KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

TERMINAL EXAMINATION-I-ANSWER KEY
FIFTH SEMESTER
EC2302 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

1. What is Twiddle factor?
The complex number W
N
is called as Twiddle factor (or) Phase factor. It also represents an Nth
root of unity. It is expressed by W
N
kn
= e
j2kn / N

2. How many stages of decimations are required in the case of a 64 point radix 2DIT FFT
algorithm?
The number of complex multiplications required using direct computation is N
2
= 64
2
= 4096
.The number of complex multiplications required using FFT is (N/2) log2 N = (64/2) log
2
64 =
192.
3. Find the 4 point DFT of the sequence .
N-1
X(k) = x(n) e
j2kn / N
k = 0,1,2,3.N-1
n=0

X(K) ={0,2-j2,0,2+j2}

4. What is FFT?
The Fast Fourier Transform is an algorithm used to compute the DFT. It makes use of the
symmetry and periodicity properties of twiddle factor to effectively reduce the DFT computation
time. It is based on the fundamental principle of decomposing the computation of DFT of a
sequence of length N into successively smaller DFTs.
5. Obtain the circular convolution of the following sequences
.
The circular convolution of the above sequences can be obtained by using matrix method.
{ } 1 , 2 , 3 ) (
1
2
3
1
2
1
1 2 2
2 1 2
2 2 1
) 2 (
) 1 (
) 0 (
) 2 (
) 1 (
) 0 (
) 0 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 (
) 2 ( ) 0 ( ) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 0 (
=
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

n y
y
y
y
x
x
x
h h h
h h h
h h h

6. Why the Butterworth response is called a maximally flat response?
This type of response is called as butterworth response because its main characteristics is
that the passband is maximally flat.That means there are no variations(ripples) in the
passband.
7. Compare Butterworth, Chebyshev filters.
Sl.No Butterworth filter Chebyshev filter
1. All pole design All pole design
2. The poles lie on a circle in s-plane The poles lie on a ellipse in s-plane
3. The magnitude response is maximally
flat at the origin and monotonically
decreasing function of O.
The magnitude response is equiripple in pass
band and monotonically decreasing in the stop
band.
4. The normalized magnitude response has
a value of
2
1
at the cut off frequency
c
O .
The normalized magnitude response has a value
of
2
1
1
c +
at the cut off frequency
c
O .
5. Only few parameters have to be
calculated to determine the transfer
function.
A large number of parameter has to be calculated
to determine the transfer function.

8. Write frequency translation for BPF from LPF.

9. What is the relationship between analog and digital frequency in impulse invariant
transformation?
The relation between analog and digital frequency in impulse invariant transformation is
given by Digital frequency, T O = e
Where, O - Analog frequency and
T - Sampling time period
10. Draw the basic butterfly of DIT - FFT structure.