation of the River St. Lawrence, which the making of the
garrifon prifoners would afford, was alone a fufhcient motive
for
304
HISTORY OF THE
for attacking it. It was, therefore, invefted that very evening.
Whilft the IZngUfli \vere pafiing the point, the French kept up
a very fmart cannonade on them, and deilroyed one of the
row-galHes, and a few boats, and killed two or three men
;
but
nocwithftanding this fire, and an uninterrupted
continu-
ance of it, the fort was fo completely invefted by the 20th, by
the maflerly dilpofuion pf the troops, as to make it impoffible
for the
garrifon to efcape.
Captain Loring had arrived the day before with his two vef-
fels,
and the Williamfon brig; and the batteries being
now
ready,
the
General, on the 23d, determined to alFault the fort,
that as
little time as polTible might be wafted on it. He, there-
fore,
ordered the velTels to fall down the ftream,
poft them-
felves as clofe to the fort as poffible, and man their tops
well,
in
order to fire upon the enemy, and prevent their
making
ufe
of their guns.;
whilft the grenadiers rowed in with
their
broad
fwords
and
tomahawks, fafcines and
fcaling-ladders,
under
co%'er of three hundred of the light infantry,
who were
to fire
into
the
embrafurcs. The grenadiers
received their
orders
with a
chearfulnefs that might be regarded
as a fure
omen
of fuccefs ;
and, with their ufual alacrity,
prepared
for
the
attack,
waiting in their fliirts till the fhips
could
take
their
proper ftations. This the AVilliamfon
brig,
com-
manded
by
Lieutenant Sinclair, and the Mohawk, by
Lieute-
nant
Phipps,
foon did ;
and both fuftained and
returned
a
very
heavy fire. But the Onondaga, in which
was Captain
Loring,
by fome
extraordinary blunder, ran a-ground.
The
enemy,
difcovering
her diftrefs, plied her with fuch
unceafing
fhowcrs
of
great and fmall arms, that Captain Loring
thought
proper to
ftrikc his colours, and fent Thornton, his mafter, on
fliore
LATE WAR IN
AMERICA.
ihore to the enemy, who endeavoured to take pofleffion of
the veflel ;
but by Colonel Williararon's obferving it, he turned
upon them a battery, which obliged them to defift from the
undertaking. The General then ordered Lieutenant
Sinclair,
from the Williamfon brig, and Lieutenant
Pennington,
with
two detachments of grenadiers under their command,
to take
pofTeflion of the Onondaga
;
and they obeyed their orders with
fuch
undaunted refolution, that the Englifh
colours
were
again hoifted on board her. But the veflel,
after all, could
not be got off; and was therefore abandoned
about mid-
night. The Englifh batteries, however,
put a flop to any
future attempt of the enemy to board her. Captain Loring,
being wounded, was in the mean time fent afhore.
This
accident of the Onondaga's running a-ground, obliged the Ge-
neral to defer for the prefent his plan of aflauk; but this
de-
lay proved rather a fortunate event, as it faved a good deal of
blood, for on the 25th, M. Pouchot, the commandant,
beat a
parley, demanding what terms^'^he might exped ; to which
no other anfwer was returned, than that the fort muft be im-
mediately delivered up, and the garrifon furrender prifoners
of war
J
and but ten minutes were given for a reply.
Thefc
terms were received within the ten minutes ; and Lieutenant-
Colonel Mafley, with the grenadiers, immediately took pofTef-
fionof the place. The lofs of the Englifh before it, was
twenty-
one men killed, and nineteen wounded. The firft Ihot fi^om
the Englifh battery killed the French officer of artillery.
Eleven more were killed afterwards, and about forty wound-
ed. The garrifon, all to the pilots, for the fake of whom
chiefly the place had been attacked, were fent to New-York
i
and the General named the fort, Fort-William-Auguflus.
On the^ furrender of Fort-Levi, the Indians following the
Englifh army prepared, agreeable to their ufual bloody cuf-
R r
,
torn
HISTORY OF THE
torn
when at war, to enter the fort in order to tomahawk
and
mafTacre the
garrifon. But General Amherll: being
apprifed
of their
intentions, inimediately fent orders to Sir William
Johnfon,
to perfuade them, if poflible, to deli!!:
; declaring,
at
the fame time, that, if they offered to enter the fort, he W3uld
compel them to retire. The ftores he promifed fliould be de-
livered to them, as his army was not in want of what few
blankets might be found there. This raeffage had its delired
effed.
The Indians, though with great reludance and appa-
rent ill humour, were prevailed on to return to their camp.
However, their refentment increafed to fuch a degree, that
Sir William Johnfon
informed the General, he was apprehen-
five they would quit the army, and return to their refpedtive
villages and caflles. The General replied,
"
That he believed
his army fully fufficient for the fervice he was going upon,
without their affiftance
;
that, although he wifhed to preferve
their friendfhip, he could not prevail on himfelf to purchafe
it at the expence of countenancing the horrid barbarities they
wanted to perpetrate j
and added, that, if they quitted the army,
and on their return fhould commit any adls of cruelty,
he
would affuredly chaftife them." Upon this, moil of thefe crea-
tures, who amounted to about feven hundred, abandoned Sir
William Johnfon, and retired to their refpedtive villages and
caftles, but without committing the leaft violence. The faith-
ful few, in number about one hundred and feventy, who con-
tinued with the army, were afterwards diflinguiflied by medals,
which the General gave them, that they might be known at
the Englifli polls, and receive the civil treatment their hu-
manity, and their affe(5lion for the Englifh, entitled them to.
If the French plan of policy had admitted of fimilar
exer-
tions of humanity towards their prifoners, there is no doubt
but
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
but they might thereby have equally prevented the commif-
fion of adls, which, even had they conquered, would have
been fufficient to fully the glory of their greateft atchieve-
inents.
Till the 30th, the army was employed in levelling the bat-
teries, and repairing- boats and rafts for the artillery, which
was now embarked with the neceflary ftores
; and, on the 31ft,
the General, with the firll divifion of the army, confiiling of the
artillery, the grenadiers and light infantry, the 44th and
55th
regiments, the 4th battalion of Royal Americans, and three
regiments of provincials, embarked about noon
;
and, in the
evening, reached the lile-Aux-Chats, having pafled the firll
rapids. On the ill of September, they proceeded about ten
miles farther, and encamped. On the 2d, Brigadier Gage,
with the other divifion, joined the General, having loll three
Highlanders in going over the Falls. The whole now pro-
ceeded together, entered Lake St. Francis, and that very even-
ing reached Pointe-Aux-Boudets, where, the weather being
extremely bad, the General halted. On the 3d, a prifoner was
brought in, who gave intelligence, that Colonel Haviland had
taken pofl^effion of the Ille-Aux-Noix, the enemy having aban-
doned it at his approach.
The navigation of the River St. Lawrence is, in this place,
perhaps, the moft intricate and dangerous of any a6tually ufed
in North America, witiiout the afiiftance of pilots accuftomcd
to the force and dire(ftion of its various eddies. Though the
French liad been conftantly going up and down this river ever
fince their polTeffion of Canada, General Amherll's attempt to
navigate it in the manner he did, was judged impra(5licable.
No doubt, the route by Lake-George and Lake-Champlain
R r 3 might
HISTORY OF THE
might have been the caficfl to penetrate by into Canada;
bur
this by the Mohawk-River, Ofwego, and the River St. Law-
rence, opened a pafTage, which had as yet been unexplored
by the Englifli, and effeiSlually deprived the French of the
opportunity of carrying on the war another campaign, by re-
treating to their unconquered pofts at Detroit, and elfewherc
to the fouth. Thofe who declared the river impra<flicable to-
the Englifli, grounded their opinion on the unfuccefsfulnefs
of the attempt made on La Galette the preceding year by Ge-
neral Gage ; not confidering the difference between a feeble
irrefolute effort, and a flrong determined flroke. The pilots
taken at Fort-Levi contributed much to the fafety of the
army in this navigation
;
or, if it couM have been equally
fafe without their afhllance, it would have been much more
tedious.
The chief art in getting through thefe rapids with
a number of boats, confifts in the making them keep a pro-
per diflance. Without the greatefl attention to tliis
precau-
tion, the lives of thofe who pafs the Cedar-Falls efpecially, muft
be in the utmofl danger.
It Kiufl be GonfefTed, that the appearance of broken rocks
and inacceflible iflands, interfperfed in the current of a rapid
iiiver, and the foaming furges rebounding from, them, with-
out a diredfc channel to difcharge itfelf by, prefents a fcene of
horror unknown in Europe; yet the mind, by degrees, foon
lofes the fenfation of terror, and becomes free enough to direcfl
tlie a(5lions of the body.
On the 4th of September, the General put the army in mo-^
tion, and it foon cleared the Lake St. Francis, and entered a;
country lately well inhabited, butnowamere defert. About
noon the van of the army entered the Cedar-Falls. This, as
3- we
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
we have already hinted, is by far the moft dangerous part of
the whole river, and had the boats crowded too clofe
upon
each other, moll of them muft have periflied. Accordingly,
for
want of fufficient precaution, twenty-nine boats belonging
to
regiments, feventeen whale-boats, feventeen artillery-boats,
and
one row-galley, were daflied to pieces, with the lofs of 88 menj
and this too, before, on account of the night's approaching,
the whole of the army could^ get through : what did, encamp-
ed on the Ifle-Perrot. On the 5th, in the morning, the remain-
der, taking care to preferve a proper diftance, palTed the
rapid
with eafe. During the flay the General was obliged to
make,
to repair the damaged boats, the inhabitants came flocking
in,^
and took the oaths of allegiance to his Britannic Majefty.
Humanity and clemency ever attended on the vi(flories o
the Romans: the princes and people who fubmitted to their
arms were fure of protedlion
j
and thofe who dared' to op-
pofe them, were made to feel the weight of their greatnefs
and
power. True policy might alone be thought fufficient,.
efpe-
cially after fuch an illuftrious example, to make the
generals
of every nation adopt fuch conciliating meafures; It would:
have been juftly matter of furprife, if, from the natural feel-
ings of his own heart, independant of any other motive, Ge-
neral Amhcrft had neglet^ted to flretch forth the hand of
Gommiferation to the number of trembling, defpairing
wretches, who now appeared before him. The blood that
had been fhed in the wantonnefs of cruelty, had
expunged
from their breafts every hope of mercy
j
and they advanced
like culprits approaching a judge to receive the fentence due
to their crimes. Full as they were of confcious guilt, how^
great muft have been their joy to find themfelves forgiven, re-
fiored to t,heir pofTeffions and to their families 5 . to be received
10
HISTORY or THE
1760,
as
friends, and have every neccfifaiy provided for them as fuch
j
"^ ^
and to crown all, to know, for certain, that they might fe-
curely
depend on a continuance, of rather an increafe of thefe
bleflings.
On the 6th, the army pafTed by the Cocknawaga Indians,
who
promifed the General, that they would obferve a ftrid
neutrality
: upon which he gave orders that they fliould not be
niolefted.
Soon after, the army, being arrived within a fmall
way of the Falls of St. Lewis, difembarked at La Chine, on the
Ifland of Montreal, about nine miles from the city
;
which the
General
immediately marched to, and that night invefted
;
the
French army having retired into it. The next day, the following
letters
pafled between the two Generals, and ended in a capitu-
lation,
which was figned on the 8th of September 1760.
SIR,
Montreal, Sept. 7th, jy6o.
"
I fend to your Excellency M. de Bougainville, Colonel of foot,
accompanied by M. de Lac, Captain in the regiment de la
Reine
;
you may rely on all that the faid Colonel fliall fay to
your Excellency in my name. I have the honour, See.
Vaudreuil."
SIR, Camp before Montreal, Sept. 7th, 1760.
"
I am to thank your Excellency for the letter you honoured
me with this morning by Colonel Bougainville, lince whicli,
the terms of capitulation, which you demand, have been de-
livered to me. I fend them back to your Excellency, with
thofe I have refolved to grant you } and there only remains
for me to defire, that your Excellency will take your refolu-
tion as foon as poffible, as I fliall make no alteration in them.
If
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
"
If your Excellency accepts of thefc conditions, you may be
aflTured that I will take care they fliall be duly executed
; and
that I fliall take a particular pleafure in alleviating your fate
as much as poffible, by procuring to you and your fuite, all
the conveniencies that depend on me.
I have the honour, Sec.
Jeff. Amherst."
SIR, Montreal, Sept. 7th,
1760.
*'
I have received the letter your Excellency has honoured
me
with
this day, as well as the anfvver to the articles
which
I
had
caufed' to be propofed to you by M. de Bougainville.
I
fend
the faid Colonel back to your Excellency
;
and I perfuade
myfelf that you will allow him to m.ake, by word of mouth,
a
reprefentation to your Excellency, which I cannot difpenfe
with myfelf from making. I have the honour, 8cc.
Vaudreuil."
SIR,
Camp before Montreal, Sept. 7th,
1760.
*'
Major Abercrombie has this moment delivered to me the
letter with which your Excellency has honoured me, in anfwer
to that which I had addrefled to you with the conditions on
which I expe(ft that Canada fhall furrendcr : I have already
had the honour to inform your Excellency, that I fliould not
make any alteration in them : I cannot deviate from this refo-
lution : Your Excellency- will therefore be pleafed to take a
determination immediately, and acquaint me in your anfwer,
whether you will accept of them or not. I have the ho-
nour, 8cc.
Jeff. Amherst."
SIR,
312 HISTORY
OF THE
y^^-
,
SIR,
Montreal,
Sept. 7th,
1760.
I fend to your Excellency M. de Lapaufe,
Afliftant
Quarter-
Mafter-General to the army, on the
fubjcd of the too
rigorous
article which you impofe on the troops
by the
capitulation,
and to which it would not be poffible for us to
fubfcribe.
Be
pleafed to confider the feverity of that
article.
I flatter
my-
felf that you will be pleafed to give ear to the
reprefentations
that officer will make to you on my part, and have
regard to
them. I have the honour to be, &c.
Le
Chevalier
de Levi."
SIR,
Camp before
Montreal,
Sept.
7th,
1760.
*'
The letter which
you fent me by M. de
Lapaufe
has
this
inflant been delivered to me: All I have to fay in
anfwer
to
it
is, that I cannot alter in the lead the
conditions
which
I
have offered to the Marquis de Vaudreuil:
And I
exped
his
definitive anfwer by the bearer, on his return.
On
every
other
occafion I Ihall be glad to convince
you of the
confideration
with which I am, &c.
Jeff. Amherst."
SIR,
Montreal,
Sept.
8th,
1760,
'
I have determined to accept the
conditions
which
your
Ex-
cellency propofes. In confequence
whereof, I deflre
you will
come to a determination with regard to the
meafures
to be
taken relative to the figning of the faid
articles.
I have
the
honour to be, Sec.
Vaudreuil."
SIR.
Camp before Montreal,
Sept.
8th,
1760.
" In order to fulfil fo much the fooner on my
part the exe-
cution of the conditions
which your Excellency
has jull deter-
mined
<,.-
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
3t3
mined to accept. I would propofe that you fliould fign
the i;5o.
articles which I font yellerday to your Excellency
; and that
you would fend them back to me by Major Abercrombie,
that
a duplicate may be made of them immediately, which I fliall
fign and fend to your Excellency.
I repeat here the afTurances of the dellre I have to procure
to your Excellency, and to the officers and troops
under
your
command, all pollible convenience and protecflion
; for
which
purpofe, I reckon that you will judge it proper that I iliould
caufe poiTeffion to be taken of the gates, and place
guards
immediately after the reciprocal (ignature of the
capitulation
:
However, I fliall leave this to your own convenience,
fince I
propofe it only with a view of maintaining good order,
and to
prevent, with the greater certainty, any thing being
attempted
againft the good faith and the terms of capitulation ; in order
to which, I Ihall give the command of thofe troops to Colonel
Haldimand, vv^ho, I am perfuaded, will be agreeable to you.
I have the honour, &c.
Jeff. Amherst.
SIR, .
Camp before Montreal, Sept. 8th,
1760.
I have jufl fent to your Excellency, by Major Abercrombie,
a duplicate of tlie capitulation which you have figned this
morning; and in conformity thereto, and to the letters which
have pafTed between us, I likewife fend Colonel Haldimand
to
take poifeffion of one of the gates of the town, in order to
enforce the obfervation of good order, and prevent differences
on both fides.
I flatter myfelf, that you will have room to be fully fatisfied
with my choice of the faid Colonel on this occafion. I have
the honour, &c,
Jeff. Amherst.
S f The
314
HISTORY OF THE
1760. The
capitulation agreed to in confequence of thefe
letters
''^
was as follows :
Articles
of
Cap'itidathn between his Excellency General Amherjl,
cotn^
mander in chief of
his Britannic Majejlys troops and
forces in North-
Jmcrica,
and his Excellency the Marquis de Vaudreiiil,
Gratid-Croix
of
the royal and fnilitary order
of
St. Lewis., governor and lieutenajit-
n-eneral
for
the King in Canada.
Article I. Twenty-four hours after the figning of the pre-
fent
capitulation, the Englifh General fhall caufe the troops
.of his Britannic Majefty to take pofleiTion of the gates of
the town of Montreal ; and the Englilli garrifon fliall not
come
into the place till afcer the French troops fhall
have
V
evacuated it.
Jnftver.
The whole garrifon of Montreal muft lay down their
arms,
and fhall not ferve during the prefent war. Immedi-
ately
after the figning of the prefent capitulation,
the King's
troops
fliall take pofTefllon of the gates, and fliall poft the
guards
neceflary to preferve good order in the town.
II. The troops, and the militia, who are in garrifon in the town
of
Montreal, fliall go out with all the honours of war, fix
pieces of cannon and one mortar, which fhall be put on
board the veiTel where the Marquis de Vaudreuil fliall em-
bark, with ten rounds for each piece. The fame fliall be
granted to the garrifon of Trois-Rivieres, as to the honours
of war.
III.
The troops and militia who are in garrifon in the fort of
Jacques-Cartier, and in the Illand of St. Helen, and other forts,
fliall
z
LATE WAR IN
AMERICA.
fhall be treated in the fame manner, and fliall have the fame
honours
-, and thefe troops fhall go to Montreal, or Trois-Ri-
vieres, or Quebec, to be there embarked for the firft fea-port
in France, by the fliortefl way. The troops who are in our
pofts, fituated on our frontiers, on the fide of Acadia, at
Detroit, MichiUmakinac, and other pofts, fliall enjoy the
fame honours, and be treated in the fame manner.
Aitpwer. All thefe troops are not to ferve during the prefent
war,
and fliall likewife lay down their arms. The reft is granted.
IV. The militia after being come out of the above
towns,
forts, and pofts, fliall return to their homes, without
being
molefted on any pretence whatever, on account of their
having carried arms.
Granted.
V. The troops who keep the field, fliall raife their camp,
and
march, drums beating, with their arms, baggage, and ar-
tillery, to join the garrifon of Montreal, and fliall be treat-
ed in every refpedl the fame.
Aripwer. Thefe troops, as well as the others, muft lay
down
their arms.
VI. The fubjedls of his Britannic Majefty, and of Iiis Moll
Chriftian Majefty, foldiers, militia, or feamen, who fliall
have deferted, or left the fervice of their Sovereign,
and
carried arms in North-America, fliall be, on both fides, par-
doned for their crimes
; and fliall be refpecTtively
returned
to their country ; if not, each fliall remain where he is,
without being fought after, or moleft^L
Refused.
s f 3
vn.
o
i6
HISTORY OF THE
1760. VII. The magazines, the artillery, firelocks, fabres, ammuni-
'
'
tion of war, and in general every thing that belongs
to his
Mod
Chriftian Majefty, as well in the towns of Montreal
and
Trois-Rivieres, as in the forts and pods mentioned in the
third article, fliall be delivered up, according to exadl in-
ventories, to the commilTaries, who fhall be appointed to
receive the fame in the name of his Britannic Majefty. Du-
plicates of the faid inventories fhall be given to the Marquis
de Vaudreuil.
Anfwcr.
This is every thing that can be afked on this article.
VIII. The officers, foldiers, militia, feamen, and even the In-
dians, detained on account of their wounds or ficknefs, as
well in the hofpital as in private houfes, fhall enjoy the
privileges of the cartel, and be treated accordingly.
Anfiuer.
The fick and wounded fhall be treated the fame as
our own people.
IX. The Englifh General fhall engage to fend back to their
own homes the Indians and Morians, who make part of
his armies,
immediately after the figning of the prefent ca-
pitulation.
And in the mean time, in order to prevent all
diforders on the part of thofe who may not be gone away,
the faid General fliall give fafe-guards to fuch perfons as
fhall defire them, as v/eli in the tov^rn as in the countiy
Anfiver.
The firft part refui^zd. There never has been any
cruelties
committed by the Indians of our army ; and good
order fhall be preferved.
X. His Britannic Majefty's General fhall be anfwerable for all
diforders on the part of his troops, and oblige tliem to pay
the
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
the damages they may do, as well in the towns as in the
countries.
Aiipiver. Anfwered by the preceding article.
XI. The Englifh General fliall not oblige the Marquis de Vau-
dreuil to leave the town of Montreal before the
and
no perfon fhall be lodged in his houfe till he is gone.
The Chevalier de Levi, commander of the land forces
; the
principal oixiccrs and majors of the land forces, and of the
colony troops ;
the engineers, officers of the artillery,
and
commifTary of war, lliall alfo remain at Montreal to the
faid day, and fliall keep their lodgings there. The ilime
fliall be obferved with regard to M. Bigot, intendant, the
comniifTaries of marine and writers, whom the faid M.
Bigot fliall have occafion for
j
and no perfon fliall be lodged
at the intendant's houfe before he fhall be gone.
Anfiver.
The Marquis de Vaudreuil, and all thefe
gentlemen,
fliall be mailers of their houfes, and fliall embark
when the
King's fliips fliall be ready to Hiil for Europe ; and all
poflible
conveniencies fhall be granted them.
XII. The mod convenient vefTel that can be found
fliall
be
appointed to carry the Marquis de Vaudreuil,
by the
fliortell paflage, to the firlt fea-port in France.
The
ne-
ceflary accommodations fliall be made for him, the
Marquis
de Vaudreuil, M. de Rigaud, Governor of Montreal,
and
the
fuite of this General. This veflel fliall be properly
v,icT:ualled
at the expence of his Britannic Majefty
; and the
Marquis
de
Vaudreuil fliall take v/ith him his papers, witliout
their
being examined, and his equipages, plate, baggage, and all
thofe of his fuite..
Granted-,
3^8
HISTORY or THE
1760.
Granted ;
except the archives, which fliall be neccflary
for
'
'
the
government of the country.
XIII.
If before, -or after, the embarkation of the Marquis de
Vaudreuil,
nev^s of peace fhould arrive, and that, by the
treaty,
Canada fliould remain to his Mofl Chriftian Majelly,
the
Marquis de Vaudreuil fhall return to Quebec or Mon-
treal,
every thing fliall return to its former ftate under the
dominion of his Moll Chriftian Majefty, and the prefent ca-
pitulation
fliall become null and of no eifecT:.
Anfwer.
Whatever the King may have done on this fubje6l,
fliall be obeyed.
XIV. Two fliips fliall be appointed to carry to France
the Che-
valier de Levi, the principal officers, and the ftafF of the
land forces, the engineers, officers of artillery,
and their
fuite.
Thefe veflels fliall likewife be vidlualled, and the ne-
ceflary
accommodations provided in them. The faid of-
ficers fliall take with them their papers, without being exa-
mined and alfo their equipages and baggage..
Such of the
faid officers as fliall be married, fliall have liberty to take with
them their wives and children, who fliall alfo be vicStualled.
Granted
;
except that the Marquis de Vaudreuil, and all the
officers of whatever rank they may be, fliall faithfully
deliver
up to us all the charts and plans of the country.
XV. A veflel fliall alfo be appointed for the paflage of M.
Bigot, the intendant, with his fuite. In which veflel the
proper accommodations fliall be made for him, and the per-
fons he fliall take with him : he fliall likewife embark with
him his papers, which fliaU not be examined, his
equipages,
plate,
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
plate, and baggage, and thofe of his fuite. This vellel lliall
alfo be vidtualled as before -mentioned.
Granted, with the fame referve as in the preceding article.
XVI. The Englifii General fliall alfo order the neceffary and
mofl convenient vefTels to carry to France M. de Longuevil,
Governor of Trois-Rivieres, the flaff of the colony, and the
commiflary of the marine : They lliall embark therein their
families, fervants, baggage, and equipages ; and they flaall
be properly vidualled during the pafTage, at tlie expence
of his Britannic Majefty.
Granted.
XVII. The officers and foldiers, as well of the land forces, as
of the colony, and alfo the marine officers and feamen
who are in the colony, fhall be likewife embarked for
France, and fufficient and convenient vefTels fhall be ap-
pointed for them. The land and fea officers who fhall be
married, fliall take with them their families, and all of
them fliall have liberty to embark their fervants and bag-
gage. As to the foldiers and feamen, thofe who are mar-
ried, fliall take with them their wives and children, and all
of them fliall embark their havrefacks and baggage. Thefe
vefTels fhall be properly and fufficiently vidiualled at the
expence of his Britannic Majefly.
Granted.
XVIII. The officers, foldiers, and all the followers of the troops,
who fhall have their baggage in the field, may fend for ic
before they depart, without any hindrance or moleftation,.
Granted..
XIX..
320
HISTORYOPTHE
1760. XfX. An hofpital-fliip fhall be provided by the Englifli Gene-
*
'' '
ral, for fuch of the wounded and fick officers, foldiers, and
feamen, as fhall be in a condition to be carried to France,
and fliall likewife be vidualled at the expcnce of his Britan-
nic Majeily.
It fliall be the fame with regard to the other wounded and
fick
officers, foldiers, and failors, as foon as they fliall be
recovered, they fhall be at liberty to carry with them their
wives, children, fervants, and baggage
;
and the faid fol-
diers and failors fliall not be folicited or forced to enter into
the fervice of his Britannic Majefly.
Granted.
XX. A commifTary, and one of the King's writers, fliall be left
to
take care of the hofpitals, and of whatever may relate to
'
the fervice of his Mofl Chriftian Majefly.
Granted.
XXI. The Englifh General fliall alfo provide fliips for carrying
to France the officers of the fupreme council of jallice, police,
admiralty, and all other officers, having commiffions or
brevets from his Mofl Chriflian Majefly, for them, their fa-
milies, fervants, and equipages, as well as for the other
officers ;
and they fliall likewife be vidualled at the expence
of his Britannic Majefly. 'i hey fliall, however, be at
liberty to flay in the colony, if tliey think proper, to fettle
their affairs, or to withdrav/ to France, whenever they tiiink
fit.
Granted; but if they have papers relating to the govern-
ment of the country, they are to be deli-vcred to us.
XXII.
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
XXII. If there are any military officers, whofe affairs lliould
require their prefence in the colony till next year, they fliall
have liberty to ftay in it, after having obtained the permif-
fion of the Marquis de Vaudreuil for that purpofe, and
without being reputed prifoners of v^rar.
\/infwer. All thofe v^^hofe private affairs fliall require their flay
in the country, and who fhall have the Marquis de Vaudreuil's
leave for fo doing, fliall be allowed to remain till their affairs
are fettled.
XXIII. The commiffary for the king's provifions, fliall be at
liberty to ftay in Canada till next year, in order to be enabled
to anfwer the debts he has contracted in the colony, on ac-
count of what he has furniflied ; but if he fliould prefer to
go to France this year, he fliall be obliged to leave, till next
year, a perfon to tranfadl his bufmefs. This private perfon
fliall preferve, and have liberty to carry off all his papers,
without being infpecfbed. His clerks fliall have leave to flay
in the colony, or go to France ; and in this lafl cafe, a paffagc
and fubfiflence fliall be allowed them on board the fhips
of his Britannic Majefly, for them, their families, and their
baggage.
Granted.
XXIV. The provifions and other kind of flores which fliall be
found in the magazines of the Commiffary, as well in
the town of Montreal, and of Trois-Rivieres, as in the coun-
try, fliall be preferved to him
; the faid provifions belong-
ing to him and not to the king, and he fliall be at liberty to
fell them to the French or Englifh.
T t
Anfwer.
HI
STORY or THE
1760. Anfwer.
Every thing that is adually in the magazines, dcf-
"^ '
tined for the ufe of the troops, is to be delivered to the EngUfli
CommilTary for the King's forces.
XXV. A pafTage to France fhall likewife be granted on board
of his Majeily's fliips, as well as victuals, to fuch officers of
the India Company as fhall be willing to go thither
;
and
they fhall take v/ith them their families, fervants, and bag-
, gage. The chief agent of the faid Company, in cafe he
Hiould chufe to go to France, fliall be allowed to leave fuch
perfon as he fliall think proper, till next year, to fettle the
afl'airs of the faid company, and to recover fuch fums as are
due to them. The faid chief agent fliall keep pofleffion of
all the papers belonging to the faid Company, and they
fliall not be liable to infpec^ion.
Granted.
XXVI. The faid Company fhall be maintained in the property
of the ecarlatines and caflors, which they may have in the
town of Montreal ; they fhall not be touched under any pre-
tence whatever, and the neceflary facilities fliall be given to
the chief agent, to fend this y-ear his caftors to France,
on board his Britannic Majefty's fliips, paying the freiglit on
the fame fooLing as the Englifli would pay it.
Granted, with regard to what may belong to the Com-
pany, or to private perfons
;
but if his Mofl Chriflian Majefly
has any fhare in it, that muft become the property of the
King.
XXVII. The free exercife of the Catholic, Apoflolic, and Ro-
man religion, fhall fubfift entire
j
in fuch manner, that all
the
LATE WAR IN AMERICA;
3.
the ftates, and the people of the towns and
countries, i'6o.
places and diftant

polls, fliall continue to allemble in the
'
-v
churches, and to frequent the facraments as heretofore,
without being molelted in any manner, diredtly or indi-
re(5lly.
Thefe people fhall be obliged, by the Englifli government,
to
pay to the priefts, the tithes and all the taxes they were
iifed to pay under the government of his Moll Chriftian
Majefty.
Granted, as to the free exercife of their religion.
The
obligation of paying the tithes to the priefts, will depend on the
King's ple^fure.
XXVIII. The chapter, priefts, curates, and miilionaries, lliall
continue, with an entire liberty, their exercife and fundlions
of their cures, in the pariflies of the towns and countries.
Granted.
XXIX. The grand vicars, named by the chapter to adminiftcr
to the diocefe during the vacancy of the cpifcopal fee, fliall
have liberty to dwell in the towns or country pariflies, as
they fliall think proper. They ihall at all times be free to
vilit the different pariflies of the diocefe, with the ordinary
ceremonies, and exercife all the jurifdidlion they exercifed
under the French dominion. They fliall enjoy the fame
rights in cafe of death of the future bifliop, of which men-
tion will be made in the following article.
Granted, except what regards the following article.
XXX. If, by the treaty of peace, Canada fliould remain in the
power of his Britannic Majefty, his Moft Ghrlftian Majefty
T t 2 fliall
HISTORY OF THE
Ihall continue to name the bifhop of the colony, who fliall
always be of the Roman communion ; and under whofe
authority the people Ihall exercife the Roman religion.
Refused.
XXXI. The bifhop fliall, in cafe of need, eftablifli new pariflies,
and
provide for the rebuilding of his cathedral and his
epifcopal
palace ; and, in the mean time, he fliall have the
liberty to dwell in the town or parifhes, as he fhall judge
proper. He fliall have liberty to viiit his diocefe with the
ordinary
ceremonies, and exercife all the jurifdiclion which
his
predecefTor
exercifed under the French dominion, fave
that an oath of fidelity, or a promife to do nothing contrary
to his Britannic
Majelly's fervice, may be required of him.
jinfvuer.
This article is comprifed under the foregoing.
XXXII. The
communities of nuns fliall be preferved in their
conflitutions and privileges ; they fliall continue to obferve
their rules ;
they fliall be exempted from lodging any mili-
tary, and it fliall be forbid to trouble them in their religious
exercifes, or to enter their monafteries: Safeguards fliall even
be given them, if they defire them.
Granted.
XXXIII. The preceding article fliall likewife be executed with
regard to the communities of Jefuits and Rccolets, and of
the houfe of the priefts of St. Sulpice at Montreal. Thefe
laft, and the Jefuits, fliall preferve their right to nominate
to certain curacies and miflions, as heretofore.
Fx-E FUSED till the King's pleafure be known.
. . XXXIV.
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
335
XXXIV. All the communities, and all the priefts, fhall
pre-
1760.
ferve their moveables, the property and revenues of the Seig-
nories, and other eftates which they poiTefs in the colony,
of what nature foever they may be. And the fame eftates
Ihall be preferved in their privileges, rights, honours, and
exemptions.
Granted.
XXXV. If the canons, priefts, miilionaries, the priefts of the
feminary of the foreign millions, and of St. Sulpice, as well
as the Jefuits and the Recolets, chufe to go to France, paf-
fage fhall be granted them in his Britannic Majefty's fliips
;
and they fliall all have leave to fell, in whole or in part>.
the eftates and moveables which they polTefs in the colonies,
either to the French or to the Englilli, without the leaft
hindrance or obftacle from the BritilTi government.
-
They may take with them or fend to France, the produce, of
what nature foever it be, of the faid goods fold, paying the
freight, as mentioned in the twenty-fixth article. And fuch
of the faid priefts who chufe to go this year, fhall be victu-
alled during the paftage, at the expence of his Britannic
Majefty ;
and fliall take with them their baggage.
Anfwer.
They fhall be mafters to difpofe of their eftates, and
to fend the
produce thereof, as well as their perfons, and alL
that belongs to them, to France.
XXXVI. If, by the treaty of peace, Canada remains to his
Britannic Majefty, all the French, Canadians, Acadians, mer-
chants, and other perfons, who chufe to retire to France,,
fliallhave leave to do fo, from the Englifli General, who.
6
fliall:
326
HISTORY OF THE
6o. fliall procure
them a paflage. And neverthelefs, if, from this
^
'
time
to that decifion, any French or Canadian merchants,
or other
perfons, fliall dcfire to go to France, they fliall like-
wife
have leave from the Englifli General. Both the one
and the other fliall take with them their families, fervants,
and
baggage.
Granted.
XXXVn.
The lords of manors, the military and civil officers,
the
Canadians, as well in the towns as in the country, the
French
fettled or trading in the whole extent of the colony
of Canada,
and all other perfons whatfoever, fhall preferve
the entire
peaceable property and poflefGon of their goods,
noble
and
ignoble, moveable and immoveable, merclian-
difes, furs, and other effe^fls, even their fliips
; they fliall
not be touched, nor the lead damage done to them, on any
pretence
whatfoever. They fliall have liberty to keep, let,
or fell them, as well to the French as to the Englifli ; to take
away the produce of them in bills of exchange, furs, fpecie,
or other returns,
whenever they fliall judge proper to go
to France,
paying their freight, as in the twenty-fixth ar-
ticle. They fliall alfo have the furs which are in the pofls
above, and which belong to them, and may be on the way
to Montreal : And for this purpofe, they fliall have leave to
fend this year, or the next, canoes, fitted out to fetch fuch of
the faid furs as fliall have remained in thofe polls.
Granted, as in the twenty-fixth article.
XXXVIir. All the people who have left Acadia, and who fliall
be found in Canada, including the frontiers of Canada, on
the fide of Acadia, fliall have the fiime treatment as the
Canadians, and
fliall enjoy the fame privileges.
7
Aufwer.
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
327
Anfiver. The King is to difpofe of his ancient fubje(?ls : In the
'760'
mean time, they Hiall enjoy the fame privilege as the Canadians.
XXXIX. None of the Canadians, Acadians, or French, who are
now in Canada, and on the frontiers of the colony on the
fide of Acadia, Detroit, Michilimakinac, and other places
and pofts of the countries above, the married and unmarried
foldiers remaining in Canada, fliall be carried or tranfported
into the Englidi colonies, or to Old England, and they fliall
not be troubled for having carried arms.
Granted
;
except with regard to the Canadians.
XL. The favages, or Indian allies of his Mofl Chriftian Majefty,
fhall be maintained in the lands they inhabit, if they chufe
to remain there
;
they fliall not be molefled on any pretence
whatfoever, for having carried arms, and ferved his Moll
Chriftian Majefty. They fhall have, as well as the French,
liberty of religion, and fhall keep their miffionaries. The
a(51:ual vicars-general, and the biihop, when the epifcopal
fee fliall be filled, fliall have leave to fend, to them new mif-
fionaries when they fhall judge it necefTary.
Granted; except the lail article, which has been already
refufed.
XLI. The French, Canadians, and Acadians, of what ftate and
condition foever, who fliall remain in the colony, fhall not
be forced to take arms againil his Moll Chriflian Majefty,
or his allies, directly or indiredly, on any occafion whatfo-
ever. The Britifli government fhall only require of them
an exac?: neutrality.
Anfiver. They become fubje6ls of the King.
XLII.
- HISTORY OF THE
XLII. The French and Canadians fliall continue to be governed
according to the cuftom of Paris, and the laws and ufages
eftabliflied for this country ; and they Ihall not be fubjecfl to
any other impofts than tliofe that were eftabhfhcd under
tlie French dominions.
Answered by the preceding articles, and particularly by the
laft,
XLIII. The papers of the government fliall remain, without
exception, in the power of the Marquis de Vaudreuil, and
fhall go to France with him. Thefe papers fhall not be exa-
mined on any pretence whatfoever.
Granted, with the referve already made.
XLIV. The papers of the intendency, of the officers of comp-
troller of the marine, of the ancient and new treafures, of
the King's magazines, of the office of the revenues, and
forces of St. Maurice, fliall remain in the power of M. Bigott,
the intendant, and they fliall be embarked for France in the
fame velTel with him. Thefe papers fhall not be examined.
Anftver. The fame as to this article.
XLV. The regifccrs, and other papers of the fupreme council
of Quebec, of the provoft and admiralty of the faid city
;
thofe of the royal jurifdidlions of Trois-Rivieres,
and of
Montreal ; thofe of the Seigneural jurifdidions of the co-
lony ;
the minutes of the aifts of the notaries of the towns
and of the countries
;
and, in general, the ads, and other
papers that may ferve to prove the ellates and fortunes of
the citizens, fhall remain in the colony, in the rolls of the
jurifdidlions on which thefe papers depend,
Granted,
XLVI.
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
33^
XLVi. The inhabitants and merchants fhall enjoy all the pri- 1760.
vileges of trade under the fame favours and conditions
granted to the fubjed;s of his Britannic Majelly, as well in
the countries, as in the interior of the colony.
Granted.
XLVII. The negroes and panis of both fexes fhall remain, in
their quality of Haves, in the poffeflion of the French and
Canadians, to whom they belong ; they fhall be at liberty
to keep them in their fervice in the colony, or to fell them
>
and they may alfo continue to bring them up in the Roman
religion.
Granted
;
except thofe who fliall have been made prifoners.
XLVIIT. The Marquis de Vaudreuii ; the General and ftafF of-
ficers of the land-forces ; the governors and ftafF officers of
the different places of the colony ; the military and civil of-
ficers, and all other perfons who fhall leave the colony, or
who already are abfent, fliall have leave to name and appoint
attornies to ad for them, and in their name, in the admini-
flration of their eife(51:s, moveable and immoveable, until
the peace: And if, by the treaty between the two crowns,
Canada does not return under the French dominion, thefe
offiicers, or other perfons, or attornies for them, fhall have
4eave to fell their manors, houfes, and other eftates, their
ioveables and effecfls, &c. and to carry away or fend to France
the produce, either in bills of exchange, fpecie, furs, or other
TCturns, as is mentioned in the thirty-feventh article.
Granted,
Utt XLIX.
,.o
HISTORYOFTHE
1760.
XLIX. The inhabitants and other pei-fons who ftiall have fuf-
""^
^
fered any damage in their goods, moveable or immoveable,
which remained at Quebec, under the faith of the capitu-
lation of that city, may make their reprefentacions to the
Britifli
government, who fliall render them due juftice
againd the perfon to whom it fliall belong.
- Granted,
L. And lau, The prefent capitulation fliall be inviolably exe-
cuted in all its articles, and bona fuie on both fides, not-
withflanding any infraction, and any other pretence with
regard to preceding capitulations, and without making ufc
of reprifals.
Granted.
POSTSCRIPT.
LT. The Englifli General fliall engage, in cafe any Indians
remain after the furrender of this tov/n, to prevent their
coming into the towns ; and that they do not, in any man-
ner, infult the fubjefts of his Mod Chridian Majefty.
Anpivcr. Care fliall be taken, that the Indians do not infuk
any of the fubjecls of his Moil Chridian Majedy.
LII. The troops, and other fubjecTis of his Mod Chridian Ma-
jedy, who are to go to France, fliall be embarked, at late.d,
fifteen days after the figning of the prefent capitiflation.
Answered by the eleventh article.
LIII. The troops, and other fubjecTis of his Mod Chridian Ma-
jedy, who are to go to France, fliall remain lodged and en-
camped in the town of Montreal, and other pods, v/hicli they
now occupy, till they fliall be embarked for their departure:
PadTports,
LATE WAR IN AMERICA,
PafTports, however, ftiall be granted to thofe who fliall want
them, for the different places of the colony, to take care of
their affairs.
Granted.
LIV. All the officers and foldiers of the troops in the fervice of
France, who are prifoners in New England, and who were
taken in Canada, fhall be fcnt back, as foon as poffible, to
France, where their ranfom or exchange fliall be treated of,
agreeable to the cartel ; and if any of thefe officers have
affairs in Canada, they fliall have leave to come there.
Granted.
LV. As to the officers of the militia, and the Acadians, who
are prifoners in New England, they fliall be fent back to their
countries.
Granted; except what regards the Acadian^.
Done at Montreal, Sept. ^th,
1760.
Vaudreuil.
Done in the Camp before Montreal, Sept. 8th,
1760.
Jeff. Amherst.
Thus have we feen all Canada furrender, by capitulation, to
his Excellency General Amherft
;
yet, were it not that two
other armies were in the neighbourhood of Montreal, it is
moll probable the French would have riflced the fate of a
battle, before they formally parted with their country. They
faw it was impoffible to defeat the meafures the Englifli Ge-
neral had taken to form a jundion with the other armies, in
U u 2 which
HISTORY OF THE
which cafe he would have been not only much fuperior
to
them in numbers, but better provided with ammunition
and
warlike ftores, to carry on the bufmefs of a fiege, in cafe they
fhut themfclves up in Montreal. And this place was, befides,
in too defencelefs a flate to fuftain a regular attack, with any
reafonable view of protradling the fall of Canada long enough
to anfwer any good purpofe. It was on thefe principles M. de
Vaudreuil, no longer fupported by the hopes of being able to
preferve his government under the dominion of France, capi-
tulated with the Commander in Chief of the Britifh forces.
But fince General Amherll's plan to reduce Canada compre-
hended, as we have faid, his being joined by an. army from.
Quebec, and another by the Lake Champlain, we muft there-
fore give an account of the progrefs of thefe armies to the
neighbourhood of Montreal, where we jull now mentioaed,
their being arrived.
The critical arrival of Commodore Swanton before Quebec,
by
relieving Governor Murray from the dangers with which
he was furrounded, gave him an opportunity of purfuing fuch
meafures as were moft likely to reftore the troops of his garrifon
to their former health and vigour. In Odtober
1759,
^^^
S^^~
rifon of Quebec confifted of upwards of feven thoufand three
hundred effecflive men; but by the feverity of the enfuing win-
ter, and the incredible fatigues incident to a campaign in that
feafon of the year, it was, by the month of
June 1760, reduced
to conliderably lefs than fix thoufand. Out of thefe, belides,
there could not be muttered more than two thoufand five hun-
dred fit for duty. But the return of warm weather, and a good
fupply of milk and other fummer refrefliments, contributed
fo much to the fpeedy recovery of the reft, that Governor Mur-
ray
if/ s> y<
-s
^-/'-
&
-^^ '^
-
'
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
ra^ now found himfelf in a fit nation to comply with the orders
of the Commander in Chief, and prepare to join him before
Montreal, with a corps of two thoufand four hundred and fifty
effeftive men, officers included, befides leaving a fufficient
number to do the garrifon duty of Quebec, and contain the
conquered, fliould they attempt any thing againfl it, during
his abfence. The troops he took with him, confifting of
detachments from the regiments in garrifon, were formed
into feven battalions, and thefe into two brigades
; the firfl
of which was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Burton,
and the fecond by the Honourable Lieutenant Colonel Howe,
as brigadiers. The whole commanded by himfelf in per-
fon.
On the 5th of
June,
this little army encamped near the town,
whilft the fquadron that was to tranfport it, worked up and
anchored near the encampment. On the 13th it embarked,
and on the 14th failed with a fair wind. The fquadron was
commanded by Captain Deane, and confifted of
The Penzance
Diana
HISTORY OF THE
4
though the French fired very brifkly; and then anchored about
a mile above Du-Platon. Upon this the French abandoned
Jaques-Cartier, and proceeded to Dechambaud, in order to pre-
vent the Enghfli putting any troops on fliore at that place.
Dechambaud is a point that flretches out into the River St.
Lawrence, on the north-Hde, and commands the pafs at the
R.apids of Richlieu. Here the French had erected a battery to
Hop the fleet, and likewifc fome redoubts and intrenchments,
to prevent a debarkation : however, on the i6th, part of tlie
fleet got through the Rapids, under a heavy fire from the bat-
tery, -which proved iaeffedlual ; but the wind flackening, the
remainder could not follow. By this accident the army was
divided, and lay twelve days, part above and part below the
Rapids, for want of wind fufilcient to enable the latter to
ftem the current. During this interval, Governor Murray
made it a pracftice to land every day fome part of his troops,
as well to refrefh them, as to ftrike a terror into the inhabi-
tants, whom he at the fame time informed by a manifeflo^
that fuch of them as did not deliver up their arms, and take
the oaths of allegiance to his Britannic Majefty, fhould have
their houfcs reduced to aQies. One of thefe parties, which
landed on the fouth fliore, furprifcd a guard of the French
commanded by M. Hartel, who was mortally wounded in this
aflTair, and taken prifoner. M. Hartel had diftinguiflied him-
fclf as an excellent partizan during the whole war. On the
27th, the wind fpringing up in a direction favourable to that
part of the fleet below the Rapids, it came up the river. If
the fix French vefl"els, which were dcflroyed at the fiege of Qiie-
bec, had efcaped and been flationed above the Rapids, it would
have been impoflible for the Englifli to have pafled them
;
and
Governor
.v*^ LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
Governor Murray would, of courfe, have been obliged to
carry on his operations by land. This would have expofed
his little army to a very difagreeable march, in which the
French would have had many advantages over him, from the
number of rivers and narrow pafTes, which dillinguifli this
countiy from mod otlicrs.
On the 8th of Augufl the fleet pafled Trois-Rivieres, where
the French had thrown up many intrcnchments, and on the-
i2th it anchored oppofite to Sorel : here the French had likewife'
intrenched themfelves, to prevent a junction of the troops under
Governor Murray v/ith thofe that might come from Lake-
Champlain.
M. Dumat, who had obferved the fleet fince its departure
from Quebec, with the pickets of the French army, the light
cavalry, and a body of Canadians, making in the whole about
three thoufand men, abandoned every poll, one after the other,
immediately on the fleet's getting up beyond them
;
leaving at
Jaques-Cartier but forty men, a fmall guard at Dechambaud,
and only two hundred at Trois-Rivieres. A detachment of
three hundred men had, indeed, been polled at St. Francois,
with a view to prevent the communication between Governor
Murray and Brigadier Haviland
; but they now returned to
Sorel, where M. Bourlemaque commanded a corps of about
four thoufand men, mofl of them regulars.
We left the fleet at anchor oppofite to Sorel. General Amherft
having ordered two regiments from the garrifon of Louif-
bourg, to cover the retreat of Governor Murray from Quebec, if
it fliould become neceflary for him to abandon that place ; and
the Governor having now received intelligence of their arrival
5
there.
336
HISTORY OF THE
1760. there, he fent for them, and difpatched fome flat-bottomed
*"'**"""'
boats to take them in, and thereby accelerate their joining
him in his prefent llation, where he refolved to wait their
arrival.
M. de Levi had now taken upon him the command of the
French troops that were employed to obferve the Englifli
fleet ; and M. Dumat was ordered to Berthier, a village on the
north fide of the River St. Lawrence oppofite Sorel, with a view
to prevent Governor Murray from making a defcent on the
ifland of St. Ignatius
;
notwithftanding which all the Englifli
troops landed on that ifland, in order that the tranfports might
be thoroughly cleaned.
Governor Murray now difpatched a ferjeant widi twelve
rangers to Colonel Haviland, to inform him of his ftrength
;
but he exaggerated it greatly in fome letters, which the ferjeant
was to give up as all he was charged with, in cafe he fell into
the hands of the French -, the true flate of things being confined
to others concealed between the foals of his flioes. He alfo
fent a Canadian on the fame errand, but by a rout in which
he was certain he could not efcape
;
and in his difpatches by
him, he declared his intentions to attack Montreal. The Ca-
nadian was taken, as the Governor intended ; and, after being
examined by the French commander, hanged up by his orders,
as an enemy to his country.
On the 17th of Auguft, Lord Rollocame up with the twenty-
fecond and fortieth regiments
; but the wind abating, he was
obliged to drop anchor about a league from Trois-Rivieres.
Here he received a verbal meflage from General Murray by
Xieutenanf Cocks of the navy, requefting his lordfliip to make
all the difpatch he poflibly could to join him.
Lord
3
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
337
Lord Rollo had with him Lieutenant Gamier of the navy,
1760.
who had been fent by Lord Colville, with proper in{lru(5tions
from his lordfliip, to condu6t the tranfports up the River Sr.
Lawrence. Oppoiite to Trois-Rivieres, the river is divided into
two channels
;
the one, immediately under the cannon of that
place
;
and the other, out of their reach. General
Murray
chofe to take his palTage by the latter, notwithftanding
his
fhips of war and the artillery, with which the refb of his
fleet was provided
;
and Lieutenant Garnier intended
to ufe it
likewife for Lord Rollo's tranfports. But juft as he h-ad made
the neceilary preparations for that purpofe, by difpofing
Iiis
boats on the fhoals and fands, the better to fliew thedeep
water
to the other veflels, Lieutenant Cock came on board Lord
Rollo
i
and being an older officer than Mr. Garnier, infilled
on
taking upon him the command of the fleet, though,
as we
have faid before, Mr. Garnier had been fent by Lord Colville
with Lord Rollo, for that exprefs purpofe.
Lord Rollo did not think proper to make any oppofition
to
Mr. Cock's pretenfions. He put the tranfports under his di-
rection, contenting himfelf with faying,
"
That Mr. Cock mufl
abide by the confequences." Mr. Garnier, whofe inflru6lions,
as we have already faid, were to go by the channel fartheft
from Trois-Rivieres, told Lord Rollo he would engage to
condu6b him in fafety, if he chofe to follow him ; that he
did not however mean to didtate to his lordfliip, but on the
other hand, could not help owning, that he was apprehenflve
forae fatal confequences mufl attend the attempting the chan-
nel under the cannon of the place, cfpecially as his lordfliip
had none in his fleet to bring againfl them. But, uotwithftand-
X X
in sr
338
HISTORYOFTHE
1760.
ing all thefe declarations, Mr. Cock ftill perfiftcd in his refolu-
tion to carry the tranfports through that very channel ; and
Lord RoUo getting into the headmoft fhip along with Mr. Cock,
gave orders for the fleet to follow them. A favourable wind now
fpringing up, the velTcls got under way to attempt the paf-
fage. Lord Rollo having, during the time he lay at anchor,
fent feveral parties on lliore to difarm the peafants, and oblige
thcni to take the oaths of allegiance, his name by that means
became perfecflly well known to the Canadians, and they
had fenfe enough to make the proper ufe of ir. As his vefTels
v/ere ftemming the current of the river, that which carried his
lordfliip was hailed, and aflvcd in Englifli, If. Lord Rollo was
on board ? As the afking of this queftion was not fufpecT:ed.
to proceed from any hoflile defign, it was anfwered in the
affirm.ative. Nothing more, however, palTed at that time
; but
when the velTel had got a little higher flie was again
hailed, and the fame queftion repeated in French, and the
fame anfwer given. By this time, the fiiip had advanced to
wuthin three hundred yards of Trois-Rivieres, when flie re-
ceived a fudden falute of grape-fliot from the courtin of a
baftion. However, his lordlhip having taken the precaution
to fend the foldiers between the decks, none of them received
any hurt. When the other tranfports faw Lord Rollo thus
lired on, they tacked about, fell down with the ftream, and
were prefently out of the reach of the cannon. But Tyh-. Cock
obftinatcly perfifted in his attempt to get up the river by the
channel he v/as in, in fpite of a brifk lire, not only from the
before-mentioned baftion, but from two pieces of cannon
placed on an eminence above the town. From the glaring
ab-
furdity of daring danger in fuch a manner, it may feem very
extraordinary.
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
339
extraordinary, that Lord Rollo did not interpofe his authority, 1760.
and take the navigation, which General Murray had before
experienced to be the fafe one. To fufFer a verbal meiian^e
to
fuperfede a perfon, who was exprefsly ordered by Lord Col-
ville to condu6l the tranfports to Gcneraf JMurray, is not to be
accounted for. There is no danger that Britifli
refolutiou

