1

15
Vectors
1. (a) Scalar
(b) Vector
(c) Scalar
(d) Vector
2. (a)
B A
5 cm
1 cm : 10 N
(b)
v
~
5 cm
1 cm : 20 m s
1
3. (a) (i) u
~
= 5 10
= 50 m s
1
u
~
to the east
(ii) v
~
= 5 10
= 50 m s
1
v
~
to the west
(b) (i) u
~
= 50 m s
1
u
~
to the west
(ii) v
~
= 50 m s
1
v
~
to the east
4. (a) No
(b) Yes
(c) No
5. P

Q = 2u
~
R

S = u
~
A

B = 1
1

2
u
~
C

D =
1

2
u
~
6.
u
~
2u
~
(a) (b)
(c)
u
1

2
~
u
3

2
~
7. (a) A

B = 2u
~
R

S = 4u
~
= 2(2u
~
)
= 2A

B
Therefore, A

B and R

S are parallel.
(b) R

S = 4u
~
= 4(3P

Q )
= 12P

Q
Therefore, R

S and P

Q are parallel.
8. A

B = 3u
~
, B

C = 7u
~
A

B = 3
1

1

7
B

C
2
A

B =
3

7
B

C
Therefore, A, B and C are collinear.
9. (a) (2k 1)u
~
= (2 +
1

3
h)v
~
2k 1 = 0 and 2 +
1

3
h = 0

1

3
h = 2
h = 6
k =
1

2

2
(b) 6
1
1

3
k + 2
2
u
~
(3h 2)v
~
= 0
~
6
1
1

3
k + 2
2
= 0 and 3h 2 = 0
h =
2

3

1

3
k = 2
k = 6
10. 2a + 3b 1 = 0 ................................... 1
2 4a + b = 0 ................................... 2
1 2, 4a + 6b 2 = 0 ..................... 3
2 + 3, 7b = 0
b = 0
Substitute b = 0 into 1,
2a + 3(0) 1 = 0
a =
1

2
Therefore, a =
1

2
and b = 0.
11. (a) A

B = D

C , D

A = C

B
(b) S

R = P

Q , S

P = R

Q
(c) H

E = G

F , F

E = G

H
12.
a
~
b
~
a + b
~

~
~

~
b + a
a
~
+ b
~
= b
~
+ a
~
13. (a) 2P

Q + 3R

S = 2(3u
~
) + 3(5u
~
)
= 6u
~
+ 15u
~
= 21u
~
(b) 2P

Q + 3R

S = 21u
~

= 21u
~

= 21 2
= 42 units
14. (a) B

C + D

E = 6v
~
+
2

3
B

C
= 6v
~
+
2

3
(6v
~
)
= 6v
~
+ 4v
~
= 10v
~
(b) B

C + D

E = 10v
~

= 10v
~

= 10 5
= 50 units
15. (a)
u
B
A
P
Q
~
2u
~
AB PQ PQ AB
(ii) (i)

P

Q A

B = (A

B P

Q )
(b)
v
D C
R S
~
v
~
CD RS
(ii) (i)
1

2
RS CD

C

D R

S = (R

S C

D )
16. (a) (i) A

B C

D = 5r
~
3r
~
= 2r
~
(ii) C

D A

B = 3r
~
5r
~
= 2r
~
(iii) A

B 2C

D = 5r
~
2(3r
~
)
= 5r
~
6r
~
= r
~
(b) (i) A

B C

D = 2r
~

= 2r
~

= 2 2
= 4 units
(ii) C

D A

B = 2r
~

= 2r
~

= 2 2
= 4 units
(iii) A

B 2C

D = r
~

= r
~

= 2 units
3
17. (a) A

D =
3

2
B

C
=
3

2
s
~
(b) A

D B

C =
3

2
s
~
s
~
=
1

2
s
~
(c) B

C A

D =

2
s
~

=
1

2
s
=
1

2
(5)
=
5

2
units
18.
p
~
q
~
q
~
q
~
q
~
p
~
p
~
p q
~

~
~

~
p
~
p + q
q
~
2
(a) (b) (c)

