Screw Thread - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

17/5/2014 Screw thread - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_thread 1/15
Internal and external threads
illustrated using a common nut
and bolt. The screw and nut pair
can be used to convert torque into
linear force. As the screw (or
bolt) is rotated, the screw moves
along its axis through the fixed
nut, or the non-rotating nut moves
along the lead-screw.
Screw thread, used to convert torque into the linear
force in the flood gate. The operator rotates the two
vertical bevel gears that have threaded holes,
thereby raising or lowering the two long vertical
threaded shafts which are not free to rotate (via
bevel gear).
Screw thread
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A screw thread, often shortened to thread, is a helical structure used to
convert between rotational and linear movement or force. A screw
thread is a ridge wrapped around a cylinder or cone in the form of a
helix, with the former being called a straight thread and the latter called a
tapered thread. A screw thread is the essential feature of the screw as a
simple machine and also as a fastener. More screw threads are produced
each year than any other machine element.
[1]
The mechanical advantage of a screw thread depends on its lead, which
is the linear distance the screw travels in one revolution.
[2]
In most
applications, the lead of a screw thread is chosen so that friction is
sufficient to prevent linear motion being converted to rotary, that is so the
screw does not slip even when linear force is applied so long as no
external rotational force is present. This characteristic is essential to the
vast majority of its uses. The tightening of a fastener's screw thread is
comparable to driving a wedge into a gap until it sticks fast through
friction and slight plastic deformation.
Contents
1 Applications
2 Design
2.1 Gender
2.2 Handedness
2.3 Form
2.4 Angle
2.5 Lead, pitch, and starts
2.5.1 Coarse versus fine
2.6 Diameters
2.6.1 Major diameter
2.6.2 Minor diameter
2.6.3 Pitch diameter
2.7 Classes of fit
2.8 Standardization and
interchangeability
2.9 Thread depth
2.10 Taper
3 Standardization
3.1 ISO standard threads
3.2 Other current standards
3.3 History of standardization
4 Engineering drawing
5 Generation
6 Inspection
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Applications
Screw threads have several applications:
Fastening
Fasteners such as wood screws, machine screws, nuts and bolts.
Connecting threaded pipes and hoses to each other and to caps and fixtures.
Gear reduction via worm drives
Moving objects linearly by converting rotary motion to linear motion, as in the leadscrew of a jack.
Measuring by correlating linear motion to rotary motion (and simultaneously amplifying it), as in a
micrometer.
Both moving objects linearly and simultaneously measuring the movement, combining the two
aforementioned functions, as in a leadscrew of a lathe.
In all of these applications, the screw thread has two main functions:
It converts rotary motion into linear motion.
It prevents linear motion without the corresponding rotation.
Design
Gender
Main article: Gender of connectors and fasteners
Every matched pair of threads, external and internal, can be described as male and female. For example, a
screw has male threads, while its matching hole (whether in nut or substrate) has female threads. This property is
called gender.
Handedness
Right- and left-handed screw threads
The right-hand rule of screw threads.
The helix of a thread can twist in two possible directions, which is
known as handedness. Most threads are oriented so that the
threaded item, when seen from a point of view on the axis through the
center of the helix, moves away from the viewer when it is turned in a
clockwise direction, and moves towards the viewer when it is turned
counterclockwise. This is known as a right-handed (RH) thread,
because it follows the right hand grip rule. Threads oriented in the
opposite direction are known as left-handed (LH).
By common convention, right-handedness is the default handedness
for screw threads. Therefore, most threaded parts and fasteners have
right-handed threads. Left-handed thread applications include:
Where the rotation of a shaft would cause a conventional right-
handed nut to loosen rather than to tighten due to fretting
induced precession. Examples include:
The left hand pedal on a bicycle.
[3]
The left-hand grinding wheel on a bench grinder.
The lug nuts on the left side of some automobiles.
The securing nut on some circular saw blades - the large
torque at startup should tend to tighten the nut.
In combination with right-handed threads in turnbuckles and
clamping studs.
[4]
In some gas supply connections to prevent dangerous
misconnections, for example in gas welding the flammable gas
supply uses left-handed threads.