will not chearfully encounter, when it has for its objeft
an apparent advantage : but wantonly to expofe the lives
of men to fclf-opinion and obftinacy, mud eifectually
deftroy
the very idea of glory. What recompence can be made to
a carpenter v>^ho loft his arm, to Captain Malcolm,
then
an
enfign in the twenty-fecond regiment, v/ho loft his leg, in this
very extraordinary infl:ance of weaknefs on the part of Lord
'
Rollo, and of obftinacy in that of Mr. Cock, not to mention
a
poor lad who loft his leg likewife
;
but whom the humanity
of
General Murray has fmce provided for, by apprenticing
him
to a trade, by which he may earn a comfortable
living.
Dif-
obedience to orders is fcarcely ever to be v/arranted
; but,
on
thisoccafion, General Murray thought it fo commendable,
that
he thanked Major Saintlo for quitting Lord Rollo, and follow-
ing
Lieutenant Gamier, who condu(5led the major's
and the
other tranfports fafe through the channel he had propofed for
the whole fleet.
M. de Levi and M. Bourlemaque now quitted their pofl:,
and
came oppofite to the fleet ; upon which General Murray
ordered
part of it, and the troops on board, to fall down the
river oppofite to Sorel, where they had been before; as the in-
habitants had taken up arms, and burnt and deftroyed all the
houfes they could. This they accordingly did on the 21ft of
Auguft, in the face of the troops that ^I. Bourlemaque had
left to proted ihem.
X X 2 The
340
HISTORY OF THE
i-cc.
The Canadians feeing they could hope for no fecurity againft
^
"
'
the arms of the Englifli, and finding themfelves attacked
v/herc they imagined themfelves fafeft, became difpirited to
fuch a degree, that they deferted in crowds, and delivered up
their arms to General Murray,
On the
27th of Augufl, all the fleet made fail, and anchor-
ed in the evening between the Ifle-Therefe and the church of
Varannes. The General took poll on the ifland, v/ith the
light infantry, intending to remain there, till he fliould re-
ceive farther intelligence from General Amherft. In the mean
time, as he was but about three leagues and a half from Mon-
treal, he ordered his veflels to proceed, till they were juil with-
out
cannon-fhot of that place.
General Murray, having in view the opening of a communr-
cation with General Amherft and Colonel Haviland, ordered a
detachment to dillodge the enemy at Varannes; and as foon
as
this fervice was performed, landed the reft of his army,
and encamped on the Iiland of St. Therefe.
On the
7
th of September, Governor Murray ordered his
troops to reimbark ;
and foon after landed them without op-
pofition at the lower end of the parifh of Point-au-Tremble
on the Ifland of Montreal. On the 8th, he marched to the
north-eaft fide of the city, where he immediately
en-
camped.
The troops ordered to join General Amherft before Mon-
treal, by the way of Lake-Champlain, and under the command
of Colonel Haviland, were aflembled at Crown-Point, with every
thing neceflary to facilitate the expedition. They conflfted of
Four
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
Four companies of the Royal, making

300 men
Seventeenth regiment 600
Twenty-feventh
^-
600
New-Hampfliire Provincials -
250
Rhode-Ifland Provincials
2^0
MalTachufett's Provincials
1000
Five companies of Rangers
250
One company of Indians

50
And a
detachment of Royal artillery.
On the 1 ] th of Auguff, they embarked in.
80 whale bo?ts,
330
fmall boats,
3
row gallies with one cannon each,
I radeau with fix
24
pounders, and
I brigantine.
On the ith, they encamped on the left bank of the river
Richlieu, a little above the liland-Aux-Noix, where the Colonel
erected three batteries of cannon, and one of mortars, which
began to play on the French fort there the 24th of Auguft. In
the night of the 27th, M. de Bougainville retired from this
ifland, leaving behind him a garrifon of thirty men, who were
made prifoners.
Colonel Haviland, having thus made himfelf mafler of the
Ifland-Aux-Noix, as well as the fort of St. John, advanced to Si.
Therefe, where he encamped ; and then difpatched an officer
to General Amherft, and another to General Murray, to ac-
quaint them of his arrival, and the operations which had pre-
ceded it.
PXde'
34^
HISTORY OF THE
1760. M. de Bourleraaque having abandoned Bouquerville and
"^
Longuilie, and retired to the Ifland of Montreal, General Mur-
ray detached Colonel Burton, with the grenadiers and light
infantry, to join Colonel Haviland ; or to acft otherwife, as cir-
cumilances fliould require : and, having received a letter by
an officer from Colonel Haviland, he fent the fame officer,
with Lieutenant Montrefor, to General Amherfc, to inform him
of his fituation. This officer found General Amherfl on the
Ille-Aux-Perrots.
The three armies being now within a fmall march of Mon-
treal, and able to form a juncTtion without any difficulty, they
were put in motion on the 7th of September. That of General
Amhcrft appi-oached to within two miles or Montreal ; that of
Colonel Haviland quitted the poll on the Ifland of St. Therefe
;
and, as well as that of General Murray, diredled its march to
the fame object.
As foon as General Amherfl came within fight of this place,
the French, as we have feen, demanded and obtained a cefla-
tion of arms ; but General Murray happening to be ignorant
of what pafTed, on account of his being on the other fide of
Montreal, proceeded to within one mile of the town. Upon this
M. de Levi fent an officer to inform General Murray of the
cefTation of arms ; but he could not be brought to believe it, till
lie had the news confirmed by one of his own officers, whom
he fent for that purpofe, to General Amherfl:. He then con-
formed himfelf to the will of his fuperior in command.
We cannot difmifs the fubjedl without obferving, that, the
arrival of three armies, which had fo many obflacles to en-
counter from the enemy, and the principal of which had fo
sreat
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
great a round to make to the place where they joined,
ahnofl
at the fame inflant of time, is truly aftonifhing.
Yet bold
and
daring, and almoft defperate as the attempt may appear, it
muft at the fame time be allowed, that it was the only plan of
operations by which the Canadian war could be efFe(5luallv
terminated without another campaign.
General Amherfl, immediately after the Hgning of the capitu-
lation at Montreal, made the neceflary preparations to take pof-
felTion of all the places which the French fiill held in Canada, as
equally included in that aft. Accordingly, on the 13th of
September, Major Rogers embarked with a party of two hun-
dred rangers, another of the artillery, commanded by Lieute-
nant Davis, and Lieutenant Brehem, afliflant engineer, to take
polfellion of Detroit, and the pofls eflablifhed on the upper
lakes. He was, befides, charged with the delivery of General
Amherfl's difpatches to Brigadier General Monckton,
who
commanded at Fort-Pitt. Thefe difpatches Major Rogers foon
delivered, and after a Hay of only a few hours, to refrefli
himfelf and his men, returned to Prefque-Ifle. He then pro-
ceeded to the Streights that join the Lakes Erie and St. Claire
j
and from thence difpatched Lieutenant Brehem to M. Beletre,
who commanded at Detroit, to acquaint him with the capitu-
lation ;
and that he had a letter for him from M. de Vaudreuil,
with inilru6tions for his condudl on the occafion.
Major
Rogers, foon after, took polTefiion of the fort in the name of
his Britannic Majefly, and hoifted upon it the Bricifh colours.
M. Beletre and the garrifon were ordered to Philadelphia,
there-
to embark for Old France.
The feafon was now fo far advanced, that the fnow and ice:
rendered it impracticable to proceed to Michiiimakinack
^
7
the
544
HISTORY OF THE
1760. the Major, therefore, left the troops at Detroit, and returned
'""'^
himfelf to Philadelphia.
The capitulation of Montreal gave to Great Britain the full
pofTeflion of Canada.
England and France never contended for a greater prize, ex-
cept when to attain the crown of either kingdom was the objecft
of their armaments.
France very juftly valued lier colonies, and that at a high
rate, as they were a fource from which flie might derive
a
prodigious
quantity of fubfiflence and a powerful marine
; the
natural
confcquence of extenfive commerce, and an unlimited
fifhery, in the management of which, the French,
perhaps,
have not their equal. The certain profpe6l of gain would
naturally induce people of almoft every denomination to em-
bark in this trade ; and from this trade, as from its proper
nurfery,
would arife a number of hardy failors, the fure
means of increafmg their navy to an equality with that of
Great Britain. If this fliould ever happen, it requires not the
fpirit of prophecy to foretel what mud be the confequence.
To form an eftimate of the juft value of this conqueft,
we
muft not alone confider what Great Britain has gained by it.
What the French might have acquired from equal fuccefs, ought
to have the greateft weight in the calculation. Had victory
inclined to their lide, the Continent, of which the Englifli now
enjoy the dominion, would, at this time, be obedient to their
laws ; and this would llrengthen them to fuch a degree, as to
enable them to feize on the Britilh iflands in the \Veft Indies.
Were they pofTefTed of thefe, little lefs than the total ruin of Great
Britain
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
Britain muft be the confequence. The Continent of North-
America, and the iflands in the Wefl-Indies, derive from each
other a mutual fupport, and a fdund- policy would caufe the
riches of both ultimately to center in Great Britain.
If, in awar which has terminated fo honourably to this nation,
foldiers merit reward for patiently enduring every fpecies of
diftrcfs, and encountering every danger with the mofc ready
obedience, Britain never had an army whofe claim to her fa-
vour and protedlion was fo juft as that which ferved in America
;
and though flie had been mortified with repeated accounts of
difgraceful checks, her general officers, and not her foldiers,
were the caufe of them.
It muft be confeffed, that it was a difficult talk to furmount
the numerous obftacles which obftru6led the bufinefs of every
campaign ; but when Britain had a minifter who could diftin-
guifh abilities, thefe difficulties in fome degree vaniflied.
Firmnefs in the commander in chief furmounted every oppo-
fition, and the views of General Amherft being confined to the
acquiring of honour to his mafter's arms, and the putting a
fpeedy period to the expence and horrors of war, they were
happily crowned with that fuccefs, which fuch patriotic and
difinterefted views, joined to the moft irreproachable conduct,
gave every Britifh fubjej^ the beft grounded reafons to expedt.
Y
y
THE
THE
HISTORY
O F T H E
LATE
WAR IN AMERICA.
BOOK IX.
Savages
of
North America trouble/o7ne, and again brought to reafon.
-^^
General Amherji itivejled ivith the order
of
the Bath. Prepara^
tions to attack Martinico. Admiral Rodney to command the
fleet
^
Sails for
Barbadoes. Armament completed by the arrival
of
the
Generals Monckton 'and Rufane-, and Lord Rollo at Barbadoes.
Sails from
thence
for
Martinico. Landing
effeded
in Port-Royal
Bay. Mount Tortonfon carried
;
and likeivife Mount Gamier,

The citadel
of
Fort-Royal capitulates.
Mofl of
the inhabi-
tants
of
the ifandfubmit on terms. Pigeon-I/landfurrenders.

La Trinite reduced. The Governor-general capitulates
for the
ivhole
if
and. Reflexions on the conquefl
of
Martinico. War
declared betiveen Spain and England. Spanflj regiflerfJnp brought
into Martinico. The Grenades reduced.- St. Luci a furrenders by
capitulation. Arrival
of
the French
fleet
off
Martinico.
Admiral Rodney aflembles his
fljips to attack it, or cover famaica;-^^^^
L obliged to
defift
from
his dcfigns to favour afecret expedition ;

Reinforces the famaica fleet

notivithflanding. Mcafures taken to
forward theferet expedition. The Frenchfquadron, commanded by
M. de Blenac, blocked up in Port-St.-Francois, in the
Ifland
of Hifpa-
niola. M. de Blenac difembarks the troops, and determines to
rc77iain in the harbour.
i-jti.. 'I3?^^0^.I the fcenes which we have been juft exhibiting
on
'~^'
^
jL
the Continent of North America, we are now to fol-
i low
t//e ff}f/' /'/iC\f''r//j
r^h/ti'ff'ctiJiv 7]
Sal
C
t
c
s
1
i
1
1
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HISTORY OF THE LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
low the brave and indefatigable a6lors to others fitiiated
under the fcorching rays of a vertical fun, where they are
to encounter, not only the French, but a climate extreme-
ly inaufpicious, or rather fatal, to European conftitutions.
However inured to every danger and diflrefs that could
await a foldier in a temperate zone
;
the profpedl of tliofe
peculiar to the torrid, could not but appear fufficiently ter-
rible : yet the hope of vidlory fwailowed up every other con-
fideration, and Heeled them equally againft the fury of the
enemy and the horror of the weather.
It mull be owned, indeed, that the complete reduction of
the power of France on the Continent of North America, had
given them fome Ihort refpite. But the favages in the intereft
of the French Hill continued their cruelties, where they could
exercife them with impunity. The Cherokees, in particular,
and
other nations in alliance with them, yet held up the axe
of war. To chaftife this their unprovoked and barbarous vio-
lation of the mod folemn treaties. Lieutenant Colonel Grant
was ordered againft the Cherokees ; but they foon agreed to a
peace. This was the only warlike expedition which diftin-
guiflied the year 1761 in North America. But General Am-
herft, with the greateft ardour, carried on his preparations
to embark the partners of his former conquefts, to reap
frefli laurels in the Weft Indies. In the mean time. Great
Britain took every opportunity to teftify her grateful ap-
probation of their paft fervices. The courage, patience, and
perfeverance of the foldiers, diredled by General Amherft, had
fubdued all the enemies of Great Britain on the Continent
;
and her then ever gracious Monarch, ftill living in the
hearts of his fubjeds, thought proper to reward his merit
y
y
2 with
HISTORY OF THE
with the banners of chivah-y, by creating him a Knight of the
Bath.
The difgrace brought on the Enghfli arms, by the faint and
ill-condu<fted attempt againft Martinico in the year
1759,
^^'
duced the minifter to fend another armament againfl that
ifland.
Accordingly, about the month of Auguft
1761, the
greateft
preparations were begun to be made for the execution
of it.
The troops, deftincd for this expedition, were to be aflembled
at
Barbadoes,
from the lately conquered ifland of Belle-Ifle,
and from North America, as we have already intimated. Sir
Jeffrey
Amherfl gave the command of them to Major General
Monckton.
The fleet was to be formed of fome fhips from the fame
places, and fuch as were already in the Wefl-Indian feas, to be
commanded by Admiral Rodney.
On the loth of Odober 1761,
the Admiral failed from Spit-
head in the Marlborough of fixty-eight guns, accompanied
by the Vanguard of feventy, the Modefle of fixty-four, the
Nottingham of fixty, and the Grenada, Thunder, and Bafdifk.
bombs. On the nth, he was joined off Plymouth by the Fou-
droyant of eighty guns, and flood immediately for fca. The
Dragon of feventy-four followed him. In a few days after
thele fliips had cleared the channel, they were feparated by a
violent gale of wind : the Admiral, however, proceeded on
his
voyage, and was the firfl to reach Carlifle Bay, off Barba-
does, where he arrived the 22d of November ; the Foudroy-
ant,.
LATE WAR IN
AMERICA.
ant, Modefte, and Bafilifk came in five days after; and, on the
firfl of December, the Nottingham
and Thunder ; the
Van-
guard, with the reft of the fleet, joined them on the gth.
Commodore Sir James Douglas was there already,
with
four
fliips
of the line, waiting for General
Monckton
with the
troops from North-America. The Admiral,
therefore,
imme-
diately on his arrival, difpatched Sir
James off iVIartinico,
with
orders to block up the harbours of that ifland, and
prevent the
throwing
of any fuccours into its ports ; and, as foon as any
ftiips
joined him from England,
North-America,
or
elfewherc,
he fent them to Sir
James Douglas on the fame errand.
The Admiral likewife hired ten fmall
floops, and havin*
officered and manned them from the fleet,
flationed rhem in
fuch a manner, as to prevent any veflel from St. Euftatia fteal-
ingwith provifions into the fmaller ports.
Thefe floops being,
conilru6ted for the purpofe of running into very fhoal water,
kept
perpetually vifiting every little harbour;
and thereby
efFedually completed the blockade.
Expreifes
were likewife
difpatched to the different
governors of the Englifli Leeward
Iflands, acquainting them with the arrival of the armament
;
and requeuing from them every afliflance in their power to
promote the fuccefs of it.
In purfuance of this intelligence
and requifltion, the govern-
ment of Barbadoes laid an embargo on all the fliippine, to
prevent the enemy's receiving
intelligence
of its real deflina-
tion, and raifed five hundred white and fix hundred black,
men, to reinforce it. The other iflands
appeared lukev/arm;.
and very little addition was received from them.
3
Necefl^try
OD'
HISTORY or THE
1761.
Neceflary
as it was
to keep the enemy in the dark with re-
""^ '
'p-ard
to the
intentions and motions
of this armament, it was
equally
^eceiliiry to be well informed of theirs :
Yet this import-
ant
bulinefs feems, through fome fatality or other, to have
been
flrangely
neglected -, for no accounts had been procured
of the enemy's fituation, full and authentic enough to enable
the Admiral
to begin his operations as foonas he might other-
wife have done. To remedy this negledl, he offered the great-
eil
encouragement to fuch feamen as were fufficiently qualified
to ferve as
pilots ;
and alfo to thofe who knew any thing of the
interior parts of the Ifland of Martinico. VefTels were likewifc
employed to found the coafts, and an engineer to make
a
furvey of them ;
and, by thefe means, a foundation was at
length
laid, on which the Admiral and General might form
fomething
of a plan for their fubfequent condud.
But
Hill, the uncertainty of the anchorage on the coafl of
Martinico,
and the conftant rapidity of the current in confe-
quence of the winds in thofe latitudes blowing perpetually
from the fame quarter, rendered it impoflible to prevent fo
large an armament's
falling to leeward; and the pilots having
reprefented
this infurmountable difficulty, together with the
impratTticability
of working up to windward, the Admiral
determined to begin his operations by taking poiTeffion of the
weathermoft port of the Ifland of Martinico, from whence he
could eallly fall on any other place wherever the General and
himfelf might think proper to attack. In the mean time,
it having been reported, that the troops from North-America
were to rendezvous at Guadaloupe, the Admiral fent frigates to
windward to cruize for them, with pofitive orders to the
commanding officer of the convoy to join him in Carlifle Bay,
in order to prevent their falling to leeward.
On
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
35^
On the T4th of December, the Temeraire of feventy-four ^761.
guns, and the AcSteon of twenty-eight, came to an anchor in