1
p
~
2

1
19.
p
~
p
~
p
~
p
~
p + q
~

~
p q
~

~
q
~
q
~
q
~
q
~
q
~
(a) (b) (c)
1

2
p
~
1

2
20. (a) A

B = r
~
s
~
(b) P

Q = r
~
+ s
~
(c) U

V = s
~
+ 2r
~
21. (a) p
~
+ q
~
= B

D + D

A
= B

A
(b) (i) A

C + C

D = A

D
= q
~
(ii) B

A + A

C = B

C
= 2p
~
(iii) C

B + B

A = C

A
= C

D + D

A
= p
~
+ q
~
22. (a) r
~
+ s
~
= A

B + B

C
= A

C
(b) A

C = A

D + D

C
= t
~
+
1

2
(A

B )
= t
~
+
1

2
r
~
(c) s
~

1

2
r
~
= B

C + C

D
= B

D
23.
p
~
p
~
p
~
p
~
p + r + s
~

~

~
~

~

~
p q + r
p + r + s + q
~

~

~

~
~
s
~
s
~
s
~
q
~
q
~
q
~
(a) (b)
(c)
r
~
r
~
r
~
r
24. (a) R

Q = R

S + S

Q
= 4v
~
+ 5u
~
(b) (i) P

Q S

Q = 2v
~
5u
~
(ii) R

S Q

S = 4v
~
(5u
~
)
= 5u
~
4v
~
(c) P

M = P

Q + Q

M
= 2v
~
+ Q

S + S

M
= 2v
~
+ (5u
~
) +
1

4
S

R
= 2v
~
5u
~
+
1

4
(4v
~
)
= 3v
~
5u
~
4
25. (a) A

B = 3A

P
= 3(2r
~
)
= 6r
~
(b) B

C = B

A + A

C
= 6r
~
+ 4s
~
(c) P

C = P

A + A

C
= 2r
~
+ 4s
~
(d) P

Q = P

B + B

Q
= 4r
~
+
3

4
B

C
= 4r
~
+
3

4
(6r
~
+ 4s
~
)
= 4r
~

9

2
r
~
+ 3s
~
= 3s
~

1

2
r
~
(e) A

Q = A

B + B

Q
= 6r
~
+
3

4
B

C
= 6r
~
+
3

4
(6r
~
+ 4s
~
)
= 6r
~

9

2
r
~
+ 3s
~
=
3

2
r
~
+ 3s
~
26. (a) R

T = Q

T Q

R
= 4a
~
+ hb
~
(2a
~
+ b
~
)
= 2a
~
+ (h 1)b
~
S

T = S

R + R

T
= (a
~
b
~
) + 2a
~
+ (h 1)b
~
= 3a
~
+ (h 2)b
~
(b) Q

T = kR

T
4a
~
+ hb
~
= k[2a
~
+ (h 1)b
~
]
4a
~
+ hb
~
= 2ka
~
+ k(h 1)b
~
2k = 4 and h = k(h 1)
k = 2 = 2(h 1)
= 2h 2
h = 2
27. (a) E

D = E

B + B

D
= u
~
+
1

2
v
~
u
~
=
1

2
v
~
=
1

2
A

C
Therefore, AC is parallel to DE.
(b) DE : AC = 1 : 2
(c) A

D = A

B + B

D
= 2u
~
+
1

2
v
~
u
~
= u
~
+
1

2
v
~
28. (a) (i) O

R = O

Q + Q

R
= q
~
+
1

3
Q

P
= q
~
+
1

3
(Q

O + O

P )
= q
~
+
1

3
(q
~
+ p
~
)
= q
~

1

3
q
~
+
1

3
p
~
=
1

3
p
~
+
2

3
q
~
(ii) R

S = R

P + P

S
=
2

3
Q

P + 2q
~
=
2

3
(q
~
+ p
~
) + 2q
~
=
2

3
q
~
+
2

3
p
~
+ 2q
~
=
2

3
p
~
+
4

3
q
~
(b) R

S =
2

3
p
~
+
4

3
q
~
= 2
1
1

3
p
~
+
2

3
q
~
2
= 2O

R
Therefore, O, R and S are collinear.
29. (a) i
~
3j
~
(b) 4i
~
+ 5j
~
(c) 6i
~
5j
~
30. (a)
1
1
2
3
(b)
1
4
2
5
(c)
1
6
2
5
31. (a) ABBBBBBBBB (1)
2
+ (3)
2
=
ABB
10 units
(b) ABBBBB 4
2
+ 5
2
=
ABB
41 units
5
(c) ABBBBBBBB (6)
2
+ (5)
2
=
ABB
61 units
32. (a)
1

ABB
10
(i
~
3j
~
)
(b)
1

ABB
41
(4i
~
+ 5j
~
)
(c)
1

ABB
61
(6i
~
5j
~
)
33. (a) a
~
+ b
~
= (2i
~
+ 3j
~
) + (4i
~
+ 5j
~
)
= 6i
~
+ 8j
~
(b) 2a
~
+ c
~
= 2(2i
~
+ 3j
~
) + 3i
~
= 4i
~
+ 6j
~
+ 3i
~
= 7i
~
+ 6j
~
(c)
1

2
d
~
+ c
~
+ 2a
~
=
1

2
( 4j
~
) + 3i
~
+ 2(2i
~
+ 3j
~
)
= 2j
~
+ 3i
~
+ 4i
~
+ 6j
~
= 7i
~
+ 4j
~
34. (a) p
~
+ q
~
=
1
3
2
4
+
1
1
2
5
=
1
2
2
9
(b) 2p
~
+
1

2
r
~
+ q
~
= 2
1
3
2
4
+
1

2 1
0
2
4
+
1
1
2
5
=
1
6
2
8
+
1
0
2
2
+
1
1
2
5
=
1
5
2
15
35. (a) 2a
~
b
~
= 2
1
4
2
5