In a situation where neither threaded pipe end can be rotated to tighten/loosen the joint, e.g. in traditional
heating pipes running through multiple rooms in a building. In such a case, the coupling will have one right-
handed and one left-handed thread
In some instances, for example early ballpoint pens, to provide a "secret" method of disassembly.
In mechanisms to give a more intuitive action as:
The leadscrew of the cross slide of a lathe to cause the cross slide to move away from the
operator when the leadscrew is turned clockwise.
The depth of cut screw of a Stanley type metal plane (tool) for the blade to move in the direction
of a regulating right hand finger.
Some Edison base lamps and fittings (such as formerly on the New York City Subway) have a left-hand
thread to deter theft, since they cannot be used in other light fixtures.
The term chirality comes from the Greek word for "hand" and concerns handedness in many other contexts.
Form
The cross-sectional shape of a thread is often called its form or threadform (also spelled thread form). It may
be square, triangular, trapezoidal, or other shapes. The terms form and threadform sometimes refer to all
design aspects taken together (cross-sectional shape, pitch, and diameters).
Most triangular threadforms are based on an isosceles triangle. These are usually called V-threads or vee-
threads because of the shape of the letter V. For 60 V-threads, the isosceles triangle is, more specifically,
equilateral. For buttress threads, the triangle is scalene.
The theoretical triangle is usually truncated to varying degrees (that is, the tip of the triangle is cut short). A V-
thread in which there is no truncation (or a minuscule amount considered negligible) is called a sharp V-thread.
Truncation occurs (and is codified in standards) for practical reasons:
The thread-cutting or thread-forming tool cannot practically have a perfectly sharp point; at some level of
magnification, the point is truncated, even if the truncation is very small.
Too-small truncation is undesirable anyway, because:
The cutting or forming tool's edge will break too easily;
The part or fastener's thread crests will have burrs upon cutting, and will be too susceptible to
additional future burring resulting from dents (nicks);
The roots and crests of mating male and female threads need clearance to ensure that the sloped
sides of the V meet properly despite (a) error in pitch diameter and (b) dirt and nick-induced
burrs.
The point of the threadform adds little strength to the thread.
Ball screws, whose male-female pairs involve bearing balls in between, show that other variations of form are
possible. Roller screws use conventional thread forms but introduce an interesting twist on the theme.
Angle
Main article: Thread angle
The angle characteristic of the cross-sectional shape is often called the thread angle. For most V-threads, this
is standardized as 60 degrees, but any angle can be used.
Lead, pitch, and starts
"Threads per inch" redirects here. For woven fabrics, see Units of textile measurement#Thread
count.
Main article: Lead (engineering)
For other uses, see Pitch.
Lead /lid/ and pitch are closely related concepts.They can be confused because they are the same for most
screws. Lead is the distance along the screw's axis that is covered by one complete rotation of the screw
(360). Pitch is the distance from the crest of one thread to the next. Because the vast majority of screw
threadforms are single-start threadforms, their lead and pitch are the same. Single-start means that there is only
one "ridge" wrapped around the cylinder of the screw's body. Each time that the screw's body rotates one turn
(360), it has advanced axially by the width of one ridge. "Double-start" means that there are two "ridges"
wrapped around the cylinder of the screw's body.
[5]
Each time that the screw's body rotates one turn (360), it
Lead and pitch for two screw threads; one with one
start and one with two starts
has advanced axially by the width of two ridges.
Another way to express this is that lead and pitch are
parametrically related, and the parameter that relates
them, the number of starts, very often has a value of
1, in which case their relationship becomes equality.
In general, lead is equal to S times pitch, in which S is
the number of starts.
Whereas metric threads are usually defined by their
pitch, that is, how much distance per thread, inch-
based standards usually use the reverse logic, that is,
how many threads occur per a given distance. Thus
inch-based threads are defined in terms of threads
per inch (TPI). Pitch and TPI describe the same underlying physical propertymerely in different terms. When
the inch is used as the unit of measurement for pitch, TPI is the reciprocal of pitch and vice versa. For example,
a
1
4
-20 thread has 20 TPI, which means that its pitch is
1
20
inch (0.050 in or 1.27 mm).