"."-
Carlille Bay, with a number of tranfports, having on board
General Rufane, with two thoufand two hundred effecSlive
men from Belle-Ifle. The fleet from North-America, with
General Monckton and feven thoufand foldiers, arrived on the
24th.
It having been determined to take pofTeffion of the neutral
Ifland of Dominica, a detachment was ordered for that pur-
pofe, commanded by Lord Rollo, efcorted by a fquadron of
four fhips of the line, commanded by Sir James Douglas. In
the beginning of June,
this armament failed from Gaudaloupe
to Dominica, the inhabitants of which furrendered, on the
promife of protecflion till the pleafure of the King of England
fhould be known. Part of the above detachment like wife now
arrived from Dominica, under the command of Lord Rollo>
which completed the armament.
A few days, however, were ftill neceflary to water the fliips
lafl arrived, and refrefh the men they brought, and make fuch
farther difpofitions for the execution of the intended enter-
prize, as could not be finifhed till all the forces to be employed
in it were affembled.
At length, on the 7th of January 1762,
the whole fleet, con-
fiding of fixteen fail of the line, thirteen frigates, three bombs
with their tenders, a number of tranfports, and fome hofpiral
hips, failed from Barbadoes in the following order :
A Frigate.
352
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
3^3
^j-th, Lieutenant General Otway.
1762.
38th, Major General Watfon.
*"
*
40th, Major General Anniger.
42d, General Lord John Murray, two battalions.
43d, Major General Talbot.
48th, Major General Webb.
<5oth, Third battalion, Colonel Haviland.
65th, Colonel Lord Malpafs.
69th, Major General Colville.
76th, Colonel Rufane, two battalions.
77th, The honourable Colonel Montgomery.
90th, Lieutenant Colonel Morgan.
cjift. Lieutenant Colonel Vaughan.
98th, Lieutenant Colonel Grey,
lood, Major Commandant Campbell.
And the Barbadoes volunteers, with a detachment of artillery,
commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Ord ; and a brigade of en-
gineers commanded by Colonel Mackellar.
As the fleet drew near to Martinico, the Admiral detached
five fail of the line, with his flag flying, to lie before Fort-Royal,
and as many frigates oflF La Trinite, on the oppofite fide of the
ifland, with an intention to divide the enemy's force. On
the 8rh of January, the refl: of the fleet and the army arrived
off Martinico
;
and Sir James Douglas, with the fliips under
his command, was ordered to deftroy the batteries in St. Ann's
Bay ;
the finell and weathermoll harbour of the ifland. This
fervice he foon effedted, and took poffeflion of the place,
though not without fome lofs. The Raifonable, through the
ignorance of her pilot, though efleemed the befl: acquainted
with that ifland of any pilot in the Wefl:-Indies, was run on a
reef of rocks, and lofl:.
Z z It
554
HISTORY OF THE
J 762.
It being now reprcfented to the Admiral and General,
that,
llnce the laft attempt on this illand, the enemy had fo
fortified
the coail from Point-Negro to Pas-Pilotte, that it was
irapofliblc
to land an army any where between them ; there arofe
a
doubt, in confequence of the alteration in the
circumftances
of the iiland, if it would not be better to land the troops at
Port-St.-Lucre in the Bay of St. Ann, and march them over
the ifthmus to GrofTe-Pointe, which, with Pigeon-Ifland,
com-
manded the fouth fide of the bay oppofite to Fort-Royal
; as,
thefc forts once reduced, the fhips of war and tranfports could
anchor in the Bay of Fort-Royal, and the attack againft the
citadel be carried on from the ead fide of the Bay. But the
difficulties
with which the tranfporting of provifions to the
propofed fcene of acT:ion could no. but be attended, and the
want of frefli water on that part of the iiland, obliged the
Admiral and General to abandon this defign. They refolved,
however, to attempt Pigeon-Ifland : For this purpofe, Com-
modore Swanton, with fome lliips, and the Brigadiers Havi-
land and Grant v/ith their brigades, and the light infantry
under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Scott, were ordered
to Ance-Darlet, there to land
;
and from thence march to the
heights oppofite to^ and commanding Pigeon-Ifland.
On the loth of January,
the Dragon, commanded by the
Honourable Captain Hervey, was ordered into the Grand-Ance,
where, in the fmall fpace of an hour, he deflroyed a very flrong
fort. He then landed v/ith his marines, and took pofTeffion
of the battery, which, in about two hours, he delivered up to
Lieutenant-Colonel Melville, who had been detached by Briga-
dier Haviland with eight hundred men to poflefs what remained
of the fort, in order to fecure a retreat, fliould it be found
ip.eceirary to make one.
On
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
5^-5
Oii the 1 2th, Lieutenant Brown arrived with an exprefs from 1762.
Brigadier Haviland to General Monckton, informing him, that
he was then poRed near Pigeon-Ifland, within the range of
the enemy's Ihells
;
but finding the road impaflable for the
cannon necefTary for the reduction of that ifland, he judged
it befl to retire
;
and therefore fliould embark the bri-
gades at the Ance-Darlet, and there wait with
Commodore
Swanton for farther orders. The Hght infantry, while on
fliore, were attacked, in one of their exciirfions, by three com-
panies of grenadiers, fome free-booters, negroes, and mulat-
toes, which liad palFed over from Fort-Royal ; but they were
fo warmly received, that they retreated precipitately, leaving
fome dead, befidcs a ferjeant and three of their grenadiers
prifoncrs.
The Admiral and the General now determined to make a trial
on the fouth-fide of the ifland, between Point-Negro and Cas-
-de
^lotte. They therefore proceeded, with their whole force,
to Ance-Darlet, and from thence reconnoitred the coaft. In
the mean time, various other movements were made to alarm
and fatigue the enemy
;
and this had the defired effecT:.
The
continual marches and counter- marches they were obliged to
make to oppofe a landing, wore them down fo much as to
render them, in fome degree, greater objedls of pity than
terror.
A place which had the leaft appearance of being able to
make any great oppofition being at length fixed on to difem-
bark the troops at, and from thence commence the opera-
tions
againft Fort-Royal, every neceiTary difpolition was made
for that purpofe. In the night of the 15th of January, tlic
grenadiers were diflributed on board fome fliips of the line.
Zz 2 .The
HISTORY OF THE
The more effeclually to expedite their landing, and to cover ir,
nine other fhips of the hne were ordered to filence the dif-
ferent batteries on the coafi:. In the morning of the i6th, the
fliips got under way for the attack, and the flat-bottomed boats
were all ready to take the troops afhore. About noon, the
forts were almofl all lilenced; and, by fix in the evening, near
feven thoufand men landed. Next morning, a little after day-
light, the whole army was difembai'ked, at a fmall creek called
Cas-dcs-Navires, with two battalions of marines, without the
lofs of a Angle man ; and this at a place which the enemy
deemed utterly impracflicable.
This fuccefsful difembarkation was cond'u(5led by Captain
Shuldham on the right, Com^modore Swanton in the center,
and Captain Harvey on the left, whilfl the fubaltern officers
and feamen received their orders with the moft fpirited chear-
fulnefs. The army, on landing, was fupplied with fuch ne-
celTarics as it was moft immediately in w^ant of; and all the
fhips and tranfports anchored, as much in fafety as the coaH
would allow.
This landing was greatly facilitated by the judicious difpo-
lltion of the fliips, and the deliberate direclion of tlieir fire,
vvhich foon obliged the enemy to abandon the batteries they
had eretfled to defend the inlet chofen for this purpofe. Many
difficulties, hovv'ever, \vere ftill to be overcome. Thi regular
troops of the enemy were nor, indeed, very formidable
;
but
the militia and inulattoes were numerous, well armed, and
well fKilled in the only kind of war which could be carried
on in a country like this, though covered with hills, and
broken by gullies, and every heiglit intrenched, v/hich couid
thereby be made to retard the progrefs of an army. This v/as
pariicularly
I ATE WAR IN AMERICA.
particularly the cafe with regard to the environs of Fort-Royal.
Mount-Garnier, and Mount-Tortonfon, two very confiderable
eminences, which commanded and covered the citadel; fo that,
while thefe hills were poircITed by the enemy, no approaches
could be carried on againfl it; and though there could, and
even if taken, it could not be kept. This the French
knew full well ; and they, accordingly, did every thing that
was necefTary to improve nature by art, in a manner fuitable
to the importance of the ilake.
The hills we have been fpeaking of were furrounded by
deep gullies, and thefe gullies, however difficult in themfelves
to pafs, they improved by fuch contrivances, as might make
any other than Bvitifli troops deem them impregnable. The
Genera!, by this time, encam.ped on the heights above Cas-de-
Navires, was therefore obliged to commence his operations by
ere6ling batteries, as well for his own fecurity as to facilitate
his approaches againft Mount-Tortonfon and Mount' Garnier
;
and, at the fame time, made the proper difpoiitions to carry
them by a coup de main. Accordingly, on- the 24th of
January,
at break of day, the troops ordered for this fervice
advanced
to the attack. Brigadier Grant, with the grenadiers,
fupported
by Lord Rollo's brigade, began it on the out-pofts,
under a
brifk nre from tlie Engllfli batteries : Brigadier Rufane
marched
along the fliore on the right, to fecure the redoubts,
which
Avere erefted on the coails
;
whilil a thoufand feamei) in flat-
bottomed boats rowed up as he advanced: the
light-infanrry
under the command of Colonel Scott, fupported
by Brigadier
Walfla's brigade, marched on tlie left,- to gain a plantation,
by
which they might get round the enemy. The attempt
fuc~
ceeded in every quarter
;
and the enemy's works v/ere, fuccef-
iively, carriedAvith an irrefiftible impetuofity
; fo that by nine
o'clock,
35^
HISTORY OF THE
o^clock, the Englifh troops were in full and quiet poiTellion of
the flrong pods and redoubts on Moiint-Tortonfon,
though
defended
by a numerous artillery. Some of the enemy fled
precipitately into the town, whilft others feized on Mount-Gar-
nier, which, being much higher than Mount-Tortonfon,
over-
looked and commanded it. Brigadier Haviland, with his bri-
gade, two battalions of Highlanders, and a corps of light-
infantry, commanded by Major Lei and, had received orders
to crofs the gulley to the left of Brigadier Walfli, attack a body
of the enemy pofted on the oppofite heights, and endeavour to
get on their left. By this movement, it was intended to divide
the force of the enemy
; but the extreme difficulty of accefs,
from the number of dangerous pafles they had to furmounr,
made it late before any confiderable progrefs could be made
in the execution of thefe orders, though the troops had begun
their march by two in tlie morning.
The Prench having thus given way almoft on every fide,
Colonel Scott's light-infantry, with Brigadier Walfh's brigade,
and a detachment of grenadiers, were ordered to a plantarion
more to the left ; upon which Brigadier Haviland was to have
come down from Mount-Tortonfon, if he had carried it : They
drove off the enemy who were pofled there, and poflefled them-
felvcs of a very advantageous fituation upon it, oppofite Mount-
Garnier : They were fupported by Haviland's brigade after
it had crofTed the gulley : The grenadiers under the command
of Brigadier Grant, and Walfh's brigade, kept pofleffion of this
laft plantation, which was higher than the firfl, and commu-
nicated with Haviland's brigade, while the marines were
pofled fo as to cover the road between tlic two plantations.
On the 25th, batteries were ordered to be cre(n:ed, with the
greatefl diligence, againfc Fort-Royal
j
but the General finding,
that
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
^^9
that it was firll abfolutely necefTary to be mafler of Mount- ^7^^*
Garnier, he gave orders for the eredtion of batteries, as well
to check thofe of the enemy on that poft, which greatly
annoyed his troops, as to facilitate his paflage over the gulley.
During thefe preparations, on the 27th, about four in the
afternoon, tlie enemy's whole force defcended from Mount-
Garnier, favoured by a fally out of the town. Both made a
furious attack on the pods occupied by the light- infantry and
Brigadier Haviland's brigade
;
but they were received with the
greatell lleadinefs, and immediately repulfed
;
and the ardour
of the Britifh troops hurrying them forward, they pafTed the
gulley between Mount-Tortonfon and Mount Garnier, with the
runaways.
Night was now come on ;
but, notwithftanding. Major Le-
land moved on to the left with his light-infantry, and meeting
no oppofition, continued his rout towards the enemy'& redoubt,
which he foon came up to, and took polfefllon of; the enemy,
except a few grenadiers who were made prifoners, having
abandoned it. Their regulars retired into the citadel, whilft
the militia took to tlie coimtry, and difperfed.
Brigadiers Walfii, Grant, and Haviland now advanced to
fupport the light-infantry
; and by nine at night, the troops
were in pofTeffion of Mount-Garnier, which entirely com-
manded the citadel. So precipitate was the enemy's flight,
that they left a mortar loaded, and eight or nine guns un-
fpiked, with a quantity of ammunition and provilions. The
next morning, the cannon and mortars v/ere^ turned againfl
the citadel.
The fuddennefs with which thefe atchievements v/ere per-
formedj redoubled the ardour of the troops ; even the obftacles
5
they
36o H I S T O R Y O F T H E
1762.
they had flill to encounter, gave frefli life to their acfllvity.
Accordingly, the work necclTary to carry on their farther
approaches, was undertaken and executed, with the mod
chearful alacrity. Fully convinced, that conqueft alone could
put a period to their toil, every individual foldier feemed,
with unremitting zeal, to defy the mod difcouraging hard-
flaips, in order to add a new iuftre to the Britiili arms, and join
to the never-fading laurels they had acquired in North-America
and at Belle-Iile, thofe which mufi; bloom on the furrender of
Martinico. Thus every idea of fatigue and danger was lod in
an inextinguifliable thiiil of glory.
The enemy feeing the Englifli in pollefllon of every height
and advantageous fituation in their neighbourhood
;
their own
batteries turned againft themfelves, and new ones hourly
added by the Englifli, began to tremble at the thoughts of
another attack : They therefore beat the chamade on the third
of January, and furrendered the citadel of Fort-royal on the
following terms, which were figned the next day, by the Bri-
tifli Admiral and General, and Monlieur de Lignery, Governor
of the fort, for his Mod Chridian Majedy.
Article I. The commanding officer of the citadel fliall march
out at the head of the garrifon, compofed of troops detached
from the marine, tiie royal grenadiers, cannoniers, bom-
bardiers, and Swifs
;
the different detachments of the militia
and freebooters, and the other volunteers, with the honours
of war, drums beating, colours flying, two pieces of can-
non, and three rounds of ammunition each.
Aiifiuer. The troops of his Mod Chridian Majedy in garrifon,
fiiall march out with drums beating, colours flying, and two
pieces
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
pieces of cannon, two rounds of ammunition;
and fliall
be embarked and fent to France as foon as poffible, at the
expence of his Britannic Majefty. The militia,
free-booters,
and others belonging to the ifland, fhall lay
down their
arms and be prifoners of war until the fate of it is deter-
mined.
II. The garrifon fhall be fent to the port of Rochfort in France,
by the mod fliort and expeditious way, at the expence, and
in the fliips of his Britannic Majelly.
Anfwer. Anfwered in the firfl.
III. The faid garrifon fhall be lodged and maintained in the
town of Fort-Ilj} al till their departure, at the expence of his
Britannic Majeily.
Anfwer. They fhall be maintained at the expence of his
JBritannic Majefly, and fhall be embarked as in the firfl
article.
IV. It fhall be lawful for the officers, Creoles, and others, to
go into the ifland, and flay there as long as it fhall be necef-
fary to fettle their affairs.
Anfwer.
A reafonable time will be allowed to the officers
to fettle their affairs, they behaving according to the rules
of war.
V. The officers and others who have effeds in the country,
fhall be allowed to keep them.
Granted.
A a a
VI.
52
HISTORY OFTHE
3762. VI. The officers fhall take their fcrvants along wiih them.
Granted.
VII.
The militia and other inhabitants, that now make part of
the faid garrifon, may retire to tlieir homes, with their fer-
vants likewife.
Anfwer.
Anfwered in the firft article.
VIII. The volunteers of St. Vincent, who came here to the
fuccour of the place, fliall be furniflied with a boat and
provifions to carry them home again, with their fcrvants,
arms, and baggage, as foon as poffible.
Anfwer. To remain prifoners of war.
IX. The inhabitants, likewife, flaall be furnifhed with flial-
lops, or boats, to carry them to the different quarters of this
ifland.
Refused.
X. The fick and wounded fliall be removed to the hofpital of
this city, to be there taken care of by our ovra furgeons,
till they are perfedtly recovered ; and the commifTary of
his Britannic Majefty fliall take care to furnifli them with
fubfiflence.
Anfwer. They fliall be taken the fame care of as our own,
and may be attended by their furgeons.
XI. The faid hofpital fliall take away with them their medi-
cines, and all their utenlils and eifecT:s in general
Granted.
XII.
LATE WAR IN
AMERICA.
.q
XII. The chaplain of the troops fliall be permitted to admiai- 1762.
Iter fpiritual fuccours to the fick, as well as others of the
^~
'"~~~
troops, and publicly to bury the dead, without
moleHation.
Granted.
XIII. The faid fick, after their recovery, fliall follow tlie for-
tune of their refpedive corps, as well as thofe who flaall
actually be in the hofpitals without the town.
Granted.
XIV. There fliall be a general inventory taken by
commifla-
ries named by each party, of the artillery,
ammunition,
pro-
vifions, and all other efFeds, within the place.
Granted.
XV. The Englifli prifoners detained in this citadel, fhall be
exchanged for ours; among others, M. de Caponne, major of
this citadel and ifland, fhall be included in the exchange, to
follow the fortune of the officers of the place.
R.EFUSED.
XVI. The effefls of the officers and men belonging to the royal
grenadiers, which were left upon Moui^Garnier, fhall be
rellored to them.
Anfiver. It cannot be complied with, as it will be impoffible
to recover them.
XVII. The armed free negroes and mulattoes that entered
into the citadel, as attendants on the companies of militia,
fhall go out likewife, with the faid companies.
Jnfiver. They fliall remain prifoners of war until the fate of
the ifland is determined.
A a a a XVIII,
364
HISTORYOFTHE
1762. XVIir. Three days fliall be granted for the evacuation of the
^
place; at the end of which time, the gate fliall be given
up
to his Britannic Majefly, whilft the garrifon fliall march out.
Anfwer. The gate of the fort fhall be given up to the troops
of his Britannic Majelly tiiis evening at five o'clock
; and the
French garrifon fliall niaich out at nine to-morrow morning.
XIX. Before the capitulation is fettled, the commanding
officer
of the place fhall be permitted to communicate it to the
General ; and, in the mean time, there fliall be a fufpenfion
of arms, and allth^ \rork3 fliali ceafe on both fides.
Anfiuer. After the capitulation is figned, and the gate of the
fort pofTefled by Britifli troops, the commandant fliall be al-
lowed to acquaint liis General with it.
In confequence of this capitulation, the gate of the citadel
was delivered up to his Britannic Majefly's troops, the evening
of the 4th of February ; and, at nine the next morning, the
garrifon marched out, confilling^of about eight hundred men,
grenadiers, marines, militia, and free-booters. About one
hundred and fifty of the garrifon were killed and wounded
during the fiege. In the feveral attacks which preceded it,
the enemy had not lefs than a thoufand men killed, wounded,
and taken prifoners. Among the latter were feveral principal
officers of the militia who were taken on the 24th of
January.
The lofs, on the part of the Englifli, was one captain, five lieu-
tenants, one enfign, three ferjeants, and eighty-fix rank and
file killed ; and one lieutenant-colonel, two majors, eleven
captains, fifteen lieutenants, three enfigns, twenty ferjeants,
five drummers, and three hundred and thirty-two rank and
file wounded
;
with eleven rank and file miffing.
The
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
The capital of the ifland, St. Pierre, and fome ftrong
redoubts
in its neighbourhood, ftill remained to be reduced, and the
Governor- General, M. de la Touche, having retired to it with his
forces, threatened to defend it to the laft extremity.
This his
fceming refolutenefs produced a general anxiety in the Britifla
army, not from any doubt of fuccefs, but from the moll jufti-
fiable apprehenfions, that, in confequence of a long fiege,
they
might be overtaken by difeafes peculiar to the
climate, the
malignity of which was much more to be dreaded than the
enemy : But thefe apprehenfions were greatly abated by the ar-
rival of deputations from different parts of the ifland,
with the
following requifition of terms for the furrender of all fuch
parts of it a^ were flill poflelled by the inhabitants.
Capitulation demanded by the inhabitants
of
the
Ifland
of
Martinico, re~
prefented by Mejieurs
D^AleJfo, Knight, Seigneur Defragny La Pierre^
Captain
of
horfe^
andFeryre, Captain
of
infantry
of
militia,
furnifjjed
with full
poivers from
nine quarters
of
this ifland.
To their Excellencies Meffieurs Monckton and Rodney,
Generals by
land and
fea of
his Britannic Majefy^s forces.
Article I. The inhabitants fhall quit their polls with two field-
pieces, their arms, colours flying, drums beating,
matches
lighted, and fhall have all the honours of war.
Anhver. The inhabitants fhall march out of all their p-arri-
fons and pofls (none excepted) v/ith their arms and colours
flying, upon condition that they afterwards lay them down
;
and that ail the forts, garrifons, polls, and batteries of cannon
3
and
266
HISTORYOFTHE
1762.
and mortars,
with all arms, ammunition, and implements of
'
'
Avar, be delivered to proper pcrfons appointed to receive them.
II. The inhabitants of the iflands of St. Lucia and St. Vincent,
who are come to the afliftance of this illand, fhall have the
liberty to retire with their arras and baggage, and Hull be
furnillied with a veflel to carry thciU to their own iflands,
with their fervants which they have brought with them
; as
alfo provifions necefTary for their voyage.^
Jjifiver.
They muft remain prifoners of war, as thofe of St.
Vincent in the capitulation of Fort-Royal.
III.
The
inhabitants fhall have free exercife of their religion
;
the
priefts, friars, and nuns, fhall be preferved in their cures
and
convents ;
and it fhall be permitted to the fuperiors of
the order to fend for any of them from France, delivering
their letter to his Britannic Majefly's Governors.
Granted.
IV. They fliall be flridly neuter, and fliall not be obliged to
take up arms againft' his Mod Chrifcian Majcfty, nor even
againft any other power.
Anfwer.
They become fubje6ls of his Britannic MajeRy, and
muft take the oath of allegiance ;
but fliall not be obliged to
take arms againft his Moft Chriftian Majefty, until a peace Ihall
determine the fate of the ifland.
V. They fliall retain their civil government, their laws, cuf-
toms, and ordinances
;
juftice fliall be adminiftered by the
fame officers who are now in employment ; and there fliall
be a regulation made for tlie interior police, between the
Governor for his Britannic Majefty and the inhabitants
;
and,
in
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
in cafe the ifland, at the peace, iliall be ceded to the King of
Great Britain, the inhabitants ihall be allowed to retain their
political government, and to accept that of Antigua or St.
Chriftopher's.
Avjhjoer. They become Britifli fubje6ts (as in the preceding
article)
;
but. iliall continue to be governed by their prefent
laws, until his Majefly's pleafure be known.
VI. The inhabitants, as alfo the religious orders of both fexes,
fhall be maintained in the propeny of their effedis,
move-
able and immoveable, of what nature foever
; and fhall be
preferved in their privileges, rights, honours, and exemp-
tions ;
their free negroes and mulattoes Ihali have the entire
enjoyment of their liberty.
Granted, in regard to the religious orders; the inhabitants,
being fubjecfls of Great Britain, will enjoy their properties,
and the fame privileges, as in the other his Majefty's
Leeward-
Iflands.
VII. They fhall not pay to his Majefty any other duties than
thofe which have been paid hitherto to his Mofl Ghriftian
Majeily
;
and the capitation of negroes, on the fame footing-
it is paid at prefent, without any other charges or impofts
;
and the expences of juilice, penfions to curates, and other
occalional expences, fliall be paid out of the domain of his
Britannic Majefty, as they were out of that of his Moft Ghri-
ftian Majefty.
Answered in the iixth article in what regards the inha-
bitants.
VIII. and IX. The
prifoners taken during the fiege, fhall be
reftored on both fides
j
the free mulattoes, as well as the
nesfroes.
368
HISTORYOFTHE
1762.
negroes, which fliall have been taken, fliall be
reftored
as
prifoners of war, and fliall not be treated as Haves.
Anfwer.
The inhabitants and mulattoes, now prifoners, will
become Britifli fubjcdts, upon the fubmiffion of the whole
ifland, and will enjoy the benefit of it. The negroes who have
been taken in arms, are deemed flaves.
X.
The fubje6ls of Great Britain, who have taken refuge in
the ifland for crimes, or been condemned to puni(Lments,
fhall have liberty of retiring.
Refused.
XI. No others than the inhabitants, refident in this ifland,
fliall, till the peace, poffefs any eftates in it, cither by acqui-
fition, agreement, or otherwife ; but in cafe, at the peace,
the country fliall be ceded to the King of Great Britain, then
it fliall be allowed the inhabitants who are not willing to
become his fubjeds, to fell their eftates, moveable and im-
moveable, to whom they pleafe, and retire where they fliall
think proper ; in which cafe, they fliall be allowed conve-
nient time.
Anfwer.
All fubjedts of Great Britain may poflefs any lands
or houfes by purchafe. The remainder of this article granted,
provided they fell to Britifli fubjeds.
XII. In cafe any exchanges fliall be thought of at the peace,
their Moft Chriftian and Britannic Majefties are intreated to
give the preference to this ifland.
Anfwer. This will depend upon his Britannic Majefty's
pleafure.
XIII.
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
o %
XIII. The
inhabitants fliall have liberty of retiring;
that is, 1762.
of fending their children to France for their education
; the
'
''~
wives of officers and others out of the ifland, fhall have
liberty to retire with their efFe<51;s, and the number of fer-
vants
fuitable to their rank.
Anfti'cr. The liberty of fending their children to France to be
educated,
depends upon the King's pleafurc. The reft
granted.
XIV. The Government fhall procure for the inhabitants
vent
for their commodities, which fliall be looked upon
as na-
tional
commodities, and of confequencc fhall have entry
in
England.
Granted
;
the illand producing nothing but what may be
imported into England.
XV. The inhabitants fliall not be obliged to find
quarters for
the troops, or to do any works on the fortifications.
Answer.
The inhabitants muft furnifli barracks or
quarters
for the King's troops in the feveral diilricls of the ifland.
XVI. The v^idows, and others abfent through ficknefs,
who
fliall not have figned the capitulation, fhall have a fixed
time for doing it.
Gramted, on condition they fign it in one month from this
date.
XVII. VefTels fhall be granted to the free-booters and others,
who have no effe^LS in this country, and are willing to leave
it, to retire.
Granted, to go to France ; but no where elfe.
B b b
XVIII.
-70 HISTORY OF THE
1762. XVIII. It fliall be permitted to give freedom to negroc and
'
~*
mulattoe flaves, as a recompenfe for their good fervices, ac-
cording to cuflom.
Granted to fcrvants.
XIX. The inhabitants and merchants lliall enjoy all their pri-
vileges of commerce, as the fubjeds of Great Britain.
Granted; fo that it does not affed the privileges of par-
ticular companies eftablifhed in England, or the laws of the
kingdom, which prohibit the carrying on trade in other than
Britifh bottoms.
XX. It iliall always be permitted to the inhabitants to continue
to make white and clayed fugar, as they have been ufed
to do.
Granted ;
they paying duty in proportion to tlieir fuperior
value, in point of quality, above the Mufcavado fugar.
XXI.
The fea-vefTels, as well Ihips as boats or fchooners, which
are funk or afloat, and which have not been taken, fliall
remain to their owners.
Refused to all privateers and fliips trading to diftant parts:
Granted to fuch as are employed in pafling to and from the
different ports of the ifland.
XXII. The money, which is now made ufc of, fliall remain
upon the fame footing, without being fufccptible of either
augmentation or diminution.
(D'Allasso.)
(Lapiere.) (Dorientersack for
'
(J.
Ferriere.) (Mauboix.) Dorient Hubert and
Dor I EN T CampACNE.)
Demanded,
LATE WAR IN
AMERICA.
371
Demanded, all archives and papers, which may be
necefTary ^762.
or relative to the government of the iflarid, to be faithfully
""^
' '
given up.
Leave is granted to the gentlemen of the iiland to
keep
necelTary arms for the defence of their
plantations.
RoB-r.
MONCKTON.
G. B. Rodney.
Settled, agreed, and clofed by us, the deputies,
reprefenta-
tives, and bearers of the powers from the
major-part
of
the quarters compofing this colony, in the city of Fort-
Royal, Martinico, this 7th day of February,
1762,
D'Allasso. Robt.
PvIonckton.
J.
Ferriere. G. B. Rodney.
Lapiere.
Deputies,
(Dorientersack.) (Berland.)
(Ma'jboix.)
Pigeon-Iiland furrendered the fame day this
capitulation
was figncd, and on the fame terms with Fort-Royal,
the allow-
ance of cannon to the garrifon only excepted.
It was now thought necellary to reduce the north-fide of the
iiland, were it only to cut off all relief from St. Pierre's,
and
the great redoubts in its neighbourhood, where, as we have
ah-eady
obfcrved, Monfieur de la Touche had collecT;ed his
whole flrength, and threatened a long and vigorous defence.
With this view, therefore, the General gave orders for attack-
ing La Trinite, the principal port and town in that quarter;
and, accordingly, on the 7th of February, the Honourable
Captain Hervcy, with the Dragon, and feveral other fliips, him-
felf in the Dragon with a diftinguifliing
pendant, failed for La
Trinite, where they arrived on the 9th -,
landed Captain Hervey's
B b b q > marines,
HISTORY
OF THE
1762. marines,
with five hundred fcamen; took poiTefrioaof the fort
^""^'^
^i^tl the town ; and obUged the inhabitants of the feven diflrids
of that coaft to confult their own intereft by figning the capitu-
lation,
which had been granted thofe of the fouth-fide of the
idand.
Ten days after, Captain Hcrvey dehvered over thefe
diilri^LS in perfect
tranquilhty, to Lieutenant-Colonel Graham,
who had been fent by the General to take upon him the
qovcniment of them.
In tlie mean time, the
preparations more immediately requi-
fite for the redufcion of Sr. Pierre, were carried on with fuch
vigour, that every thing v/as ready for that purpofe by the time
Captain Hervey
failed againR La Trinite. But while the Ge-
neral was marching
towards it, Monfieur de la Touche cleter-
mined,
probably by
the fuccefs-of Captain Hervey, fent his
brother and a general officer, on board the Marlborough, with
the following heads of a capitulation, v/hich being agreed to,
St.
Pierre and the whole ifland of Martinico, were formally fur-
lendered up to his Britannic
Majefly's forces, on the 13th of
February.
Capitulation propofed for
the "whole IJland
of
Martinico, on the part
of
M. k Vnjfjr
de laTozichc, the Governor-General..
FuELiMixARY ARTICLE. A fufpcnfiou of aniis fliall bc agreed
on for fifteen days; at tlic expiration of which, the following
capitulation fliall take place, if no fuccour arrives.
Anfxcr.
Twenty-four hours will be allov^'Cd the General to
accede to the terms offered, from the time Mcffi-s. de Bournan
and de la Touche fliall be fet on fliore at St. Pierre
;
and if
accepted, the troops of his Britannic Majelly flmll be immedi-
ately
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
ately put in pofTeilion of fuch forts and pofls, as his Britannic
Majefcy's General fliall think fit
Article I. All the forts and pofls of the ifland fhall be evacuated
by the troops of hisMoftChriftian Majeily, whether regular
or
militia, or independent companies of free-booters, or livery-
fervants
;
they fliall march out with four field -pieces, their
arms, two rounds per man, their enfigns or colours flying,
drums beating, and all the honours of war
; after which the
faid forts fliall be occupied by the troops of his Britannic
Majefl:y.
Anfwcr. The troops and inhabitants fliall march out of all
their garrifons and polls with their arms, drums beatine->
colours flying
; and the troops to have four pieces of cannon,
with two rounds each, and two rounds per man ; upon condi-
tion that the inhabitants afterwards lay down their arms
; and
that all the forts, garrifons, polls, and batteries of cannon or
mortars, with all arms, ammunition, and implements of war,,
fliall be delivered up to proper perfons appointed by
us to
receive tliem.
II. Tranfport-vefl^els fliall be provided, at the espence of his
Britannic Majefty, fufliciently vidlualled, to carry to the Gre-
nades the above-mentioned regular troops, and their officers
and commanders, with the four pieces of cannon, arms,,
baggage ; and, in general, all the efFcfls of the faid oflficers-.
and troops.
Granted ;
to France only..
III. M. Rouilli, Governor of Martinico, the King's Lieutenants
of the faid ifland, the officers of the flafi', engineers and fub-
engineers^
HISTORY OF THE
engineers,
fhall return to France in tlie vefTels, and at the
charge of his Britannic Majefly.
Granted;
IV.
There fliall, in hkc manner, be provided, at the charge
of
his Britannic
Majefly, a vefTel and the necefTary vicflualling,
to carry to the Grenades M. le Vaflbr de la Touche, Com-
mandant-General for his Moil Chriflian Majefly of the
French Leeward Iflands in America, his lady, and all perfons
with him engaged in the king's fervice, or belonging to his
houfehold, and all their effedts.
Granted, to France, the Grenades being blocked up.
V. M. de Rochemore, infpeclor of the fortifications and artillcrv
in
this ifland, fliall, in like manner, be conveyed to the
Grenades
in the fame Hiips with the perfons in his retinue
engaged in the fervice of the King, their domeflics, and
their effe(5ls.
Granted, to France.
VI. There fliall be made by two commiflaries, who fliall be
named for that purpofe, one of each nation, an exacft inven-
tory of all the eiFe6ls, which fliall be found to belong to his
Mofl Chriflian Majefly in the arfenals, in the magazines,
upon the batteries ;
and, in general, of all the arms, utenfils,
and
ammunitions of war, to be delivered up to the com-
manding officer of his Britannic Majefly.
Granted.
VII. Merchandizes, not being arms nor ammunitions of war,
which may be found lodged in the faid magazines, or upon
7
the
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
the faid batteries, fhall not be made a part of the faid inventory,
unlefs it be in order to their being reftored to the true owners.
Anfiver.
All military ftores, and others employed as fucli,
become his Britannic Majefty's.
VIII. All the prifoners made during the fiege, or at fea, before
the fiege, of whatever nation and quality, fliall be reftored
on either fide ; and thofe made in the citadel, if they be
troops, fliall follow the fortune of the other troops ; and if inha-
bitants, they fhall follow the fortune of the other inhabitants.
Anfvuer. The troops, according to the cartel
j
the inhabitants
will be releafed upon the figning of this capitulation.
IX. The free-negroes and mulattoes made prifoners of war,
fliall be treated as fuch, and reftored, like the other pri-
foners, in order to their continuing to enjoy their liberties.
Anfwcr. All negroes taken in arms are deemed flaves. The
reft granted.
X. The Sieurs Nadau Dutreil, de la Potterie, andCornette, pri-
foners of ftate, fliall be likewife condutfted, at the expence,
and in the fliips of his Britannic Majefty, to the Iftand of the
Grenades, to be delivered into the hands of M. le VafTor de
la Touche.
Jlnfwer. Meilieurs de la Potterie and Cornettc, lliall be deli-
vered up when taken
; but M. Nadau having had our proinife,
(immediately upon his being made priibner) to procure him
a reafonable time to fettle his affairs, he has three monthsj,
from the date hereof, for that purpofe.
XT. The Ifland of Martinico fliall remain in the hands of his
Britannic Majefty, till fuch time as its condition fliall have-
been.
576 HI S TOR Y OF THE
i7-<52.
been determined, by treaty made between the two powers,
withelit tlie inhabitants being compelled, in any cafe, to
take up arms, either againfl the king of France, or againft
his allies, or even againft any other power.
Aiif-ji'cr. They become fubjceTrs of his Britannic Majefty, and
muft take the oaths of allegiance ; but fliall not be obliged to
take up arms againft his Moft Chriftian Majcfty, until a peace
fliall determine the fate of the iftand.
XII. All the inhabitants of Martinico, either prefent or abfent,
even thofc that are engaged in his Moft Chriftian Majefty's
fervice, as well as all religious houfes and communities,
fhall be maintained and preferved in the pofTcffion and pro-
perty of their real and perfonal eftates, of their negroes,
Ihipping, and generally of all their efreds, whether the faid
real and perfonal eftates and efFe6ls be adually in Martinico
or in any other iftand ; and the flaves, which have been taken
from them during the liege, fliall be reftored to them,
Anfiver. The inhabitants, as well as the religious orders, wall
enjoy their properties ; and, as they become Britiili fubje6ls,
they will enjoy the fame privileges as in his Majefty's other
Leeward Iflands. In regard to the ftaves, anfwered in the
ninth article.
XIII. The boats, or other veflcls belonging to Martinico, which
are actually out at fea, or in neutral ports, whether they are
equipped for war or not, fliall be permitted to return into
the ports and roads of this iftand, upon the declaration to be
made by the ov/ncrs thereof, of their intending to fend them
immediate orders to return, and upon their giving perfonal
fecurity, that the faid veflels fliall make no attempt upon
any
LATE WAR IN
AMERICA.
any Englifla iliip
:
In confideration of which
declaration,
pafTports fliall be granted them, that they may return in all
fecurity.
Refused
;
as foreign to the capitulation:
but any applica-
tions which may afterwards be made on this head, fliall be
confidered according to the rules of juftice and of war.
XIV. The inhabitants of Martinico Ihall freely and publicly
exercife their religion; the priells, friars, and nuns, fliall
be
maintained in the public exercife of their functions,
and in
the enjoyment of their privileges,
prerogatives,
and exemp-
tions.
Granted.
XV.
The fuperior as well as inferior
judges,
fliall likewife
be
maintained in their funcStions, privileges,
and prerogatives
;
they fliall continue to adminifter
juftice to the inhabitants
of this ifland, according to the laws,
ordinances,
cuRoms,
and ufages, which have been followed hitherto.
No fo-
reigner fliall be allowed to lit in the council as a judge:
But,
if any place in the magiHracy becomes vacant, the
fuperior
council of Martinico fhall difpofe of it, provifionally
only,
and the perfon chofen by them, fhall perform the duties of
it, till the one or the other of the two courts fhall
otncrwife
fettle it, after that the condition of Martinico fliall have been
fjxed by a treaty between them.
Anfwer. They become Britifh fubjeds ; but fhall
continue to
be governed by their prefent laws, until his Majefty's
pleafure
be known.
XVI. M. le Baron d'Huart, commanding the troops and militia
of this ifland, as well as M. de Bouran, Major-General, fhall
C c c
be
378
HISTORYOFTHE
1762. be conveyed to the Grenades in the fume veficl in
which the
'
"^
'
royal grenadiers are to be embarked, together with their
domeftics and efFecT:s, as well as thole of all the officers of
the fame corps : The faid officers fhall have leave to colle(ft
together their effe6ts, which are difperfed in divers parts of
the illand, and the ncceflary time for the recovery of them
fliall be allowed them. Orders fliall be given to the inhabi-
tants, that are indebted to the officers of this corps, to pay
them before their departure. The officers fliall likewife be
bound to difcharge the debts they have contracted in this
illand.
Anfiuer. They fliall be fent to France. The reft granted.
XVII. All the land and fea-officers who are in the ifland, either
on actual duty, or with leave, fhall have a year's time to
fettle all the affiiirs they may have there.
Anfivcr. A proper time will be allowed to fuch as have eflates
upon the ifland, with the ufual reftrid:ions
;
and fuch as fliall
have M. de la Touchc the Governor-General's leave.
XVIII. The nobility fliall continue to enjoy all the privileges
and exemptions which have been always granted them.
Granted; fo that it is not inconfiftent with the Britifh laws.
XIX. The flaves that have been made free during the liege, or
to whom their freedom has been promifed, fliall be reputed
and declared free, and they fliall peaceably enjoy their flate
of freedom.
Granted.
XX. The duties of the poll-tax, thofc of importation and export-
ation
;
and, in general, all the duties cftabliflied in this ifland,
fliall
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
379
lliall be continued to be paid for the future, on the fame
^7
^^-
footing as heretofore.
Anfwer.
Anfwered in the rjth article.
XXI. As it imports the glory and intereft of every prince wliat-
foever, to make it publicly known, that he honours with a
fpecial protcdlion the adtion of every fubjecl which bears the
charadler of zeal, love, and loyalty for his king
; it has been
agreed, that the things furniflied to the colony on occafion
of the fiege, either before or during the fame ; fuch as pro-
vifions, utenlils, ammunition, arms, or money; fliall continue
to be confidered as debts of the colony, juft as they were
and ought to be, in its former ftate
; confequently, that the
amounts of thefe fupplies fliall not ceafe to be reputed as
debts of the colony itfelf, and which it mud fatisfy, into
whatfoever hands it may pafs, through the fortune of arms :
that, conlidering the nature and quality of thefe debts, it will
add to the dignity of his Britannic Majefly, to grant the credi-
tors all manner of protection ; confequently, they fliall be paid
out of the iirll funds that fliall arife, as well from the poll-tax
as from the duties of importation and exportation on mer-
chandizes that are liable to them. To which purpofe, the
ftate of thefe debts fliall be fettled and verified by M. de la
Riviere, intendant of the American Leeward Iflands.
Anfwer. Will be fettled by the generals of both fides, being
foreign to the capitulation.
XXIL In virtue of the fame principle, and confidering the
neceflity of fpeedily bringing provifions into this colony, it
has likewife been agreed^ that fuch merchants of the town
of St. Pierre, as, by orders from the intendant, M. de la
C c c 2 Riviere,
380
HISTORY OF THE
1762.
Riviere, have entered into mcafures and engagements,
to
bring over hither proviiions from the neutral illands,
fhall
be permitted to fulfil their engagements, as well to fave
the in from the lofs they would otherwife fufTer, as to procure
to this illand a more fpeedy fupply ; confequently, two
months fliall be granted them, from the day of figning thefe
prelents, to complete their undertakings : But, to avoid all
abuCes in this refpecl, M. de la Riviere Ihall give a note of
the nature and quantity of the provifions which lie has
ordered to be procured from the neutral iflands
; and, as he
has promifed and granted an exemption from all duties on
this importation, the faid exemption fhall take place in the
fame manner as it was promifed, and as it is actually prac-
tifed ;
being a profit in which the colony and the merchant
have both their fliare.
Anfivcr. All fupplies whatever, that were engaged to be
thrown into this illand by any neutral power, for the fupport
of his Moll Chriltian Majefty's troops and colony, will'?>be
deemed legal prizes, if taken by his Britannic Majefly's fhips
;
and all engagements with neutral powers for fuch a fupply,
made before the redii^lion of this ifland, being void, no com-
merce for the future can be carried on but in Britifli bottoms.
XXni. M. le VafTor de la Touchc fliall be allowed five of the
inhabitants, whom he fliall caufe to be put on board fuch of
the vcilcls as are to tranfport his Moft Chriftian Majefty's
troops. His reafons for this demand are, that it imports all
fovereign powers not to grant any proteftion to any one wlio
breaks through the allegiance and fidelity a fubjeft owes to
his king.
Anfiver.
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
}
Anfwer'. Cannot be allowed, as we have already granted them
his Britannic Majedy's protection.
XXIV. M. de la Riviere, intendant, and M. Guignard, commif-
fary-comptroUer of the marine in this ifland, lliall be allowed
time fufficient to fettle all the departments of their refpedivc
adminiftrations, and do whatever is abfolutely necelFary
in that refpec5t. A fhip with provifions flaall afterwards be
furniflied, at the expence of his Britannic Majefty, in order
to convey to the Grenades, the faid intendant, his wife, child-
ren,
fecretaries, and fervants, with all their efTetfts. The
faid
commifTary-comptroUer of the marine fliall go on board
the fame fliip, and be conveyed to the fame ifland.
Granted; afterwards to be fent to France.
XXV. The perfons employed in the adminiftration of the do-
maine, of the marine, the clafTes and the finances, who iliall
be willing to return to France, fiiall be tranfported thither
with their efFeds, in the veiTels, and at the charge of his
Britannic
Majefty.
Granted.
XXVI. The public records fhall be again forthwith depofited in
their proper places
;
and the Governor for his Britannic Ma-
jefty fliall grant all necelFary protection for this purpofe.
Anfwer.
They muft be dehvered to fuch perfons as the Gene-
ral fhall appoint to receive them.
XXVII. With regard to any papers of accounts, they fhall again
be put into the hands of the proper accomptants, that they
may be enabled to proceed to the rendering of their accountSj,
and
,S2
HISTORYOFTHE
1762. and to vouch them by fuch pieces as are neceflary for their
"^"^
difcharge.
Granted.
XXVIII. The inhabitants, merchants, and other private perfons,
refident or not, fliaU have leave to go to St, Domingo
or
Louifiana, with their negroes and elTecTis, in cartel fliips,
at
their own expence.
Granted.
XXIX. If any of the grenadier foldiers iliould endeavour to
remain in the ifland, or to fly their colours, a protection and
guard fliall be granted to prevent their deferting, and what
remains of the faid grenadiers fliall be embarked complete.
Granted; except in particular cafes.
XXX. The merchant-fliips belonging to the French traders in
Europe, which are at this time in the harbours and roads of
this ifland, fliall be preferved to their true proprietors, with
the liberty of felling them, or of clearing them for Fi-ance
in
ballafl:.
Refused to all privateers and fliips trading to diftant ports.
Granted to fuch as trade to and from the different ports of this
ifland.
At Martinico, February 13th, 1762.
Le Vassor de i.aTouche.
Done at Fort-Royal in the Ifland of Martinico, this
13
th day
of February, 1762.
Robt.
Monckton.
G. B. Rodney.
The
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
The lofs fuftained by the EngUfli in the conquefl of Marti-
nico, muft appear very trifling, when we reflect on the num-
berlefs difficukies wliich every where prefented themfclves, and
the value of tlie prize contended for. Nature had, in every
part, been lavilli of her defences to oppofe an invalion ; and
Art, far from negledting to improve her bounties, had added
every ftrength that judgment and experience could fuggefl.
Befides, the vafl: confequence of the ifland itfclf to France, to-
gether with the riches of the inhabitants, could not fail callinir
forth their utmoll exertions to repel their invaders
; and they
had continually before them every motive that could animate
and infpire them with fortitude to bear every fatigue, and
courage to brave every danger : The houfes in which they
were born, the land which nurtured them, the graves of their
anceflors, the cradles of their children, their wives,
their
daughters, their whole eflates, expofed to the infults of a con-
quering foe, were fuflicient to excite the utmofl: eftbrts of liu-
man flcillj yet, however ftrong fuch a variety of fenfations muft
have operated to the purpofe of infpiriting the French, it proved
unequal to the true valour and perfevering ardour of the Eng-
lifh troops, who, in furmounting every obftacle, gave a noble
example of Britifli fpirit. But the grenadiers commanded by
the Lieutenant-Colonels Fletcher, MafTey, and Vaughan
; and
the light infantry headed by Lieutenant-Colonel Scott, Major
Leland, and Captain Quintin Kennedy,* diftinguiflied them-
fclves in a particular manner
;
the warmeft part of the fcrvice
having fallen to their lor.
Nor was the innate bravery of the Britifli failors ever more
confpicuous than during this expedition ; and the ferv.ices
they performed, as well on iliore as on their own element, are
^
almofl
384
HISTORY OF THE
'762.
almofl incredible ; and, to the everlafting honour of both the
lea and land forces, the utmoH: harmony fubfifled between
them, and Admiral Pvodney gave the General every afTiflancejii
his power, with all the cordiality that might be expeiftcd, had
his .own glory alone depended on the event.
Though it was merely by the right of arms that the ifland
of Martinico and its inhabitants, with all their riches, thus fell
into the power of the Englifli ; the humanity and generofuy of
the conquerors made fo deep an impreflion on the hearts of
the conquered, that, indead of regarding them as outrageous
foes, they hailed them their deliverers from tyranny and op-
preffioh ; and, from the hitherto unknown degree of liberty
they w'cre now permitted to enjoy, conceived fuch an high
idea of the Britilli government, as made them break out
into open prayers of long continuing to enjoy the bleffings
of it.
During the progrefs of the army, the Admiral kept his fliips
differently employed ;
but molt of them were obliged to
remain with the army, not only to cover the fiege of Fort-
Royal, and be able to do the fame, at St. Pierre's
; but becaufe
their marines were all on fliore, doing duty with the troops
;
and even many of .their feamen were daily employed in the
neceffary talk of hauling up the cannon to the troops, and
carrying them provifions and ammunition. Proper officers were
appointed to forward thefe fervices with that difpatch which
the importance of them required.
The conqueft of Martinico being thus accompliflied, Gene-
ral Monckton would have proceeded in perfon to have reduced
the other illands mentioned in his Majefty's inftrudions ; but
that
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
chat he thought it of more confcquence to the fervice, confi-
dering the then critical fituation of affairs, to remain where
he was. Befides, his prefence was abfolutely requifite to fet-
tle many material points conducive to the fecurity of his new
conqueft : Accordingly, every meafure was purfued that pru-
dence could diftate, and that could tend to the prefervation of
harmony between his own troops, and fecure order and obe-
dience from the inhabitants. The execution of the remainder
of the King's inftrudions being a fecond confideration
; it was,
therefore, prudently refolved to fend a fmall fquadron under
Commodore Swanton, with the fifth brigade under Brigadier
Wahli, and the corps of light-infantry, commanded by Colo-
nel Scott, to reduce the Grenades. Thefe troops foon arriving
at their place of deftination, landed on the 5th of March, with-
out the leall oppofition. The Governor having, with fome
regulars and free-booters, pofTefTed himfelf of a very flrong
and advantageous pod commanding the fort, fhewed, for
fome time, a refolution to defend the place
;
and his difpofi-
tions indicated an obilinate intention of repelling the invaders,
if pofTible; but he no foOner faw the Britifh troops landed,
and favourably polled, than he abandoned his flrong fitua-
tion ;
and then, finding himfelf deferted by the inhabitants,
and that the communication with the country was cut off in
fuch a manner as to preclude all hopes of relief, he fubmitted
without firing a gun
;
fo that this valuable conqueft, left to
the crown of Great Britain by the definitive treaty, did not coll.
her a fmgle man.
All this while, the greatefl: part of the fleet kept cruizing, on
different flations, to v/atch if any of the enemy ihould appear
;
and commodore Sir
James Douglas, in particular, oif. tlie Sa-
lines : Notwithilanding which, the Admiral determined to at-
*
D d d
"
tack
^S6
HISTORY OF THE
1762.
tack the iflands of St. Lucia and St. Vincent, the right to which
had ib long been an obje6l of contention between the French
and the EngUfli. Accordingly, on the 24th of February, he
ordered
The Hon. Capt. Hervey, in the Dragon, with the
Norwich,
Penzance,
Dover, and
Bafiliilv,
to proceed on this fervice
;
with liberty, on his making the
ifland of St. Lucia, reconnoitring the coalls of it, and making
all the other obfervations in his pov/er, to attack it without
waiting for farther inftruftions, if he thought himfelf ftrong
enough to carry his point ; otherwife he was only to fend the
Admiral the beft account he could, of the enemy's force and
fituation,
and block up their ports, in the beft manner he
<:ould, to
prevent their receiving any fupplies, and acquaint
the
Admiral, from time to time, of his proceedings : in cafe
he
attacked the ifland, he was left entirely to the diredion of
his own
judgment, in his operations againft it. If Captain
Hervey
Ihould fubdue the ifland, after taking poireffion of the
forts, and acquainting the Admiral therewith ;
he was to pro-
ceed to the Ifland of St. Vincent, and inform the chief of the
Indians there, that he was not come to moleft them, and much
lefs fl.rip them of their pofleflions ; but to free them from the
yoke v/hich the French had impofed on them, and oblige the
ufurpers to evacuate that ifland
;
his Majefly being dcfirous to
grant the natives his royal protedlion, and maintain them in
that fl:ate of neutrality to which they had an undoubted right:
And, that Captain Hervey might the more efFedtually comply
with thefe
inflruclions, he was ordered to wear abroad pendent
-when not in fight of a fenior officer.
The
LATE WAR IN AMERICA. -87
The firft of thefe fervices was performed by the 27th, when
1762.
the Illand of St. Lucia furrendered by the following
capitu-
lation.
Articles
of
capitulation agreed on het'ween the Honourable Augujlus
Hervey-, Commander
of
afquadron
of
his
MajeJly'sfMps, employed
off
the Iflands
of
St. Lucia and St. Vincent ; and Monfieur de Longueville.,
Commander and Governor
of
his Mojl
Chrifiian Majefys forces on the
I/land
of
St. Lucia.
Article T. The troops of the Mofl Chrifiian King, which
are
in the Illand of St. Lucia, fliall be allov^ed the fame capitula-
tion with the Illand of Martinico
;
they lliall be fupplied
with a velTel and provifions to remove to the faid illand ; they
fhall leave St. Lucia with the honours of war, their arms
and baggage, drums beating, matches lighted, and a field-
piece, and fo proceed to Martinico, with ten rounds for faid
field-piece ; and they fhall be allowed two days to bring
down their baggage from the redoubts.
Anfiver, The troops of his Moll Chrifiian Majefly fhall march
out of their garrifons and pofls, with the honours of war, and
be allowed a field-piece of cannon, with four rounds, and
lighted match
;
they fliall be allowed forty- eight hours to
get their baggage from the redoubts, and then be embarked
at his Britannic Majefly's expence for Martinico, and from
thence to France as foon as poffible.
II. The inhabitants of this illand aflv the fame terms, which
have been granted to thofe of Martinico, by the late capitula-
tion made with M. le VafTor, our General.
D d d 2 Anpwer.
HISTORY OF THE
Anfwer.
The inhabitants of St. Lucia fliall immediately fur-
render up their arms, fend in their names with places of their
abode, and fubmit themfelves at difcretion to his Britannic Ma-
jefty ;
but they fhall not be obliged to take arms againft his
Moft Chriftian Majefty.
III. All forts, garrifons, polls, cannon, mortars, magazines of
ammunition, provifions, and implements of war delivered
up bo7ia
fide
to fuch perfons as fliall be appointed to receive
them.-
Granted.
IV. The inhabitants fhall have free exercife of their religion
r
their priefts and nuns fhall be referved in rheir cures and
convents, until his Britannic Majefty's pleafure is known.
Granted,
V. All archives and papers, which may be neceilary or relative
to the government of the ifland, to be faithfully given up; as
alfo, all plans of the ifland, fortifications, harbourSj bays, &c.
Granted.
VI. All velTels whatfoever, that have been employed on any other
voyage, or on any other account than merely tranfporting
the produce of this ifland from one place to another of this
ifland, or carrying fuch produce from this ifland to Martinico
only, fhall be feized by his Majefly*s fhips at St. Lucia.
Granted.
Dated on boaM his Majefty's fhip Dragon at St. Lucia
j
February 26th,
176a.
A. Hervey.
LONGUEVILLE.
This
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
This capitulation gave Captain Hervey poflTellion of the fincll
harbour in the Wefl-Indies, flrongly fortified by art as well as
by nature. St. Lucia is, befides, remarkable for feveral frefh
water rivers, and great plenty of wood. It extends north norths
cail, and fouth fouth-well about forty-five miles, and is about
thirteen in breadth. It is indeed mountainous and but little
cleared, and contained but about one thoufand
inhabitants,
though very fruitful and capable of yielding the fame commo-
dities with all the other Weft-Indian ifiands. But, after all,
its
chief merit confifts in the excellent harbour called, the
Little
Carenage on the leeward fide, of the ifland. This harbour is one
of the beft. in the Weft-Indies, and it is impoffible to attack
it
by fhipping. when properly fortified, though it can receive
veifels of the greateft draught, having feven fathom
water
clofe to the fhore, and a cove where a firft rate man of war
may he careened.
We cannot help remarking in this place, that it is not bravery
alone which conftitutes a good officer. A wife attention
to
circumftances,
with the necefi^ary vigilance to gain by ftrata^
gem, what force, perhaps, would never efFec% has fupcrior
merit. It is on this principle we muft relate a fingular circumv
ftance that attended the redu(5lion of St. Lucia. When
Captain
Hervey arrived oflf the ifland, he was entirely at a lofs for intel-
ligence
concerning the fituation of its French inhabitants,
and
the
troops which defended it. From the peculiar pofition
of
the
harbour, there was no reconnoitring it from without
; and
the coaft was every where fo well defended, that it was imprac-
ticable to land
;
he, therefore, determined to fummon the Go-
vernor, and to accompany the officer charged with the fum-
mons in perfon, but drelTed as a midfhipman, fent, as it were, to
3 ferv?
,^o
HISTORY OF THE
1762. {erve as an
interpreter. By this means he got into the
harbour,
^""^
and had an
opportunity
of feeing that the water was
every
where deep ;
nay, he was carried up to the fortrefs where the
Governor
refided.
The fummons was anfwered with a fpirit that threatened
a
llout
defence ;
but nest morning, whilfl the EngHfh lliips
were under fail to force the harbour, and the marines and fea-
men ready in the boats for the alTault, the commodore received
an offer of capitulation from the Governor, M. de Longueville.
The officer fcnt on this errand, knowing again the Commodore,
whom he had feen the day before in a different characfler,
could
not help betraying great furprife
;
but at the fame time,
rightly
judging of the real caufe of this duplicity, he prefently
recovered
himfelf; and, without taking any farther notice of
it,
returned to the Governor, and foon after brought back
thofe
articles figned, which the Commodore had fent in by him.
The fhips then went in and took poffeflion of the harbour, and
the
whole ifland immediately fubinitted : From hence, on the
4th of March, the Commodore failed to reduce the Ifland of St.
Vincent ; but, on his way, he met an exprefs from
Admiral
Rodney,
with orders to join him with all expedition.
The
following extract of a letter from the Admiral to Captain For-
refl, who commanded his Majefly's fleet at Jamaica, will fuffi-
ciently account for the above orders.
*'
I mufl acquaint you, that the French fquadron, under the
"
command of M. dc Blenac, confiflingof eight fhips of the line,
"
and five frigates, having on board two thoufand troops,
*'
commanded by M. Belfunce and M. de St. Croix, appeared off
*'
Martinico on the 9th inflant. I immediately put to fea, with
7
"
fix
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
391
'*
fix fhips of the line, and four or five frigates, in hopes of 1762.
"
being able to bring them to an acflionj but was difappointed
"
in my aim. Having gained intelligence, that the Ifland of
"
Martinico belonged to his Britannic Majefty, they made off,
"
without my being able to learn, for forty-eight hours, what
"
courfe they had taken. I had great reafon to believe, that
"
they were gone to the relief of Grenada, then befieged
;
"
but, upon receiving a certain account that they were feen off
"
St. Chriftopher's, fleering weft with all the fail they coidd
"
crowd, I colle(5lcd, with the utniofl difpatch. all my force,
"
and fliail hadcn to join you as foon as poilible, and you may
"
every hour expe6l me. But, as I think the beft way to defeat
"
the enemy's deligns, will be to attack them in their own
"
ports, I fliould be glad that you would join me with all the
"
fhips under your command, off Cape St. Nicholas
; or, in
"
cafe that fhould be found impracticable, that you would
"
caufe frigates to cruize to windward in quefl of me, to-
"
give me an account of the prefent ftate of the ifland, and'
"
the intelligence you have been able to procure of the ene-
"
my's motions, that I may the better know how to take my
"
meafures for the prefervation of Jamaica."
In cojifequenceof the above orders to Captain Hervey, he made
all the fail he could to join the Admiral ; and, on the 6th of
March, came up with him off St. Pierre's, as did Sir
James
Douglas and Commodore Swanton ; fo that, within a few hours,
his whole fleet was colleded. It was in vain to think of inter-
cepting the enemy before they could arrive at St. Domingo.
However, not a moment was lofl: in victualling and watering,
,
and getting every fliip ready for action, in order to fuccour the
Ifland of Jamaica, as expreflTes had been received from the
Governor.
35,2
H I S T O R Y O F T H E
1762.
Governor and Council of that ifland, that rhcy were in immi-
"^^
nent danger ; that the ifland was to be attacked by the united
forces of France and Spain ;
and requefting that the Admiral
and General would endeavour to prevent the faid ifland from
falling into the hands of the enemy, by fending them fpeedy
fuccour.
Immediately on the receipt of this exprcfs, the Admiral com-
municated it to the General ; and propofed to him to hold
a
confiderable body of troops in conflant readinefs to embark
for the relief of Jamaica, the moment intelligence fliould be
received, of the Brcfl fquadron's having quitted thofe feas ; the
Admiral being, on his fide, determined to aOlft them with all
the naval force, that could pofllbly be fpared from the imme-
diate prote(5lion of the Carribee Iflands.
General Monckton was much diflirefTed at the critical fitu-
ation of Jamaica ;
efpecially as he did not think himfelf
authorifed to part with any of his troops without cxprefs
orders from England. This, however, did not prevent tlie
Admiral from profecuting his purpofe of haftening to the
relief of Jamaica : he, therefore, ordered Captain Hervey to
St. Chriftopher's, to colleel: all the fliips on that flation, and to
remain there till joined by him with the reft of his fleet, in
readinefs to fail at a moment's warning
;
and foon after, the
Admiral took the fame rout himfelf, leaving Sir
James Dou-
glas at Martinico. But before he could fail from St.-Chri-
Ilopher's, he received an exprefs, on the 26th of March, by
Captain Elphinftone of the Richmond, with orders to delift
from any enterprife he might have in view, as it was indifpen-
fibly neceflary, that all operations fliould yield to the grand
objeft, a fecret expedition, which had been then refolved upon.
Thus
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
3^3
Thus we fee, that the time in which Martinico was rcducedj 1762.
was a circumftance of as much confequence as the redudion
itfelf ; for, the war againfl Spain having been declared in the
beginning of the year, it became advifeable to flrike early
fuch an efFecSlual blow againft that nation, as might incline
her to a fpeedy peace, or materially influence the fortune of
the war, if ihe fliould periift in her hoftile deligns. It was,
on this plan, neceiTary to employ, on one and the fame fervice,
a very great force
;
and, of courfe, call away a confiderable
part of that which had been employed at Martinico.
-
To be thus flopped in the career of glory, and fuperfeded
in command, when juft on the point of feizing frefli laurels,
muft have been extremely mortifying; for it was now im-
pofRble to proceed to the protecftion of Jamaica, or attempt
any thing againfl the fleet of the enemy in their own ports,
without adling in contradidlion to the inflru6lions received
from the Lords of the Admiralty. However, as the prefer-
vation of Jamaica was an obje(5l of fo much confequence,
the Admiral thought himfelf juftifiable in obeying a fland-
ing pofitive order, refpe(5ting all admirals or commodores
commanding on the ftation of the Leeward Iflands, that, in
cafe any French fquadrons palTed thefe feas, they fliould de-
tach immediately an equal number of fliips after them, or
follow them in perfon ; befides, the Admiral knew that the
Jamaica fleet was to compofe part of that commanded by Sir
George Pococke, which was to be employed in the fecret expe-
dition, and had not received the leaft intimation againfl what
place that expedition was intended
;
he therefore thought it
abfolutely necefTary, not only for the prefervation of Jamaica,
but to prevent the junction of the French and Spanifli fleets, to
E e e detach
HISTORY OF THE
detach Sir James
Douglas with ten fail of the line, to Commo-
dore Forreft, who had already feven fail of the line and ten
frigates under him : And accordingly he fent Captain Hol-
well to Martinico, with orders for Sir James to repair with
all the expedition pollible, in the CuUoden, to St. Chriflo-
pher's, there to take on him the command of a fquadron for
Jamaica. On the 2d of April, Sir James arrived at St. Chrifto-
pher's, and the Admiral immediately ordered the Captains
of the
Culloden Temeraire
Dublin Devonfhire
Dragon Stirling-caftle
Temple Sutherland
Nottingham Alcide
Dover Thunder and Grenada bombs,
with the Csefar tender, and a floop laden with mafts, to put
thcmfelves under Sir James's command, and then ordered Sir
James
himfelf to proceed v/ith them immediately to the Ifland
of Jamaica, there to take upon him the command of the fhips
on that flation, and get them ready as faft as poiTible, to join
Sir George Pococke, who was expected in thefe feas by the
middle of April ; and moreover, make fuch a difpoiition of his
fliips, as lliould appear mofl conducive to the defence of that
ifland. He was likewife to difpatch a tender or frigate, on his
arrival at Jamaica, with what intelligence he could procure, to
Sir George Pococke at Martinico, and give direcflions to the
commanders of fuch vefTels, to keep in the ufual track of
fhips bound from Martinico to Jamaica ; and then order his
other frigates to cruize to windward, on the fouth-fide of Hif-
paniola, that Sir George Pococke might have as early and as
full intelligence as poffible.
6
On
LATE WAR IN AMERICA,
39^-
On the 3d of April the Admh-al failed with Sir
James and
1762.
the whole fleet, to deceive the Dutch, who might
obferve
'
'
'
their feparation, and give notice of it to the enemy
; they
kept company till night, when the fignal was made for Sir-
James to proceed to Jamaica ; the Admiral fleered for St.
Pierre, and anchored in the road on the 9th. Immediately
on his arrival, he began the neceflary preparations for get-
ting the fliips in readinefs for Sir George Pococke
;
and, in
the mean time, fent off an exprefs to acquaint him, that Cas-
de-JSJavirre Bay was the fitteil place for him to water in, and
that the fleet and troops at Martinico Ihould be ready to fail
the moment of his arrival.
Sir James
Douglas made Jamaica on the nth of April, and
having received intelligence from Commodore Forrefl, that a
French fquadron was in Port-St-Fran^ois, in the Ifland of Hif-
paniola, and that they intended to join the Spaniards at the
Havanna, with all the reinforcements they could collecT: ; it
was, in confequence of thefe advices, thought neceflary to dif-
patch immediately as many of the fhips as could be fpared
from the Jamaica ftation, to cruize ofl" the port of St.-Francois,
and, if poflible, block up the French fliips in it. It was off
Port-Royal, in Jamaica, that this refolution was taken
; and
the fliips to be employed in this fervice, had fixty or feventy
leagues to work up to windward. Captain Hervey was ordered,
with a broad pendant, on board the Dragon, to take on him
the comnfiand
of the
Temeraire Alcide
Nottingham Stirling-caftle
Pembroke Defiance
Dover Portmahon, and
HuflTar Trent,
E e e 2
and
HISTORY OF THE LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
and to take, befides, under his orders, all the fhips he might
meet with cruizing about that illand.
Captain Hervey, on his arrival off Port -St -Francois, found
the French fquadron all ready for fea ; but on the third day
after, the troops that were on board difembarked, and M. de
Blenac, in confequence of a meflage he had received from the
Governor of the Havanna, gave over all thoughts of going
immediately to fea.
THE
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F. ShcphmisJ)':
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^Jfit Willi Itt fvina h sduTSa
THE
HISTORY
O F T H E
LATE WAR IN AMERICA,
B O O K X.
The
Englijh refolve to attack the Havanna.^ Sea and land-forces feni'
againjl it. They arrive at Barbadoes
;
at Martinico. Pro-
ceed to the Havanna. Bpanijh vejjels taken.- -Force
of
the
Spaniards at the Havanna. The
Engliffj land in its neighbourhood.

Rout a body
of
Spanifh cavalry. Take pojl at Guanamacoa,
Befiege
the Mora. The Spaniards make a fally

are re-
piilfed.
The Mora cannonaded by
fea.
Arrival
of
troops
from
North-America. The Moro taken by affault.-~
The cannon
of
the
Moro turned againfl the Havanna.- The Governor fiimmoned to
furrender. Refufes. Batteries ereEled againfl the toivn., opened.
The Governor defires to capitulate; ^-Granted. The articles
of
capitulation.^
WE
have already mentioned the declaration of war made g
by the Englifli againfl: the Spaniards, and are now to
'
^
give an account of the hoflilities which followed it. The moil
effedtual method that the former could take to annoy the latter,
and at the fame time counterad; the formidable acceilion of
flrength v/hich France, by this time almoll fubdued, mufi:
8 otherwife
595
HISTORY OF THE
1762,
otherwifc
receive from the acquifition of fuch an ally,
was

"
'
vigoroufly
to attack fome of the Spanifli fettlements in Ame-
rica,
before they could be put into a proper poflure of defence:
For,
fliould this plan be attended with fuccefs, it would not
only
obflru(ft the channels through which the Spaniards re-
ceived
all their wealth from that quarter of the globe, but
poflibly
deprive them of the very fources which furnifhcd it.
The
Havanna, on the Ifland of Cuba, was therefore the objed
fingled out by the Britilh miniftry, as the moil proper to ac-
complifli thefe ends.
This city is iituated exadly under the tropic of Cancer,
83*^
weft of London, and is by far the moft confiderable place in
the
Weft-Indies, as well on account of its trade, as of its har-
bour and docks, in which fliips of war of the firft magnitude
are built. But what rendered it of yet far greater confequence,
was its being alfo the key of the riches of Mexico, and the
ufual
repofitory till their final embarkation for Old Spain. The
harbour lies to the eaft of the town, and is fpacious enough to
receive an hundred fhips of the line. The entrance into it is
defended by the Moro, a fort built upon a narrow point of
land to the north of the town, and which is large enough to
hold a garrifon of one thoufand men, with all necelTary pro-
vifions to refift a long and vigorous fiege. It contains very
good cafcments, and two cifterns which afford plenty of water.
As it ftands on fteep rocks, it is inacceffible from the fca,
which laflies its foundations. It is fortified to the eaft with two
baftions, a courtin and good covered way, with a dry ditch,
half of which is cut out of the folid rock. It commands the
Fort de la Punta on the oppofite fide of the harbour's mouth,
part of the town, and its three baftions to the north. A little
more
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
399
more within the.entrance into the harbour, and on the Moro '7
62.
fide, is a
battery buik of ftone, called the Twelve Apoftles
;
and a
little
higher up, another called the Shepherds battery
j
above thefe a chain of hills called the Cavannos, extend them-
felves from the Moro to the plains of Guanamacoa. Thefe
hills command the town and docks, and can always be pro-
te6ted by the fliips in port, the very bottom of the harbour
affording anchorage for men of war of the firfl rate, and being
withal defended by a fteep hill called Gonzales.
A chain of ten baftions and nine curtines, with an indifferent
covered way, and fome counterguards before the fronts of the
baftions, form the ceinture of the town to the weft. The
ground in front is, in fome places, marfhy, the reft is no-
thing but bare rock, the earth that formerly covered it having
been taken away to conftru6t the ramparts of the town. It is no-
uncommon thing, however, to meet upon fuch rocks, with,
moraffes two or three feet deep, formed by the rain-water col-
le(fted in the hollows, and producing, in the courfe of its ftag-
nation, herbs and llime, the general materials of moraffes orL
all bottoms.
All the eaftern coaft is covered with wood, the reft of the
environs of the town is entirely cleared, and well cultivated;
and befides embellifhed with feveraL fmall villages,
and a pro-
digious number of country houfes.
The operations againft this capital obje(5l, by tlie poffeflion
of which England might be fure to intercept the treafures thac
were to give vigour to the united efforts of the houfe of Bour-
bon, were to be conduded by the Right Honourable the Earl
400
I-I ISTOR V or THE
' %
1762. of
Albemarle, as Commander-in-chief of the land-forces,
and
by
Admiral Sir George Tococke, who was to command the fleet.
This enterprizcj fo great in its confequcnces, that it might
.
at once influence the fortune of the whole war in favour of
theEnglifli, feemed to demand a very great force, to be attend-
ed with ccitain fuccefs
;
and it was therefore but reafonable to
conclude,
that every nerve and Anew would be flrained in fit-^
ting out the armament to be employed on the occafion, in a
manner fuitable to the importance of its deflination. But ac-
cording to the plan of colleifling the army and tlie navy for this
fervice, there were, in all appearance, fo many and fuch great
obilacles to overcome, efpecially with regard to the difpoflcion
of the fliips and troops which were to compofe them, that for-
tune m-uft be extremely partial in favour of the Englifli, if
the necefllary jun(ftion of them fucceeded in every particular.
The army was to be compofed of fixteen thoufand men -,
of
v.diich, notwithftanding, four thoufand only were to
go from
England. General Monckton, it was fuppofed, could furnifli
eight thoufand mare
;
and the remaining four thoufand were
to be fupplied by General Amherft, from the Continent of
North-America. The fleet was to be made as powerful as
poiTible : yet Sir George Pococke was to take with him from
England but five fliips of the line ; the moft conflderable
part
of his ftrength being to be formed by fliips already in the
Wefl-hidies, under Admiral Rodney : But a Spanifli fleet of
nine fliips of the line, then lying in Ferrol harbour, caufed an
addition of two more fliips, which, hov/ever, were only to
accompany the fleet to the latitude of Cape-Finiflerre, and then
return to England. As to the troops expected from General
Monckton, no accounts had been received from him fince he
JPailed on his expedition from New-York
j
nor was it known
whether
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
401
vvhether he had undertaken the reduftioii of Martinico, or in
1762.
what part of the Weft-Indies he was to be found in cafe he had,
and had mifcarried in the attempt. The fleet under the com-
mand of Admiral Rodney was in the fame predicament ; and
the quota of troops to be furnifhed by Sir JefFery Amherft was
to confift only of two thoufand provincials yet to be raifed,
and tv/o thoufand regulars to be drawn from Canada and the
interior garrifons in other parts of North-America.
By the flendernefs of this force, and the extreme uncertainty
of colIe6ling it, at leaft in due time to enter on adlion before
the Spaniards could be prepared to receive an enemy, and take
advantage, withal, of the only feafon fit for military opera-
tions within the tropics, we can fcarcely conclude that this plan
againft the Havanna was adopted with any fpirit, or that it was
intended to operate to any great advantage. Yet, by the in-
llrudions to the Earl of Albemarle, the Britifli miniftry feem
to have been uncommonly folicitous, that no time fhould be
loft in carrying the enterprize into immediate execution ; for
every other plan of operations in the Weft-Indies, even thofe
adlually entered upon, were to yield to the intended operations
of the fleet and the army under Sir George Pococke and the Earl
of Albemarle
;
nay, had General Monckton already attacked
Martinico, he was to relinquifh it, and direcftly embark with
his troops to reinforce the Earl of Albemarle. As, under thefe
circumftances, the General could not poffibly know where to
aflemble his forces, it was judged neceflary to difpatch the Rich-
^,
mond, Captain Elphinftone, immediately in queft of Admiral
Rodney, with the orders for him we have already mentioned,
to collect all his fliips and hold them in readinefs to receive Sir
George Pococke's commands on his arrival in thofe feas,
*Eff
The
4o HISTORYOFTHE
^762.
^
The Admiral and the General now repaired to Portfmouth,
where the one was almoft without a fleet, and the other
with-
out an army. However, with the little certain force they had,
they were going to attempt the execution of a plan, the ifuie
of which, whether fortunate or unfortunate, would in fome
degree affeft almoft every power in Europe.
However inadequate to the fervice, the force to execute it
appeared to be, the hopes of the nation were animated from the
confidence that the people had in the Admiral
; whofe abili-
ties, fupported by an inflexible refolution, had, during a long
command, l>een the preferver and guardian of the Britifli pof-
feflions in Afia, and whofe naval fkill gained his inferior
fquadron a fuperiority over that of the French in two engage-
ments on thofe feas
;
it was not therefore doubted, but that
the fame abilities Would be exerted with the fame ardour
againft a new enemy in a new quarter of the globe.
In this enterprize the Honourable Commodore Keppel was
appointed fecond in command, with a diftinguilliing pendant.
This officer had fignalized himfelf during the whole progrefs
of the war. He added Goree to the Britifh empire: But his
great judgment and a(5livity, fo eminently difplayed during the
more recent
reduflion of Belle-hie, was ailurance of Aiccefs to
any operations that the Admiral might think proper to entruft
to his execution.
**
The flaiF of the army v/as as follows.-
The Earl of Albemarle, Commander-in-Chief.
Six aids de camp.
Lieutenant General Elliot, fecond in command.
Two aids de camp.
6
Major
LATE WAR IN AMERICA,
40:
Major General la Faufille.
'762.
One aid de camp.
Major General Keppel.
One aid de camp.
Colonel Carleton, quarter maflcr general.
Major Poole his deputy, with two afTiftants.
The Honourable Colonel Howe, adjutant general.
Lieutenant Colonel Ackland, his deputy.
Captain of the guides.
Charles Leechmere, commifTary general of flores.
George Durant, Efq; deputy paymafter general of the forces.
Provoft Martial.
Sir Clifton Wintringham, dire(flor general, and firfl: phyfician
to the hofpital.
One deputy direcftor.
Three phyficians. Four apothecaries.
Four furgeons. Forty-four affiflants.
The army was compofed of the following troops:
The 9th Regiment, Whitmore's, confifting of
977
34th, Lord Frederic Cavendifli's,

976
56th, Honourable Major General Keppel,

933
72d, The Duke of Richmond,

g^6
Volunteers, being French prifoners drawn
out of the different prifons, but fuppofed
to be proteftants, commanded by Major
Freron,
217
Royal artillery,

270
Brigade of engineers,

6
Total,
4365
'-
'
Fff
8 Thefe
HISTORY OF THE
Thefe troops being all embarked, and the llore and vidualling
fliips all in readinefs by the fifth day of March, the Admiral
and the General, both on board the Namur, immediately failed
from Portfmouth, with the
Valiant, the Honourable Commodore Keppel, Captain
Duncan.
Belleiile, - Captain
Jofeph
Knight.
Hamptoncourt, - - Innis.
Rippon,
- _
_
Jekel.
Thirty tranfports.
Nineteen ftore and victualling fliips, befides
Eight loaded with artillery.
OiF Plymouth they were joined by the Burford and the
Florentine. On the nth, the St. Fret, a French Eaft-India fhip,
of feven hundred tons burthen, with
230 men, befides pafTen-
gers, and laden with coffee and pepper, bound from the Ifland
of Bourbon to Port-L'Orient, ftruck to the Valiant, and was
efcorted into Plymouth by the Burford. One of the large flore-
fhips having run foul of another veflel, and being thereby too
much difabled to proceed, the flores were taken out of her,
and fhe was fent into port, under convoy of the Rippon. By
the departure of thefe two men of war, the fleet was reduced
to its original flrength ; and foon after it had entered on the
Atlantic Ocean, tliere arofe a violent florm, which feparated it
;
but without any other material injury. The Namur arrived
at Barbadoes on the 20th of April, after a paiTage of forty-five
days, and here the fleet again united ; the Rippon, notwith-
flanding her having been fent into Plymouth, had come in with
feme
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
fome tranfports, a few days before. To this place Major
Moneypenny had been difpatched by General Monckton, to
acquaint Lord Albemarle with the fuccefs of his Majefty's arms
againfl Martinico. The Admiral therefore now fleered for that
ifland, where he arrived on the 26th of April, and anchored
in Cas dc-Navire's Bay, where Admiral Rodney delivered up
the command of his fliips to Sir George Pococke, and Gene-
ral Monckton that of his troops to the Earl of Albemarle
j
and then both navy and army vigoroufly entered, in their
different departments, upon all the preparations neceflary for
the profecuting of their intended enterprize. The feamen were
employed in victualling and watering the flaips, the foldiers in
cutting and making fafcines. Difpatches were fent to Sir
James
Douglas to repair immediately, with all the fhips under his
command, and others fent him by Admiral Rodney to Cape-
Nicholas, the north-weft point of Hifpaniola, and there wait
the arrival of Admiral Pococke.
405
1762.
The fleet now immediately under Sir George Pococke, con-
fifted of the
Namur,
-
90 guns,
40*^
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
407
From England and North-America,
9747
'762.
From South-Carolina,
ifl: Regiment, four companies, - 320
77th, Montgomery's, - _ -
HISTORY OF THE
Total,
15659
Out of the above troops, Lord Albemarle,
befides leaving fome fick at Martinico, gar-
rifoncd it with
The 69th,
-
_ -
-
^^6
76th,
- - _ -
1048
And St. Lucia, Dominica, Grenada, and the
Grenadillas, with the
38th,
_ - - -
289
94th,
- -
- -
387
98th,
370
looth,
- - -
_
3^6
4308
So that there remained for the Havanna expe-
.
ditionbut
- - - -
11351
The maritime defence of Martinico was entrufted to Admiral
Rodney, with a fraall fquadron. General Monckton, who fo
lately led an army to vidory, had now the choice left him of
the inadltve government of the Ifland of Martinico, which he
had conquered, or to accompany the earl of Albemarle as third
in command : but his health being much impaired, he, in
order to re-eftabiifli it, defired leave to return to his
govern-
ment of New-York ;
which being complied with, the
govern-
ment of Martinico devolved on Major General Rufane.
The regiments which the Earl of Albemarle received from
General Monckton, having each a light-infantry company,
thofe from England were ordered to be put on the fame
footings and tlie light- infantry of the whole were formed
into one corps. The grenadiers were divided into three batta-
4
lions,
LATE WAR IN AMERICA,
lions, and the remainder of the army into five brigades, to be
commanded by brigadiers Haviland, Grant, Reed, Lord RoIIo,
and Walfh. The four companies of light infantry from Eng-
land, with one battalion of the grenadiers, were given to Colo-
nel Carleton, and the remaining tv/o battalions of grenadiers
to Colonel Howe.
Previous to Lord Albemarle's leaving England, orders were
fent to the Governor of Jamaica, to raife two tlioufand
ftout
negroes, for the fervice of the army, it being thought
impof-
fible for the troops to do all the laborious work incident
to
the bufmefs of a fiege in fo hot a climate. He was likewife
ordered to raife five hundred negroes accuflomed to arms, who
were to be regimented with proper officers. Cut Lord Albe-
marle, being apprehenfive of fome delay in the execution
of
thefe orders, confidering how much the governor and the inha-
bitants of Jamaica were alarmed at the arrival of M. de Blenac's
fl^uadron, or that thefe negroes, if raifed, m.ight be intercepted
by fome part of that fquadron, on their paiTage to join him,
prudently gave orders, at all events, for the purchafing of eight
liundred or a thoufand negroes at Martinico, St. Chrifloplier's,
and Antigua. Matters being thus fettled, the A.dmiral and Ge-
neral, on the 6th of May, failed from Martinico, with the fliips
and troops before mentioned; and, on the 17th arrived off Cape-
Nicholas, where, on the 23d, they were joined by the fhips
from
Jamaica, and the fquadron under Captain Hervey, that
had been cruizing off Cape-Franfois, to block up M. de Blenac,
whofe defign was, if poffible, to form a juncT:ion with the
Spanifh fleet in the harbour of the Havanna
; as together,
they would be in a condition to give battle to the Englifh fleet.
G
g g ^
Accordingly,
HISTORY OF THE
Accordingly,
he had, with this view, offered his
endeavours
to
the Governor o tlie
Havanna ;
but all the anfwer the latter
returned,
was a verbal
melTage, that he would as foon admit
an
Englifli as a
French fleet into his harbour.
The Enfflilli fleet now confifled of
Ships of the line. Guns
.
LATE WAR IN
AMERICA.
With this fleet the Admiral had the choice of two routs to
the Havanna: The firft and moft obvious was the
common
one, along the fouth-fide of Cuba, and fo into the tra<5l of the
galleons. But this, though by much the fafeft, could not but
prove equally tedious
; and delays, above all things, were to
be avoided, as the fuccefs of the whole enterprize
depended,
to all appearance, on its being in forwardnefs before the hurri-
cane feafon came on. He therefore refolved to run along the
north fliore of that illand, through that very intricate and alraoft
unknown paffage of the old Bahama Straits, in length near
fixty leagues
;
and this though in great want of pilots for
fuch a courfe : for, though many had arrived from Provi-
dence and other iilands, yet fcarce any one of them had the
leall fatisfa6lory knowledge of thefe ftraits, or was able to take
the charge of a fmgle fhip through them, much lefs to condu6t
fo large a fleet :
But thefe circumflances, however difcouraging,
could not check the refolute ardour of an admiral long ufed
to ftruggle with difliculties. The firft reafon that induced
him to rifls: this paflage, and it muft be allowed to be a very
material one, was, that if he endeavoured to go round the
ifland of Cuba, befides the unavoidable great tedioufnefs of the
paflage, many of the tranfports and heavy laden flore-fliips
would not, perhaps, have been able to beat up again in time
from the weft-end of Cuba to the Havanna, againft the trade-
winds and currents. The fecond was, that by going that way,
he muft have left the paflage of the old Bahama Straits open
to the French, and they might, in the interim, flip through
them to the Havanna, and reinforce the Spaniards, if the
latter would accept of their afliftance ; for, from the weft-
end of Hifpaniola, they could not avoid feeing the Englifti fleet
G
g
g
2 bear
HISTORY OF THE
bear away along the fouth-fide of Cuba; and this circumflance
mufl foon be known at Port-St.-Fran9ois.
The Admiral, therefore, having firfl prepared a fufScient
number of frigates, tenders, long-boats, and barges to take the
lead, and place themfelves all along the palTage, on the differ-
ent Ihoals, with lights by night, and flags by day, to direcfl
the headmoft fliips of the fleet, divided this great armament
into fcven divifions, the better to work clear of each other,
and avoid all confufion. Then, on the 27th of May, he made
the fignal to bear away in the following order :
Firfl; divifion.
Alarm. Mercury.
Dragon,
Nottingham.
Grenada.
Trent.
Namur,
Sir George Pocock.
Light-infantry.
Three battalions of grenadiers.
Two hofpital fhips.
Three artillery fliips.
Second divifion^
Valiant,
Commodore Keppel.
Firfl: Brigade.
Two hofpital fliips.
Three artillery fliips.
Centaur,
Dover.
Edgar.
Richmond.
Third
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
Third Divifion.
Rippon.
Belleifle,
Captain Jofeph Knight.
Second Brigade.
One hofpital fliip.
Pembroke. Three artillery fhips.
Glafgow.
Thunder.
Barbadoes.
Viper.
Cerberus.
Alcide.
Centurion.
Devonihire.
Fourth Divilion.
Temcraire,
Captain Barton.
Twenty-four ftore fhips.
Four fliips with fafcines.
Two with negroes.
Three with horfes.
Six with the baggage
of general officers.
Fifth Divifion.
CuUoden,
Captain Barker.
Third Brigade.
One hofpital fhip.
Two with artillery.
Sixth Divifion.
Cambridge,
Captain Goofetree.
Fourth brigade.
One hofpital fliip.
Two fliips with artillery.
Orford.
HufTar.
Penzance.
Deptford.
Boreas.
Ferrer.
Bonetta.
Bafiliflv.
Eccho.
Rofe.
Seventh
HISTORY OF THE
Seventh Divifion.
Defiance.
Marlborough,
Temple.
Captain Burnet.
Fifth brigade.
Hampton-coun. One hofpital fliip. Portmahon.
Three with artillery.
Stirling-caflle. Hampfliire.
Lurcher.
The whole fleet conflfled of
Ships of the line, - - - _
23
Frigates,
bomb-ketches, fire-lhips, and their tenders,
24
Tranfport fhips with troops on board, - -
93
Artillery fliips, - - - .
16
Hofpital fhips, - - .. ^ 8
Provifion fhips, - - - -
24
Ships with fafcines, - - -
4.
with negroes, - - - -
2
with horfes, - - > .
^
with the baggage of general officers, - 6
Total,
203
On the 2d of June,
the Alarm and Echo being ordered a-head
to lie on the Cayo Sal bank, the former made the fignal for fee-
ing five fail in the north-wefl quarter, and then both chaced.
About two o'clock in the afternoon. Captain Alms in the
Alarm, came up with, and engaged the Vanganza, a Spanifh
frigate of twenty-two guns and two hundred men
;
and the
Phoenix flore fhip armed for war, of eighteen guns and feventy-
five men ; and, in three quarters of an hour, both flruck to
him.
The Vanganza had ten men killed and fourteen wound-
ed ;
the Alarm feven men killed and ten wounded. A brigantine
5
and
LATE WAR IN AMERICA,
415
and two fchooners were at fii-ft in company with the Van-
^1^'^'
ganza; but one of the latter efcaped. They were bound to
Sagoa, in the llraics, for timber for the ufe of the lliips at the
Havanna, from whence they had failed twelve days before.
During the palTage through the Straits of Bahama, the weather
proved very fine, and the current moderate ; and, on the 5th
of June,
the whole fleet was clear through and in fight of the
Metances.
By the taking of the above Spanifii frigates, the Admiral and
the General obtained very good intelligence concerning the
condition of the enemy ; a circumftance at this time particularly
defirable. The purport of this intelligence was, that the Spa-
niards had fixteen men of war in the harbour of the Havanna,
almoft ready for fea
;
that they were not in the leaft expedla-
tion of a vifit from the Englifh
;
and that the garrifon confifted
of very few troops : But on the other hand, the Governor of
Havanna was now as certainly informed of the nature of the
vifit he was going to receive, by the vefi^el which efcaped
; he
therefore immediately fummoned a council of war, in which,
befides the refident officers of his own garrifon, he was aflifled
by the Count de Superunda, Lieutenant General of his Catho-
lic Majefty's forces, and late Viceroy of the kingdom of Peru
1
and Don Diego Tavares, a Major General, knight of the order
of St. James, and late Governor of Carthagena
; thefe officers
being
accidentally at the Havanna on their palTage to Old Spain
from their refpedlive governments. In this council, it was
refolved to defend the Moro to the lafl extremity, as the prefer-
vation of the town wholly depended upon the defence that
fort could make. Accordingly, the prefent Governor being
old and infirm, Don Lewis de Velafco, captain of a man of war,
was entrufted with this important fervice; and the Marquis de
Gonzales,
4i6 HISTO R Y O F THE
1762.
Gonzales, likcwifc captain of a man of war, was
nominated
the fecond in command. Thefc points being fettled, the Go-
vernor proceeded to declare war in form againft England,
that
ceremony being abfolutely nccefTary to juftify the arraying the
militia, wlio, by law, ferve only in time of war. The regular
troops at the Havanna were as follows
:
Cavalry,
I Squadron of the place.
4
of Arragon,
4
of Edingburgli,
9
Squadrons, at 90
men />cT fquadron,
-
8io
Infantry,
1 Battalion of the place, -
-
700
2 of Spain, - - - 1400
2 of Arragon, - - 1400
3
Companies of artillery, _ - - 300
I Brigade of engineers,
i?.oo
Total of land forces,
- - -
4610
Marines and failors,
_ _ -
gooo
Total, 13610
To the above forces, the acflivity and tlie diligence of ihe
Spanilli officers foon added a number of militia, mulattocs,
and negroes, fo as to form, all together, a body of thirty thou-
Tand men, by the time the Engliln arrived in fight of the Ha-
vanna. The principal part of their regular troops were
ordered to oppoie the progrefs of the invaders
;
and, for tint
purpoie, take poft at a coniiderable village called Guanamacoa,
and the remainder were occupied in fuch bufinefs as was
judged
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
judged moft e/Tential towards contributing to their fafcty.
But
the fleet, confiflihg of
The Tiger,
70
The Sovereign,
70
The Afia, -
64
Queen,
70
Neptune,
70
America, 60
Infant,
70
Eagle, -
70
Conqueror,
5o
Europe, 60 January, 60 St. Anthony, 60
which lay in the harbour, was ordered to continue at anchor.
Whether they were thus ina6tive for want of inftruct.c. '^,
whether all their fliips were not in a fighting
condition,
or whatever elfe was the caufe^ we cannot d'etermine. If
fome of the above reafons did not forbid it, we may very
rationally fuppofe, that their beft way would have
been
to come out and fight the Englifia fquadron ; and though
the ifTue of a battle might have proved unfavourable
to
them
;
yet a battle tolerably maintained, would have much
difabled the Englifli armament, and perhaps have been the
means of difconcerting the whole enrerprize. The lofs of
their fleet in this way might have pofTibly faved the city
;
but the city once taken, nothing could preferve the fleet.
It is true, the Spaniards much trufted to the ftrength of the
place, and to thofe aftonifliing difficulties which attend mili-
tary operations drawn out to any length in this unhealthy
climate. In other refpedls, they were very far from being
deficient in proper meafures for their defence.
But to return to the operations of the Englifli : On the 6th
of
June, the Havanna, the aim of fo long a voyage, and the
objed: of fo many anxious hopes and fears, was now before
H h h them.
4i8
HISTORY OF THE
37(5^.
them. The Admiral brought to, about five leagues to the eafc-
ward of that city, to iliac diredlions to the captains of his fleet,
and the mafters of the tranfports, with regard to the landing
of the army.
The fleet was formed into two divifions. Six fliips of the
line, fome frigates, and the flat-bottomed boats, manned from
the fleet, formed the diviflon that was to cover the debarkation
of the troops, under the command of Commodore Keppel.
Thirteen fail of the line, two frigates, the bomb-ketches,
and thirty-fix fail of viiftuallers and fiore-lhips, formed the
Admiral's divifion, with which, about two in the afternoon,
he bore away and ran down off the harbour,' where he dif-
covered twelve fliips of the line, and feveral merchantmen.
There not being on board the whole fleet a fingle man ac-
quainted with the coaft, nor any fpot being as yet abfoluiely
fixed on for tlie making of a defcent, the Alarm and Richmond
were fent, with the Colonels Carleton and Howe, to reconnoitre
the fliore. In the mean time, orders were given for the difpo-
fition of the firft debarkation of the troops, who were to be
commanded by Lieutenant General Elliot, Major General Kep-
pel, and Brigadier Haviland. The third battalion of grena-
diers was to do duty as a corps de referve under Colonel Carle-
ton. The firft and fecond battalions were commanded by
Colonel Howe. The Earl of Albemarle was to be in the barge
of the Valiant, with the Commodore. The troops, on land-
ing, were to form into one line, the corps de referve in their
rear. A lieutenant was appointed to conduct each flat-bot-
tomed boat
-,
and when the fignal was made, thefe boats
w^ere to repair to their refpcclive rendezvous, at the flerns of
the following men of war, whole Captains were to conducH:
I thexa
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
them on fliore, under the immediate dircdlion of Commodore
Keppel.
41-9
Rippon,-
35-
reg.
Orford,
36. reg.
Dragon,
2dbatt.
ofgrens,
and the
royal.
Valiant, Temeraire,
iftbatt.
of
grens.
light in-
fantry.
Dover,
sdbatt.
Royal
Amer.
Pembroke,
corps
dc
rcfcrve. -
The officers of the troops were, upon no account, to interfere
in the manoeuvres performed on the water, the Commodore
having the fole diredion of every thing to be done on that
element.
The third, fourth, and fifth brigades, under the command
of Major General Lafaufdle, were to remain on board, till flat-
bottomed boats were fent to receive and land them. Brigadier
AValfh was to land with his brigade. The tranfports of the firft
debarkation were ordered to get as clofe to land as poffible, for
the greater convenience of putting the troops on fliore; and the
Generals Elliot and Keppel were on board the Dragon, Captain
Hcrvey, in readinefs to land with the troops when the Commo-
dore fliould make the fignal. A convenient place having
been fixed upon for this purpofe, the next morning, about ten,
the Admiral made a feint to land four miles to the weft of
the Havanna, at the fame time that the Commodore began
to land in good earnefl, and did it fo efFedlually, that in about
an hour, the troops were all on fliore, without any oppofition,
between the rivers Boca-N.io and Coximer, fix miles to tlie eafi-
ward of the Moro. The Coiiimodore ordered Captain Hervey in
the Dragon to run in, and batter a fmall fort fituated at the
mouth of th.1t river, which prevented the troops from fording
H h h 2 it.
HISTORY OF THE
it. This fervice Captain Hervey executed in about an
hour.
The army then moved on
;
and the advanced guard,
com-
manded by
Colonel Carleton, forded the river. The Earl of
Albemarle, on being informed of Captain Hervey's fuccefs,
liberally rewarded the crew of his fhip ; then, having
pafTed
the Coximer with the grenadiers and light infantry, his Lord-
fhip took up his quarters that night upon the banks of that
river, the army lying upon their arms along the fliore, with
the pickets advanced into the woods.
All this while, the men of war and the tranfports kept
moftly under fail, not being very certain of fafe anchorage
;
but the Dragon having continued at an anchor off the Coximer,
the Commodore v/ent on board in the evening, and made a
iignal from that fhip the next morning, for the fleet to anchor,
which was immediately obeyed. In England, it was not
thought pra(5licable to anchor on this coaft ; at leaft it w^as be-
lieved, that the fhips could not remain fo any time : but had this
been the cafe, it would have been impoffible for the general to-
carry on his operations afhore. This coait, it mull be confeiTed,.
is full of danger, when the v/ind blows from a certain point
;
but prudence mull fometimes give way to necellity, and this
was now the cafe ; for the ground on which the Commodore's
divilion actually lay, was fo foul, that the cables w^ere continu-
ally cutting; and confequently, had a north wind arifen, the
fhips mull have been in inevitable danger of going on fliore
upon a bed of pointed rocks.
The Genera! havirg determined to take poll at a village called
Guanamacoa, about fix miles from the landing place, he
ordered a road lO be cut through the -.:ocds to a large plain,
at
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
at the extremity of which the above village is fituatcd ; and
having added the hght infantry of the army to the corps under
the command of Colonel Carleton, he ordered the Colonel with
that corps throngh the wood, by another rout, to gain the
fame village; and detached Colonel Howe with two battalions
of grenadiers, to reconnoitre the Moro. The road being cut
by the morning, the General marched -the remainder of the
army through it, and gained the plain. Colonel Carleton,
on his lide, having penetrated the wood, difcovered in his.
pafTage through the gorge of the hills which flvirt the plain,
a large body of cavalry advantageoufly pofted upon a riling
ground between his corps and the village. Upon this he
changed his order of march, which had, till now, been in
a column, by breaking the column into two parts, the rear
of which marched by files to the left of the front, till
the head men of both were abreaft. In this pofition, with
a hundred light infantry in his front, and as many grena-
diers in his rear, he continued his march, leaving on his
right a morafs, which lay between him and the Spaniards.
But now he difcovered a large body of infantry in and about
the village of Guanamacoa : He moved on, however, with a
view of gaining forae advantageous port
; and though he
fucceeded, he did not think it prudent, as the men under
his command did not exceed eleven hundred, to advance any
farther v/ichout orders, or a reinforcement from the main
body
of the army led on by the Earl of Albemarle in per-
fon, who v/as now in light, with Only the River Coximer,
which was fordable in every part between them. Lord Albe-
marle hav-ng ordered the Colonel to advance and fall upon
the Spa_.ards on his fide of the village, whilft his Lordfhip
charged them, on the other fide
; the former, as foon as he
3
judged.
422
HISTORY or THE
1762.
judged the latter fufliciently advanced for the intended attack,
^ "
put his corps in motion again ;
but when he had got within
half a mile of the village, he was obliged, from the fituation
of the ground, and the intervention of a deep road, to change
his order of march. This being obfervcd by the Spaniards, the
Edingburgh
regiment of dragoons came down on a gallop
to
attack his right, hoping to reach it before his new polition was
completed; but they were difappointed : His troops were al-
ready
formed, the grenadiers being thrown into the hollow of
the road ; and the light infantry, on the approach of the
Spanifh
cavalry, threw them, by a fmart fa-e, into fuch confu-
fion, that before it was poflible for Lord Albemarle to come
up, they wqre totally difperfed.
On the 9th, the Moro caftle was farther reconnoitred, and the
General marched the army from Guanamacoa, and encamped
in the woods between the Coximer river and the Moro, leaving
a corps at Guanamacoa, under the command of Lieutenant
General Elliot, to fecure the avenues on that fide, and a large
traft of country which could fupply the army with cattle and
vegetables. HisLordfiiip then, having brought with him from
England a number of faddles and bridles, formed a troop of
light horfe, confiding of one hundred. The horles were taken
from the Spaniards, and proved of great fervice, as well for
patroles, as to procure cattle for the fubfiuence of the army
left under the command of General Elliot, and was added to
the corps of obfervation.
The fleet v/as all this time conflantly employed in landing
cannon, ammunition, ilores, and provifions of all kinds. A
number of fcamen were daily allotted to thefe eflential fervices,
which
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
which were wholly conducLcd Ly the fea-officers, and what
was landed, was carried on, under their direcTrion, to the very
camp. There was no longer any appearance of the Spanifli
fhips endeavouring to get out, a boom having heen laid acrofs
the harbour, fevcral large {hips having been, befides, funk in
the mouth of it, and the vv^hole fleet unrigging.
On the hills called the Cavannos, the enemy had a pod, from
which the General determined to diflodge them: On the nth,
therefore, Colonel Carle ton was ordered on this fervice, with
the light infantry and grenadiers ; and having properly in-
veded it, made the neccffary difpofitions for attacking it the
next morning. The General, in order to facilitate this operation,
deCred the Admiral would endeavour to draw off the attention
of the enemy from this bufmefs, by an attack on the Chorera
caflle, to the weft fide of the town. Accordingly, Captain
Knight in the Belleille, with two frigates, were ordered in for
that purpofe
;
but the water not being of a fufficient depth to
carry them as near the fort as could be wifhed, it was fomc
time before this fervice was efFe<5lually executed
; and during
the firing, Lieutenant Biggs and feveral feamen, were feverely
burnt by the blowing up of fome cartridges. However, about
one o'clock, the Colonel proceeded to attack a redoubt, which
was carried by his light infantry with little oppofition from
the enemy in it ; but in the midft of a moft terrible fire, both
from the fhipping in the harbour and the Moro, one fingle
fhot of whofe guns killed eleven men of Lieutenant Colonel
Mafley's grenadiers. The acquifition of this poft was juilly
confidcred as an advantage of the greateft confequence, fince,
in the hands of the enemy, it entirely covered the men of
war in the harbour, and would have taken in flank, any ap,-
proaches.
424
HISTORYOFTHE
1762. -proaches that could have been carried on againll the Moro. In
cafe, therefore, of another attack on the Havanna, this is the
pod we fliould firfl: endeavour to fecure
;
and we Ihould do it
at all events, as it will entirely command the motions of the
fliipping in the harbour. The Englifh now eflabliflicd a pod
here, v/hich they called the Spanifh redoubt.
As the Spaniards feemed to direct their chief attention to the
fecurity of the Moro caftle, as of the utmoil confequence to-
wards the prefervation of the city, the General, for the fame
reafon, determined to carry on his approaches againft that fort;
and committed the direction of them to the Honourable ISIajor
General Keppel. With this view it was again reconnoitred,
with as much accuracy as the nature of the thick woods fur-
rounding it would permit. It wHs with difficulty difcovered,
that the parapet of the fort was thin, and all of mafonry
; and
this difcovery ihewed the neceffity of eredling a battery againft
it, as near as the cover of the v/oods would permit. Prepara-
tions were therefore immediately made for this work,
and
parties were ordered to cut fafcines and collect earth. The
latter proved a work of great labour, the country hereabouts
being little better than a bare rock, and the foil, where any was
to be found, exceedingly thin. On the 13th, however, two
batteries were begun ; one but one hundred and ninety-two
yards from the Moro, and called the grand battery; the other
a hawitz battery beyond the Spanifli redoubt. The delign of
this lad battery was to drive the fhipping higher up the har-
bour, as they very much annoyed the Englifh by a heavy fire of
random-fhot into the woods.' It would have been abfolutely
impoiTible to carry on thefe batteries without the affiftance of
the negroes, whom, as we have faid before, Lord Albemarle had
fortunately
LATE WAR IN
AMERICA.
fortunately ordered to be purchafed for the fervice of his Ma-
jefty during this fiege. Thefe poor fellows had arrived the day
before, and proved extremely ufeful in carrying
ammunition
to the feveral batteries, which we lliall prefently fee opened on
the I ft of
July.
In order to make a diverfion in favour of this grand opera-
tion, Colonel Howe, who, together with Colonel Carleton, were
now appointed brigadiers, was detached, on the 15th, to the
weft-fide of the town near the Chorcra caftle, with three hun-
dred light infantry, and the grenadiers of the army, with fix
field-pieces. At the fame time, the Admiral having found it
neceilary to order eight hundred marines to be formed into
two battalions commanded by the Majors Campbell and Collins,
Lord Albemarle fignified his ftqueft, that they might be landed
and encamp with Colonel Howe, whofe detachment was there-
by effe<Slually enabled to do feveral very confiderable fervices.
Befides cutting off the communication between the town
and
the country, and keeping the enemy's attention perpetually
divided, the Colonel fecured a poft at St. Lazare, and another
at
the fnuff-mills on the River Chorera, to check the enemy,
and
to protect the parties employed in taking in water at the
mouth
of that river for the ufe of the army on the eaft-fide of the
town.
The hardfhips which the Englifh troops fuftained in forward-
ing their approaches againft the Moro, are altogether
inexpref-
fible. There being no river or even fpring near them, it was
neceffary to bring them water from a great diftance ; and fo
fcanty and precarious was this fupply, that they were obliged
to have recourfe to water from the Ihips. Roads of communi-
cation were to be cut through thick woods, and the artillery
I i i
was
^26
HISTORYOFTHE
1762. was to be dragged for a vail way over a rough rocky
fliore.
' '
'
Several of the men, on thefe fervices, dropped down
dead
with
heat,
thirfl, and fatigue. But fuch was the fpirit of the Eng-
hfh, and fuch the happy and perfed unanimity that
fubfifled
between
the land and the fea departments, that no difficulty
or
diftrefs could flacken for a fingle moment the operations
againft
this
important, but equally ilrong and well
defended place.
Batteries
were, in fpite of all obflacles, raifed againft the More,
and againft the fhips in the harbour, to drive them deeper into
it, and thereby prevent their obftrudting the approaches
againft
that
principal objedl.
The fire on both fides foon became pretty equal, and conti-
nued fo, with great vivacity, for a long time. The
Spaniards
in the fort had a free communication with the tov/n, from
which they were conftantly fupplied and relieved every twenty-
four hours. They did not, however, rely folely on their works;
for, on the 29th of June,
at day-break, they made a fally with
two detachments, each confifting of five hundred
grenadiers
and other chofen men, with a body of mulartoes and armed
negroes. One of thefe detachments landed upon the right of
the Englidi, under the Moro; the other upon their left, by the
lime-kiln ;
and, favoured by the thicknefs of the woods, and
the darknefs of the night, reached as far as the Depot, with an
intention to nail up the cannon there
;
but both were repulfed
and difperfed by the pickets and advanced pofts, with the lofs
of about two hundred killed and made prifoners. The wound-
ed took advantage of the woods to make their efcape. The
alertnefs of the Englifli troops on this occafion manifefted irfelf
in a very particular manner. The encampment command-
ed by Major Ogilvie, being the neareft to the fcene of adion,
he
LATE WAR IN AMERICA:
427
lie did not wait for orders to hallen to the aid of his fellow 1762-
foldiers ; he came up with the Spaniards juft as they had pene-
trated to the cannon tliat were drawn up to mount on the
batteries ;
and not only prevented their fpiking them up, but
otherwife contributed greatly to the re pulling and difperfmg
of them.
The ill of
July
was fignalized by the opening of
The grand battery of eight
24
pounders, and two
1 3 inch mortars,
One
-
of four ditto, two ditto.
Left parallel,
- - -.
two 10 inch ditto,
12 royals.
Battery on the beach,