As the distance from the crest of one thread to the next, pitch can be compared to the wavelength of a wave.
Another wave analogy is that pitch and TPI are inverses of each other in a similar way that period and frequency
are inverses of each other.
Coarse versus fine
Coarse threads are those with larger pitch (fewer threads per axial distance), and fine threads are those with
smaller pitch (more threads per axial distance). Coarse threads have a larger threadform relative to screw
diameter, whereas fine threads have a smaller threadform relative to screw diameter. This distinction is
analogous to that between coarse teeth and fine teeth on a saw or file, or between coarse grit and fine grit on
sandpaper.
The common V-thread standards (ISO 261 and Unified Thread Standard) include a coarse pitch and a fine
pitch for each major diameter. For example,
1
2
-13 belongs to the UNC series (Unified National Coarse) and
1
2
-20 belongs to the UNF series (Unified National Fine).
A common misconception among people not familiar with engineering or machining is that the term coarse
implies here lower quality and the term fine implies higher quality. The terms when used in reference to screw
thread pitch have nothing to do with the tolerances used (degree of precision) or the amount of craftsmanship,
quality, or cost. They simply refer to the size of the threads relative to the screw diameter. Coarse threads can
be made accurately, or fine threads inaccurately.
Diameters
There are three characteristic diameters of threads: major diameter, minor diameter, and pitch diameter:
industry standards specify minimum (min) and maximum (max) limits for each of these, for all recognized thread
sizes. The min limits for external (or bolt, in ISO terminology), and the max limits for internal (nut), thread
sizes are there to ensure that threads do not strip at the tensile strength limits for the parent material. The min
limits for internal, and max limits for external, threads are there to ensure that the threads fit together.
Major diameter
The three diameters that characterize
bolt/nut threads
Variants of snug fit. Only threads
with matched PDs are truly snug,
axially as well as radially
The major diameter of threads is the larger of two extreme diameters
delimiting the height of the thread profile, as a cross-sectional view is
taken in a plane containing the axis of the threads. For a screw, this is
its outside diameter. The major diameter of a nut may not be directly
measured, but it may be tested with go/no-go gauges.
The major diameter of external threads is normally smaller than the
major diameter of the internal threads, if the threads are designed to fit
together. But this requirement alone does not guarantee that a bolt
and a nut of the same pitch would fit together: the same requirement
must separately be made for the minor and pitch diameters of the
threads. Besides providing for a clearance between the crest of the
bolt threads and the root of the nut threads, we must also ensure that the clearances are not so excessive as to
cause the fasteners to fail.
Minor diameter
The minor diameter is the lower extreme diameter of the thread. Major diameter minus minor diameter, divided
by two, equals the height of the thread. The minor diameter of a nut is its inside diameter. The minor diameter of
a bolt can be measured with go/no-go gauges or, directly, with an optical comparator.
As shown in the figure at right, threads of equal pitch and angle that have matching minor diameters, with
differing major and pitch diameters, may appear to fit snugly, but only do so radially; threads that have only
major diameters matching (not shown) could also be visualized as not allowing radial movement. The reduced
material condition, due to the unused spaces between the threads, must be minimized so as not to overly
weaken the fasteners.
Pitch diameter
The pitch diameter (PD, or D
2
) of a particular thread, internal or
external, is the diameter of a cylindrical surface, axially concentric to
the thread, which intersects the thread flanks at equidistant points,
when viewed in a cross-sectional plane containing the axis of the
thread, the distance between these points being exactly one half the
pitch distance. Equivalently, a line running parallel to the axis and a
distance D
2
away from it, the "PD line," slices the sharp-V form of the
thread, having flanks coincident with the flanks of the thread under
test, at exactly 50% of its height. We have assumed that the flanks
have the proper shape, angle, and pitch for the specified thread
standard. It is generally unrelated to the major (D) and minor (D
1
)
diameters, especially if the crest and root truncations of the sharp-V
form at these diameters are unknown. Everything else being ideal, D
2
, D, & D
1
, together, would fully describe
the thread form. Knowledge of PD determines the position of the sharp-V thread form, the sides of which
coincide with the straight sides of the thread flanks: e.g., the crest of the external thread would truncate these
sides a radial displacement D - D
2
away from the position of the PD line.