two 13 inch ditto,
one 10 inch ditto,
14 royals
;
forming, in the whole, a fire of twelve twenty-four pounders,
nine mortars, and twenty-fix royals. The fire of the Spaniards
exceeded that of the Englifli on the front attacked, where
they had about fixteen or feventeen cannon, from fix to twelve
pounders, but only one mortar, and that too they feldom iifedj
-
but upon the whole, the fire of the Englifli was, by this,
become much fuperior to that of the Spaniards : Yet, to render
it fl:ill more formidable, the Admiral fent the Dragon, Marl-
borough, Cambridge, and Stirling-cafl:le, under the command
of Captain Hervey, to cannonade the Moro, with a view to
fiacken the fire of the Spaniards from the front of that fort
attacked on the land-fide by the Englifli army. The Stirling-
caftle. Captain Campbell, was ordered to lead, until the firft
Ihip could be properly placed ; but Captain Campbell fhrunk
from his duty, for which he was difmiiTed the fervice with in-
famy. The three other fliips, notwithilanding, call their an-
chors to the north-eail, laid their broadfidcs againll the Moro,
*
I i i 2 and
428
HISTORYOFTHE
1762.
and kept up a very brifli fire for near fix hours
; but it was
returned with great conflancy. Upon this, Lord Albemarle,
who was on board the Vahant, obferving to Commodore Kep-
pel, the little impreffion their fire made upon the Moro, on
account of the extraordinary elevation they were under the
neceflity of giving their guns, and the Commodore agreeing
with him in this obfervation, fent an officer to Captain Hervey
with orders to bring off the fliips
;
which Captain Hervey did,
covering with his own the retreat of tlie Cambridge, becaufe fhe
was much difabled. The other fhipr, were alfo greatly damaged
in their hulls, mafts, yards, fails, and rigging; and befides,
the Dragon had fixteen men killed and tliirty-feven wounded,
during the cannonade ;
the Cambridge twenty-four killed and
ninety-five
wounded j
and the Marlborough two killed and
eight wounded.
Captain Goofetree of the Cambridge, a brave and experi-
enced officer, was among the killed. Captains Hervey and
Burnet, with better fortune, gained equal honour, by their
firm
and intrepid behaviour throughout the whole affair. Nor
was the gallantry of Captain Lindfay iefs entitled to notice
;
he gave the moil fignal proof of it by his activity in getting on
board the Cambridge, and fighting her after the death of
Captain Goofetree.
This defperate attempt, though it had no efFed whatever upon
the works on that fide of the fort v/hich the fliips attacked,
was neverthelefs of confiderable fervice. The attention of the
Spaniards being diverted to that fide, the Englifli, from their
batteries, poured in a dreadful fire,, which did confiderable
damage to the defences of the fort. But the moment the Spa-
niards were reieafed from their attention to the Englifli men of
war,
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
war, they revived their fire againfl the batteries with their
former vigilance. On the other hand, though this cannonade
againfl the Moro had not its defired efFed, the difappointment
did not abate the Admiral's zeal to fecond the operations of the
General :
And accordingly, he immediately ordered five hun-
dred feamen on fhore to ailift in drawing the cannon up to the
batteries, and in every other bufinefs, in which thofe
intrepid
fellows could be of any ufe. This enterprize was
fucceeded
by a conftant difcharge of artillerj'-, which was kept up on
both fides, with a fierce emulation. It now became evident,
that the redudion of this fortrefs was to be a work of time.
Never, from the beginning of the war, had the valour of the
Engliila been fo well matched. They had now an adverfary
worthy of their arms
;
and their whole military fkill and fpirit
was put to the fevereft trial. The utmoft good that could be
expeded from the cannon, where now planted, was the de-
flrudion of the merlons of the fort; it was impoffibie
for
the
batteries hitherto ereded, to injure the rampart below the
cordon,
this part of it being too well covered by the creft of
the glacis, to receive any injury from them. All the cannon
of the whole fleet would not, in this fituation, have eiTeded
a pradicable breach. As to the ditch, the chief engineer was
yet totally in the dark with regard to the ftate of it. A
continued fuperiority of fire on the part of the Englifli kept
their
fpirits elevated: But on the ad of
July,
an accident
happened of too much confequence not to make a vifible al-
teration in them ; their grand battery took fire. No rain
having fallen for the lail fourteen days, the intenfe heat and
unremitting cannonade had dried the fafcines to fuch a
degree, that the utmoft efforts could not prevent the flames
from fpreading:
The conflagration continued with fuch vio-
8
lence,.
HISTORY OF THE
Icnce, as to infuiuate itfelf where neither water could follow
to extinguifli, or earth to ftifle it. The battery was almofi;
wholly confumed. The labour of fix hundred men for feven-
teen days, was almoft dedroyed in a few hours : But two em-
brazures, and thefe too with the utmoil difficulty, were pre-
ferved.
The bufmefs, indeed, done by this battery before its
deflrudion,
was forae comfort for the lofs of it. The Spaniards
had two guns only left on the polygon of the attack
;
all the
reO; were demolifhed. To compenfate the want of tliem, they
now placed fome men upon their ramparts, and kept a hot
fire upon theEnglifli, who, by cutting down the coppice wood,
to
unmaflc their batteries, found themfelves without any cover
for the purpofe of repairing that which had been burned. But
what was Hill more mortifying, they had no materials for that
. work.
This flroke wa's felt the more feverely, as the other hard-
fhips of the fiege were become, by this time, almoil infupport-
able : Sicknefs and fevere labour had reduced the army to
almoft half its number. Five thoufand foldiers, and three
thoufand feamen were laid up with various diilempers. A
want of frefli provifions exafperated the evil, and retarded their
recovery. The deficiency of water was, of all their grievances,
the moft intolerable, and extremely aggravated all the reft of
their fufTerings. The great diftance they were obliged to go
to procure a fcanty fupply of water, was alone fufficient to
exhauft all their ftrength
-, but joined to the anguifli of a dread-
ful thirft, put an end to their wretched exiftence.
In the mi,dft, however, of thefe cruel diftrelTes, the fteadinefs
of the commanders infufed life and activity into the troops,
and roufed them to incredible exertions. New batteries rofe in
the
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
the
place of that which had been ahnofl deflroyed. The fire
of the Enghfli grew apace to be equal, if not fuperior, to that
of the Spaniards, till, on the nth, in the afternoon, the mer-
lons, with fome additions which had been made to the grand
battery, again took fire, and the whole was irreparably con-
fiimed. Sir James
Douglas arriving, jufl at this time, with the
fleet from Jamaica, Lord Albemarle, merely to fati&fy the fol-
diers, ordered a quantity of cotton on board it to be purchafed,
in order to fluff the gabions defigned to be ufed in advancing
the approaches. A much more ufeful fleet was expecfted from
North-America, with a reinforcement of men and ftores
; and
accordingly, a thoiifand impatient and languifhing looks were
caft out for it; but all in vain ; not one Ihip of it yet appeared.
Notwithflanding, fuch was the fpirit of the men, and the ar-
dour of the officers, that twenty guns w^ere mounted by the
i6th: But in order to account for the rapid erection of thefe
works, we muft inform the reader, that all the artillery, am-
munition, and ftores, being ready on fliore, were now carried
by a reinforcement of fifteen hundred negroes, which had ar-
rived from Jamaica,
whofe legiflature behaved, on this occa-
fion, in a manner that does them infinite honour. Though
the ordinary price of labour there was fifteen pence fterling
a-day, thefe negroes were furniflied, for the ufe of government,
at the moderate rate of five pence fterling. The order for
raifing a certain number of armed negroes was not fully com-
plied with, owing to a mifunderftanding between fome lead-
ing people in the ifland and the Governor; it took place with
regard to one company only.
The guns newly ere6led by the befiegers were fo well ferved,
that thofe of the befieged were reduced to five or fix
;
and the
merlons
HISTORY OF THE
merlons of the front attacked, appeared entirely
deftroyed,
though the latter exerted their utmoil efforts to repair,
in
the night, the injuries of the day, by conftruvfling new mer-
'
Ions made with logs of cedar, which they covered with
nets
rof thick ropes, in order to fecure thcmfelves from the
. fplinters.
The ftrength of the Englifh army diminilhed daily, though
it was fupported as much as poffible by the Admiral and the
Commodore, who now landed five hundred more feamen to
ere6l a battery, on which they were to ferve their own guns.
The greateft part of thofe who remained on board the men of
war were employed in making junks, blinds, and mantelets
;
and the 40th regiment, in preparing the gabions that would
be
wanted to carry on a fap. On the 19th, all the merlons of
the Moro being entirely ruined. Lord Albemarle ordered a Boyau
to be
immediately conftruded all along the fea-fliore, protedled
by
gabions filled with cotton, for want of other materials
; and
a
lodgment was made on the glacis. This favourable event
gave double life to the operations of the Englifh; but it was
fomewhat damped by a full difcovery of what their fears had
hitherto made them barely fufpedt, a new and almoll infur-
mountable difficulty. This was the extraordinary breadth
and depth of the ditch, the dimenfions of which deferve, on
that account, to be particularly mentioned. They were as
follows:
Feet.
Facing the fea-baflion, it was. Depth,
-
637
Breadth at bottom,
43
Breadth at top, -
56
Facing
LATE WAR IN AM;ERICA.
4.35
Facing the center of the courtine. Depth,
-
.^6^
1762.
Breadth at bottom,
43
Breadth at top, -
105
Facing the land-baftion. Depth,
-
4^
Breadth at bottom,
35*
Breadth at top,
-
437
'
To fill up fuch a gulph in any expeditious way, appeared ut-
terly
impoflible,
though many romantic propofals were offered
for that purpofe.
Difficult as the work of mining is in a folid
rock, it was the only expedient that could be employed on the
occafion;
and it might have proved impoffible even to fet about
it, if fortunately for the bcfiegers, a thin ridge of rock had not
been left to prevent the fea from beating into the ditch. Fa-
voured by this ridge, the Englifh miners got over, with fome
difficulty, on the 20th, to the foot of the wall of the Moro
;
a thing
impra(5licable in every other place, and made their
way into the body of the baftion. In the afternoon, a fliaft
was begun to be funk without the covered way, for another
mine to throw the counterfcarp into the ditch, in order to fill
it up, if poffible, fhould there be a neceffity for fo doing.
The fap was likewife continued along the glacis, and a gun
planted in the faliant angle of the covered way.
It now became vifible to the Governor of the Havanna, that,
unlefs fomething was immediately done for the relief of the
Moro, it mull fpeedily be reduced. He therefore made every
preparation for a Urong foriie, and every encouragement was
offered to the country militia, mulattoes, and negroes, that
could operate on bigotted minds
;
fuch as prayers, bulls, par-
dons, and abfolutions. The cu'cumftances of the Spaniards
were now become defpcrate ;
and in this one exertion of their
K k k whole
HISTOR Y OF THE
whole flrength, all their hopes were centered. To raife
the
fiege by one decifive blow was now their fole aim, as it was
their only refource.
The EngliQi, uninformed of the impending danger, conti-
nued their fubterraneous labours, which were much
impeded
by the obilrudlion of very large ftones. However, by
two in
the morning of the 22d of
July,
their miners had penetrated
about eighteen feet under the face of the baftion of the Moro
that was oppofite to their right. Their fap too was, in fome
degree formed before this face, and part of tlie courtine
near the palifades, where the engineers, fearing it lliould
be
taken in flank from the town, had directed it fliould turn off
from the glacis, and be carried along the height, from whence
the ground, or rather the bare rock, flopes to the fea on one
fide, and to the harbour on the other. Colonel Carleton,
Bri-
gadier General of the day, difapproved this deviation from
the
glacis, on which alone there was fufficient earth to carry
the
work on : But even with this advantage, the work could
not
but prove both difficult and tedious, lying, as it would, in
open
view of the batteries in the town, and thofe of the fliips in the
harbour ; for it would certainly draw the fire of the
Spaniards
from thefe places, as it extended from their batteries to the
glacis, and which was their only communication:
Brigadier
Carleton, therefore, fent for Captain Dixon, the engineer of
the night, and taking him along the palifades to the left,
pointed out that fpot to him as alone proper for that purpofc,
flnce there the fap might be carried on with cafe and fafety
;
and when made, would command the entrance of the ditcli
and front attacked. This new plan being approved
by Captain
Dixon, the workmen were ordered to conform to it.
3
The
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
The appearance of the atmofphere foretelHng the approach
of day, a ferjeant and twelve men were detached to look into
the fpur which inclined from the Moro towards the fea, but
fomething lower than the level of the rampart from whence it
ran out. Their orders were to make no noife, and to obferve
well that work, the nature of its communication with the body
of the fort, and, if poflible, the ftate of the garrifon.
Accord-
ingly, after getting over the narrow flip of the rock which led
to the entrance of the mine, they defcended a ladder placed
in
a confined notch of the rock, to the edge and level of the fea
;
from thence they mounted a longer ladder, and endeavoured
to get to the top of the parapet. Thefe ladders had been
placed the night before by two engineers, who reported, that
they had been difcovered, and that large ftones had
been
thrown dowm upon them. But to return to our adventurers
;
the third man had fcarcely reached the top of the ladder,
when
about twelve Spaniards, who were lying clofe on their
faces,
ilarted up and gave the alarm. On this the ferjeant
rettn-ned
immediately
;
but he was fent back again to obey his
orders
more fully. In this fecond attempt he was foon fired at from
tlie Moro, but received no injury. The firing now extended all
round the ramparts of the Moro, and even to the fide of the
harbour ; wdiich proved, that the numbers within w^ere much
greater than thofe without generally believed. The alarm bell
rang in the Moro ; the reveille was beat by all the drum-
mers in the town, though the day was but faintly broke on the
horizon. The diflant pofls of the Englifh caught the alarm.
;
yet even thofe on the glacis could fee no caufe for ail this treoi-
dation, though fomething very ferious, it might be thence in-
ferred, was on the point of execution. Soon after, they heard
two or three Ihots towards their left; and quickly after, a clofe
K k k 2
and
436
H I S T O R Y O F T H E
1762. And
heavy report of muflictry, which appeared big with
dan-
ger from the fn-{\. inilant of its becoming fenfible. This
report
proceeded from tlie firing made by a body of twenty-jfive hun-
dred
Spaniards, who had crofTed the harbour without being
perceived on account of the darlcnefs of the night, and the
profound filence which they obferved. But though the dark-
nefs of the night and their profound filence might have con-
cealed their landing, it would have been impoffiblc for them
to have advanced undifcovered, if, agreeable to the orders given
by Brigadier Carleton at Stuart's pofl ; a detachment had been
made, every half hour, during the whole night, to patrole
between that poft and the water's edge. The negleift of this
necedary pi'ecaution afforded tl>e Spaniards an opportunity of
Taking poft, and concealing themfelves amongft the flu-ubs at
the foot of the hill till the dawn of day, when the tolling
of
the morning bells was to have been their fignal of attack.
But it was, fortunately for the befiegers, precipitated by the
alarm given from the Moro.
The firing from this detachment of the Spaniards continuing
with great vehemence, the Englifli, who were at work in re-
pairing their batteries, threw down their tools and ran to their
arms. Dixon's battery, and another two hundred yards behind
it, called Williams's, were lirft expofed, as being neareft to the
harbour. Thefe batteries were each covered by a pirty of
about thirty men, advanced ilill nearer the harbour into the
wood, with about two liundred yards of cleared ground clofc
to the glacis and the fide of the harbour between them. Lieu-
tenant Henry, of the thirty-fourth, commanded the party near
Dixon's, which was pofted in a ftone-quarry, as in a kind of
covered way. Lieutena\it Colonel Stuart, of the ninetieth, coni-
5
manded
LATE AVAR IN AMERICA.
437
manded the other ; and his men were placed behind fome
^7^2.
fafcines, which had been thrown there for other purpofes, and
an abbattis of a fort of prickly Weft-India flirub, called by bota-
iiifts the Prickly Pear, or Ficoides, ran before them juft out
of the wood. A fmall party of twenty-five men was now
ordered into the wood, to occupy the intermediate fpace be-
tween thcfe two pofts. The guards in the neareft batteries
were alfo fmall
;
but one hundred and fifty men, under the
command of Major Farmer, of the thirty-fourth, were pofted
in the battery that had been burned about one hundred
yards
from Dixon's ; his men, however, were under arras before the
alarm, and he marched one hundred of them off without
delay
to fupport the two firft mentioned pofts, conformable to the
orders he had received a few hours before from Brigadier
Carleton, and the Brigadier paffing by immediately after, took
the remaining fifty
;
and in a fhort time was joined by the
royal, which had been encamped near the batteries, under a
rock, with a view of fupporting the advanced guards in cafe
of a fortie, and now came up full fpeed for that purpofc.
Upon this. Brigadier Carleton fent back the fifty men of Major
Farmer's he had taken with him, as the fire of the Spaniards
encreafed from one moment to another, and extended towards
the fap, which the burned battery in fome meafure protecfted.
The royal were led dire(5tly to Stuart's poft, where, meeting
with Major F;;rmer, Brigadici Carleton ordered him to follow
that corps ; and then conduifled the whole clofe to the left of
that poft
;
from whence, after clearing the woods, and turning
fliort to the right, in order to gain the flank of the Spaniards,
he marched in file diredtly to a rock, which, floping gently to
the land, covered the Englilh from the floating batteries of the
Spaniards, as well as thofe of the town, but to the harbour
terminated
HISTORY OF THE
terminated in a precipice : Such is the ground back to the Spa-
nilh redoubt ; but advancing to the Moro, it dopes down to
the harbour, fo as to afford an eafy afcent, and is expofed to
the full fire of the Spaniards. It was here the Spaniards landed,
afcended the heights, and began their attack on the Engliih,
with a view of dillodging them from fome of their batteries
;
in
which cafe, they were to have been fupported by the
remainder
pf the Spanifh troops, who were under arms ready
to crofs the harbour. The Englifli received them with their
ufual fleadinefs,
and had two or three men wounded by the
firll fire they received at Stuart's poft ;
but Henry's being
taken at once in front and flank, they had feven men killed.
The Spaniards
then made an attempt on the fap of the Engliih;
but timid, as well as ignorant of the fituation of their enemy,
they
flirunk afide from a galling fire given them by the royal,
which lafted about ten or fifteen minutes, if, in fuch circum-
fiances, the length of time may be guefi^ed at. The Spaniards,
not
knowing the real force and fituation of the EngliHi, did'
not, at firft, difpofe of their numbers to the grcateft advantage;
and, being taken in flank by the parties of the royal and
Farmer's, they were foon driven down the hill in confufion.
The foremofl of the runaways, feizing on their boats, imme-
diately put off;
thofe left behind fliifced from place to place,
calling to their friends on the other fide, like people in defpair.
^he
faintnefs of the light being no fmall advantage to troops
whofe ftrength did not confifl: in numbers
;
the whole force of
the Englifli was now ordered to advance. The royal, Major
Farmer's corps, and the parties which had been pofl:ed in the
intermediate fpace between Stuart's and Henry's pofts, pufhed
forward,
forming a curved line of one fingle rank upon the
top of the heights, from which their. Iliot, centering on the
fugitives.
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
439
fugitives, galled them exceedingly, whilft the fire in return, 1762.
from the confufed fituation of thofe who made it, proved very
.*->^-
defultory and unequal. But notwithftanding this advantage,
Brigadier Carleton judged it prudent to draw oiFhis troops, as
they had infenfibly defcended the hill more than half way
^
and therefore, as the light became ftronger, muft, if they con-
tinued in their prefent fituation, be expofed to the floating bat-
teries, with thofe of the Punta fort and north baftion
; all which
were the more formidable, as his men were within the reacli
of grape fhot from them. The Brigadier afterwards paffing
by Stuart's pod, ordered that officer to repeat his orders, and
liaften the retreat of the troops that had defcended the hill,
where a brifk fire was Hill kept up. Then, having informed
himfelf that all was well at Dixon's, he returned to thefe
troops, and by urging the men to be expeditious in their
retreat, he fortunately got them off the heights before a fingte
cannon was difcharged againft them. They had fcarce, how-
ever, gained the top of the hill, when they perceived, almoft
within muflcet-iliot, a party of Spaniards which had, by fome
negligence, been pennitted to pafs the Spanifh redoubt to the
afiiilance of their friends below, though too late to give them
any afliltance. Brigadier Carleton being now wounded by a
mufket-fhot that broke his arm, Major Farmer took the com-
mand, attacked and foon drove the Spaniards to the place from
whence they came. Then, polling his men near the edge of-^
the precipice, he gave them an opportunity of firing down,
with entire fafety to themfelves, into the boars. The whole
Englifii camp being by this time fufficiently acquainted with
the nature of their danger. Major General Keppel ordered the
brigades on the left, to the Spanifh redoubt, and tjiofe on the:
right, to the batteries, and marched himfelf, with the royal
Americans^
HISTORY OF THE
440
1762. Americans,
to the right of the Enghfli batteries, in order to
' "

*
purfue the fugitives ; but moft of them had ah-eady gained the
oppofite
fliore.
Thus ended this fortie of the Spaniards, with the lofs of very
few men to the EngUQi, if compared with that of the enemy;
or if it be conlidered, that their all was at flake: But then, the
worth of thofe who fell rendered that lofs irreparable for the
prefent.
A flag of truce was 'now hung out by the Spaniards, and a
melTenger foon after arrived from them, defiring permillion to
bury their dead, which amounted to four hundred and eighty-
five ;
whereas thofe of the Englifli did not exceed eighty-five.
The limited time for this office being expired, the firing was
renewed on both fides with the utmofl vigour.
This was the lafl effort made by the city for the relief of
the Moro, which yet held out with a fullen refolution, and
made no fort of propofal to capitulate. However, the ad-
vantages gained by the Englifh in this fally, gave them new
hopes ; and thefe hopes became more lively by the arrival,
on the 27th of
July,
of part of the long expelled reinforce-
ment from NortliTAmerica, under Brigadier Burton, which had
failed from New-York on the i ith of
June. The Chcllerfield,
and four tranfports of the fleet which brought it, had the mif-
fortune, on the 24th of
July,
to run on the Cayo
Conifito, at the
entrance of the Bahama Straits, on the Cuba fide, about an
hour before day-light, and were ftranded; but neither feamen
nor fdldiers were loft. This fhcws the neceflity there was for
the precautions taken by the Admiral, when he ventured into
this dangerous channel.
But
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
441
Butnotwithftanding this reinforcement, the Earl ofAlbemarle 1762.
was now obliged to contradl the different out-pofts, on account
*
v-
'
of the great ficknefs amongft the troops. He withdrew Lieute-
nant General Elliot, with the corps of obfervation under his
command, from Guanamacoa, and polled him at the entrance
of the wood above the River Coximer. He likewife drew in
the polls under Colonel Howe at Chorera and St. Lazare
; no-
thing of any moment having happened at either of the three
places during the whole fiege, except a few fkirmiflies,
occa-
fioned by the excurlions of the light troops, and which always
terminated to their advantage.
On the 29th of
July,
the excavation for the mines was ready
to be loaded, and would have been loaded accordingly, and
fprung, had not the Spaniards brought two floating batteries
out of the harbour, and polled them in fuch a manner as ren-
dered it impra(5licable, and made the befiegers defer fpring-
ing them from the morning of the 30th, till near two o'clock
in the afternoon, when the following difpofitions for mount-
ing the breach expected from the exploiion were made : Three
detachments of twelve men each, commanded by an officer,
were to lead the attack) four companies of the Royal and
Morgan's, with the fappers, making, in the whole, four
hundred and thirty-one men, were to follow, under the com-
mand of Lieutenant Colonel Stuart, of the ninetieth regi-
ment; next Major General Keppel, with the firft brigade; and
tlie other brigades were in readinefs to fupport him. The
mines were now fprung. That in the counterfcarp had no
effect ; but that in the bailion, having brought down a pait of
both faces, made a breach, but fcarcely practicable for one
man in front. The troops in the covered way, who had been
ordered to withdraw for fear of injury from the flying rubbilh,
L 1
1
returned
442
HISTORY OF THE
1762. returned,
immediately on its fubfiding, to their pofts,
and
*"^ """^
made a continual firing upon the top of the breach,
and the
polygon of the attack ;
and though there was no getting even
to the foot of tills narrow breach, but by fihng the men one by
one, over the ridge of rock already mentioned, fo fatal to the
befiegcd, and to which, much as the befiegers were already ot>-
liged for its giving fecurity to their miners, they were now to
be infinitely more fo for rendering the labours of thefe
miners
ferviceable.
Major General Kcppel, relying on the experience
and bravery of his troops, loft not a fingle moment in making
the afTault. He inftantly gave them orders to mount ; and
Lieutenant
Charles Forbes, with the utmofl alacrity and refo-
lution, led them on. They formed very expeditioufly on the
top of the breach, and with fuch a happy combination of fpirit
and coolnefs, that the Spaniards, who were drawn up to receive
them, and who might have made the alTault an affair of great
bloodfhed,
aftoniflied at their countenance, fled on every fide,
making but one ftand behind a fmall tmverfe thrown up in
one of the baftions ;
and this was only whilil they difcharged".
their ready loaded arms. They then took to flight again, leav-
ing the Englifh in full polTeffion of the Moro.
In this alTault, the Englifh lofl two lieutenants, with twelve-
rank and file killed ; and one lieutenant, with four ferjeants^,
and twenty-three rank and file wounded. The lofs of the Spa-
niards was, one hundred and thirty killed, thirty-feven wound-
ed, three hundred and ten prifoners, and fixteen oflicerSj all
on ihore , befides two hundred and thirteen drowned or killed'
in
the boats ;
making, in the whole, feven hundred and fix men.
Don Louis de Vclafco, the Governor, whofeofpirited condu(fb'
iiad occafioned fo many toilfome hours to the Englifh, and die'
lofa
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
lofs of fo many lives, was mortally wounded
;
yet their noble
generofity dropped a tear of pity over his unfortunate valour.
In confequence of a flag of truce, he was removed from the
Moro to the Havanna, where he died the next day, regretted by
his friends, and lamented even by his enemies. The fecond in
command, the Marquis de Gonzales, fell whilft he was mak-
ing brave but inefFeftual eiForts to animate and rally his people.
"When the Moro was llormed, the ftate of its garrifon was as
follows
:
Commander-in-chief, Don Louis de Velafco.
Second in command, Marquis de Gonzales.
Fort- major, Don Manuel de Cordova.
Second Major, Don Lorenzo de Milla.
Fort-adjutant, Don Pedro Menditta.
Second Adjutant, Don Francifco de la Palma.
Engineer, Don Antonio Frebofo.
Regular troops, fix captains, five lieutenants, fix fecond ditto,
two hundred and eighty ferjeants, corporals, drums, and
private men.
Officers of the marine and feamen: two captains, two lieu*
tenants, three hundred mariners, two officers of the works,
two negroe officers, and ninety-four negroes.
The fl:ruggle for this fortrefs continued forty-four days, from
the commencement of the firft operations againfl it ; and now
no time was lofl by the conquerors to improve this their fo
great advantage. The command of the Moro was given to
Lieutenant Colonel Dalling, and the ftrength of it turned againft
its late mailers. ii
L 1 1 2 Though
HISTORY OF THE
Though the fickncfs in the Englifli army flill raged like
a
pellilence, yet many new and great works were to be undertaken
before any reafonable hope could be formed of a final period
to their labours, by gaining the city ; therefore, Lord Albemarle,
on the
3
1 ft of
July,
repaired to the weft-fide of the town, to re-
connoitre the ground, and thereupon regulate his operations,
fliould it be found necefiary to form an attack on that fide. On
the 2d of AugUil, the fecond divifion of the troops, expecled from
North-America,
arrived, except three hundred and fifty-five
men, in five tranfports, which were picked out of the convoy-
by a fquadron of French men of war, on the 2 ifl: of
July,
near
the pafi^age between Niaya Guanoa and the North-Caicos. In
the mean time, the Spaniards fired with great fury againfi: the
Moro, pointing their guns chiefly at that part of the work
which contained the cifl:erns, in hopes of letting out the water.
On the eaft-fide, General Keppel proceeded to eredl fome batte-
ries on the Cavannos, which were ordered by Lord Albemarle;
thefe were to be raifed by the joint labour of the firft and
third brigades and the feamen, and to confifi; of forty-five
pieces of cannon. His orders were fo well obeyed, that thefe
batteries were ready by the loth, when Lord Albemarle, being
prepared to break ground on the well-fide of the town, about
ten in the morning of that day, fent, by an aid de camp, with
a flag of truce, a fummons to the Governor to furrender on
capitulation, and the following letter
:
Head-quarters on thelfland of Cuba, Augufl 9th,
1762.
SIR,
*
My difpofitions for the reducftion of the Havanna are made..
Motives of humanity induce mc to acquaint your Excellency
therewith, that you may have an opportunity of making your
3,
propofals
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
propofals to furrender the Havanna to his Britannic
Majefly,
and thereby prevent the fatal calamities which always
attend
the llorming of a town.

No one can be more averfe to the fliedding of blood than

I am : to prevent it us much as in my power, I defire
your Ex-
cellency to confider, that, however my diipofition may incline
to humanity, it may not be poffible to extend its influence to
the prefervation of your troops in a manner they fo recently
experienced at the reducflion of the Moro, where the fame
p-e-
nerous principle in the Britifh troopS' reftrained them from aclis
of cruelty, when the cuftom of war would have authorifed
and juftified their putting to the fword the garrifon of a fort-
refs taken by florm.
"
I am mafler of the Cavannos and the Moro, which your
Excellency, in a letter to Don Louis de Velafco, acknowledges
to be the key to the Havanna. Add to this advantage, that of
polTelling the port of Mariel, where the Admiral can anchor
with all his fieet, fliould the weather induce him to quit his
prefent llation ; and I have a confiderable army on this fide of
the town, which grows llronger by daily reinforcements.
"
The officer entrulled with this letter is one of my aids de
camp. His orders are to wait for your Excellency's anfwer.
"
Should your Excellency want pafTports or efcorts for the
ladies who are at prefent in the town, I fliall moil readily
fend them to you, being very defirous to fhew you, upon all
occafions, how truly I am, Your Excellency's, &c. &zc. 8cc.
Albemarle,"
To
^5
HISTORYOFTHE
1762.
To this letter, the Governor, after keeping the bearer till
^

w-~i
between
three and four in the afternoon, returned the follow-
ing
anfwer, with the exprefs verbal declaration, that he would
defend
the town to the laft extremity.
MY
LORD,
Havanna, Auguil loth, 1762.
'
I cannot agree to the propofal your Excellency makes in
your letter of this day, becaufe the town, from its conftru^lion
and its prefent condition, is fuch, as will admit of a long de-
fence,
and even affords me hopes of preventing your fuccefs.
In this my conftant care and endeavours., as well as my mofl
earnefl
wiflies, center ; nor do they admit of any diminution
by the letter to Don Louis de Velafco, on which your Excel-
lency
lays fuch llrefs ;
the only aim of that letter being, to
make him fenfible of the importance of the pofb he command-
ed, as it, no doubt, contributed to the defence and fecurity of
the body of the place.
"
I am very thankful for your Excellency's offer of pafTports
for the ladies in the town.
"
I remain perfedly well difpofed to oblige your Excellency,
and pray to God to preferve you in health many years.
"
My Lord, I kifs your Excellency's hand, and remain your
moft attentive and afTured fervant,
Juan
de Prado."
On the receipt of this letter, it was determined, that the
next morning fhould convince the Governor that the menaces
. employed againll him were not an empty boaft. The batteries,
which coniilled of forty-five pieces of cannon and eight mor-
tars,
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
mrs, were opened at day-break, by the fignal of a rocket.
Their advantageous pofition alone rendered their fire truly
formidable; but it was, befides, poured in on all fides with fuch
continued and irrefiftible fury, that the Punta was filenced be-
tween nine and ten o'clock ; and the north bafl:ion, in a great
meafure, about an hour after, its firing being reduced to now
and then a lliot or two. At length, about three o'clock, flags
of truce were hung out all round the town, and on board the
Admiral's fhip; and one, foon after arrived at the Englifli head-
quarters, with the town-major and an interpreter. Upon this,
Sir George Pococke was immediately fent to, and a fufpenfion
of hoftilities was agreed upon till the 12th at noon. During
this time, there arofe fome difputes between the different com-
manding officers with regard to the capitulation ; but they
were at laft fettled ; and on the 12 th, the articles werefigned
and
fealed. On the 14th, about noon. General Keppel's corps, the
General being at that time very ill himfelf, took pofTeffion of the
Punta-gate and bafiion, and Brigadier Howe of the land-gate;
the Englifli colours were hoilled on both, and Captain Duncan-
likewife took pofleflion of the men of war in the harbour, the
Spaniards having evacuated them in confequence of the capi--
tulation, which was as follows :
Articles
of
Capitulation agreed upon hetiveen Sir George Pococke^ Knight
of
the Bath, and the Earl
of
Albemarle
;
and the Marquis del Real
Tranfporte^ Commander-in-chief
of
the fquadron
of^
his Catholic Mu"