Provided that there are moderate non-negative clearances between the root and crest of the opposing threads,
and everything else is ideal, if the pitch diameters of a screw and nut are exactly matched, there should be no
play at all between the two as assembled, even in the presence of positive root-crest clearances. This is the case
when the flanks of the threads come into intimate contact with one another, before the roots and crests do, if at
all.
However, this ideal condition would in practice only be approximated and would generally require wrench-
assisted assembly, possibly causing the galling of the threads. For this reason, some allowance, or minimum
difference, between the PDs of the internal and external threads has to generally be provided for, to eliminate the
possibility of deviations from the ideal thread form causing interference and to expedite hand assembly up to
the length of engagement. Such allowances, or fundamental deviations, as ISO standards call them, are
provided for in various degrees in corresponding classes of fit for ranges of thread sizes. At one extreme, no
allowance is provided by a class, but the maximum PD of the external thread is specified to be the same as the
minimum PD of the internal thread, within specified tolerances, ensuring that the two can be assembled, with
some looseness of fit still possible due to the margin of tolerance. A class called interference fit may even
provide for negative allowances, where the PD of the screw is greater than the PD of the nut by at least the
amount of the allowance.
The pitch diameter of external threads is measured by various methods:
A dedicated type of micrometer, called a thread mic or pitch mic, which has a V-anvil and a conical
spindle tip, contacts the thread flanks for a direct reading.
A general-purpose micrometer (flat anvil and spindle) is used over a set of three wires that rest on the
thread flanks, and a known constant is subtracted from the reading. (The wires are truly gauge pins, being
ground to precise size, although "wires" is their common name.) This method is called the 3-wire method.
Sometimes grease is used to hold the wires in place, helping the user to juggle the part, mic, and wires
into position.
An optical comparator may also be used to determine PD graphically.
Classes of fit
The way in which male and female fit together, including play and friction, is classified (categorized) in thread
standards. Achieving a certain class of fit requires the ability to work within tolerance ranges for dimension (size)
and surface finish. Defining and achieving classes of fit are important for interchangeability. Classes include 1, 2,
3 (loose to tight); A (external) and B (internal); and various systems such as H and D limits.
Standardization and interchangeability
To achieve a predictably successful mating of male and female threads and assured interchangeability between
males and between females, standards for form, size, and finish must exist and be followed. Standardization of
threads is discussed below.
Thread depth
Screw threads are almost never made perfectly sharp (no truncation at the crest or root), but instead are
truncated, yielding a final thread depth that can be expressed as a fraction of the pitch value. The UTS and ISO
standards codify the amount of truncation, including tolerance ranges.
A perfectly sharp 60 V-thread will have a depth of thread ("height" from root to crest) equal to .866 of the
pitch. This fact is intrinsic to the geometry of an equilateral trianglea direct result of the basic trigonometric
functions. It is independent of measurement units (inch vs mm). However, UTS and ISO threads are not sharp
threads. The major and minor diameters delimit truncations on either side of the sharp V, typically about one
eighth of the pitch (expressed with the notation 1/8p or .125p), although the actual geometry definition has more
variables than that. This means that a full (100%) UTS or ISO thread has a height of around .65p.
Threads can be (and often are) truncated a bit more, yielding thread depths of 60 percent to 75 percent of the
.65p value. For example, a 75 percent thread sacrifices only a small amount of strength in exchange for a
significant reduction in the force required to cut the thread. The result is that tap and die wear is reduced, the
likelihood of breakage is lessened and higher cutting speeds can often be employed.
Truncation is achieved by using a slightly larger tap drill in the case of female threads, or by slightly reducing the
diameter of the threaded area of workpiece in the case of male threads, the latter effectively reducing the
thread's major diameter. In the case of female threads, tap drill charts typically specify sizes that will produce an
approximate 75 percent thread. A 60 percent thread may be appropriate in cases where high tensile loading will
not be expected. In both cases, the pitch diameter is not affected. The balancing of truncation versus thread
strength is similar to many engineering decisions involving the strength, weight and cost of material, as well as the
cost to machine it.