jefy,
and Don
Juan de Prado, Governor
of
the Havanna
; for the
furrender
of
the city and all its depaidenciesy tvith all the Spanijh
'
fhips in the harbour,
.
Preliminary Article. Fort-la-Punta, and the land-gate, fliall
be delivered to his Britannic Majefly's troops to-morrow
morning,..
HISTORY OP THE
morning,
the 13th Auguft, at twelve o'clock; at which time
it is expefted the following articles of capitulation
Ihall be
figned and ratified.
I. The garrifon, confifling of the infantry, artillery-men,
and
dragoons,
the different militia of the towns in this ifland,
fliall march out of the land-gate the 20th inftant, provided
in that time no relief arrives, fo as to raife the fiege, with
all the military honours, arms fliouldered, drums beating,
colours flying, fix field-pieces, with twelve rounds each, and
as many rounds to each foldier. The regiments fhall take
out with them their military chefls
; and the Governor fliall
have fix covered waggons, which are not to be examined
upon any pretence whatever.
Anfwer.
The garrifon, confiding of the regular troops, the
dragoons difmounted, (leaving their horfes for his Britannic
Majeily's fervice) in confideration of the gallant defence of the
Moro-fort- and the Havanna, fliall march out of the
Punta-
gate, with two pieces of cannon, and fix rounds for each gun,
and the fame number for each foldier, drums beating,
colours
flying, and all the honours of war. The military cheil refufed.
The Governor will be allowed as many boats as are necefiliry
to tranfport his baggage and cfFec5ts on board the fliip deflined
for him. The militia without the town, as v/cll as tliofe with-
in, to deliver up their arms to the Britifh comniiffary appointed
to receive them.
II. That the garrifon fliall be allowed to take out of this city
all their eflTefls, and tranfport themfelves with them to ano-
ther part of the ifland ; for which purpofe there fliall be
allowed and permitted to come freely into the faid city, all
the beafts of burthen and carts : And this article is to extend
to.
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
to, and
include, all other officers belonging to his Majeily
employed in the adminiflration of juflice, the intendant of
marine, the coramifTary of war, and the
treafurer-general,
who are to have the choice of going out of the city.
Anf-wer.
The officers of the above garrifon will be allowed to
carry with them all their private effecSts and money, on board
the fhips which will be provided at the expence of his Bri-
tannic Majeily, to tranfport the garrifon to the nearell
part
of Old Spain. The intendant of marine,
commilTary of war,
and thofe employed in the management of his Catholic
Ma-
jeily's revenues, as foon as they have delivered over
their
accounts, ihall have liberty to leave the iiland, if they de-
fire it.
Ill, That the marines, and the fhips crews in this harbour, who
have ferved on fhore, fliall obtain, on their going out, the
fame honours as the garrifon of the city, and fhall
proceed
with thofe honours on board the faid fliips, that they
may,
together with their Commander-in-Chief, Don
Guitieres de
Heveia, Marquis del Real Tranfportc, fail in their faid fhips,
as foon as the port is open, with all their effiscfts and money,
in order to proceed to fonie other port belonging to the do-
minions of Spain; in doing which, they v/ill oblige theni-
felves, that, during their navigation to their deligned port,
they will not attack any fquadr-on or fingle fliip belonging
to his Britannic Majeily or his allies, nor any merchant vef-
fels belonging to his fubjeds : On the otiier hand, they are
not to be attacked by any fquadron or fmgle fliip
belonging
to his Britannic Majeily, or any of his allies.
Likewife,
liberty fliall be given to go on board the faid fliips, to the
aforementioned troops and fliips crews, with their officers,
M m m and
HISTORY OF THE
and others belonging to them, together with the efFecls and
monies that are in the city, belonging to his Catholic
Ma-
jefty, with the equipages and effe(5ts in fpecie of gold or
filver, belonging to the faid Marquis, and others employed
in the different marine offices
;
granting them likev/ife every
thing that Ihall be neceffary to protecT; them and their
Ihips, as well as in the fitting them out from his Catholic
Majefly's flores, and whatever more may be wanted, at the
current prices of the country.
Avfiver. The Marquis del Real Tranfporte, with his officers,
failors, and marines, as making part of the garrifon, fliall be
treated in every refpedt as the Governor and regular troops.
All fliips in the harbour of the Havanna, and all money and
efifedls whatever, belonging to his Catholic Majefty, fliall be
delivered up to fuch perfons as Ihall be appointed by Sir
George Pococke and the Earl of Albemarle.
IV. That all the artillery, flores, ammunition, and provifions,
belonging to his Catholic Majefty, except fuch as are well
known to belong to the fquadron, an exadt inventory fhall
be made thereof, by the affiflance of four perfons, fubjecfls
of the King of Spain, which the Governor fhall appoint,
and by four others, fubjecls to his Britannic Majefly, who
are to be chofen by his Excellency the Earl of Albemarle^
who fhall keep pofTeffion till both fovereigns come to ano-
ther determination.
Anfiver. All the artillery, and all kinds of arms, ammunition,
and naval flores, without referve, fhall be delivered to fuch
perfons as fliall be appointed to receive them by Sir George Po-
cocke and the Earl of Albemarle.
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
V. That as by mere accident, his Excellency the Count de Sa-
perunda, Lieutenant General of his Catholic Majefty's forces,
and late Viceroy of Peru, and Don Diego Tavares, Major
General of his Majefty's forces, and late Governor of Car-
thagena, are both here in their return to Spain ; thefe gentle-
men and their families fhall be comprehended in this capi-
tulation, allowing them to polTefs their equipages, and other
effeds belonging to them, and to grant them velTels to tranf-
port them to Spain.
Anfwer. The Count Superunda, Lieutenant General of his
Catholic Majefty's forces, and late Viceroy of the kingdom of
Peru, and Don Diego Tavares, knight of the order of St.
James,
Major General, and late Governor of Carthagena, fliall be con-
veyed to Old Spain in the moft commodious lliips that can be
provided, fuitable to the rank, dignity, and charadler of thofe
noble perfons, v/ith all their efFe6ls, money, and attendants,
at fuch time as may be moft convenient to themfelves.
VI. That the Catholic, Apoftolic, Roman religion fliall be main-
tained and preferved, in the fame manner and form as it
has hitherto been in all the dominions belonging to his Ca-
tholic Majefty, without putting the leaft reftraint to any of
their public worfliips
;
and the different orders, univeriities,
and colleges, fliall remain in the full enjoyment of all their
rights, in the fame manner as they have hitherto enjoyed.
Granted.
VII. That the bifliop of Cuba is to enjoy all the privileges and
prerogatives that as fuch belong to him, with the nomina-
tion of curates, and other eccleiiafticai minifters, with the
annexed jurifdidtion over them, as he has had hitherto, with
M m m 2 the
452
HISTORY OF THE
1762. the
freedom to receive all the rents and revenues
within
his
"^
'
billaoprick;
which privileges fliall extend, likewife,
to all
other
ecclefiallics in thofe fliares belonging to them.
Granted ;
with a referve, that in the appointment of priefts,
and
other
ccclefiaftical officers, it fhall be with the
approba-
tion
of the Britifli Governor.
VIII.
That within the monaileries of religious men and wo-
men,
fhall be obferved and kept the fame interior
govern-
ment as hitherto, without any novelty or variation.
Granted.
IX.
That in the fame manner as the efFecfts and monies in this
city,
belonging to his Catholic Majefty, are to be fliipped on
board of the fquadron in this harbour, to tranfport the fame to
Spain, fo fhall all the tobacco, which likewife belongs to his
Catholic Majefty ; and it fhall be permitted, even in time of
war, to his Catholic Majefty, to purchafe tobacco on the faid
ifland, in the diftri(5t fubjed to the King of Great Britain, at
the eftablifhed prices, and the free exportation of the fame
to Spain in Spanifh or foreign veflels, and for which purpofe,
and receiving, and kecking,
and curing the fame, fliail be kept
and pofTeffed the ware-houfes, with all other buildings which
are deftined for that purpofe ; and likewife fhall be allowed
and maintained liere, all fuch ^officers as fliall be necefTary
to manage the fame.
Refused.
X. That in confideration that this port is fituated by nature for
the relief of thofe who navigate in thofe parts of Spanifh
and Britifli America, that this port fhall be reputed and al-
lowed
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
453
lowed to be neutral to the fubjecSls of his Catholic Majefty, who
1762.
are to be admitted in and out freely, to take in fuch refrefh-
ments as they may be in need of, as well as repairing their
veffels, paying the current prices for every thing, and that
they are not to be infultcd or interrupted in their navigation,
by any vefTels belonging to his Britannic Majefty, or his fub-
je(5ts or allies, from the Capes Catoche, on the coaft of Cam-
peche, and that of St. Antonio to tiie weftward of this ifland
;
nor from the Tortuga-bank to this port, and from here till
they get into the latitude of thirty-three degrees north, till
both their Majefties agree to the contrary.
Refused.
'-
XI. That all the inhabitants, Europeans, and Creoles in this
city, fhall be left in the free poiTeffion and management of
all their offices and employments, which they have by pur-
chafe, as well as of their eftates, and all other effects what-
ever, without being obliged to accovuit on any other terms
than thofe on which they did to his Catholic Majefty.
Granted
;
and they fhall be allowed to, continue in their
offices of property as long as they condudl themfelves properly.
XII. That the faid offices fliall preferve and keep the rights
and privileges which they have hitherto enjoyed, and they
fhall be governed in his Britannic Majefty's name, under the
fame laws and adminiftration of juflice, and under fuch
conditions as they have done hitherto in the dominion of
Spain, in every particular, appointing their judges and offi-
cers of juftice, agreeable to their ufual cuftom.
Granted.
XIII.
HISTORY OF THE
XIII. That to any of the aforcfaid inhabitants of this city,
who fliould not chufe to ftay,*it fliall be permitted them to
take out their property and riches in fuch fpecie as fhould
be mofl: convenient to them, and to difpofe of their eftates,
or to leave them under the adminiftration of others, and to
tranfport themfelves with them, to fuch of his Catholic Ma-
jefly's dominions as they fliall chufe, granting them four
years to execute the fame, and vefTels to tranfport them, either
upon purchafe or on freight, with the neceffary pafTports, and
authority to bear arms againft the Moors and Turks, upon
this exprefs condition, that they fliall not ufe them againft his
Britannic Majefty's fubjecfts or his allies ; and that this and
the two foregoing articles are to comprehend and admit to
be included all his Catholic Majefty's minifters and officers,
as well civil as marine and military, who are married and
eftablifhed with families and eftates in this city, in order
that they may obtain the fame privileges as the other inha-
bitants.
Aiipiver. The inhabitants will be allowed to difpofe of, and
remove their eifeds to any part of the king of Spain's domi-
nions in veflels at their ov/n expence, for which they will have
proper palFports. It is underftood, that fuch officers as have
property in this iftand, fliail be allowed the fame indulgence as
to the reft of the inhabitants.
XIV. That to thefe people no ill confcquence fliall arife on
account of having taken up arms, owing to their fidelity,
and their being inlifted in the militia, on account of the ne-
ceffity of war ; neither fhall the Englifli troops be permitted
to plunder ;
but, on the contrary, they fliall completely
7
enjoy
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
455
enjoy their rights and prerogatives- as other fubjedts of his 1762.
Britannic Majefly, allowing them to return without the leaft
^"^
"'^'^
hindrance or impediment from the country into the city, with
all their families, equipages and efFeds, as they went out of
the city on account of this invalion, and who are to be com-
prehended in the prefent articles ; and that neither of them
fliall be incommoded with having troops quartered in their
houfes, but that they fliall be lodged in particular quarters,
as it has been pra(5tifed during the Spanifli
government.
Granted ;
except that in cafes of neceffity, quartering the
troops muil be left to the direcftion of the governor. All the
King's flaves are to be delivered up to the perfons appointed to
receive them.
XV. That the efFecls detained in this city, belonging to the
merchants at Cadiz, which have arrived here in the different
regifter fhips, and in which are interefled all the European
nations, a fufficient paffport fhail be granted to the fuper-
cargoes thereof, that they may freely remit the fame with
the regifcer fliips, v^ithout running the rifkof being infulted
in their pafTage.
Refused.
XVI. That thofe civil, or other officers, who have had charge
of the management of the adminifh'ation and diftribution
of the royal treafure, or any other affair of a peculiar na-
ture from his Catholic Majefty, are to be left with the free
ufe of all thofe papers which concern the difcharge of
their duty, with free liberty to carry them to Spain for that
purpofe ; and the fame fhall be underftood with the maUvT-
gers of the royal company cftablifhed in this city,
Anpit'er.
456
HISTORY OF THE
1762. Anf-wer.
All public papers to be delivered to the fecretaries
of
"""
'
the
Admiral and General for infpe.rtion, which will be returned
to his
Catholic Majefty's officers, if not found necelTary for the
government
of the ifland.
XVII.
That the public records are to remain in cuftody of thofe
officers
who poflefs them, without permiiting any of the
papers to be taken away, for fear of their being miflaid.
Answered in the foregoing article.
XVIII.
That the officers and foldiers who are fick in t]:e hof-
pital,
fliall be
treated in the fame manner as the garrifon
;
and after
their recovery, they fhall be granted horfes or vef-
fels to
tranfport
themfelves where the red of the garrifon
goes,
with every thing necefTary for their fecurity and fub-
fiftence
during
their voyage
;
and before which they fliall
be
provided
with fuch provifions and medicines as fliall
be
demanded
by the hofpital keepers, and furgeons
thereof,
and all
others under them, who are included in this capita-
lat>on,
are to Hay or go as they fliall prefer.
Gra>^ted ;
the Governor leaving proper commiiTaries
to
furnifh
them
v/ith
provifions, furgeons, medicines, and necef-
faries,
at the
expence of his Catholic Majclly, w^hile they remain
in the
hofpital.
XIX.
That all the prifoners made on both fides, fince the 6(\\
of June,
when the Englifli fciuadron appeared before this
harbour,
fliall be returned reciprocally, and vrithout any
ranfom,
within the term of two months, for thofe who were
fent away
from the city to other towns in this ifland, which
was
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
was done for want of proper places of fecurity here, or be-
fore, if they can arrive.
Anfiuer. This article cannot be concluded upon till the Bri-
tifh prifoners are delivered up.
XX. That as foon as the articles of this capitulation are agreed
upon, and hoflages given on each lide for the performance
thereof, the land-gate fhall be delivered into the poileffion
of his Britannic Majefly's troops, that they may poll a guard
there ;
and the garrifon fliall have one themfelves, until the
place is evacuated, when the Earl of Albemarle will be
pleafe^ to fend fome foldiers as a fafeguard to the churches,
convents, and treafuries, and all other places of confe-
quence,
Anfwer. The number of fafeguards required for the fecu-
rity of the churches, convents, and other places fliall be
granted ;
the refl of the article is anfwercd in the preliminary
article.
XXr.
That it fliall be allowed to the Governor and Com-
mander-in-Chief of this fquadron, to difpatch a packet-
boat with advice to his Catholic Majefly, as well as to
"Other people who have a right to the fame advice, to which
veflel there hall be granted a fafe. and fecurc paflport for
the voyage.
Anfwer. As the troops are to ho. fent to Old Spain, a packet is
iinneceflary.
Nnn
XXII.
HrSTOR'S^ OF THE
XXII.
That the troops of the Punta-caflle dall have the fame-
honours as the garrifon of the town, and that they Ihall
march out by one of the mofl: practicable breaches^
Granted.
XXIII. That the capitulation is to be underftood literally, and-
without any interpretation on any pretext whatever, of
making reprifals, on account of net having complied with,
the foregoing.
Granted.
Head-quarters near the Havannaj,
Augull i2th, 1762.
g. pococke.
Albemarle.
El Marquis del Real Transporte,
Juan de Prado.
The garrifon of the Havanna, which was to be conveyed to
Old Spain in his Britannic Majeily's vefTels, confifted of the
following field and ilafT officers : Three colonels, two lieute-
nant colonels, two ferjeant majors, four aids de camp, four,
chaplains, three furgeOns. The other officers and private men,
excluiive of the prifoners on board the Englifli men of war,
and the fick. and wounded left in the town, were, feventecn
captains, fifty-fix fubalterns, thirty-eight fcrjeants, twenty-
L- nine
LATE WAR IN AMERICAo
nine drummers, feven hundred and feventy-eight rank anti
^
iile
J
in all, nine hundred and thirty-fix.
The fhips of war, furrendered by the capitulation, were,
El Tigre, - of
70 guns, commanded by the Marquis del
Real Tranfporte, Admiral and -
Commander-in-Chief.
Don Juan
Antonio.
Don Francifco de Medina.
Don Juan de Paftego.
Don Louis de Velafco.
El Marquis de Gonzales.
Don Pedro Caftajon.
60
70
70
70
70
L'America,
El Infanta,
El Soverano, -
La Reyna,
El Aquilon,
El Conqueftador, 60
El Santo Antonio, 60
El Santo Geniare, 60
La Thetis, - 18 1
La Vanganza,
- 22
J
El Marte,
El Neptuno, -
El Alia,
La Europa,
One of
One of
> Both newly launched and fitted out.
Taken by the Alarm.
18 Taken at Mariel by the Defiance.
Sunk in the entrance of the harbour.
1 On the flocks.
60
J
befides, one royal company's fliip taken, one fuijk, and a third
burnt and blown up.
AS9
1762.
N n n 2 THUS
460
H I S T O R Y O F TH E
1762.
THUS did this conqiicfc prove the heavicll: blow, in iifeif,
and in its confequcnces the moic decifive, of any that had been
given fmcc the cuiiiniencemcnt of the prefent hoiliUties between
i'o many great powers. In the acquifitioii of the Havanna were
combined all the advantages that could be procured in war.
It was a military vidory of the firft magnitude
; it was equal
to the greatefl naval vidlory by its efTccts on the marine of tlic
Spaniards, who loil on that occafion a whole fleet. The vaft
quantity of tobacco and fugar, collected at the Havanna on
the Spanifii monarch's account, fold on the fpot, cxclufivc
of the xh'yps and merchandize fent to, and fold in England,
for fcvcn hundred thoufand pounds, which was divided
amongfl the conquerors in the proportion fettled for the divi-
fion of the plimder on the expedition of Lord Cathcart and
Admiral Vernon, if they had fucceeded, when they went
againd Carthagena.
From their firft landing to the 13th of Auguft, this im-
portant conqueft coft the Englifli, in killed, wounded, and
prifoncrs, including thofe who died, two thoufand feven hun-
dred and fixty-four men. Hiilory, perhaps, does not record
a ficge with fuch a variety of difficulties to retard the ap-
proaches, as what attended the aflailants of the Moro-caftle.
Not only there was fcarce a fpit of earth near any of the
intended batteries, as we have already taken notice
; but
the cutting down, binding up, and carrying the vaft quan-
tiiics of fafcines, which it was nccefTary to fubftitute, prov-
ed a work of infinite labour ; nay, the earth nccefTary to
give ftability and refiftance to the fafcines, was not to be
obtained but by fcratching it from between the crevices of
rocks.
LA.TE WAR IN AMERICA.
rocks, at a great diilance from the fpot where it was to be
ufed.
Though a great part of the provifions brought from Eng-
land had been fpoiled by the heat of the chmate, the mofl:
diftrefling
circumftance of the campaign was the fcarcity of
water. Of the vaft catalogue of human ills, thirfl is the moft
intolerable. On this occafion, it foon caufed the tongue to
fwell, extend itfelf without the lips, and become black as in a
ftate of mortification ; then the whole frame became a prey to
the moft excruciating agonies, till death at length intervened,
and gave the unhappy fufFercr relief. In this way, hundreds
refigned
themfelves to eternity. A greater number fell vicT;inis
to a putrid fever. From the appearance of perfect health,
three or four fliort hours robbed them of exigence. Many thei-e
were, who
endured a loathfome difeafe for days, nay
weeks
together, living in a ftate of putrefaction, their bodies full of
vermin,
and almoft eaten away before the fpark of life was
extinguiflied.
The carrion crows of the country
kept con-
ilantly
hovering over the graves, which rather hid than.
buried' the dead, and frequently fcratched away the fcanty
earth,
leaving in every mangled corpfe a fpe(5tacle of un-
fpeakable
loathfomenefs and terror to thofe, who, by being
engaged
in the fame enterprife, were expofed to the fame
fate.
Hundreds of carcafcs were fcen floating on the
ocean:
Yet
all thefe accumulated horrors damped not the ardour of
the
furvivors. Ufed to conqueft, and to brave every kind
of danger, every one exerted himfelf with fuch a particular
aim to vidory, as if the whole enterprife. depended on his
fmgle arm,
'
6
Havinc
:
HISTORY OFTHE
Having faid thus much in praifc of the bravery and pa-
tience of the Enghfh, candour requires we fhould add, that
the Spaniards were far from being deficient in point of va-
lour j
and had their condu'il been equal, it is more than pro-
bable, that the Englifli had never obtained the nobleft vvTeath
of victory, that ever graced the brow of a conqueror in this
quarter of the world. But, perhaps, the reader will be curious
to know how the principal oiticers among them were re-
<:cived and treated by their fovercign on thcu' arrival in Old
Spain.
Don Juan
de Prado, Governor of the Havanna ; Don Guti-
Tiez de Heveia, Marquis del Real Tranfporte, the Admiral ; Vif-
count
Superunda, Lieutenant General of his Majefty's forces,
and late Viceroy of Peru, and Don Diego Tavarez, late Governor
of Carthagena, being all tried by a council of war at Madrid for
their behaviour on this occafion, were punifhed with fequeftra-
tion of their eftates, and baniflimenc forty leagues from the
court, during his Majeily's pleafure.
The
fentence againft Don Juan de Prado is in force. Don
Gutiriez
de Heveia was pardoned in confequence of the
nierit
of his father-in-law, the Marquis de la Vitoria, Com-
mander-in-Chief
of the Spanifli navy. Don Diego Tavarez
was
not only pardoned, but fince promoted to the command of
the
Spanifh lines at St. Rocque, the barrier againft Gibraltar,
which
he ftill holds. Vifcount Superunda was offered a par-
don ;
but refufed it, declaring he could not accufe himfelf of
any
crime. He is fmce dead.
As
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
As to Don Louis de Velafco, his family
was ennobled
; his
eldefl fon created Vifcount Moro, and a Handing
order
made,
that ever after, there fhould be a fliip in the Spanifli navy
called the Velafco.
But to return to the Havanna
; the firll care of the Earl of
Albemarle, on being put in poiTellion of the place, was to fee
the articles of the capitulation punctually
performed on both,
fides
;
reftore order amongft the inhabitants
; ifTue fuch orders
for their condudl, and that of their conquerors,
as misi^lu
effecSlually prevent all difputes between them;
particularly
the lower clalFes, and the foldiers and failors -, to receive the
town-records
;
the accounts of the ftores civil and military
;
the treafurcs
;
the merchandife
; everything, in fliort, which
llishigh ftation and late fuccefs gave him a right to take cog-
nizance of.
The Spanifh troops were then embarked, agreeable to the
capitulation, for Old Spain. Admiral Sir George Pocockc
ordered the Sutherland and the Dover to be fitted up as
flags of truce, to accommodate the Governor of the Ha-
vanna, the Spanifh Admiral, the Viceroy of Peru, and the
Governor of Carthagena ; the garrifon were put on board tranf-
ports.
The Earl of Albemarle being exprefsly ordered, Vv^hen the
Havanna fervice fliould be over, to return the fame number of
troops to North-America that he might receive from thence, he
embarked the fifth brigade for that continent ; but moft of
them died in the paflage, or in the hofpitals, immediately on
their arrival; and the artillery fent with them was entirely loft
-
.q
at.
^64.
HISTORY O F THE
.
176^-
at lea. The troops which remained were not much more for-
tunate ;
being, by this time, lb reduced by fieknefs, that even
leveu hundred could not be mullcred in a condition to do dtity.
In this lituation, the utmofi: vigilance was neceilliry to prevent
quarrels between the conquerors and the conquered, and keep
the latter in awe -, efpecially, as fome of the diftrids, which
Do :
Juan
de Prado thought to have included in the capitulation,
refufed to accede to it, as not being within the juriidicftion of
the Governor of the Havanna.
If we have not given as minute a detail of the operations
of this important fiege, as that which was tranfmitted to the
Britifh
minifters, figned by the chief Engineer
;
but which, we
have the greatelt reafon to believe the General never faw, till
he arrived in England, it is to avoid the confufion which every
where occurs in that account : But though we have aimed
at clearnefs in the relation of this glorious atchievement,
we liope we fhall not be found to have omitted any circum-
Rance which might in the leafb have contributed to the bril-
liant fuccefs of the Englilli arms. After all, it will fcarce be
creditedby future ages, that an army of Europeans perfifted,
for two months and eight days together, in the fiege of a for-
trefs fituated in the hotted climate of the torrid zone, and
during the hottell feafon of that climate. Be pofterity there-
fore farther informed,
that during the whole of this fiege,
there fubrifled fuch a perfect; harmony between the land and
fea-fervices, with fuch an extraordinary degree of good-will in
the.inferior officers and common men, to execute the orders
of their Admiral and General, that both owed their fuccefs to
fuch patriotic endeavours.
Every
LATE Wx\R IN AMERICA.
46^
Every
necefTary difpofuion having been made bv the Admi-
1762.
ral and the General in their refpecflive departments, Lord Albe-
marle
conferred on the Honourable
Major-General Keppel, the
government
of the town
;
and Sir George Pococke detached the
Honourable Commodore Keppel, with a fquadron on a cruize
;
Soon
after the Admiral failed for England,
leaving
Captain
Knight
of the Belle-ille, with three fliips of the line, to com-
mand at the Havanna. About fix weeks after. Lord
Albemarle
alfo failed for England, where both the Admiral and the Gene-
ral
arrived the beginning of the year
1763.
By the vigilance of Commodore Keppel, he took a whole fleet
of
merchantmen off" St. Fran9ois : The entire command of the
flijps in thefe feas, by the abfence of Sir George Pococke,
de-
volving
on the Commodore, by virtue of the fpecial commif-
fion we have already mentioned, and advice being received that
a peace was concluded between England and Spain, he repaired
to the
Havanna, in order to fuperintend the embarkation of the
troops ordered to Europe, after which he proceeded on the
Ja-
maica ila-tion.
The troops being at fea, were met by an exprefs,
ordering
General Keppel to fend fome regiments to reinforce
the army under Sir Jeffrey Amherft in North-America, on ac-
count of fome commotions having arifen amongft the hidians
on that continent.
With the troops that arrived from Old-Spain to garrifon the
Havanna, the order.; came for the evacuation of that place in
favour of the Spaniards: In confequence of thefe orders, with-
out any dirciTtly from theBritifii rainifter, the Spaniards retook
poffeffion of the moil valuable harbour in the Weft-Indies.
Coo THE
THE
HISTORY
O F T H E
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
BOOK XI.
The
French
ft
out a fquadron to attack Neivfoundland
:
Proceed
on
the enterprifc. Land in the Bay
of
Bulls. The
garrifon
of
St.
Johnsfir
render to them. Sir
Jefferey Amherf prepares to retake
it. Sends Colonel Amherf nvith a detachment
for
that piirpofe.
Lands at Kitty-njitty
.
Attacks the French. Is viclorioiis.-
The French garrifon capitulates. 'Articles
of
capitulation.
1762.
T_T
AVING been fo long employed in recording the
glorious
"""^
A X atchievements of the Britifli troops, it is with great re-
luftance we now find ourfelves obliged to recite an event that
muft, for a moment, caft a gloom over the retrofpecft of fo
many brilliant conqueils. But even in this inllance,
fortune
feems to have been fickle, only to increafe the credit of the
Britilli arms, and to afford another example, that the ardour of
youth, tempered with judgment, will oftener command
fuc-
cefs in enterprife, than timid caution and inaflive difcretion,
the general companions of old age.
France, by this time, had been Tiumbled in every quarter of
the worldi flie had received fo many checks, that, almoll driven
to
2L7/t/nirrtf^/'7jr'JI't/7iKr H^Vr'n'
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HISTORY OF THE LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
to defpair, fhame urged her to the laft exertion of her dying
power. This was, to attack the defencelefs Ifland of Newfound-
land ; and flic accordingly fitted out a fquadron for that pur-
pofe, confiding of
Le Robufte,
74
guns, La Garonne,
44
guns,.
L^Eveille, - 64 La Licorne,
30 andabombketch..
This fquadron was commanded by M. de Terney, who had
fifteen hundred land-forces on board, under the orders of the
Cotmt de Hauflonville.
On the 24th of
June,
the French troops landed in the Bay
of Bulls without oppofition; and, on the 27th, obliged the gar-
rifon of St. John's, confiding of about fixty men, to furrender
prifoners during the war, on a promife of fecurity for their
pofleflions and effeifls. The Grammont being taken in the
harbour, her crew wa& included in the above agreement. After
the French had taken pofleffion of the fort, they began to repair
the fortifications
;,
but deilroyed every thing that belonged to
the iifhery, and burnt a great number of veflels in the north
and fouth harbours
;
by which, indeed, private property alone
was injured, but to fo great a degree, that many individuals
were ruined by it.
As foon as General Amherft received the news of this misfor-
tune, he, without waiting for orders from the miniflry, by
which a. feafon might be loft, and the place rendered more
tenable by its prefent pofTefTors, planned an attack to recover
it. Aifluated by that fpirit of enterprife which had fo eminently
diftinguifhed him during the campaigns of
1758, 1759,
^^^
1760,
he formed a few of tile furviving troops, which had juft'
arrived from the Wefl-Indies, with fome provincials, into- a
O o o 2 corps
u>
468
HISTORYOFTHE
1762. corps
for this purpofe, and entrulled the command
of tliem
"""
^
to his,
brother,
Lieutenant Colonel William Amherft.
Accord-
ingly,
this gentleman embarked at New-York, on the 15th of
Auguft,
on board the James
tranfport, with five
others, and
one
vitflualling fliip
;
and next day failed out of the hook,
without any convoy, for Halifax, there to join Lord Colville,
and to take in fome more troops, and from thence proceed to
Louilbourg
with his Lordfhip, for a farther reinforcement.
On the 26th, Colonel Amherft arrived at Halifax ; but Lord
Colville had already left the place. The Colonel, however,
thought it would be proper to embark the troops that were to
accompany
him from thence, and from Louifbourg, and fol-
low his Lordfhip, who was gone with one fliip of the line and
a frigate, to reconnoitre the coaft of Newfoundland. In con-
fequence of this refolution, the fleet was ready to fail from
Halifax by the 29th
;
but contrary winds prevented its getting
out of the harbour tili
the ift of September. On the 5th, it
arrived at Louifbourg ;
and the next day, the ti-oops that were
to be taken from the garrifon embarked, when the land-forces
and artillery of the armament were as follows ;
Troops.
Royal, - - ~
-
237
Five companies of the 4j'th regiment,
-
395
77th, -
-
158
Two companies draughte4 from different corps, lyi
Provincials, _ _
-
^20
Royal artillery, - - -58
Total,
1559
formed
into two battalions; the firft commanded by Lieute-
nant Colonel Tuliken, the fecond by Major Sutherland.
Artillery.
LATE WAR IN AMERICA,
469
Pour -
Six
Two light
Four -
Artillery.
24
pounders. Two vo inch mortars,
12 ditto, One 8 inch ditto,
12 ditto. Six royals,
6 ditto, Six cohorns.
Four howitzers.
1762.
On the 7th in the morning, Colonel Amheril put to fea again,
and on the i ith joined Lord Colville, a few leagues to the fouth
ofSt. John's.
The Colonel had deligned to land his troops atKitty-
Vitty
;
but by the intelligence he received from Lord Colville,
found it impra(5licable, in confequence of its being a very nar-
row entrance, and the French having entirely flopped it up,
by fmking fhallops in the channel ; he therefore fixed on Tor-
bay, about three leagues off, for that purpofe ; and indeed,
it was now the only place near St. John's that troops could land
at. Accordingly, the tranfports were fent into that harbour,
under the prote61:ion of the Syren
; but it v/as late at night on
the 1 2th, before they all came to an anchor.
Colonel Amherft, with Captain Douglas of the navy, took a
view of the coaft, and difcovered a very proper beach to land
upon. But it blew fo hard that night, that one of the tranf-
ports, with the provincial light infantry on board, was driven
out to fea. The remainder of the troops landed the next day,
with very little oppolition, at the bottom of a bay, from
whence there was a path to St. John's. The light infantry of
the regulars, who got firll on fliore, giving the French a fire,
the latter immediately retired towards St. John's ; upon whicli
the whole of this little army marched on, for about four miles,
through a very thick wood, and over very bad ground, when
Captain Macdonald's light infantry, which was in front, came
2. up
HISTORY OF THE
up with fome of the party which had been driven from the
landing-place, but la)j now concealed in the wood, and fired
on the Captain as foon as he got within their reach
; but part
of his corps ruflied in upon them too fuddenly to give tliem
time for another difcharge, took three prifoners, and put the
reft to flight.
The country now opening, the army marched to the left of
Kitty-Vitty, to take polTeflion of that pafs
;
it being neceflary
to force a communication for the landing of the artillery and
ftores, as it was impra6licable to get them up the roads, by
which the army had advanced. When the right was clofe to
Kitty-Vitty, the French fired on them from a hill on the oppo-
fite fide. Colonel Amherft, therefore, fent a party up a rock,
which commanded the pafTage over ; and, under cover of the
lire made by the light infantry companies of the Royal and
Montgomery's, fupported by the grenadiers of the former,.
pafTed over ; drove the enemy, who had come down the hill,-
up again ;
and purfued them, on that fide, towards St. John's,
But another body of the French being now perceived in their
way to fupport the former, Major Sutherland, with the remain-
der of the firft battalion, was immediately ordered over to
attack
them. This determined the enemy to retreat ; by
which Colonel Amherft liad time to take poft before it was.
dark. The troops, however,^ lay on their arms all night. Cap-
tain
Mackenzie, who commanded Montgomery's light infantry,,
was mortally wounded in this afifair; and ten of the enemy
were taken prifoners. On the 14th, the channel, in which the
enemy had funk the Hiallops, was cleared; but they ft ill occu-
pied a
breaft-work. which commanded the entrance and a bat-
tery, though not quite finifhed. Lieutenant Colonel Tuliken,
who had been
hurt by a fall, and left on board, joined the
I
army
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
471
army this clay
;
and Captain Fergufon, who commanded the 1762.
artillery, brought round fome light pieces and ftores, in flial-
'

"
'
lops, from Torbay.
The French were flill in poiTeflion of two very high and fteep
hills
;
one in the front of the advanced poft, from whence they
fired on the guards, and the other nearer to St. John's. Thefe
two hills, in all appearance, commanded tlie whole ground
from Kitty-Vitty to St. John's. As, therefore, it was necelTary
to proceed on this fide, in order to fec^re the landing at Kittv-
Vitty, on the 17th, juft before break of day, Colonel Amheril
ordered Captain Macdonald's corps of light infantry, and the
provincial light infantry, which were now arrived, fupported
by the advanced polls, to endeavour to furprifc the enemy on
the hills. Captain Macdonald had the good fortune to pafs
their centries and advanced guards unobferved, and was firfl
difcovered by their main body on the hills, as he was fcaling
the rocks. However, they did not fire on him till he had
gained the fummit, when they gave way on his returning it.
Lieutenant Schuyler, and four rank and file were killed on this
occafion -, Captain Macdonald, and eighteen rank and file were
wounded. The French had three companies of grenadiers
at
this poft, with two pickets, commanded by M. Belcombe,
Lieu-
tenant Colonel, and the fecond in command. This gentleman
and a Captain of grenadiers were wounded
;
his lieutenant and
feveral foldiers w^ere killed; and the wounded captain and
thirteen private men were taken prifoners. The French had
one mortar here, with which they threw fome fhells in tlic
night
J
a fix pounder not mounted, and two v/all-pieces.
As thefe hills command the harbour, Colonel Amheril, on
the 16th, marched to the hill neareft to St. John's, which the
French
, HISTORY OF THE
French had abandoned, though not without leaving
a guard
at
the poll of Kitty-Vitty, on the other fide. Some provifions,
artillery, and other ftores were landed this day. In the preced-
ing night, the French fleet, favoured by a fog, put to fca. On
the 17th, a mortar battery was completed, and a battery begun
for four twenty-four pounders and two twelve pounders, about
five hundred yards from the fort, and a road made for bringing
up the artillery from the landing-place. At night the mortar
battery was opened with one eight inch mortar, fix cohorns^
and fix royals ; the enemy, all the while, keeping a brifk fire,
and
throwing many fhells from the fort.
On the 1 6th, Colonel Amherll fummoned the Governor to
furrender, by the following letter, which produced a corre-
fpondence
that ended in a capitulation.
SIR,
Camp before St. John's, Sept. 17th, 1762.
"
Humanity
dire6ls me to acquaint you of my firm inten-
tion.
I know the miferable flate your garrifon is left in, and
am
fully
informed of your defign of blowing up the fort, on
quitting it ; but have a care ;
for I have taken meafures effedtu-
ally to cut off your retreat: and fo fure as a match is put to
the
train,
every man in the garrifon fliall be put to the fword.
I
mull
have
immediate pofTefilon of the fort, in the ftate it is
now in, or exped the confequences. I give you half an hour
to
think of it. I have the honour to be,
SIR,
Your moll obedient humble fervant,
To the Officer command-
ing St. John's.
W"".
Amherst."
Anfwer.
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
Anfwer to the above fummons.
Fort St. John's, Sept. i6th,
1762.
"
With regard to the condud I fliall hold, you may, Sir,
be
mifinformed. I wait for your troops and your cannon
; and
nothing fhall determine me to furrender the fort, imlefs you
Ihall have totally deftroyed it, and that I fliall have no powder
to fire. I have the honour to be,
SIR,
Your mofl obedient humble fervant,
The Count d'Haussonville.'*
Count d'Hauflbnville's fecond letter to Lieutenant Colonel
Amherft.
Fort St.
John's, Sept. i8th,
1762.
"
Under the uncertainty of the fuccours which I may receive,
either from France or her allies, and the fort being entire, and
in good condition for a long defence, I am refolved to defend
myfelf to the laft extremity. The capitulation which you may
think proper to grant, may determine me to furrender the
place to you, in order to prevent Ihedding the blood of the
men who defend it. Whatever refolution you come to, there
is one left to me, which would hurt the interefts of the fove-
reign you ferve. I have the honour to be, &c.
The Count d'Haussonville."
Colonel Amherft's reply.
Camp before St. John's, Sept. 18th, 1762.
*'
I have jufl: had the honour of your letter. His Britannic
Majefty's fleet and army co-operating here, will not give any
other terms to the garrifon of St. John's, than their furrendering
prifoners of war.
P
p p
*'
I do
474.
HISTORYOFTHE
1762.
"
I do not thirfl for the blood of the garrifon
;
but you mufl
*"
" -^
determine
quickly, or expedl the confequences
j
for this is my
final
determination.
I am,
SIR,
Your moft obedient humble fervant,
Wm.
Amherst.'*
The Count d'Hauilbnville's reply.
Sept. 1 8th,
1762.

I have received, Sir, your letter, which you did me the

honour to write me. I am equally averfe with yourfelf to the
effufion of blood. I confent to furrender the fort in good con-
dition, as I have already acquainted you, if the terms I here-
with inclofe are granted to my troops. I have the honour to be^
SIR,
Your mOil humble and moil obedient fervant.
The Count d'Haussonville."
Terms
of
Capitidati07t required by the garrijhn
of
St.
John'st and the.
troops in general in that place.
I.
The French troops fhall furrender prifoners of war.
Granted.
II. The commiflioned and non-commiffioned officers fiiall keep
their arms, to be the better able to keep their men in order.
Grakted.
III. Good fliips Iliall be allowed the officers, grenadiers, foldiers,
wounded as well as not wounded, within a month, to tranf-
port them to France, and land them on the coafts of Britanny.
Granted ; Lord Colville will, of courfe, embark them as foon
as he poffibly can.
6
.
IV.
LATE WAR m AMERICA.
rV. The efFedls of the officers and foldiers Ihall not be touched.
Anfwer. His Britannic Majefly's troops never pillage.
Camp before St. John's, (Signed)
September 1 8th, 1762. W^. Amherst.
Le Comte d'Haussonville.
This is to be ligned by Lord Colville
; but it will remain at
prefentj as afterwards, in full force.
It appears by this capitulation, that Lord Colville was not
prefent at the making or concluding of it. He was then at feaj
and the wind would not permit his Lordfhip to ftand in. Colo-
nel Amherft, therefore, that no time fliould be loft in fo ad-
vanced a feafon, took on himfelf to determine with regard to
the terms that fliould be granted to the garrifon of St,
John's,
and had the pleafure to find, on Lord Colville's return, that
his Lordfhip approved them.
The fpirit and perfeverance of the troops employed on this
bccafion, exceeded the mofl fanguine hopes, even of their own
officers, who knew them heft. On their alacrity entirely
depended the recovery of this valuable ifland, before the bad
feafon fet in
;
and Colonel Amherll's endeavours to keep alive
that fpirit were eifedually feconded by Colonel Tuliken.
Captain Macdonald was to have proceeded to England with
an account of this advantage
; but his wound, a broken leg,
not being thought fufficiently healed for that purpofe. Captain
Campbell, of the twenty-fecond regiment, was named to re-
place him, and carry the colour's the French had hoifted on the
fort of St. John's,
P
p
p
s
The
476
THISORY OF THE LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
i/'^a. The retaking of Newfoundland, a place of fo much confe-
' '
quence to the mercantile part of England, terminated the
war between the Englifli and the French in this quarter of
the world. The armies brought into the field by the former,
during the firft campaigns, were difgraced by knavery, igno-
rance, or timidity. But, happily for Britain, in
1758,
a period
was put to mifcondud ; and, from that aufpicious a;ra, in which
General Amherfl: was honoured with the command of the Bri-
tifh arms in North-America, a fucceilion of rapid conquefts
attended their efforts. "Wherever the Britifh colours were feen
to fly, there vicT:ory generally followed; and, at length, the
whole power of the French on the Continent of North-America
yielded to the fuperior courage of the Britifh foldiers, and the
great abilities of their commanders.
A cefTation of arms, which now took place, was, in a fhort
time, followed by a definitive treaty. This treaty was figncd
at Verfailles, on the loth day of February
1763,
and reflored
peace to France, Spain, and England, in every quarter of the
globe.
TH
THE
HISTORY
O F T H E
LATE WAR IN
AMERICA.
BOOK xir.
Source
of
the neiu ivar between the Engli/Jj and Indians in North-Ame-
rica.

Plan and preparations

of
the Indians.

Their
frft
exploits.'
They take feveral forts.

Detroit clofely blockaded. Fort-Pitt

befeged. Relieffent to Detroit and Niagara. Stratagem
of
the
Indians^ tofurprife the garrifon
of
Detroit, defeated. Sally by Cap^
tain Dalyell. Relief fent to Fort-Pitt, under Colonel Bouquet.
'Siege
of
Fort-Pitt raifcd by the Indians. Actions betiveen the
Fnglifh
and the Indians near BifJoy-Riin. Colonel Bouquet arrives
at Fort-Pitt.
-
Great bravery
of
the crew
of
a vcjftl. Spirit
of
difcontent amongf the EngliJJj troops. The caife
of
it removed by
Sir
Jeffrey
Amherfl. -The Kmg's approbation
of
the late behaviour
of
the troops near BuJJjy-Run. Plan
of
operation
for the year
1^6^.^
by Colonels Bouquet and Bradfreet. Major General Gage fucceeds
Sir
Jeffrey
Amherf. Colonel Bradfreet and Sir William
Johnfon
arrive at Niagara, and
fnd
a great number
of
Indians there.
Tranfaclions ivith them. Colo7iel Bradjlreefs orders co?icerning his
conduSl toxvards the Indians.

Sir William
Johnfon returns home, and
the Indians
difperfe. Colonel
Bradftreet met by Indian nations
filing for
peace. Preliminaries granted them. Colonel Brad-
freet gives an account oj his proceedings to General Gage and Colonel
Bouquet,.
47S HISTORYOFTHE
Bouquet. Sends Captain Morris to take
pojfejfion
of
the IH'inols*
country. Colonel Bradjlreet arrives at Detroit. Indians
flock
to
fuefor
peace. Peace concluded ivith tkcm. Defcrtption
of
De-
troit. Colonel Bradfrcet leaves that place. His
tranfa6lions
ivitb the Indians
for
a peace condemned by General Gage.-- Zeal
of
the Six Nations in the caufe
of
the EnglifJj. Great
diflrefs of
Colonel
Bradflrect.
He conquers all difficulties by his prudence, and arrives
at length at Ontario. Colonel Bouquet proceeds on his march.-
Is met by deputies
from the Senecas., Delaivars, and Shaivanefe.

They deliver up a great number
of
their captives. He exaHs
hof
ages
for
theirfending deputies to Sir William Johnjon. The Co^
lonel returns to Fort-Pitt^ difpofcs of
his regulars, and fends home the
provincials and the refcued captives.
J -g
/"I
"^HE general peace, which thus put an end to a raoft ex-
^"^
>- *
-a.
tenfive and bloody war, was jullly deemed, by the bulk
of mankind, a happy event. But the Britifli fubjedls in North-
America thought they had particular reafon to rejoice at it, as
it left the French fo little power in their neighbourhood, and
determined by it the boundaries between the two nations,
with the greatefl accuracy and precifion. In this, however,
they foon found themfelves greatly millaken. They did not
fufficiently conlider the jealous temper of the Indians included
within thefe bounds, nor the opportunity which the French,
by retaining polTelTion of New-Orleans, and the joint naviga-
tion of the Mifllilippi, ftill had of inflaming that jealoufy. What
alarmed them moft was the chains of forts running through
their country, in almofl every direction
;
efpecially thofe built
on their lakes, and on the feveral flraits between them. Thofe
military eilablifhments, they looked upon as the embryos of
fo many new colonies, by which, fooner or later, they would
be elbowed out of tlie land of their forefathers
;
and a very
imprudent
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
imprudent omiflion of the ufual prefents on our parts, contri-
buted not a little to confirm thefe apprehenfions, which, if not
originally excited, were, there is great reafon to believe,
greatly increafed by the French. That nation, independent of
any views it might have of recovering the country which it
had lately ceded to the Englifh, could not but regret the lofs
of the gainful trade it had fo long before that period, carried
n with the natives
;
and the likelieft method to get once more
pofleflion of this trade, was to fow and cultivate the feeds of
diffention between the Indians and their new allies.
They
therefore taught the former to confider the latter in the light
of mafters, and even tyrants, rather than friends
;
and it muft
be owned, that the general behaviour of the French to the
Indians, was fo very different from that of the Englifh, as to
give all the weight the French could v^ifh to thofe lellbns
; the
effects of which, accordingly, became every day more and'
more vifible. We mention thefe particulars, not only to recom-
mend the manner in which the French treat the Indians as
highly deferving to be imitated by us
;
but to wear out of the
minds of fuch of our deluded countrymen as arc not entirely
deftitute of good fenfe and humanity, the prejudices conceived
againll an innocent, much abufed, and once happy people,
who, with all their fimplicity, are no ftrangers to the firfl
principles of morality; and, accordingly, entertain as deep a
fenfe of the jullice, benevolence, and condefcenfion of their
former friends, the French, as they do of the injuftice, cruelty,
,
and
infolence, with which they have been ufed by their prc-
fent fellow-fubjeds, the Englifh.
But it may be proper to give an inftance or two of this diffe--
rence. The French court encouraged marriages between its
fubjefts
480
H I S T O R Y O F T H E
1763. fubjcfls and Indian women
;
and this not only proved a great
means of civilizing the nations to v/hich the latter belonged;
but cffedtually ferved to procure the former admiflion into
their councils, and thereby a thorough knowledge of all their
mofl fecret defigns, from the formation of them
; and this pro-
cedure fo entirely won their afFeflions, that to this very hour,
the favages fay, the French and they are one people.
Another thing, which does flill greater honour to the policy
and humanity of the French government, was their llri(5lly
forbidding the fale of fpirituous liquors to the Indians, under
pain of not being abfolved by any clergyman but the bifliop
:
this prevented many mifchiefs amongft thefe unfortunate tribes,
who have fallen to our lot by the lad peace. To tafte fpirits
and get drunk, is the fame thing with the Indians ; and from
drunkennefs arifcs, among them, all diforders. There is no-
thing, let it be ever fo fliocking and abominable, of which an
intoxicated Indian is not capable ; nay, which he will not madly
endeavour to commit ; and, unfortunately, there is no advan-
tage which the Englifh traders fcruple to take of them in that
deplorable condition. They impofe on the men both in buying
and felling, abufc their wives and daughters, and other female
relations j
and go yet greater lengths, if poilible, in every
other fpecies of wickednefs. Where is the wonder then, if
we fo often find the Indians on our backs, without being able
to particularife the motives of their infurreftion : We might
very v^^ell wonder if it were otherwife. Thus, the bare beha-
viour of a few diffolute pedlars has often, without any other
aflignable caufe, coil the lives of many of our moil inoffenfive
and indullrious fellow-fubjedts, who are juft emerging from
^
the gloom of want and toil, into the fair profped of cafe and
I There
LATE WAR IN
AMERICA.
No people on the face of the earth are fuller of the
idea of liberty, than the North-American
Indians. The very
thoughts of that flavery which they were made to expedt under
the EngUfh, was enough to determine them to enter into every
propofal the French could offer. It was with the
utmoll regret
the favages had fo lately parted with the garrifons of that na-
tion, which had been flationed amongft them
; and with pro-
portionable jealoufy and averlion they received the Englifh.
Yet. we foolifhly flattered ourfelves, that this regret
would
wear out with time, but we never took the proper fleps
to contribute to fo dcfirable an end; and this omiflion
was
accompanied with a miftake produdlive of a flill
greater.
We
vainly imagined, that however hoflile the difpofuions of the
favages
might be, they could not, for want of affiftance
from
the French, do us any great mifchief ; and therefore,
did not
fufficiently provide againft any attack from them.
Our hopes
proved as vain and fliort-lived, as they had been fanguine
and
premature ;
and the ftorm arofe from that quarter from
which
we leaft expedled it.
It foon appeared, that at the very time we were reprefenting
the Indians to ourfelves as completely fubdued, and perfeflly
obedient to our power, they were bufy in planning the deftruc-
tion, not only of our mod infignificant and remote forts, but
our mofl important and central fettlements. They had collecfled
abundance of fmall arms and ammunition, and every other
neceflary fuch a hoftile and general defign could fugged
; and
then proceeded to the execution of it, with a degree of adlivity
and
refolution, fuch as till this occalion they had never before
difcovered. The Shawanefe and Delawares, in particular, the
original fchemers of this war, were fo eager to begin it, tliat it
was
with much difficulty they could be prevailed upon to
Qjl q
refrain
HISTORY OF THE
refrain from hoftilities till their confederates v/ere ready to
enter into a(5lion with them. Their plan was to mal^e a general
and
fudden attack upon the frontiers, in the height of the
harvcit, deftroying all the fruits of the earth with man and
beall, as far as they could penetrate ;
and then fall on the
advanced pofts, intercept the convoys corning to them,
and cut off their communication with the provinces. By
way of prelude to this horrid tragedy, they mafTacred the
traders whom they had invited amongft them, and feized on
their effects. Thus fluilied with blood, their fcalping parties
advanced to the frontiers of Pennfylvania, Maryland, and Vir-
ginia, marking their way with devaftation aad llaughter, and
every where committing the mofl horrid cruelties. The
main bodies then attacked all our out-pofls, though at a great
diftance from each other, almoft at the fame inflant, and made
themfelves matters of Le Bosuf, Venango, Prefque-Ifle, and
Sandufliy, on Lake-Erie ; of La-Baye, on Lake-Michigan-, of St.
Jofeph, on the River St. Jofeph
; of the Miamis, on the River-
Miarais
;
of Ouachtanon, on the Ouabach, and of Michili-
mackinack.
The garrifons of all thefe forts were very weak, as, from
the general peace fo lately concluded, it was thought they had
nothing to apprehend ; and from the nature of their fituation,
they could not receiv^e, in cafe of danger, any immediate afiixl-
ance, either from the colonies, or from each other. The hi-
dians, knowing their weak and helplefs condition, employ-
ed, neverthelefs, ftratagem as well as force againft them.
They made it their bufmefs to perfuade the garrifon in every
fort, that thofe in the others had furrendered, before they
themfelves well^knew whether they really had or not; and
thus, by making their fuuation appear defperate, prevailed on
many
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
many of them to furrender on terms, which they never intend-
ed to obferve. But what contributed more than any thing elfe
to the lofs of thefe phices, was their being moil unaccountably
left to depend for their provifions on the Indians in their
neighbourhood
; a circumdancc alone fufficient to tempt the
Indians to attack them. Prefque-Ifle, which was the mofl
tenable in itfelf, and flood beft for relief, was one of thofe
which furrendered by capitulation. The perfidy of the favages
with regard to all former capitulations between them and the
Englifli, fhould have made the commanding officer rifk every
thing, as the fole chance of faving thofe under him from the
fcalping-knife, with which they were cruelly butchered, a
very few excepted, amongft whom the commanding officer
had the good fortune to make one.
The news of the lofs of fo many places, and of the ravages
which the Indians flill continued to commit, fpread confterna-
tion through the provinces, and depopulated a confiderable
part of the frontier. In the fpace of a few days, the EngliOi
faw themfelves deprived of the fruits of feveral bloody and
expenfive campaigns. They were driven from fome of the
pods, the difpute about which had been the principal caufe of
the war, as the poffeffion of them was one of the greateft
advantages obtained by the peace. Their affairs, however,
were not yet quite defperate. The hands into which tliefe
places fell were fuch as could not keep them, like the French
j
and they were flill maflers of Fort-Pitt, Niagara, and Detroit.
Thefe forts, befldes being much larger as well as better
conflru(5led than the refl, had fufficient garrifons to fuflain
a
fiege of fome continuance. Niagara was not clofely attacked
;
but fome fcattering parties infefled the communication be-
Q^q
q
2 tween
4C!4 HISTORY OF THE
1763. tween it and
Lake-Erie, on Vvhich fcveral people were
killed.
*
'
*
Fort-Pitt and Detroit were indeed clofely blockaded
: but they
were both
defended with equal vigilance and bravery
; the
latter, in particular, by Major Gladwin, againft the boldell
leader
among the favages, and the united eiforts of all thofe
inhabiting
the banks of the Upper-Lakes.
The Indians had entirely invefled Fort-Pitt, and had fo effec-
tually cut off the communication between it and every other
place, as made it impoffible for the garrifon either to fend or
receive any
intelligence ;
they even took pod under the banks
of both rivers, near the ramparts, and there remained, with
the moll incredible
patience, many days together, keeping upon
the place a continual fire of fmall arms intermixed with heavy
fhowers of lighted arrows. Too eager to wait till famine fhould
compel the garrifon to furrender, they hoped to effecft their
purpofe by
wearing them down with conftant fatigue, and
deftroying by fire every place that could afford them the leall
fhelter.
Captain Ecuyer, who commanded in this fort, wanted almoft
as many neceffaries to fuftain a regular fiege, as the Indians
did to form one. Befides, his works had been greatly damaged
by the overflowing of the neighbouring rivers : but he, with
great judgment,
employed every method to conquer thefe in-
convenicncies ;
and, feconded by thofe v/ho had fled to him for
protection, took every poflible flep, not only to maintain his
poft, but repulfe the enemy.
Sir Jeffrey
Amherft now commanded in America; but he
was a commander almoft without any troops to obey him. The
fined army, for its numbers, in the whole world
;
that army
5
which
L A T E WA R I N A M E R I G A.
.
485
which had conquered the French territories in this quarter of ^7^Z'
the globe, was now quite meked down by the Wefl-hidia
fervice, infomuch that there fcarce remained a fu fficieney cf
efFecflive men for the common garrifon duty. Befides, the
lliattered remains of the feventy-fevcnth and eightieth regi-
ments were at this very time aflually reduced or diihandedj
and ordered for England to be difcharged there. But confider-
ing the ci-itical (ituation of affairs, and the neceffity there was
of putting an immediate flop to the horrid cruelties which the
favages were every where committing, he thought it his duty
to detain them
;
and fending invalids to the nearer garrifons
to relieve fuch troops as were more lit for a6tive fervice, he
ordered the forty-fecond and part of the feventy-feventh regi.^
-
ment to Fort-Pitt. The fifty-fifth was at Ontario, the forty-lixth
at Niagara, and the eightieth at Detroit.
The fewnefs of his troops put it out of the General's power,
to think fafoon of re-eftablihing the more diflant polls : He,
therefore, for the prefent, confined his whole attention to Fort-r
Pitt, Niagara, and Detroit,
A fmall body, therefore, was haftily colle6ledfor the relief of
Detroit, and another for the reinforcement of the garrifon of Ni-
agara. Thefe troops were commanded by Captain Dalyell, who/
having left thofe deftined for Niagara, proceeded to Detroit, where
he arrived on the evening of the 30th of
July
J763. Pondiac,
a celebrated Indian chief, with the numerous tribes in the vici-
nity of that place, had for fome time been clofely blockading
it by land
;
and by means of a conference allowed him within
the fort, had furprifed the garrifon, were it not for the vigi-
lance of the very able officer who commanded there. Suspi-
cion is the befl guard againft fuch infidious foes ; and Major
Gladwin
H I S T O Px. Y OV THE
Gkdwin had the good fcnfe to draw this conclufion from their
former conduct in fmiihir circumftances. Accordingly, before
he admitted the Indians into the place, he put the garrifon
tinder
arms, and made fuch other difpofitions, as totally de-
feated their treacherous defign. Had they fucceeded in their
deep-laid
fcheme, of putting him firfh to death, every man of
them mud have fallen a victim to the refentment of his troops.
Pondiac had fagacity enough to perceive this. He harangued,
as ufual, on a belt, white on one fide, and green on the other;
and
began his difcourfe on the white fide. The turning the
belt was to be the fignal, in cafe circumflances proved favou-
rable, for opening the tragedy by the murder of Major Glad-
win ;
but
Pondiac thought better of the matter, and never made
life of it.
Many of the French had inliiled under the banners of Pon-
diac
-, and one of them became his fecretary. It was a thing
without
precedent, for fuch a multitude of Indians to keep the
field fo long.
Their ftrong propenfity to roving, and the diffi-
culty of providing them with fubfiflence, had hitherto hinder-
ed their chiefs from undertaking any affair which required
time and numbers to atchieve it. But on this occaiion, the
influence
of Pondiac kept them together, whilft the addrefs of
his fecretary
procured them provifions. To
accomplish this,
he iffued formal orders to the neighbouring
inhabitants, in
the name of the French king, for what flour and cattle was
wanted ;
and before Captain Dalyell's arrival, had gone fo far
as to fummon Major Gladwin to furrender his fort to that
monarch.
Had Captain
DalycU brought nothing but
provifions with
him to Detroit, his coming there might have been
reckoned
a very
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
'
a very eflential fervice
;
for, by the time he reached it, the
garrifon was reduced to the greateil flraits. But this was not
enough to fatisfy his martial ardour. He unhappily
confidered
the Indians as a very defpicable foe, and defpifed them
accord-
ingly. As foon, therefore, as he became
acquainted
v/ith
their fituation, he fuppofed that it could be no difficult
matter,
not only to make them abandon their prefent delign,
but fo
cffedually chaftife them, as to prevent their
attempting
any
thing like it for the future.
It was in vain that Major Gladwin, who knew
better,
endea-
voured to perfuade the Captain from this
dangerous
under-
taking. All his arguments were looked upon by him
as no
better than fo many contrivances to prevent his reaping
a large
liarveft of military glory. The Major, therefore,
conlidering,
that, as Captain Dalyell was Sir Jeffrey's aid de camp, he
might be reafonably fuppofed bell acquainted with his fcnci-
ments -, he therefore permitted him to make the attempt
with
two hundred and fifty men. To give him more was impoffible,
without rifking the lofs of the place, fhould any
accident .
happen to thofe he gave.
With this force. Captain Dalyell fallied out, about half
an
hour after two in the morning of the 31ft of
July ; taking
the
great road by the river-fide, whilfl two boats, in the nature of
row-gallics, and a pateraro in each of them, rowed up the
river, with orders to keep clofe to the lliore, and up with the
line of march, in order to take off the killed and wounded,
and cover a retreat in cafe of accident. About a mile and a
half from the fort, the Captain ordered his men to form into
platoons
J
and, if attacked in front, to defend themfeives by
ftreet-firing. About a mile farther, the advanced guard, com-
7
manded
^og HISTORY OF THE
1763. manded by Lieutenant Brown, was fired upon by the enemy
'
from
under the cover of their works, and had feveral
men
killed and wounded. Some of the balls reached to the main
body,
and threw the men into fome confufion
; but they foon
recovered. Captain Grey then returned the enemy's fire on the
front of their works, as the quarter where mod execution
might be expelled, it being ftill too dark to diftinguiili objecfls.
Captain Grant, being in the rear, was now likewife fired on
from fome houfes and fences, about twenty yards from his
left ; upon which he faced about his own and Captain Hop-
kins's company, and gave a full difcharge on thofe places from
whence he had been fired upon. The enemy feeming to retire
in
confequence of this ready and refolute return of their falute,
Captain
Dalyell ordered Captain Grant to take pofifeffion of
thofe houfes and fences from which it had been given
; and
Captain
Grant, having immediately executed thefe orders,
found,
in one of the houfes, two men, who informed him,
that the enemy were about three hundred ftrong ; and being,
withal, perfedlly well apprifed of the garrifon's defign, in-
tended to get between the fallying party and the fort, to cut
oflf their retreat.
As foon as Captain Dalyell w^as made acquainted with this
fuperiority
of the enemy, and the ufe they intended to make
of it, he
concluded it \vas high time to think of a retreat ;
and
to cover his march, ordered Captain Grant to take pofl in an
orchard. By this time the Indians began an heavy firing on
his rear, from the fences and corn-fields which lay behind it,
and he
himfelf was one of the firfl who fell on the occafion.
Captain
Grant, being informed by Lieutenant Macdougal of
Captain
Dalyell's death, and likewife, that Captain Grey was too
feverely
wounded to a6t, afiiimed the command, which, by
thefe
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
48:
thefe events, d(jvolved upon him; and continuing the retreat, 1763.
took pofTeflion of the houfes, barns, and fences, in the way to
the fort. But Captain Rogers, having been hard prefled by the
enemy, from behind a houfe in which he had taken poft,
was obhged to wait for one of the row-galHes to cover his
retreat. When the boat arrived, and had difperfed the favages
by a few difcharges. Captain Rogers loll no time in embracing
the opportunity to come ofFj and his and the feveral other
fmall bodies, into which the faUiers had feparated, having
joined again without any confufion, they continued their march
back to the fort in good order. It muft not be forgot,
that
Captain Grant, by the able manner in which he condu<5led
this dangerous retreat, acquired to himfelf particular
ho-
nour. Befides Captain Dalyell, we loft one fcrjeant,
and
eighteen rank and j&le killed; Captain Grey, Lieutenants
Duke
and Brown, one drummer, and thirty-eight rank and file
wounded.
Though the ilTue of this fally did great honour to Major
Gladwin's forefight, it proved extremely difadvantageous
to
the Englifli affairs
;
not fo much, indeed, by their lofs in men,
as by the frefh fpirits with which it infpired the Indians.
All this time, Fort-Pitt continued in the moll critical fitua-
tion. No news was to be heard from the garrifon, or even
about it ; and it was a march of two hundred miles through
the wood to relieve it. Colonel Bouquet, however, was order-
ed upon this difficult and dangerous fervice, with the poor
remains of the forty- fccond and feventy-feventh regiments,
and fome ammunition and provifions. Thefe corps had been
enfeebled, or rather worn down, by the expedition to the Ha-
vanna
j
and the few furvivors not yet recovered from the con-
R r r fuming
.on
HISTORYOrTHE
1763. fuming
and
difpiriting difeafcs of the Weft-Iijdia climate,
faw
^"^
' ^
themfelves,
when they lead expefted it, fuddenly engaged in
an
expedition,
which required the utmoft a(5tivity, and the mod
vigorous
conllitution.
Orders
had been given to prepare a convoy of provifions on
the
frontiers of Penfylvania, againft the Colonel's arrival there:
But
fuch was the general terror and conflernation which had
feized
the
inhabitants, that he had reached Carlifle before any
ftep
had been taken to forward his marcli. It muft be owned,
however,
that this was not altogether a groundlefs panic. A
o-reat
number of the poor people's plantations had been pillaged
and
burned,
and many of their mills deflroyed by the favages.
The
harveft,
indeed, was in complete maturity
;
but then, there
was no one to gather it. Befides, the greateil part of the county
of
Cumberland,
through v/hich the army was to pafs, was
deferted;
and the roads leading to it covered with wretched
families,
v/ho having fuddenly abandoned their habitations to
fave
their lives, were now ready to perilli for want of the mod
common
necelTaries to fupport nature.
By this confufion, the fupplies for the expedition
became
more and more precarious. Inftead of receiving fuccours from
a people in eafy and affluent circumftances, Colonel Bouquet
was obliged to divide his own provifions with them. Neverthe-
lefs, in eighteen days after his arrival at Carlifle, by an happy
combination of adlivity in him, and good will in tlie interior
parts of the province, the llorcs and necelTary carriages vv^ere
ready,
and the army put into motion.
The fpirits of the people, however, were not much mended
by this march. They were too well acquainted with the
J
flrength
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
flrength and ferocity of the enemy, not to look upon them as
more than an overmatch for Colonel Bouquet's army, con-
fidering the fmall number and weak condition of the regulars
which compofed it. Such of them therefore, as had fettle-
ments on the Sufquehana, held themfelves in readinefs to
abandon them on the firft news of the fatal event they appre-
hended. In this ftate of defpondency, it is not furpriiing that
they refufed to follow the troops for their common defence.
Their knowlege of the woods, as v/ell as their being good
hunters, and excellent markfmen, might have been of the
greatefl: fervice
;
but their fears were, unfortunately, too flrong,
to let them fet a proper value upon thefe advantages.
The defeat of this little army would have expofed the pro-
vince of Penfylvania, in particular, to the greateit danger, con-
fidering the enterprifmg genius and barbarous difpolition of
the enemy it had to deal with. The county of Cumberland,
which formed the frontier, could mufler no militia to oppofe
the Indians, even if its inhabitants had not deferted it, moll of
them being traders and farmers, ignorant of the ufe of arms.
Government, indeed, had ordered a levy of feven hundred men
to cover thefe frontiers during the harveil. But what could be'
'""
expedled from new raifed, raw, and even undifciplined troops ?
Accordingly, Colonel Bouquet was obliged to depend entirely
upon himfelf, having no troops, or any farther fupply
f^t^^^
Ilores to expe6l from the province^, nor any reinforcement from
the General, who had already given him every man that was
in a condition to quit the hofpital ; nay, many of thefe were too
weak to iJiake ufe of their legs ;
and therefore were obliged to
be carried in waggons, merely for the purpofe of adding fome
flrength, fucli as it was, in proportion as they recovered, to the
R r r 2
fmall
^^2.
HISTORY OF THE
1763.
fmall pofts on the route, by which the communication was to.
'