Taper
Tapered threads are used on fasteners and pipe. A common example of a fastener with a tapered thread is a
wood screw.
The threaded pipes used in some plumbing installations for the delivery of fluids under pressure have a threaded
section that is slightly conical. Examples are the NPT and BSP series. The seal provided by a threaded pipe
joint is created when a tapered externally threaded end is tightened into an end with internal threads. Normally a
good seal requires the application of a separate sealant in the joint, such as thread seal tape, or a liquid or paste
pipe sealant such as pipe dope, however some threaded pipe joints do not require a separate sealant.
Standardization
Standardization of screw threads has evolved since the early nineteenth century to
facilitate compatibility between different manufacturers and users. The standardization
process is still ongoing; in particular there are still (otherwise identical) competing metric
and inch-sized thread standards widely used.
[6]
Standard threads are commonly identified
by short letter codes (M, UNC, etc.) which also form the prefix of the standardized
designations of individual threads.
Additional product standards identify preferred thread sizes for screws and nuts, as well
as corresponding bolt head and nut sizes, to facilitate compatibility between spanners
(wrenches) and other tools.
ISO standard threads
Main article: ISO metric screw thread
The most common threads in use are the ISO metric screw threads (M) for most
purposes and BSP threads (R, G) for pipes.
These were standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in
1947. Although metric threads were mostly unified in 1898 by the International Congress
for the standardization of screw threads, separate metric thread standards were used in
France, Germany, and Japan, and the Swiss had a set of threads for watches.
Other current standards
In particular applications and certain regions, threads other than the ISO metric screw threads remain commonly
used, sometimes because of special application requirements, but mostly for reasons of backwards
compatibility:
ASME B1.1 Unified Inch Screw Threads, (UN and UNR Thread Form)
(http://www.asme.org/products/codes---standards/unified-inch-screw-threads--un-and-unr-thread-
form), considered an American National Standard (ANS) widely use in the US and Canada
Unified Thread Standard (UTS), which is still the dominant thread type in the United States and Canada.
This standard includes:
Unified Coarse (UNC), commonly referred to as "National Coarse" or "NC" in retailing.
Unified Fine (UNF), commonly referred to as "National Fine" or "NF" in retailing.
Unified Extra Fine (UNEF)
Unified Special (UNS)
National pipe thread (NPT), used for plumbing of water and gas pipes, and threaded electrical conduit.
NPTF (National Pipe Thread Fuel)
British Standard Whitworth (BSW), and for other Whitworth threads including:
British Standard Fine (BSF)
Cycle Engineers' Institute (CEI) or British Standard Cycle (BSC)
British standard pipe thread (BSP) which exists in a taper and non taper variant; used for other purposes
as well
British Standard Pipe Taper (BSPT)
British Association screw threads (BA), primarily electronic/electrical, moving coil meters and to mount
optical lenses
British Standard Buttress Threads (BS 1657:1950)
British Standard for Spark Plugs BS 45:1972
British Standard Brass a fixed pitch 26tpi thread
Glass Packaging Institute threads (GPI), primarily for glass bottles and vials
Power screw threads
Acme thread form
Square thread form
Buttress thread
Camera case screws, used to mount a camera on a photographic tripod:
UNC
[7]
used on almost all small cameras
UNC for larger (and some older small) cameras
(many older cameras use " BSW or " BSW threads, which in low stress applications, and if machined to
wide tolerances, are for practical purposes compatible with the UNC threads)
Royal Microscopical Society (RMS) thread, also known as society thread, is a special 0.8" diameter x
36 thread-per-inch (tpi) Whitworth thread form used for microscope objective lenses.
Microphone stands:
27 threads per inch (tpi) Unified Special thread (UNS, USA and the rest of the world)
BSW (not common in the USA, used in the rest of the world)
BSW (not common in the USA, used in the rest of the world)
Stage lighting suspension bolts (in some countries only; some have gone entirely metric, others such as
Australia have reverted to the BSW threads, or have never fully converted):
BSW for lighter luminaires
BSW for heavier luminaires
Tapping screw threads (ST) ISO 1478
Aerospace inch threads (UNJ) ISO 3161
Aerospace metric threads (MJ) ISO 5855
Tyre valve threads (V) ISO 4570
Metal bone screws (HA, HB) ISO 5835
Panzergewinde (Pg) (German) is an old German 80 thread (DIN 40430) that remained in use until 2000
in some electrical installation accessories in Germany.
Fahrradgewinde (Fg) (English: bicycle thread) is a German bicycle thread standard (per DIN 79012 and
DIN 13.1), which encompasses a lot of CEI and BSC threads as used on cycles and mopeds
everywhere (http://www.fahrradmonteur.de/fahrradgewinde.php)
CEI (Cycle Engineers Institute, used on bicycles in Britain and possibly elsewhere)
Edison base Incandescent light bulb holder screw thread
Fire hose connection (NFPA standard 194)
Hose Coupling Screw Threads (ANSI/ASME B1.20.7-1991 [R2003]) for garden hoses and
accessories
Lwenherz thread,
[8]
a German metric thread used for measuring instruments
[9]
Sewing machine thread
[10]
History of standardization
Standardization of screw threads began many centuries ago, the first time a craftsman who carved and filed
screw threads ever tried to make two screws, or two mated pairs of screw and nut, come out alike. However,
in craft production of individual threads or mated pairs of threads, interchangeability was not a requirement;
custom fitting was the norm.
Therefore, the first historically important intra-company standardization of screw threads began with Henry
Maudslay around 1800, when the modern screw-cutting lathe made interchangeable V-thread machine screws a
practical commodity. During the next 40 years, standardization continued to occur on the intra-company and
inter-company level.
[11]
No doubt many mechanics of the era participated in this zeitgeist; Joseph Clement was
one of those whom history has noted. In 1841, Joseph Whitworth created a design that, through its adoption by
many British railroad companies, became a national standard for the United Kingdom called British Standard
Whitworth. During the 1840s through 1860s, this standard was often used in the United States and Canada as
Graphic representation of formulas
for the pitches of threads of screw
bolts
well, in addition to myriad intra- and inter-company standards. In April 1864, William Sellers presented a paper
to the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, proposing a new standard to replace the U.S.'s poorly standardized
screw thread practice. Sellers simplified the Whitworth design by adopting a thread profile of 60 and a
flattened tip (in contrast to Whitworth's 55 angle and rounded tip).
[12][13]
The 60 angle was already in
common use in America,
[14]
but Sellers's system promised to make it and all other details of threadform
consistent.
The Sellers thread, easier for ordinary machinists to produce, became an important standard in the U.S. during
the late 1860s and early 1870s, when it was chosen as a standard for work done under U.S. government
contracts, and it was also adopted as a standard by highly influential railroad industry corporations such as the
Baldwin Locomotive Works and the Pennsylvania Railroad. Other firms adopted it, and it soon became a
national standard for the U.S.,
[14]
later becoming generally known as
the United States Standard thread (USS thread). Over the next 30
years the standard was further defined and extended and evolved into
a set of standards including National Coarse (NC), National Fine
(NF), and National Pipe Taper (NPT). Meanwhile, in Britain, the
British Association screw threads were also developed and refined.
During this era, in continental Europe, the British and American
threadforms were well known, but also various metric thread
standards were evolving, which usually employed 60 profiles. Some
of these evolved into national or quasi-national standards. They were
mostly unified in 1898 by the International Congress for the
standardization of screw threads at Zurich, which defined the new
international metric thread standards as having the same profile as the
Sellers thread, but with metric sizes. Efforts were made in the early
20th century to convince the governments of the U.S., UK, and
Canada to adopt these international thread standards and the metric
system in general, but they were defeated with arguments that the
capital cost of the necessary retooling would drive some firms from
profit to loss and hamper the economy. (The mixed use of dueling
inch and metric standards has since cost much, much more, but the bearing of these costs has been more
distributed across national and global economies rather than being borne up front by particular governments or
corporations, which helps explain the lobbying efforts.)