'
'
be kept up.
In the mean time, Fort-Ligonier was in great danger of fall-
ing into the hands of the enemy, before the Colonel could
reach it. Its defences were very bad, the garrifon weak, and
the attack
made upon it by the Indians vigorous enough to
give
apprehcnfions to a ftrong one. But they were repulfed by
the condud and bravery of Lieutenant Blane, who commanded

there.
The prefervation of this poll was of the utmoft confequence,.
from its fituation, and ftill more, from a great magazine of
provifions it contained. Could the Indians have made them-
felves mailers of it, they might ha,ve continued the fiege of
Fort-Pitt,
with better hopes of fuccefs, and greatly incommode.
the troops deflined to relieve it. Confidering thefe circum-
ilances, there was an almoft abfolute neceffity for fuccouring
it at any
rifk. A body, therefore, of thirty men, accompanied
with good guides, was detached for that purpofe, and ordered
to take their route by the woods, by which means they had the
good fortune to fucceed. Twenty volunteers, fent by Captain
Oury from Fort-Bedford, a place between Carlille and Fort-Pitt,
in which there was another magazine, had arrived there before
them. Fort-Bedford had not yet been attacked by the favages
;
otherwife it would have been highly imprudent in Captain
Oury to have made fuch a detachment, as his place was not
llronger, either in works or in men to defend them, than Lieu-
tenant Blane's ; but a great number of diftrefTed families in
its neighbourhood had fled to it for protedfion, leaving their
eflfedfs a prey to the favages : this enabled Captain Oury thus
to attend to thC'relief of his partners in danger, whilfl he took
2. every
LATE WAR IN AMERICA. 493-
every meafure which prudence and mUirary fkill could fuggeft 1763,
to enfure his own fafety, by preventing furnrife, repulfing open
attacks, and rendering ufelefs or defeating the efFedts of the
burning arrows, which the Indians ihowered into the place.
With this view, he formed into companies all the fugitives
that were capable of carrying arms
; and they did duty with
the garrifon, till the arrival of two companies of light infantry^,
detached by Colonel Bouquet.
This able officer having thus provided for the fafety of thefe
two important magazines at the forts Ligonier and Bedford,
advanced to the mod diflant fettlements, without being able to
procure the lead intelligenee of the number or fituation of the
enemy. He could not get any even at Fort-Bedford, where he
arrived on the 25th of
July.
For though the Indians dared
not to make any attack upon that place, their parties were
fo well difpofed in the neighbourhood, that neither mefTen-
ger nor any thing elfe could efcape them ; and accordingly,
eighteen perfons had been made prifoners, or killed and
fcalped by them. This total want of intelligence is no un-
common cafe with officers condu6ling campaigns in North-
America; whereas the Indians always have the bell inform*
ation, and they had it at this time in particular. As foon
as they heard of Colonel Bouquet's march, they raifed tha
fiege of Fort-Pitt, in order to meet him, fully refolved to feize
the firil opportunity of attacking him to advantage.
In this uncertainty concerning the ftrength and motions of
the Indians, Colonel Bouquet left Fort-Bedford on the 28th of
July.
On his arrival at Fort-Ligonier, he prudently determined
to leave there his waggons, with, fome provifionS; powder, and
other.
494
HISTOIIYOFTHE
1763. other
ftores, and puiTue his rout with the troops (Jnly, and
"'''
^
about
three hundred and forty horfes loaded \vith flour. He
had to pafs a place called Turtle-Creek, a dangerous defile,
many
miles in length, and commanded, on every fide, by fteep
hills.
Having halted fome time to refrefli his men and horfes
at
Bufliy-Run, he came to a refolution of making a forced
march
through this defile in the night ; but, at one in the after-
noon of the 5th of Auguft, after a march of feventeen miles,
his
advanced guard was fuddcnly attacked by a body of the fa-
-vages, who had hid themfelves on the fide of the road for that
purpofe ;
but being immediately fupported by the two light
infantry companies of the forty-fecond regiment, they drove
them from their ambufcade, and even purfued them to fome
diftance.
The favages, however, returned to the attack, and
their fire proving obflinate on the front, and extending along
the flanks, Colonel Bouquet found it neceffary to make a ge-
neral charge with his whole line, to diflodge them from the
heights, and fucceeded in the attempt, though without gain-
ing by his fuccefs any decilive advantage. The favages were
no fooner driven from one place than they appeared in ano-
ther, and when no longer purfued, returned to the charge,
till, by receiving continual reinforcements, they were at lafl
enabled to furround the Englifli on every fide, and even attack
the convoy left in their rear, whicli obliged Colonel Bouquet
to march back to protetft it. The a6lion, upon this, became
general. But though the favages attacked the Englilh upon
every fide, and fought with uncommon refolution, they were
'conftantly rcpulfed with lofs. Ours, hov/ever, was by no means
inconuderablc. Captain-Lieutenant Graham, and'Captain Mac-
intofh, of the forty-fecond regiment, were killed ; and Cap-
tain Graham, Lieutenant Dow, of the Pvoyal Americans, Lieu-
tenant
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
495
tenant Donald Campbell, and Volunteer Peebles of the feventy-
1763-
feventh, wounded. The battle ended only with the day. The
great a(5livity of Major Campbell, of the forty-fecond regi-
ment, was of infinite fervice upon this very critical occafion.
Indeed, the conduct: of the officers in general, was above praife;
and the men kept themfelves, the whole time, fo cool, and
behaved fo ileadily, that they never attempted to fire without
orders ; and at length drove the favages from their polls with
fixed bayonets.
PolTefllon was now taken of a hill v/here the convoy had
halted when the front was firil attacked, as it afforded a com-
modious, fpot, both with regard to fituation and extent, for the
purpofe of a temporary poft. Accordingly, the whole of the
army was here incircled, the wounded being covered with the
flour-bags.
The morning of the next day, being the 6th of Augufi, the
favages furrounded the camp at the diftance of about five hun-
dred yards, and by a perpetual fl:iouring and yelling quite
round this extenfive circumference, were in hopes of terrifying
the army with their numbers. They then, very early, began an
attack ; and keeping up an inceffant fire, made feveral bold
efforts to penetrate the camp
; but all to no purpofe. Still,
however,
their method of fighting rendered our fituation ex-
tremely
critical and perplexing. Briflc attacks can have but
little effect upon an enemy who always give way when prefled,
and
immediately appear again. Beudes, the EngliOi troops were
exceedingly
fatigued with the long march, and long a6lion
of the
preceding day
;
and what was ftill worfe, diHrefled to
the
lail degree by a total want of water, much more intolerable .
than the enemy's fire.
Tied
496
HISTORY OF THE
1763. Tied to his wounded and his convoy, the Colonel could not
lofe fight of either, without expofing them to fall a prey to the
favages, who preiled upon him on every fide : Yet, to move
with the whole was impra6ticable, as he had loft a great many
horfes, and the dri%'ers, ftupefied by fear, had either hid them-
felves in the buflies, or were become incapable of obeying or
even hearing orders.
At length, the favages growing every moment more and
more audacious, Colonel Bouquet, v/ith that happy fagacity
which fometimes draws from evils their own remedy, thought
the beft thing he could do, would be, if poflible, to increafe
their confidence, and by that means entice them to clofe in
upon him, or at leaft Hand their ground when attacked. With
this view, he ordered two companies of light infantry within
the circle, and the troops on the right and left to open their
iiles, and fill up the fpace thcfe two companies had occupied,
that it might look as if the latter intended to cover the retreat
of the form-er. The third company of light infantry, with the
grenadiers of the forty- fecond regiment, were ordered tofupport
the two firft companies. This manoeuvre had the defired effect;
for the few troops who had taken pofTeflionof the ground which
the two companies of light infantry had left, being brought in
nearer to the circle, the barbarians, miftaking all thefe motions
for a confirmed retreat, hurried headlong on, with the mod
daring intrepidity. But juft as, after exxellivcly galling our
troops
with a moft lieavy fire, they thought themfelves mafters
of the camp. Major Campbell, at the head of the two compa-
nies which had begun the deception, fallied upon them from
a part of the hill they could not obferve, and fell upon their
right flank. The barbarians returned his fire with great refo-
lution
;
LATE WAR IN
AMERICA.'
4^7
lutlon
;
but could not withftand the
irrefiftible force of bay-
^763.
onets, with which the Major rufhed in upon them,
killing
'
many, and putting the reft to flight. In the mean time,
orders
having been fent to the other two companies
to improve the
advantage, they were delivered fo critically by Captain
Baffet,
and executed with fo much celerity and fpirit, that the routed
favages, who happened at that moment to be running
before
their front, received their full fire ; and not being covered
by
any trees, their ufual defence, fuffered a confiderable
lofs.,
The four companies uniting, did not give them time
to load
a fecond time, nor even look behind them, but
purfued
them
till they were totally difperfed. This, indeed, was only
the
right of the favages
; but their left was fo efFedually
awed
by
the reft of the Englifh troops, pofted on the brow of the
hill
for that purpofe, that they durft not attempt to fupport the
right ;
and being at length witneiTes to its unexpeded
defeat,
prudently followed the example, and faved
themfelves
by
a
precipitate flight.
The woods being now cleared, and the purfuit
over,
the
four companies took polTeflion of another hill in the front
;
and as foon as litters could be made for the wounded, and the
flour deftroyed, with every thing elfe, which, for want
of
horfes, could not be carried off. Colonel Bouquet
marched
on
without any farther moleftation, and encamped at Bufliy-Run,
where there was plenty of water. Here, however, his camp
-was hardly formed, when, notwithftanding the ifTue of the late
actions, his little army was again fired upon by the favages.
But they were again foon difperfed by the light infantry.
The lofs of the Indians in thefe anions could never be afcer-
S f f
tained.

4^3
HISTORY OF THE
17^3- . tained. Ours amounted to about fifty killed
; and Cxty-
wounded.
After this defeat, the favages, having loft all hopes of de-
ftroying Colonel Bouquet's army on its march, inftead of re-
newing the fiege of Fort-Pitt, fled with the utmoft precipitar
tion, to their moil dillant fcttlements. The Colonel reached
that place, with his convoy, four days after his lail adion;
but, as he did not find hirafelf in a condition to follow the
Indians beyond the Ohio, and thereby more completely reap
the fruits of his late victory over them
;
and having no rea-
fon to hope for
any
reinforcements from the provinces in their
prefent diftrefled condition, he put an end, though with great
relu(5lance, to the operations of the campaign, by providing
Fort-Pitt, and the poft.s on the communication, with provi--
fions, ammunition, and other neceffary ftores, and diftribut-L.
ing his troops into winter quarters,.
During thefe operations, Detroit continued to be block--
^dedj and the garrifon fuffered greatly from fatigue, and
the want ofprpvifions. They muft even have fallen victims,
to famine, had it not been for the extraordinary bravery of
the crew of a fchooner, which had been difpatched, from
Nia-
gara, with provifions for their relief. This veiTel failed from
Niagara, the latter end of Auguft
1763,
with twelve men^
including the mafter,. and fix Mohawk Indians, who were in-
tended for a particular fervice. On the 3d of September fhe
entered the River-Detroit; and, in the morning of the next
day, the Mohawks appearing extremely defirous to be put on
Ihore, the mafter very inconfiderately yielded to their wiflies.,
2. All
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
All that day the wind proved contrary. About nine in the even-
ing, whilft the vefTel lay at anchor, the boatfwain
difcovered
a
number of canoes coming down the river, with about three
hundred and fifty Indians in them. They were immediately
faluted with the bow gun. But, before the other guns
could
be brought to bear upon them, they had got under the
vefTel's
bow and ftern, in fpite of all her fmall arms and fwivels
; and
attempted to board her. Upon this, the men,
abandoning
their fmall arms, took to their fpears, a weapon with
\vhich
they had been fortunately provided
;
and, with amazing
bra-
very and refolution, killed numbers of them;
notwithftanding
which, the favages cut the cable, thinking thereby to divert
the attention of the crew from the defence of the veflel
to
the management of her fails and rudder ; but the flratagem
turned upon themfelves. The fchooner, fwinging round, not
only threw the Indians fuddenly into the utmofl confufion,
but gave the Englifli an opportunity of making ufe of theit
great guns, which now did confiderable execution, and dif-*
perfed the Indians, who were utter flrangers to the nature of
this marine manoeuvre. The mafter of the fchooner, and
one of his men, were killed in this affair ; and four men
were wounded ;
but the remainder of the crew carried her to
Detroit, whofe fate depended on her fafe arrival. To abandon
the place, or at leaft gain Niagara by land, was impracticable
without a greater ftock of provifions than the garrifon could
command, even were there no enemies on the road to oppofe
their march ;
and famine muft have been the certain Confe-
quence of remaining in it. The garrifon then had nO other
profpe6l but certain death. The arrival of the fchooner, there-
fore, relieved them from the moft difmal apprehenfions
; and
proportional were the carefTes and other marks of gratitude,
S f s z with
$cd
HISTORY OV rut
1763. "wltli
which
they loaded the heroes to whom they
owed
their
""^^^
deUverance.
The officers, in particular, as a mark of
diftinc-
tion,
as
well as a reward for their bravery, prefented
each of
them
with a filver medal defcriptive of the adion;
and it has
been
ever fmce C^flantly worn by them, at the
button-hole,
in the manner of a Croix de Saint Loins..
Excitements
fuch as this, were they to be univerfally ufed in
the fervice,
would be attended with the molt happy confe-
quences ;
fmce
nothing can be fo flattering to the human mind,
Efpecially
the mind of thofe engaged in a profeffion where
glory is
generally the chief objeft, as to be diilinguiflied from^
one's fellow
foldiers by fome confpicuous ornament, to which;
fuperior
merit can alone entitle the wearer..
The garrifon of Detroit being now well fupplied with pro-
vifions, the efforts of the enemy proved of no great confe-
quence, though the fetting in of winter prevented any thing
more being attempted for its relief, till the return of a feafon
more
favourable to military operations. Major Gladwin fecured
the
garrifon againft any fudden attack ; and the Indians in a
great
meafure difperfed, except fome fmall parties who lurked
about the fort in fuch a manner as to render it extremely dan-
gerous to pafs the pallifade.
Niagara had not been attacked ;
but, then, the communica
tion between it and Lake Erie, was continually infefted by the
Indians, which made it neceiTary to fend large efcorts with
every thing, that was to pafs the carrying place for the garri-
fon of Detroit. To remove this obilacle, a detachment of about
ninety
men was made from Niagara to attack the body of In-
dians which formed it. But the inconfiderate
ardour of the
commanding
LATE WAR IN AMERICA. 5dE
commahdinff officer hurried him imo an ambufcade, in which
*7^3-
himfelf, and the whole of his party, except three or four, un-
fortunately perifhed..
The nature of this campaign, of
1763,
which was entirel/
defenfive on our part, and the many advantages the Indians
had gained in the courfe of it, without receiving any confider-
able check, infpired them with a boldnefs and refolution fu-
perior to any they had hitherto manifefted. This increafe of
what generally turns thefcale in every hoflile conteft,
required
the moft acflive as well as moft powerful meafures in the Eng-
lifh to Gounteraft it to any purpofe. Nothing lefs could anfwer,
than a formidable army as early in the field as the feafon,
would permit, and the moll vigorous oiTenfive ufe that could
be made of it; but the General was ftill without a number of
regular troops fufficient for that purpofe. Nay thofe he had:
were in a Hate of difcontent and mutiny, on account of an or^
der which compelled them to pay for their rations^ inftead of
being allowed them gratis, as they had been during the whole
courfe of the lall war. But Sir Jeffrey Amherfl: having taken
-
upon him to reprefent their inability to comply with this new
regulation, and ordered provilions to be ilTued, as ufual, for
the enfuing campaign, their minds became a little more quiet ;.
and the following order, whilft it proved extremely flattering,
to thofe whom it more particularly concerned, ferved to create
a fpirit of emulation amongft all thofe in general engaged ini
the fervice.
Head-Quarters, New-York, 5th
June, 1764..
"
The King has been gracioufly pleafed to fignify to the Com-
mander in chief his rojal approbation of the condud and bra-
very
502
'
HISTORYOFTHE
1764.
very of Colonel Bouquet, and the officers and troops under his
command, in the two a(5lions of the 5th and 6th of Auguft laft,
in which, notwithflanding the difficulty, and the diftreffing
circumftanccs which prefented themfelves, and likewife the
boldnefs and extraordinary refolution of the Indians, he fruf-
trated their defigns, repulfed their repeated attacks, and hap-
pily condu6led his convoy fafe to Fort Pitt."
The fcarcity of regular troops obliged the General to make
a requifition from the provinces
;
their refpedlive afFemblies
chearfully complied with his demands, and iffijed orders for
levying the reinforcements they had feverally agreed to give
him.
The plan of operations was to fend a corps, under the com-
inand of Colonel Bouquet, to attack the Delawars, the Shawa-
nefe, the Mingoes, the Mohicons, and other Indians fettled
between the Ohio and the lakes ; whilfl: another, to be com-
manded by
Colonel Bradftreet, attacked the Hurons, the Wian-
dots, the Gttawas, the Chippaw^as, and other nations on the
banks of the lakes. The naval preparations on the lakes be-
longing to Captain Loring's department, lie was ordered to
Ofwego to do every thing that was neceflary to forward them.
In the mean time, Sir William Johnfon was to go to Niagara,
TO ratify the following preliminaries of peace which he had
fettled in the fpring with the Senecas ; and ufe his influence to
prevail on as many as he could of the faithful Indians to ac-
company Colonel Bradllreet in his expedition.
pRELlxMINARY
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
PrEL I MI N AR Y AR T I c L E s
of
peace, frlendjjjip and alliance; entered
into bet%veen the deputies
fent front the ivhole Seneca nation, and Sir
William
J
ohnfon, Baronet, his Aiajef/s/o/e Agent and Superintendant
of
Indian
affairs, for
the northern pdrts
of
North America, and Colonel
of
the Six United Nations, their allies and depetidants, i^ix.
Art. I. That the Seneca nation do immediately flop all hofti-
'
lities, and folemnly engage never more to make war upon
-
the Englifli, or fuffer any of their people to commit any
atfls of violence on the perfons or properties of any of his
Majefty's fubjedls.
Anfiver. The Sachems and Chiefs of the Senecas agree fully
to this article.
II. That they forthwith collect all the Englifh prifoners, defert-
ers, Frenchmen, and Negroes, amongft them, and deliver
them up to Sir William Johnfon (together with the two In-
dians of Kaneftio, who killed the traders in November
1762)
previous to the treaty of peace, which will take place within
three months, if thefe articles are agreed to ; and that they
engage never to harbour or conceal any deferters, French-,
men, or Negroes, from this time
; but, fliould any fuch take
refuge amongft them, they are to be brought to the com-
manding officer of the next garrifon, and delivered up
;
pro-
mifing, likewife, never to obftru(5l any fearch made after
fuch perfons, or to hinder their being apprehended in any part
of their country.
Anfiver. Agreed to
j
and they will aflift in apprehending any
fuch in their towns.
III. That they cede to his Majefty, and his fiicceflbrs for ever^
in full right, the lands from the fort of Niagara, extending,
eafterly, along Lake-Ontario, about four miles, comprehend-
ing'
HISTORT OF THE
itig
the Petit-Marais, or landing-place, and running
from
thence,
foutherly, about fourteen miles to the creek
above
Fort-ScliollTer or little Niagara, and down the fame to the ri-
ver or ftrait ; thence down the river or flrait, and ac-rofs the
fame, at the great catarad ; thence, northerly, to the banks
of Lake Ontario, at a creek or fraall lake about two miles
weft of the fort ; thence, eaflerly, along the banks of Lake-
Ontario, and acrofs the river or ftrait to Niagara ; compre-
hending the whole carrying place, with the lands on both
fides the llraitj and containing a tradl of about fourteen
miles in length, and four in breadth. And the Senecas do
engage
never to obftru^l the paiTage of the carrying place,
or the free ufe of any part of the faid track; and will like-
wife give free liberty of cutting timber for the ufe of his
Majefty, or that of the garrifons, in any other part of their
country not comprehended therein.
'
Anfwer.
Agreed to
;
provided the track be always appropriated
to his TVIajefty's fole ufe
;
and that at the definitive treaty the
lines be run in the prefence of Sir William Johnfon and fome of
the Senecas, to prevent difputes hereafter.
IV. That they allow a free pafi^age through their country from
that of Cayugas to Niagara or elfewhere, for the ufe of his
Majefty'^ troops for ever
;
engaging never to obftru^t or mo-
left any of his Majefty's troops, or other his fubjefts, who
may make ufe of the fame, or who may have occafion to
pafs through any part of their country by land or by water,
from henceforward.
Anfwer. Agreed to: And moreover (if required) the Senecas will
grant efcortsof their people; but it is expected they will not be
ill-treated by any of the Englifh, who may pafs. through their
country.
8 V. That
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
V. That they grant to his Majelly, and his fucceflbrs, for ever, a
free ufe of the harbours for veilels or boats within their
country, on Lake-Ontario, or in any of the rivers ; with U-
berty to land ftores, &c. and ere6t fheds for their fecurity.
Agreed to.
VI. That they immediately flop all intercourfe between any of
their people and thofe of the Shawanefe and Delawares, or
other his Majefty's enemies, whom they are to treat as com-
mon enemies ; and to affift his Majefty's arms, in bringing
them to proper punifliment, folemnly engaging never to be
privy to, aid, orailift, any of his Majefty's enemies, or thofe
"who may hereafter attempt to difturb the public tranquillity.
Agreed to.
VII. That fhould any Indian commit murder on, or rob any of
his Majefty's fubjedts, he Ihall be immediately delivered up
to be tried and punifhed, according to the equitable laws
of England : and, fliould any white man be guilty of the like
crime towards the Indians, he fliall be immediately tried and
puniflied, if guilty. And the Senecas are never, for the fu-
ture, to procure themfelves fatisfa(5lion, otherwife than as
before mentioned ; but to lay all matter of complaint before
Sir William Johnfon, or his Majefty's fuperintendant of In-
dian affairs, for the time being, and ftricHily to maintain and
abide by the covenant chain of friendfhip.
Agreed to.
VIII. For the due performance of thde articles, the Senecas are
to deliver up three of their chiefs as hoftages, who are to be
T 1
1
well
^oS
HISTORY OFTHE
1764. well treated, and rcllored to them as foon as the
fame arc
*"
'
'
fully
performed on their parts.
Jnfwer,
They agree to leave as hoftages,
Wannaughfila,,
Serrihodna, and Arajungas, three of their chiefs.
IX.
In confeqiiencc of their perfed agreement to the forego-
ing
articles, Sir WilHam Johnfon doth, by virtue of the
powers and authorities repofed in him, in the name of his
Britannic
Majefty, promife and engage, that the faid Indians
Ihall have a full pardon for pafl tranfgrefTions : That they
Ihall be left in the quiet and peaceable poiTefTion of all their
rights not comprifed in the foregoing articles; and that,
on their only duly performing the fame, and fubfcribing the
definitive treaty of peace to be held in confequence here-
of, they fhall be once more admitted into the covenant chain
of friendiliip with the Englifli, and be indulged with a free,
fair, and open trade, fo long as they abide by their engage-
ments.
Anjhver. This article the Senecas expeft will be ftridlly regard-
ed, and alfo that trade will be carried on in a fair and equit-
able
manner.
The
foregoing articles, after being duly and fully explain-
ed to the chiefs and warriors, deputies from the Senecas,
they have fignified their aiTent thereto, by affixing marks
of their tribes, to thefe prefents.
Given under my hand at Johnfoa-Hall, the 3d day of
April, 1764.
(Signed) W. Johnson.
Tagaanedie. Sagenqueraghta,
Kaanijes. Wanughsisiae.
Chonedagau. Tagnoondie.
Aughnawawis.
*
Taanjaqua.
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
5^of
As the operations of Colonel Bradflreet were to be carried bh 1764^
by water, he conftruded the model of a boat on a new plan,
forty-fix feet in keel, to carry twenty-feven men, and three
weeks provifions. The General having approved of this model,
the proper workmen were immediately fet upon building as
many boats after it as the expedition required ; and flores of
every kind were colleded at Schenedtady, wliilll Colonel Brad-
ftreet exerted all his vigilance and adivity to forward thefe and
all other meafures necelTary to infure the advantages of an
early campaign. But though the boats, provifions, ammuni-
tion, and other (lores, were adlually ready by the appointed
time, it was the beginning of
June before any of the provin-
cial troops arrived at the rendezvous at Albany.
General Sir Jeffrey Amherft had obtained leave to return to
England : adtivity and refolution had diflinguilhed his com--
mand ; and the difpofition of his fucceflbr, General Gage,
proved fuch a contrail to ir, as could not but llrike the colonies.
.Accordingly, they foon difcovered it ; and the confequence was,
a fudden abatement of the ardour with which they had begun
to recruit. The number and quality of the troops they fuf-
nillied for Colonel Bradilreet's expedition, by no means proved
anfwerable to the intentions of the prefent General's prcde-
ceflbr ; and when a good number of thofe who had been raifed
for the fervice were firft alTembled, they looked more like
candidates for an hofpital, than men that were to be immedi-
ately employed on a duty, for which the moil perfcdt health
and vigorous conftitution were fo indifpenfibly requifite. After
many delays, however, the provinces put their troops in mo-
tion
;
and as foon as they arrived. Colonel Bradftreet ordered
them to Ofwego. Sir William Johnfon had ordered the Indians
who were to accompany Colonel Bradftreet, to. rendezvous at
T 1 1 2 the
^c8
HISTORY OF THE
1764. the fame place ; and Captain Loring had ready there the veflels
that were to be employed in carrying proviiions from, thence
to Niagara, for the ufe of the army^
At this critical conjun<flure, Colonel Bradftreet was feized
with a violent illnefs
;
but nothing could abate his ardour for
the fervice. Though incapable of affifling perfonally in the
fmalleft degree, he could not be prevailed upon to remain
at Albany, even a few days, but refolutely perfifted in being
conveyed to Ofwego. The Englifh troops were now there, as
likewifc the Indians under Sir William Johnfon. Redhead, the
chief of the Onandaga tribe, happening to die at Ofwego, he.
was buried with all the honours of war, as well on our part as
that of the Indians, the more to attach them to ourintereft:
The death of this warrior proved a confiderable lofs to Colonel.
Bradftreet, who had, on many trying occafions, experiencedl.
his fideUty and courage^
The army conlifled of the
17th Regiment,
-
r
*
24.3
55^^^
- - -
98
New-York battalion,
- - -
34^
Connedlicut battalion, -
- -
213
Jerfey
battalion,
. , ^
209
Boatmen,
-
73
Total, 1 180
Thefe were ordered into the large boats, and the Indians in
their boats and canoes, all under the command of Lieutenant
Colonel Campbell, of the feventcenth regiment, to Niagara,
where they arrived in the beginning of
July,
when Colonel
Eraddreet, being alfo arrived, took upon him the command of
the
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
die whole. Lieutenant Montrefor, of the corps of engineers,
had been ordered by Colonel Bradftreet to throw up a chain of
redoubts on the carrying place, in order to prevent any infultS'
from the enemy in tranfporting the provifions, ftores, and boats
from one lake to another
; and likewife, to eredl a fort on the
banks of Lake-Erie, for the fecurity of the vefTels employed
upon it ;
and thefe fervices were effedually performed before,
the arrival of the army,-
Duringthe preceding winter, or early in the fpring, Sir Wil-
liam Johnfon
had fent belts of wampum to certain Indian
nations to meet him at this time, in order to renew their friend-
fliip; and to others to accommodate differences, and fettle terms
of peace. Major Gladwin had likewife recommended it, from
Detroit, to feveral other Indian nations to attend this congrefs.
Accordingly, Sir WilUam being now arrived at Niagara, found
there a vaft concourfe. of the Indians, who had been thus
fummoncd or invited, reinforced by an equal number of
others,
whom want of trade, or a defire of purchafmg neceffa-
ries, fuch as rum, blankets, See. and even mere curiofity or
accident had brought to the fame place
; fo that, upon the
whole, this great meeting might be deemed as much almoll
the effedt of chance as defign. But, whatever motives thefe
Indians
might have had originally, for flocking together in
this
unufual
manner, the pretext ufcd by one part of them was
to
accommodate
matters with the Englifh
; and by the other,
to offer
then- fervice^for the expedition, but all, to the amount
of
; at
leaftfeventeen hundred, expeded. prefents, and, whilil
at
Niagara,
received their daily fubfiftence. The Jeneffees
or Senecas,
who had. been mod inftrumental in beginning
the war, but were now to attend and ratify the preliminaries,
for a peace figned acJohnfon^HalL kept aloof. Upon this. Sir
William.
510
HISTORYOFTHE
1764. William fent them repeated meffages, which they anfwered
by
repeated promifes of attendance, whilft, inflead of preparing
to fulfil them, they did nothing but deliberate amongft them-
felves, whether they fhould renew the war, or confirm the
peace.
Colonel Bradllreet, therefore, feeing no end of their
arts to amufe Sir William, defired a peremptory raefi^age might
be fent them, purporting, that if they did not repair to Niagara
in five days, he would fend fome troops to deftroy their fettle-
ments. This brought them to attend the congrefs
;
and on
theil* delivering up fome prifoners, Sir William concluded a
peace with them, and made them prefents. The Wyandots of
Sandufky had fued to Major Gladwin at Detroit for a peace
; and
Pondiac's band was on the Miamis river waiting the refuk of
this conference.
Colonel
Bradflreet, having formed two corps of light in-
fantry,
under the command of Majors Daly and Le Hunt, and
made
fome other necefiary difpofitions that had been llill want-
ing,
was become extremely anxious to proceed on the exe-
cution
of his orders, which were, to give peace to all
fiich nations
of
Indians as ivould
fue for it, and chajlifc thofe that continued in arms.
But Sir William Johnfon
befeeched him not to put the army in
motion, as he fufpecSted the finccrity of the hidians, although
he had
concluded a peace fo recently with them ; and even
entertained
fome doubts, whether they would not make an
attempt
upon the fort when the troops had left it. Colonel
Bradftrcct
yielded to thefc folicitations, and remained where
he was, till Sir William had finifhed his bufinefs, and difpofed
of his
prefents to the Indians, about three hundred of whom
accompanied
the Colonel. But he ever thought himfelf ob-
liged to regard them as fpies, rather than employ them as
auxiliaries.

Sir
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
Sir William Johnfon now returned home, and the reft of the
Indians difperfed. The Colonel, tlierefore, after leaving a fufE-
cient garrifon at Niagara, and having been joined by a batta-
lion of Canadians and part of the forty-fixth regiment,
pro-
ceeded with his army, on the 6th of Augufl, for Fort-Schlofler,
where he halted till the 8th, for the arrival of the Indians who
were to accompany him in the expedition. He then
proceeded
to Fort-Erie, and from thence, on the toth, continued his route
albng the fouth-fide of Lake-Erie, agreeable to the inftrucflions
he had received from General Gage. In the morning of the
I2th, while detained at rAnce-Aux^Fueilles, by contrary
winds,
he received a deputation from the Shawanefe, the Delawares,
the Hurons of Sandufky, and the Five Nations of the Scioto
plains, fuing for a peace
;
and in the evening he gave them
an
audience in the prefence of the Sachems, and other chiefs of.
the Indians, who accompanied him.
The deputies, prefenting the Colonel with four belts of
wampum,
endeavoured to excufe their refpetflive nations, and
to apologize for the murders they had committed, by faying,
that thefe enormities were executed without the knowlege
of any of their chief warriors, and merely by fome young men,
whom they would take care to chaftife. They begged forgive-
nefs for all paft offences, and requefted that the chain of friend-
fliip might be brightened, and that they might be permitted
to enter into a peace with their brothers the Englifh, to con-
tinue as long as the fun and moon fliould endure.
Colonel
Bradftreet, in confequence of the inftrudions he had
received
from General Gage, and the great appearance of lin-
cerity with which the deputies demanded peace, granted
them the following preliminaries, which were to be ratified
2 at
-512
HISTORY OF THE
^7H- atSandufky, when their prifoners fhould be delivered up to
him.
I. That all the prifoners, now in the hands of the nations who
had deputed them, fliould be deUvered up to Colonel Brad-
ftreet at Sandufky, in twenty-five days from the 15th of this
-month.
<II. That the Shawanefe, 8cc. fliould renounce all claim to the
forts and other polls that the Englifh now have in their
.country; and that the Englifli fhall be at liberty to ere6t as
many
more as they may think necefTary to fecure their
trade ; and that the nations, reprefented by the prefent depu-
tation, fliall cede to the King of Great Britain, for ever, as
much
land round each fort, as a cannon-fhor will fly over,
'for the purpofe of railing provifions thereon.
III.
That if any Indian fliall hereafter kill an Englifliman, he
fliall be delivered up by his nation, and tried by the Englifh
laws,
half the jury being Indians; and if any one nation
fliall
renew the war, the others who are reprefented by this
deputation,
fliall join the Englifli to bring them to reafon.
IV. That fix of the deputies flliall remain with Colonel Brad-
flreet as hoftages ;
and the other four, with an EngliQi offi-
cer, and an Indian fhall immediately proceed to acquaint
their nations with thefe preliminaries of peace, and forward
the collecting of the prifoners, that they may be ready by
-the day
appointed.
Thefe preliminaries were figned bj the refpedlive parties
the 1 2th of Auguft,
1764.
.8 The
LATE WAR IN
AMERICA.
^J3
The day following, Colonel Bradftreet, who had
been de- 1764.
tained all this time by bad weather, at VAnce-Aiix-Feuilks,
pro-
*"'
"^"
'
ceeded on his route
;
and, on the 14th, reached
Prefque-Ifle,
where the fort flood which the Indians dellroyed
the lafl
year.
From this place, he fent exprefles to General Gage and Colonel
Bouquet, to inform them of his tranfa6lions with the Shawa-
nefe, Delawares, &c. and difpatched the four Indian
deputies,
on the errand mentioned in the preliminaries, to their
refpec-
tive nations
;
continuing his route with the other {x:^^ to the
weflern point of Prefque-Ifle, where he halted till the
next
day, when he renewed his operations. From this to the
2-d
the weather was variable, but nothing worth notice
happened
in the mean time. On that day, the Colonel arrived at Point
le Petit-Ifle, where he received intelligence, that a number of
Indians were collected on the Miamis river, and determined
to oppofe his progrefs to Detroit. He therefore
immediately
prepared to attack them. But whilft on the Lake-Erie for that
purpofe, he was met by a deputation from them to fue for
peace, and deiire a conference at Detroit; for which
place,
they informed him, a number of their countrymen
were al-
ready fct out for that purpofe. The Colonel thought
proper
to comply with their requeft ; and finding the Indian encamp-
ment on the Miamis adually broken up, he returned to Point
le Petit-Ifle.
Colonel Bradflreet, thinking this a good opportunity to take
poffeflion of 'the country of the Illinois, which had been
ceded to his Britannic Majefty by the peace of
1762, order-
ed Captain Morris, of the feventeenth regiment, with pro-
per inHirudlions, upon that fervice, with an Indian of each
of the different nations that accompanied him, and one
Godfroi, a Frenchman, as an interpreter; and lie alfo fent
U u u prefents
514
HISTORYOFTHE
1764. prefents for the different nations through which they were to
'''~''~'
pafs. The Colonel then continued his route for Detroit,
where he arrived about the 26th day of AugufE. Major Glad-
win, as foon as he heard of the Colonel's approach, fent Cap-
tain Grant of the eightieth regiment, to conduct him on fliore,
and paid him all the military honours due to his rank ; whilfl
the Huron Indians, from their village on the oppofite banks of
the river, faluted him with their fufils, and welcomed him
into their country with fuch expreffions of joy and refpecft,
as are ufual amongft the favages of this part of America ; and
all thefe compliments were returned by the cannon in the
boats.
Immediately on the Colonel's landing, orders were given for
the troops to debark, and they were encamped northward of
the fort. The garrifon having fuftained a long and fevere
blockade, during which they had experienced the want of
every necelTary of life, required more than ordinary refrelh-
ments. It may, therefore, be eafily conceived, how the tran-
fition to cafe and plenty, efFefced by the Colonel's arrival, ope-
rated on their fpirits. They had now before their eyes a
flattering profpedl of peace ;
and pofTeffed the means of acting
offenfively, fliould the Indians prove obllinate in continuing
the war, and of offering up fome of thefe faithlefs wretches
to the manes of their comrades, who had fallen a facrifice to
their perfidioufnefs and cruelty. To confide in thefe favages,
is the fame thing as to be betrayed by them. Of this a flrik-
ing inftance happened during the blockade : The Indians hav-
ing, on fome occafion or another, delired a conference, Captain
Campbell, of the Royal Americans, who had received from
them very particular marks of their efteem, voluntarily offered
lusi fervice to the Commandant for that purpofe ; and his offer
being
LATE WAR IN
AMERICA.
being accepted, he repaired to their camp, in companywith Lieu-
tenant Macdougal, of the fame regiment j but in a fhort time
they were both made prifoners. Macdougal Hole away, and,
being young and a6live, had the good fortune to get back into
the fort } but Campbell, being fat and unwieldy, and trufting
befides too much to his influence over fome of his old friends,
took no pains to efcape. The confequence was, that he was
tomahawked and eaten.
Colonel Bradftreet, having feen the camp and the garrifon
fecured by proper guards, his next care was to enquire into the
conduct of the inhabitants, both of the place itfelf and its
environs, during the blockade. To fuch as had fhewn a proper
zeal to aflift the garrifon, he gave all the encouragement in
his power
;
punifhing, at the fame time, as far as in him lay,
thofe who had expreffed any inclination to the common foe,
or Ihewed themfelves lukewarm in the caufe of their friends,
which was indeed their own. The inhabitants without the
fort, being in the claws, as it were, of a moil cruel enemy,
were obliged to comply with all their demands to the utmoil
of their abilities
;
and thefe demands (a thing, till this period,
as we have already obferved, unknown amongft the Indians)
were always made by written order, drawn up in the name of
the King of France, by the Frenchman who aded as fecretary
to Pondiac ; and moreover, regularly authenticated by the
addition of Pondiac's own fignature.
The inhabitants were next formed into three companies of
militia ; and in naming the officers, due regard was had to
their pall fervices. The garrifon was then relieved by {even.
companies
of the feventeenth regiment, commanded by Lieu-
tenant Colonel Campbell. The two other companies, with two
U u u 8 companies
^13
HISTORY
OF THE
il^A-
companies
of the new militia, and a detachment of artillery,-
^^
'
'
were ordered to retake
polTeffion of Michilimackinack, under
the command
of Captain Howard, of the fame regiment.
Moreover, for the better fecurity of that place, and the import-
ant purpofe of more effectually fupplying it with every kind
of ftores.
Colonel Bradilreet
ordered a veffel to attempt the paf-
fiige into Lake-Huron
; and this paiTagc was happily effecTied
by the flcill, induftry, and perfeverance of Lieutenant St. Clair,
of the fifteenth
regiment of foot, v/ho commanded on board
the vefTel, the firft that e^/tr entered that lake, with which it
was of fo much
confequence to have a communication of this
kind.
Indians of various nations now began to make their appear-
ance,
and demand
audiences of Colonel Bradftreet. He there-
fore
appointed the yth of September to meet them in a general
congrefs ;
but, in the mean time, fome preliminaries
were
agreed upon, as a foundation for a general peace. At length,
the day
appointed for the congrefs being arrived, the Indians,
in great numbers,
particularly the Ottawas and Chippewas,
affembled at the Colonel's tent ; and feating themfelves on the
ground, agreeable to their ufual cuftom, opened the congrefs,
of which the following are the minutes..
Minutes of
a Congrefs held nvith the Chiefs
of
the Ottatva and Chippe^va
Nations-, luith feveral others hereafter mentioned.
Waffong, Chief of the Chippewas.
"
What I am going to fay is in the name of myfelf, Attawatty,
and all the young warriors of the Ottawas and Chippewas: we
do not mean to give offence, and this firing of wampum is to
open your ears, and we expe5t to beheard patiently. We are
extremely
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
517
extremely glad to find oiirfelves fo well received, and hope you 17^4-
will give us peace. In the name of the two nations of Ottawas
and Chippevvas, we thank you for having compaflion on our-
felves, our wives, and families." They give a firing of wanx-
pum repeating their thanks.
Waflbng fpeaks again on a green belt.'
"
Brother, I beg you would hearken to Waflbng Attawatty,
Shammindawa, Outawany, Apockefs, and Abetto : Lafl year,
God forfook us. God has now opened our eyes, and we defire
to be heard. 'Tis God's will our hearts are altered. 'Twas
God's will you had fuch fine weather to come to us. 'Tis
God's will alfo, there fliould be peace and tranquillity all over
the face of the earth and of the waters. Every thing that was
done lail year bad, was done by the old warriors, without
caufe : We have, therefore, turned them on one fide. The
young warriors are determined to fettle every thing themfelves,
and prevent, for the future, any mifchief that might be in-
tended. The young warriors, as well as the old Sachems, thank
you, and are glad to fee. the good difpofition you are in. Now-
that the young people have the direcftion of affairs, they hope
every thing may be fettled peaceably ; and that they may
be permitted to fhake hands with you and your oflicers, as.-
brothers..
"
This day the young chiefs break all their old chiefs
; they
fliall never be allowed to ad
;
but attention will be paid to
what they fay.
"
You have forgiven us ; but our offences are fo great, we
muft again afk it, in the name of our wives and children. We
alfo pray, that all your troops will have compaffion on them.-
7
and =
5i8
HISTORYOFTHE
1764.
and us ; and hope they will remove any ill opinion they
may
'"""''
^
have of them and us
;
and we thank the Great King for allow-
ing
you to forgive us, and grant us peace. We fay this, not
in our name only, but in the name of all the inhabitants round
this country."
They fhake hands.
Waflbng fpeaks again on a ftring of purple and white wam-
pum, painted green and blue.
"
Brother, attend. In the name of the Miamis I fpeak.
They thank God for opening their eyes. They will ufe their
utmoft endeavours to reftore tranquillity. 'Tis God's will there
ihall be peace all over the earth ; and you Ihall hear nothing
ill of them. They thank you, and are extremely glad to hear
by the people you fent, that you will grant them peace. On
their return, the village will be overjoyed, as they are at the
peace with the Shawanefe, 8cc.
"
They once more thank God for opening their eyes. As
foon as they get home, every thing will be eftablifhed on the
ancient footing of peace and friendfliip. Their fentiments are
the fame with thofe of the Ottawas and Chippewas ; and they
hope, that your army will lay alide all refentment againfl
them ; and that they may be allowed to fhake hands as bro-
thers. Again they afk for peace in the names of their wives
and children." They give the ftring.
Shammindawa fpeaks.
"
When Captain Morris arrived at the Miamis, Pondiac
fpoke to him on a belt of wampum, faying, he was heartily
afhamcd of what had happened; and if he could be forgiven,
he would be very thankful, and do all the fervice in his power
to
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
519
to the Englifh ; and that it gave him great pleafure to find, he, 1764.
Captain Morris, was going on a bufinefs that would give peace
and quietnefs to the inhabitants of the earth
; that he Would
pray for his fuccefs, and remain quiet himfelf ; and that, when
Captain Morris returns, fliould he fucceed, he will thank God
for it, and hopes to be forgiven."
Colonel Bradftreet's Anfwer.
"
The ingenuous confefRon of your folly laft year, without
any provocation from the Englifli, affords me pleafure, as it
gives me reafon to believe your fubmiflions fincere, and that
your requefls for mercy and forgivcnefs, come from your
hearts. I fhall take compailion on your diftrefs, and grant you
peace on the following terms."
I. Yourfelves, and the nations you reprefent, muft acknowlege,
that you are the fubjeds and children of his Majefty George III,
of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the
Faith ;
and that he has the fole right of fovereignty over all
and every part of this country, in as full and ample a manner
as in any part of his other dominions whatever.
II. If any nation, or tribe of Indians herein comprehended,
dare
violate this peace, the others fliall look on themfelves
as bound to make war upon the offenders, feparately or
jointly, with the Englifh and their allies, at all times when
they fhall be commanded by his Majefty, his General, or
Officer,
appointed for that purpofe, and reduce to reafon the
offenders, or extirpate them
;
and that you will, whenever
commanded, take up arms and join his Majeily's troops, or
other his fubjecT:s, againft any of his enemies whatever, and
ule your utraoft endeavours to execute the orders that may
3
t)e
520
HISTORY OF THE
1764. te given you for that purpofe
;
and you may be afTured of
the protecftion of the King your Father, and what afliftance
you may Hand in need of, at all times.
III. That you may fhew farther proofs of your duty and obe-
dience to the King your Father, fhould it happen that any
Indians belonging to the herein mentioned nations plunder
or kill any of his Majefty's fubjedls, in this or any other of
his colonies, now fettled, or that hereafter may be fettled,
you are voluntarily, and immediately, to deliver the offender
up to the ofnccr commanding this garrifon, to be tried and
puniflied, agreeable to the laws and cufloms of this colony
at that time in force.
IV. You
mufl deliver up all prifoners and deferters that you
have, as foon as poffible. Should any white people deferc
to you, you are to fend them immediately, prifoners to the
poll or fettlcraent, nearcfl to you. But, when any families
come to fettle, by permiflion of the King, you are to eflecni
them friends and brothers.
v. The French commanding officers have, at times, granted
lands in fome of your villages : To give you a tellimony of
my intentions to do you the greateft juflice, I will oblige all
perfons fettled on fuch lands, to remove immediately.
VI. At the requefi. of Captain Morris, Vs^hom I have fent round
to all the fouthern nations, refpedling the general peace
; and
alfo, on account of Pondiac's fubmiffion, and promifc of
future good behaviour and friendfhip to the Englifli, I do
hereby pardon him, and he may meet me with the utmoll
Xafety at Sandufky.
The
LATE WAR IN AMERICA. 'pi
The above conditions being reduced into writing, were rati-
'76+-
fied by the parties in the following form:
*'
By the power and authority to me given and granted by
his Excellency the Honourable Major General Thomas Gage,
Commander-in-Chief of all his Majelly's forces in North-Ame-
rica, the above are the terms on which I grant peace to the
nations heretofore mentioned, that is to fay, the Ottawas and
Chippewas, and others hereunto fubfcribing.
Given under my hand and feal, at Detroit,
the 7th day of September,
1764.
(Signed) John
Bradstreet."
"
By the power to us given by the nations we reprcfent, we
do, in their names, together with ourfelves, moft gratefully
accept the terms above granted ; and we do moft folemnly bind
ourfelves and them to the true performance of each article in
every refpeft.
"
In witnefs thereof, we have hereunto affixed the arms of
the nations we reprefent, at Detro;t,*~this 7th day of September,
1764,
and in the fourth year of the reign of our now Sovereign
Lord King George, &c."
(The fignatures are) A Stork, an Eel, and a Stag.
*'
We hereunto fubfcribing, and feveral principal men of
our nation of Hurons, being prefent at the above fubmiffion,
made by the Ottawas and Chippewas, and at the peace granted
to them
; and being unanimoufly of opinion, that nothing can
tend fo much to the real fafety and happinefs of all the In-
dians on this continent, as following their example, in begging
X XX the
528 HISTORYOFTHE
17^4- tlic protcdlion, and making thcmfelves the fubjeds of his Ma-
jcfty King George III. and at all times obeying his will
and
commands, and flriclly keeping up to every article of the
peace concluded with the Ottawas and Chippewas,
moft
Immbly requefl for ourfelves, and the nation wc reprefent, to
be received, confidered, and comprehended in every article of
the fubmiffion made by the Chippewas and Ottawas, and the
peace granted to them, as fully and as amply as the faid Otta-
was and Chippewas
;
promifing moft faithfully, never to vio-
late, or depart from any article therein contained.
''
hi witnefs thereof, we have hereunto fet the arms of the
nation of Hurons, this 7th day of September, J764, and.
in the fourth year, 8cc."
(The Signature) A Deer with a Crofs.
"
I the fubfcrlber, being a Chief of the Miamis, and being
fcnt to be prefcnt at what fliould pafs between the Englifli,
the
Ottawas and the Chippewas ; and alfo, being dire6led by the na-
tion I reprefent, if a peace fliould be concluded, to implore
that
the Miamis might be comprehended therein, in every refpe(5t,
as
fully as the faid Ottawas and Chippewas ;
which being
grant-
ed to me, I do, in the name of the nation I reprefent,
bind
myfelf and them, in the moft folemn manner, to the true per-
formance of each article, in dvery refpe(5t, as the Ortawas
and
Chippewas have done.
4^
"
In witnefs thereof, I do affix the arms of the nation I re-
prefent, this 7th day of September,
1764,
and in the
reign, cc. &c."
(The Signature) A Turtle.
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
^23
"
Wc the fubfcribers, Chiefs of the Pottawattomie and Sakic 1764.
nations, having come too htte to be prefcnt at the fubmiliion,
^"*
"
"^
made by the Ottawas and Chippcwas, and the peace granted
them, which having been fully explained to iis, and we ap-
proving every part thereof, having the fame juH fcnfe of this
good work as the Hurons
; and whereas peace is granted
to us on the fame conditions, we do rnoft gratefully accept
it, and hereby bind ourfelves, and the whole of each nation
we reprefent, to the true performance of each article in every
refpc(5l, by hereunto affixing the arms of our refpe(5live nations,
at Detroit, this 7th day of September,
1764,
and in the fourth
year, &c. &c."
(The Signature) A Fox, an Eel, and a Bear.
**
This day, being the 9th of September,
1764, Wapacoma-
gat, with ninety young warriors, came to Detroit, and dcftrcd to
have admittance to Colonel Bradftrect, which was granted
;
and after the ufual compliments, he, Wapacomagat,
dcfired
Colonel Bradftrect would explain to him and his people,
the
fubftance of what had paffed between him and the feveral
nations of hidians, with whom he had made peace, which be-
ing alfo complied with, Wapacomagat got up, and declared.
That it gave him infinite pleafure to find, that the Indians had
\n\t themfelves into the arms of the great King of England,
and that they were now his fubjeds and children
; and begged
tlaat he, and all the nations of the MefllilTiiguas, might be
received and comprehended in that fiibmilFion and peace,
in as full and amj^lc manner as thofe who had fubfa'ibed to
it ; which being granted, Wapacomagat, in the prefcnce of
one hundred warriors, fet the arms of iheir nation to ihefc prc-
fents, the loth inftant, declaring he did it at the unanimous
tlefire and rcquefl of all his people prcfent ; and that he, they,
X X X 2 and
524
HISTORY OF THE
1764. and the reft of the nation, were folemnly bound to fulfil, obey,
^""^
^
and obferve eveiy part of the fubmiflion and articles of peace,
made at
Detroit, by the nations thereunto fubfcribing, bearing-
date the 7th September,
1764-"
(The Signature) An Eagle with a medal round its neck.
The bufmefs with the Indians being thus happily finifhed,
and peace
thereby
reftored to the Englifli fettlements^ Colonel
Bradftreet
began to prepare for his return to Sandufky, to
meet the
Shawancfe and the Delawars, and put the finifliing
hand to the treaty which he had entered upon with the depu-
ties of thefe
nations on the Lake-Eric, and fixed the 24th of
September
for his departure : But he firft gave fuch orders for
the fecurity
and
tranquillity of the inhabitants, and the ad-
vancement
of agriculture and trade, as could not fail, in time,
to render this infant colony both happy in itfelf, and ufeful to
the
mother-country.
To be convinced of this, we need only
take a tranfient view of this delightful fpot, a defcription of
which, wc hope, may be agreeable, as, on account of its re-
motencfs,
the ideas mod people entertain of this country, are
very much
circumfcribed. The country called Detroit, is that
wailied by the llrait which forms the communication between
the Lakes St. Clair and Erie. The improvements on the eallern
banks of this ftrait, extend north and fouth, about nine miles
;
and thofe on the wcftern banks, about feven. In purity and
wholefomenefs
of air, and richncfs of foil, it may be fixid to -^
equal, if not excel any, even the befl parts of America.
Every
European grain flouriflies here in the utmoft perfetftion
;
and
hemp. and flax, in particular, might be railed to the grcat-
cil
advantage.
The woods are every where filled with vines
of
fpontancous
growth ; and their grape yields a juice equal
6 in
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
52s
in flavour to the moft excellent burgundy. The country
*764'
around it appears like one great park Hocked with buffaloes,
deer, pheafants, wild turkies, and partridges. Domeftic
animals and fowls are here in the utmofl; perfeflion. Aqua-
tic birds of every fpecies are in the greatefl: plenty, and of
the highefl flavour ;
and the rivers afford an aftonifliing
variety of the moft delicious fifli. The foil and climaiie are
fo favourable to vegetation, that every vegetable is to be
procured with the fmallefl trouble. In fhort, a man that
can flioot and fifli, and underftands the art of making wine,
may enjoy every luxury of the moft fumptuous table, ac
the fole expcnce of his own labour. The inhabitants of De-
troit are not numerous ; and, notwithftanding the allure-
ments which plenty holds forth to people to fettle here, the
want of a fufficient force to fecure them againft the caprice of
the neighbouring Indians, and of authority to fecure good
order amongft themfelves, has hitherto deterred fuch as have
any fettlements elfewhere, from endeavouring to partake of
the abundant produce of natiu'e, at the cxpence of the pro-
perty they already enjoy, and perhaps their lives. But fhould
Detroit be ever formed into a regular government, we will ven-
ture ro prophecy, that it will greatly extend itfelf ; and from,
the plenty, variety, and richnefs of its produce, prove a bene-
ficial fettlement to the mother-country.
Here it may not be amifs to give the numbers of the favages,
.
who inhabit the country within five or fix days march of De-
troit, as taken from their own accounts.
Of
HISTORY OF THE
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
527
poflible ;
but that as many of them were hunting, and others 1764.
at a great diftance, the chiefs requefted an additional feven
days from that time. This being thought no unreafonable
demand, it was accordingly granted. Colonel Bradftreet then
proceeded up Sanduflcy river, to the village of the Hurons
and Wyandots, which had been deflroyed by Captain Dalyell
the preceding year. Here he received letters from General
Gage, condemning his conduct, with regard to the late pre-
liminaries of peace with the Shawanefe and the Delawares
;
and infilling, that he had not given him any power to con-
clude peace, as thefe preliminaries implied
; but had ordered
him to refer the Indians to Sir William Johnfon, on any bufi-
nefs of that kind, and to ad in concert with Colonel Bouquet.
The 2d of September was the date of the letter now in que-
Hion ; and that part of General Gage's inftru(5lions, which re-
late to tliis bufmefs^ has, in the third article, the following
words :
.
"
And the objects I recommend for your offenfive operations
are, to attack the Wyandots of Sandufky, who live fome miles
beyond the fmall village deflroyed the laft year by Captain
Dalyell. Major Gladwin fays, they are much animated againfl
us ;
that they have a good fupply of ammunition
;
and plant
abundance of corn, with which they fupply the other nations;
and this you will, no doubt, deftroy, and break up that neft of
thieves. I muft require likewife, that you make an attack on
the Delawares and the Shawanefe, who are retired on the Mufk--
ingham and Scioto rivers. The way to the firfl is up the Caya-
haga-Creek, which runs into Lake-Erie, betwixt Prefque-Ifle
and SanduHcy. You may gain the Scioto from Sandufky-river,
there being but a fmall carrying-place betwixt thefe two river?*.
You will chufe either of thefe routes you fliall find moft pre-
ferable
HISTORY OF THE
ferable
for your attacks, from the intelligence you fliall gain
on
the fpot."
And in the eighth article
:
"
You will give the Indians, in general, to underfland, that
vou go
with a body of troops to chaftife fuch nations as fhall
continue
in arms
againft us ; to offer peace and his Majefly's
protedion
to thofe who fliall conclude a lafting peace, and live
in
amity
and
friendfliip with us."
And in the lad article
:
'
You will be on the fpot, and I muft truft for the execution
of every thing to your difcretion and judgment/'
It will be impoffible, we believe, for any one who will
attend to the above inilru6lions, to entertain the leafl: doubt
of
Colonel Bradilreet's having been invefled with authority
to attack the Indians, and grant peace to fuch of them as ak-
ed it, and iviJJjed to live in a?nity and friendjloip ivith us.
But thefe inftru^lions are greatly corroborated by a letter
from
General Gage, dated the i6th of Auguft, in which he
fays, in anfwer to one from Colonel Bradftreet, acquainting
him with the bufinefs at Niagara, and that he was going di-
rcdlly to Detroit;
*'
As you are gone direi^ly to Detroit, I muft conclude it is
with a refolution to bring matters to a final decifion, by either
making aformal
and regular peace with tlie Wyandots and Ottawas
of
Sandufky, Potawatamies, andChippewas of Saguanam; or to
attack
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
529
attack them, though the opportunity of diftreffing them eiFedlu- ^764..
ally, by deftroying their corn, is loft. You'll pleafe, without
^
'
delay, either to bring thefe nations tofuch a peace, as Jloall, to appear-
anccy be Jincere and lajling, or^ in failure
of
that, to attack them, and
do your befl to extirpate them"
Thefe orders are certainly very clear, and if Colonel Brad-
ftreet was authorifed to grant peace to the Wyandots of San-
dulky, 8cc. which the General himfelf allows he had, by fup-
pofing he was gone upon that errand, and yet not blaming
him for it ; he was equally authorifed to grant it to the Sha-
wanefe and the Delawares ; as the order refpedling them, in
the General's inftruftions to the Colonel, with that likewife
refpedling the Wyandots, See. was the fame. But as a far-
ther proof, that General Gage had invelled Colonel
Bradftreet
with the power of making peace, it need only be obfcrved,
that the inftrucftions given by Sir William
Johnfon to that part
of the Six Nations, and to the Indian Captains under him
who joined the army, and were to a(5l under the command
of Colonel Bradftreet, were, to make ivar onfuch nations
of
Indians
as did notfuefor
peace; and that peace nvas to be granted to all
thofe
nations ivho did ajk it, ivithout any exception.
From thefe abftra{fls it appears very evident, that General
Gage invefted Colonel Bradftreet with powers, either to make
war or to conclude a peace, according to the conducfl of
the favages. And as to his confulting Sir William
Johnfon,
and fending the hidians to him to conclude a peace, Sir Wil-
liam Johnfon's name was never mentioned, either in Colo-
nel Bradftreet's inftruc^ions or letters, but once
; which was,
to defirc that Colonel Bradftreet would correfpond with Sir
Y
y y
William.
HISTORY OF THE
William.
Nor was there any order, inftrucflion, or letter,
which fo much as hinted any intention that the army
under the command of Colonel Bradllreet was to adl in con-
cert with that commanded by Colonel Bouquet ; nor indeed
was it poilihle it could at the diftance of three hundred miles
from each other.
We
mull then conclude, that when it appeared Colonel Brad-
flreet had laid a foundation for fettling the whole bufinefs with
the
Indians,
without any afiiftance from Colonel Bouquet's
army,
fuch proceedings greatly alarmed the ambition of the
latter: For, if the preliminaries which the former had figned,.
as a
foundation for a peace with the Shawanefe and the Dela-
wares
had been ratified, and the prifoners delivered up agree-
able
thereto, there would have been an end to the fervice ex-
pedted
from the army of Colonel Bouquet, whofe orders were
to attack
thefe two nations, and to compel them to deliver up
their
prifoners to him. Colonel Bouquet, therefore, afFedled to
doubt the fmcerity of the nations reprefented by the deputies,
who had figned the preliminra-ies v/ith Colonel Bradftreet; and
without halting to fee, if their intentions were real or not,
he profecuted his operations according to his original plan.
The fame motive urged him to exert his influence over Ge-
neral Gage ; and he fucceeded fo well as to induce him to
deny even his own orders to Colonel Bradftreet.
Upon the whole, it appears, that Colonel Bouquet's ambition
was too
powerful for General Gage's eafmefs of temper, which
yielded to the defire of giving an eclat to the Colonel's ma-
noeuvres, at the expence of Colonel Bradllreet, and even of the
fervice of his country.
7
But
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
531
But to return to Colonel Bradftreet, whom we left on his 1764-
progrefs up the Sanduflcy-river, to the village of the Hurons
and Wyandots ; this was the route prefcribed him in Ge-
neral Gage's inftru(5lions for gaining the Scioto, on a fuppoli-
tion, that there was a fmall carrying-place only between that
and the Sandufky-river : But on making the trial, there was
not water enough even for a canoe, above the rapids of San-
duflcy-river, although in the winter there may be fixteen or
feventeen feet, as appeared by the bark, of the trees growing
near it. Difappointed in this attempt, the Colonel then confi-
dered whether it was pra6ticabie for the men to carry a fuui-
cie.:cy of provifions to fublifl upon, fuppofmg they were to
march ; but from repeated trials, and the information of
fome of the moll experienced hunters, both Canadian and
others, it was reprefented as an impoffibility, therefore not
attempted.
To reach the Mufkingham river by the Cayahaga-Creek^
which falls into Lake-Erie, between Sandufky and Prefque-Kle,
was the alternative, which Colonel Bradftreet was ordered to
vife, in order to get up with and attack the Shawanefe and
Delawares coUefled on the Mufkingham and Scioto rivers.
But unluckily, the Cayahaga-Creek was now dry ; and befides,
the carrying-place from the creek to the Mulkingham-river,
which had been reprefented a very fmall way, proved to be
upwards of thirty miles. When a General is ignorant of the
topography of a country in whicli troops under him are to ^^,
it is impoffible his orders fliould avoid cenfure
; for attempts
to execute them may be. attended with the mofl fatal coufe-
quences to a whole army, which, in this cafe, may be com-
pared to a iliip failing by falfe charts and faithlefs foundings,
y
y
y
2
which,
532
HISTORY OF THE
1764. which, ftriking on a fhoal, does not difcover the iUufion till
it is too late to guard againfl: it.
The Colonel, thus fruilrated in two attempts to attack a peo-
ple, with whom he had fo recently figned the preliminaries of
general peace, encamped at the carrying-place at Sandulky, as
the iituation of that place would enable him to be a check on
any of the weftern nations, which might fhew any difpolition
to aflifl the Shawanefe and Delawares againft Colonel Bouquet's
army. But thefe Indians difcovered no intentions to give any
farther trouble ; their fole aim, to all appearance at lead, being
to conclude, at any rate, a lading peace. The diflrefs in which
they were involved by fo long a war, induced them to wifh
for a ftate of tranquillity ; and they were adually making the
neceflary preparations to repair to Sandufky with their pri.
foners : But Colonel Bouquet's prciling in upon them, robbed
Colonel Bradflreet and his army of the honour of concluding
a.
work which they had commenced on Lake-Erie, and which
would have been efFedled without Colonel Bouquet's affiftance;
for the Indians of the Six Nations had already fent the Shawa-
nefe and Delawares a mefTage, importing, that they would
immediately take up the hatchet againft them, if they did not-,
in the ftri(5left manner^ fulfil every article of the preliminaries
they had figned with Colonel Bradflreet ; and this taking up of
^
the hatchet by the Six Nations, \yas a thing the Shawanefe and
Delawares dreaded much more than the prefence of the mofl
formidable European army that could be fent againft them ; for,
when one Indian nation takes up the hatchet againft another^
it is never laid down till one or the other is entirely extermi-
nated. As a proof of the fincerity of the Shawanefe and Dela-
wares, three of the hoftages firft kept by Colonel Bradflreet,
8 ftill
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
flill continued with him, and even confented to a frefli demand
of General Gage's, thai ten of the chi.fs of thefe nations
fhould
be put to death
;
and that the nations fiiould wait, in a proper
manner, on Sir William
Johnfon, to fue for a peace. More-s.
over, the Six Nations again declared their refoUition to take
up the hatchet againll them, if they attempted, to deceive-
Colonel Bradftreet.
Letters had been received from Captain Morris, giving
an
account of the progrefs he had made in his journey, and the
reception he had met with from the Indians. It was with great
difficulty he reached the fort on the Miamis-river, where he
met a number of favages, from whom he narrowly
efcaped
with his life, as the account of the peace had not yet reached
them.
The Indians who accompanied Captain Morris returned^
but though they were confidered as thofe who could be moft
relied upon for their fidehty to us; yet they brought with
them a white flag, which they had received from one St. Vin-
cent, a Frenchman, at the Miamis fort, as an inducement to
perfevere in their attachment to the French nation
; and they
were, befides,
taught to believe, that the French would foon
arrive by the MiiTiffippi, and drive the Englifli entirely out of
the country. It was by accident this flag was difcovered
;
and
then it was publicly burnt. At the fame time, the Sachems
gave Colonel
Bradftreet the ftrongefl: affurances of their fidelity,
and of their being fully bent upon exerting the utmoft of their
power, to bring to reafon any nation of Indians who fhould
not accede
to the treaty of peace that had been concluded
with fo many
of their countrymen. As a proof of their inten-
tions, a
fcouting party, confiding of twenty warriors, headed
byy
_^,^
HISTORYOFTHE
1764. by
Cocknawaga-Peter, fet out from tlie camp ro make
war
'"'"'
'
upon the
Shawanefe and the Delawares, fliould thefe
nations
give any juft caufe to fufpe6l their fidelity. Colonel Bradftreet
feized this opportunity to write to Colonel Bouquet,
and
charp-ed Peter with his letters for him. In thefe letters he in-
formed the Colonel, that he was encamped at the carrying-
place at Sandufky ; that he intended to remain there fo long
as poflible, to favour his operations
;
particularly by prevailing
on the weftern hidians to take up the hatchet againft fuch of
their countrymen as might Hill beti'ay a deiire of continuing
the war. When Cocknawaga-Peter returned, he brought with
him an Indian fcalp, as a proof of the attachment to the Eng-
lifli with which he had fet out.
Colonel Bradftreet continued, in the fituation in which we juft
now left him, a confiderable time, flill exerting his endea-
vours to favour the operations of Colonel Bouquet, though
the badnefs of the weather, and a very near profpecfl of fcarcity,
often reminded him of the neceffity there was of his fpeedily
fetting out on his return, unlefs he chofe to expofe himfelf
and his array to the greatefl danger of pprilLing afhore by
famine, or on the lakes by tempeil. But at length, his ardour
for the good of the fervice was obliged to yield to the duty he
owed his troops ;
and, on the iSth of October, he broke up
his camp at Sandufl^y to proceed on his return to Albany. In
the evening, as he was going to land the troops, a fudden
fwell of the lake, without any vifible caufe, deflroyed f^^veral
of his boats ;
but no lives v/ere loft. This furprifing pha:no-
menon v/as, however, looked upon as the forerunner of a
ftorm ;
and accordingly there foon arofe one, which continued
feveral days ;
therefore, it became necefTary to detach part of
the army by land to Niagara, with juft provifions enough for
the
LATE WAR IN AMERICA. r..
the march, and order from thence a fufficiency to meet the 1-64.
remainder on the lake. The troops which proceeded by land
^
'"^"^
fuffered greatly during the march, but they got there fafely
at lall, as did, on the 4th of November, thofe which followed
in boats. On their arrival, Colonel Bradftreet ordered them
plenty of frefli provilions. The ilFuing of fome
necelTary
orders relating, as well to the troops which the Colonel pro-
pofed taking along with him, as to thofe which were to remain
in
garrifon at Niagara, detained him there till the loth, when
he proceeded, in the velTels, with the regulars and provin-
cials that were to go down the country ; with great
diffi-
culty he reached Ontario, after lofing the
Johnfon fnow,
juft
as Ihe was going into the harbour ; but the men were faved.
As there now remained no obHacIe or danger in the farther
progrefs of thefe troops to Albany or New-York, we fhall take
our leave of them, to turn our eyes to another fcene of this
Indian war ; that part of it, which was to be conducted by Co-
lonel Bouquet.
. The operations intrufted to this officer were to be executed
by part of the forty-fecond and fixtieth regiments, in conjunc-
tion with the Pennfylvania and Virginia militia. Proper efcorts,
with provifions and other Itores, having been firil fent off for
Fort-Pitt, where they arrived vv^ithout any moleftation from the
Indians, the remainder of the army followed, and reached that
place on the 17th of September.
The whole of his troops, amounting to about fifteen
hundred
men, being afTembied at Fort-Pitt, he left that place on the 3d
of 06lober. On the 6th, whilfl in the neighboui'hood of Bea-
ver-Crcek, a man, v/ho had efcaped from the Indians, informed
him, that, the preceding day, fome Indians had been on the
fame
536
HISTORYOFTHE
^7H- fame road with his army; but being alarmed at the llrength
of it, had carefully concealed themfelves. On the 8th, the
army palled Little Beaver-Creek. On the 14th, whilfl it lay
encamped at Tufcarowas, there arrived two men, who had
been difpatched from Fort-Pitt by Colonel Bouquet, with
letters for Colonel Bradflreet, in anfwer to feme difpatches
received from him. They had been made prifoners in their
journey, fome miles from that place, by the Delawares,
and conducted to one of their villages about fixteen miles
off; and kept there till the favages received advice of the
arrival of the army at this place, when they were fet at li-
berty, and charged to tell the Colonel, that the chiefs of the
Shawanefe and Delawares were on the road, and advancing as
fall as pofTible, to treat of a peace with him. Two days after,
fix Indians came in, and informed the Colonel, that all their
chiefs were affembled about eight miles from his camp, and
ready to treat with him on peace, which they fincerely defired
to conclude. The Colonel, to lofe no time, appointed the very
inext day, being the i6th, for that purpofe; when, accordingly,
Kiyafchuta, a chief of the Senecas, with fifteen warriors, Cufta-
loga and Caftor, chiefs of the Delawares, with twenty warriors,
and Keiilenautchta, a chief of the Shawanefe, with fix war-
riors, in quality of deputies from their refpe(5live nations, pro-
duced their belts of wampum, and opened the congrefs.
Their fpeeches confifted chiefly of excufes : They endea-
voured to palliate their perfidious conducTt, by throwing all the
blame on the wefiern nations, and the infolent raflinefs of their
young warriors, and then, in the moil abje6l manner, fued
for peace ; each deputation promifing to deliver up all the
prifoners in the hands of their refpecflive nations. When they
had faid every thing they could think of to appeafe the Colo-
nel,
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
nel, he informed them, that he would give his anfwer the next
day -, but bad weather intervening, it was the 20th before
they could meet again, when the Colonel addrefTed the favages,
and began by faying
;
"
The pretext with which you pretend to cover your fault,
by throwing the blame on the wcftern nations, and on the in-
folence of your young men, is frivolous to the laft degree;
For, if you could not protedt yourfelves againfl the weflern
nations, you might have depended on the afliftance of the
Englifh. As to your young men, it is your duty to keep
them within proper bounds, and chaflife them if they
did
amifs."
He then gave many inllances of their perfidy. He upbraided
them with their pillaging, captivating, and even murdering
the traders, whom they had invited and requelled to come
and trade with them. He took notice of their befieging Fort-
Pitt, though built by their own exprefs permillion
; and of their
enormous violation of a right always held facred, even by the
mofl barbarous nations, in the perfons of four public meflen-
gers from the Englifli, whom they had put to death
;
of their
infolcnce in prefuming to attack the King's troops the preceding
year, and their inveteracy in continuing hoftilitics to the very
moment of his now fpeaking to them. He concluded by tell-
ing them, that if they would deliver into his hands, at AVau-
katamike, all the prifoners they had, without exception, French
as well as Englifli, women and children, not excepting thofc
adopted or married into their tribes ; all, in fhort, who were
to be found among them
j and furnifli them with clothing
and horfes to bring them to Fort-Pitt, and provifiojis during
Z z z the
538
H I S T O R Y O F T H E
1764. the journey, he would grant tlicm the peace they foUcited
;
but upon no other terms whatever.
The chiefs of the Delawares had produced, on the firft day of
this congrefs, eighteen white prifoners, with eighty-three fmall
flicks, reprefenting the number of tliofc that yet remained
among them, whom they promifed to bring in as foon as
poffible ;
and the other chiefs made the fame promife with
regard to theirs. The Colonel, judging that the roofl; eiiedtual
way to make them fulfil their engagements, would be to go
and meet the poor captives, and take an Indian of each nation
to accompany him in his route, made the proper requifition
for that purpofe ; and having obtained his demand, put his
army in motion again, on the zid. On the 25th, he encamped
on a fpot near the Mufl^ingham-river ; it being more central
than Waukatamikc, both for the Indians to bring in their pri-
foners, and for himfelf to march againft fuch of them as
lliould not punctually comply with their promifes.
On the 28th of Odtober, Cocknawaga-Peter, the chief of the
Indians of that name, who had been fent, as we have already
feen, on a fcout by Colonel Bradftreet, and was likewife
charged by him with letters for Colonel Bouquet, arrived in
the camp. On the 9th of November, the Indians brought in
moft of their prifoners, confifting of thirty-two Virginia men
and fifty-eight women and children
;
forty-nine Pennfylvania
men, and lixty-feven women and children
;
with Major Small-
man, who had been taken the year before by the Wyandots,
near Detroit, and by them delivered up to the Shawanefe.
This gentleman informed the Colonel, that the reafon why
all the prifoners were not brought in was, that many of the
7
chiefs
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
539
chiefs were gone to trade with the French; and added, that
1764-
a report having fpread among the Indians, at the approach of
his army, that it was his intention to extirpate them, they took
the refolution of kilHng all their prifoners, and defending
themfelves to the laft man ; that a French trader amongft
them, who had many barrels of powder and ball with him,
made them a prefent of the whole, on their taking this refo-
lution
;
but that, happily for the captives, whilfl the Shawanefe
were preparing to a6t this bloody tragedy, they received the
Colonel's mefTage, that he had nothing in view but to refcue
their Englifh captives from Havery, and grant peace to them,
on the fame conditions he had already granted it to the De-
lawares.
On the 9th of November, Colonel Bouquet, accompanied by
all the principal ofRcers of the army, held a conference with
the Senecas and Delawares. Kigafliuta, with ten warriors,
reprefented the former, and Cuftaloga, at the head of twenty
warriors, the latter. Kigafliuta opened the conference with
faying
:
*'
With this belt of wampum, t wipe the tears from your
eyes. We deliver to you thefe three prifoners, the lall of your
flefli and blood that remained amongft the Senecas, and amongft
the Delaware tribe of Cuftaloga. Y/ith this belt we alTemble
and bury the bones of thofe who have been killed -in this
unhappy war, which the evil fpirit excited us to kindle. We
bury thefe bones, never more to be thought upon. We cover
the burying-place with leaves, that it may be no more fcen
;
and as we have been a long time oppoiing each other, and the
roads between us have been fliut up ; we offer this belt to
Z z z 2
clear.
54
H I STORY or TH E
1764. clear,
clean, and open them, that wc may travel in peace to
"
'
our
brothers, as our ancellors did. As long as you hold it
firm atone end, and we at the other, we cannot fail difcover-
ing
and preventing every thing that may interrupt our friend*-
fliip."
Colonel Bouquet replied
:
"
I have heard with plcaftire wliat has been faid to me. T
accept the three prifoners, as the lall you have to give up ; and
I join with you in interring the bones of thofe that war has
deftroyed, in fuch a manner, that the place of their inter-
ment fhall be hid from the eyes of the living. As to peace,
I fliall no longer oppofc it. The King, my Mailer, and your
Father,
fends me to make war only; he employs other fer-
vants on the affairs of peace. Sir William Johnfon is fur-
niihed with full powers to treat with you. You mull addrefs
yourfelves to him. But, before 1 permit you to depart, two
things
mud be adjufted between us : ill, As the peace will not
be
finally
concluded here, you mull deliver two hollages for
the Senecas, and two others for the tribe of Cullaloga, to re-
"^
main in our hands at Fort-Pitt, as a fecurity to us, that you
commit no violence againft any of his Majcfiy's fubjecfts
; and%
when peace fhall be concluded, thefe hoilages fliall be faith-
fully returned, sdly. The deputies you fend to Sir William
Johnfon, mull be furniflied with full powers to treat for your
tribes. In the treaties to be made with you, v^/hatever con-
cerns the trade will be regulated in fuch a manner as will
endure for ever ; and you mull now name the deputies for my
approbation."
Another
LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
Another conference was held the clay following, being the
loth, with the Delawares of the Turkey and the Turtle tribes,
in the prefence of the Senecas, and the Delawares of Cufta-
loga's tribe. The rcfult of this meeting was, that the fame
number of deputies fhould be fent to Sir William Johnfon on
their part, and the fame number of hoftages left, as had been
agreed upon for Cuftaloga's tribe : accordingly, King Cuftor
prefented the Colonel, next day, with fix hoftages, to remain
with him, and five deputies to treat with Sir William
Johnfon,
who were all approved.
Oil the 1 2th, the Colonel held a conference with the Sha.-
wanefe, who confented to deliver up their prifoners in the
fpring, at Fort-Pitt ; as they were, at this time, at a great dif-
tance hunting with their mailers, it was impoffible to do it
fdoner. But then, they gave hoflages for the performance of
their engagements, and appointed deputies to wait on Sir Wil-
liam Johnfon, to conclude a peace ;
both hoftages and deputies
being fuch as Colonel Bouquet approved.
All the purpofes of the Colonel's expedition being thus ac-
complifhed, he decamped on the iStli of November, and be-
gan his route for Fort-Pitt, where he arrived on the 28th. The
regular troops were then difpofed of in the forts, and the pro-
vincials, with the prifoners that had been given up, ordered to
their refpedlive provinces.
The hoftages, who were approved by Colonel Bouquet, did
not think proper to obferve their engagements : They broke
their confinement and returned to their own country. How-
ever, we cannot conclude this work without obferving, that
although
542
HI-STORY OF THE LATE WAR IN AMERICA.
1764.
although the favages did not, in this refpect, keep their faith
'"''*"'
'
with Colonel Bouquet, yet they regarded the preliminaries and
the peace which they had figned with Colonel Bradftreet in fo
facred a light, that to this hour, they have not violated, in the
fmalleft degree, any one of the articles, and are ftill defirous of
continuing the blefiings they thereby enjoy, and the conveni-
encies they daily experience from a free and mutual inter-
courfe with the different provinces.
THUS have we brought down to the time propofed, the
hiftory which we engaged to give the public. But we can-
not take leave of the generous encouragers of this undertak-
ing, without exprefling our grateful acknowledgments for the
journals and plans communicated to us by many general and
other refpe61;able oiTicers, employed on the different fervices
Avhich we have related. The only merit we pretend to in this
compilation, is, our having ftridly adhered to that .impar-
tiality which ought to be the firll conlideration of every hiilo-
rian.
The execution of the plans in general, and their utility in
a work of this kind, muft fo effectually recommend them, as
to make it needlefs for us to fpeak in their behalf. We fhall
only add, that no cxpence or labour has been fpared on our
part, and every poffiblc care has been taken to render this
work as perfect as the nature of the fubjedl would admit.
THE END.
ERRATA.
ag. Line 2^. For Albany, read Ofivego.
61. 8. For tc^rf, read M.',
99.
12. For Sutherland, read Sunderland.
115,
'6,
Om\x. third battalion, and add it to the next line.
18. Omhjecond battalion, and add it to ^he next line.
144.
To the lift of troops add Gage's light infantry,
232. 27. For upon the Lake-Erie, read in the neighbourhsod
of
Lake-Erie.
289. II. Between but and //;^, add feeing,
402. 15. Om\t Senegal and.
472.
15. For 17/^,
read i6.'/3.
480. 29. For flr^, read uere,
485.
6. Omit ^r dijbanded.
493.' 4.
After arrows, a full flop; omit the reft of the line,
529.
8. P'or hadj read was.
vf
j 1
i^
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T H E A 1^
Jij diiiJSZAJVH o/-'Sr^SN-^sa^on l)keSv//f/>S'/,/r
i^
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Cii-^"
By IbojTfitclilii l/y,/mniijih,i fit /lu . )r.ljE.vn-.
T M E A 1^
^XU>'/- \ S !B. JKXLdDY>'// rt>/ Stw//' Sii/f
. ' A :s' u ^ M
EnoTivred for.
,,
^'mx
r^^m'
*;
:,'
>.^hr'
feil^
^Sk^
m"
W^r
>Aaa
ia
,t^f!!*i
mfi!\w
*>A^^f^^'
^m.
r^rt?
HQhjJm