Sometime between 1912 and 1916, the Society of Automobile Engineers (SAE) created an "SAE series" of
screw thread sizes to augment the USS standard.
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, engineers found that ensuring the reliable interchangeability of
screw threads was a multi-faceted and challenging task that was not as simple as just standardizing the major
diameter and pitch for a certain thread. It was during this era that more complicated analyses made clear the
importance of variables such as pitch diameter and surface finish.
A tremendous amount of engineering work was done throughout World War I and the following interwar period
in pursuit of reliable interchangeability. Classes of fit were standardized, and new ways of generating and
inspecting screw threads were developed (such as production thread-grinding machines and optical
comparators). Therefore, in theory, one might expect that by the start of World War II, the problem of screw
thread interchangeability would have already been completely solved. Unfortunately, this proved to be false.
Intranational interchangeability was widespread, but international interchangeability was less so. Problems with
lack of interchangeability among American, Canadian, and British parts during World War II led to an effort to
unify the inch-based standards among these closely allied nations, and the Unified Thread Standard was
A good summary of screw thread
standards in current use in 1914 was
given in Colvin FH, Stanley FA (eds)
(1914): American Machinists'
Handbook, 2nd ed
(http://books.google.com/books?
id=4Q8LAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepa
ge#PPA16,M1), New York and
London, McGraw-Hill, pp. 1622.
USS, metric, Whitworth, and BA
standards are discussed. The SAE
series was not mentionedat the time
this edition of the Handbook was
being compiled, they were either still
in development or just newly
introduced.
adopted by the Screw Thread Standardization Committees of
Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States on November
18, 1949 in Washington, D.C., with the hope that they would be
adopted universally. (The original UTS standard may be found in
ASA (now ANSI) publication, Vol. 1, 1949.) UTS consists of
Unified Coarse (UNC), Unified Fine (UNF), Unified Extra Fine
(UNEF) and Unified Special (UNS). The standard was not widely
taken up in the UK, where many companies continued to use the
UK's own British Association (BA) standard.
However, internationally, the metric system was eclipsing inch-based
measurement units. In 1947, the ISO was founded; and in 1960, the
metric-based International System of Units (abbreviated SI from the
French Systme International) was created. With continental
Europe and much of the rest of the world turning to SI and the ISO
metric screw thread, the UK gradually leaned in the same direction.
The ISO metric screw thread is now the standard that has been
adopted worldwide and has mostly displaced all former standards,
including UTS. In the U.S., where UTS is still prevalent, over 40% of
products contain at least some ISO metric screw threads. The UK
has completely abandoned its commitment to UTS in favour of the
ISO metric threads, and Canada is in between. Globalization of
industries produces market pressure in favor of phasing out minority
standards. A good example is the automotive industry; U.S. auto
parts factories long ago developed the ability to conform to the ISO
standards, and today very few parts for new cars retain inch-based
sizes, regardless of being made in the U.S.
Even today, over a half century since the UTS superseded the USS
and SAE series, companies still sell hardware with designations such
as "USS" and "SAE" to convey that it is of inch sizes as opposed to
metric. Most of this hardware is in fact made to the UTS, but the
labeling and cataloging terminology is not always precise.
Engineering drawing
In American engineering drawings, ANSI Y14.6 defines standards for
indicating threaded parts. Parts are indicated by their nominal
diameter (the nominal major diameter of the screw threads), pitch (number of threads per inch), and the class of
fit for the thread. For example, .750-10UNC-2A is male (A) with a nominal major diameter of 0.750 in, 10
threads per inch, and a class-2 fit; .500-20UNF-1B would be female (B) with a 0.500 in nominal major
diameter, 20 threads per inch, and a class-1 fit. An arrow points from this designation to the surface in
question.
[15]
Generation
Main article: Threading (manufacturing)
Survey results on the use of SAE
standards (including screw size
standards), reported in the journal
Horseless Age, 1916.
There are many ways to generate a screw thread, including the
traditional subtractive types (e.g., various kinds of cutting [single-
pointing, taps and dies, die heads, milling]; molding; casting [die
casting, sand casting]; forming and rolling; grinding; and occasionally
lapping to follow the other processes); newer additive techniques; and
combinations thereof.
Inspection
Inspection of thread geometry is discussed at Threading
(manufacturing) > Inspection.
Another common inspection point is the straightness of a bolt or
screw. This topic comes up often when there are assembly issues with
predrilled holes as the first trouble shooting point is to determine if the fastener or the hole is at fault. ASME
B18.2.9 "Straightness Gage and Gaging for Bolts and Screws" was developed to address this issue. Per the
scope of the standard, it describes the gage and procedure for checking bolt and screw straightness at maximum
material condition (MMC) and provides default limits when not stated in the applicable product standard.
See also
Notes
Acme Thread Form
Bicycle thread
Buttress Thread Form
Dryseal Pipe Threads Form
Filter thread
Garden hose thread form
Metric: M Profile Thread Form
National Thread Form
National Pipe Thread Form
Nut (hardware)
Tapered thread
Tap and die
Thread angle
Thread pitch gauge
Thread protector
1. ^ Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 741.
2. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=IRdIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA137
3. ^ Brown, Sheldon. "Bicycle Glossary: Pedal" (http://www.sheldonbrown.com/gloss_p.html#pedal). Sheldon
Brown. Retrieved 2010-10-19.
References
Bhandari, V B (2007), Design of Machine Elements (http://books.google.com/?id=f5Eit2FZe_cC),
Tata McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-0-07-061141-2.
Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003), Materials and Processes in Manufacturing
(9th ed.), Wiley, ISBN 0-471-65653-4.
Green, Robert E. et al. (eds) (1996), Machinery's Handbook (http://www.worldcat.org/title/machinerys-
handbook/oclc/473691581) (25 ed.), New York, NY, USA: Industrial Press, ISBN 978-0-8311-
2575-2.
Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916), English and American Tool Builders (http://books.google.com/books?
id=X-EJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage), New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press,
LCCN 16011753 (http://lccn.loc.gov/16011753). Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London,
1926 (LCCN 27-24075 (http://lccn.loc.gov/27024075)); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley,
Illinois, (ISBN 978-0-917914-73-7).
Wilson, Bruce A. (2004), Design Dimensioning and Tolerancing (4th ed.), Goodheart-Wilcox,
ISBN 1-59070-328-6.
External links
International Thread Standards (http://www.gewinde-normen.de/en/index.html)
ModelFixings - Thread Data (http://www.modelfixings.co.uk/thread_data.htm)
NASA RP-1228 Fastener Design Manual (http://www.scribd.com/doc/29710691/NASA-RP-1228-
Fastener-Design-Manual)
4. ^ http://www.directindustry.com/prod/s-w-manufacturing-co-inc/clamping-studs-57807-574221.html
5. ^ Bhandari, p. 205.
6. ^ ISO/TC/ 1 Business Plan
(http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/fetch/2000/2122/687806/ISO_TC_001__Screws_.pdf?
nodeid=4938938&vernum=0), 2007-03-05, Version 1.3. Table 3: The market share of each screw thread, p. 7.
7. ^ ISO 1222:2010 Photography -- Tripod connections
8. ^ Lwenherz thread (http://www.gewinde-normen.de/en/loewenherz-thread.html)
9. ^ Ryffel 1988, p. 1603.
10. ^ Sewing machine thread (http://www.gewinde-normen.de/en/sewing-machine-thread.html)
11. ^ Roe 1916, pp. 910. (http://books.google.com/books?id=X-EJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9#v=onepage&f=false)
12. ^ ASME 125th Anniversary: Special 2005 Designation of Landmarks: Profound Influences in Our Lives: The
United States Standard Screw Threads (http://anniversary.asme.org/2005landmarks3.shtml)
13. ^ Roe 1916, pp. 248249. (http://books.google.com/books?id=X-
EJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA248#v=onepage&f=false)
14. ^
a

b
Roe 1916, p. 249. (http://books.google.com/books?id=X-EJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA249#v=onepage&f=false)
15. ^ Wilson pp. 7778 (page numbers may be from an earlier edition).
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Categories: Screws Threading (manufacturing) Fasteners
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