1
3
2
1
=
1
8
2
10

1
3
2
1
=
1
11
2
9
(b)
1

2
a
~
3b
~
=
1

2 1
4
2
5
3
1
3
2
1
=
1
2
2
5

2
+
1
9
2
3
=
1
11
2

1

2
36. (a) r
~
s
~
= (3i
~
4j
~
) (2i
~
+ 5j
~
)
= 3i
~
4j
~
2i
~
5j
~
= i
~
9j
~
(b) 4r
~

1

3
s
~
= 4(3i
~
4j
~
)
1

3
(2i
~
+ 5j
~
)
= 12i
~
16j
~

2

3
i
~

5

3
j
~
=
34

3
i
~

53

3
j
~
37. (a) r
~
s
~
+ t
~
=
1
1
2
2

1
0
2
4
+
1
3
2
5
=
1
1 0 + 3
2
2 4 5
=
1
2
2
7
(b) 2r
~

1

2
s
~
+ t
~
= 2
1
1
2
2

1

2 1
0
2
4
+
1
3
2
5
=
1
2 0 + 3
2
4 2 5
=
1
5
2
11
38. (a)
1
h
2
3
+
1
1
2
k
=
1
4
2
8

1
h + 1
2
3 + k
=
1
4
2
8
h + 1 = 4 and 3 + k = 8
h = 3 k = 5
6
(b) 2
1
h
2
5
+
1
4
2
0
=
1
6
2
k

1
2h 4
2
10 + 0
=
1
6
2
k
2h 4 = 6 and 10 = k
2h = 10 k = 10
h = 5
(c)
1

2 1
5
2
h
3
1
1
2
2
= 2
1
k
2
1

1
5

2
3
2
h

2
6
=
1
2k
2
2

5

2
3 = 2k and
h

2
6 = 2

h

2
= 4
h = 8

2k =
1

2
k =
1

4

39. (a) a
~
+ b
~
= ABBBBB 6
2
+ 8
2
+
ABBBBBBB
3
2
+ ( 4)
2
=
ABBB
100 + ABB 25
= 10 + 5
= 15 units
(b) a
~
+ b
~
= 6i
~
+ 8j
~
+ 3i
~
4j
~
= 9i
~
+ 4j
~
a
~
+ b
~
= ABBBBB 9
2
+ 4
2
=
ABB
97 units
(c) a
~
2b
~
= 6i
~
+ 8j
~
2(3i
~
4j
~
)
= 6i
~
+ 8j
~
6i
~
+ 8j
~
= 16j
~
a
~
2b
~
= ABB 16
2
= 16 units
40. Given p
~
// q
~
Let p
~
= kq
~
1
1
2
2
= k
1
a
2
2
1 = ka and 2 = 2k
k = 1
Substitute k = 1 into 1 = ka,
1 = ka
1 = (1)(a)
a = 1
41. a
~
b
~
=
1
h
2
4

1
3
2
1
=
1
h 3
2
5
Let a
~
b
~
= ka
~

1
h 3
2
5
= k
1
h
2
4
h 3 = kh and 5 = 4k
k =
5

4
Substitute k =
5

4
into h 3 = kh,
h 3 =
5

4
h
h
5

4
h = 3

1

4
h = 3
h = 12
42. P

Q =
1
2
2
4
= 2
1
1
2
2
= 2R

S
Therefore, P

Q and R

S are parallel.
43. P

Q = P

O + O

Q
=
1
1
2
2
+
1
2
2
4
=
1
3
2
6
Q

R = Q

O + O

R
=
1
2
2
4
+
1
4
2
8
=
1
6
2
12
= 6
1
1
2
2
7
P

Q =
1
3
2
6
= 3
1
1
2
2
= 3
1
1

6
Q

R
2
=
1

2
Q

R
Therefore, P, Q and R are collinear.
44. P

Q =
1
2
2
1
P

O + O

Q =
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
3
+ O

Q =
1
2
2
1
O

Q =
1
2
2
1

1
1
2
3
=
1
1
2
4
Therefore, the coordinates of Q are (1, 4).
45. (a) P

Q S

R
=
1
1
2
2

1
5
2
3
=
1
4
2
1
(b) P

Q S

R =
ABBBBBBB
4
2
+ (1)
2
=
ABB
17 units
(c) Unit vector =
1

ABB
17
1
4
2
1
46. (a) 2a
~
3b
~
+ c
~
= 0
~
2[3i
~
+ (1 k)j
~
] 3( 4i
~
+ 5j
~
) + hi
~
+ 7j
~
= 0
~
6i
~
+ 2(1 k)j
~
+ 12i
~
15j
~
+ hi
~
+ 7j
~
= 0
~
(18 + h)i
~
+ [2 2k 15 + 7] j
~
= 0
~
(18 + h)i
~
+ [2k 6] j
~
= 0
~
18 + h = 0 and 2k 6 = 0
h = 18 k = 3
(b) a
~
2b
~
= 3i
~
+ (1 k)j
~
2( 4i
~
+ 5j
~
)
= 3i
~
+ (1 4)j
~
+ 8i
~
10j
~
= 11i
~
13j
~
a
~
2b
~
= ABBBBBBBBB 11
2
+ (13)
2
= ABBB 290 units
Unit vector =
1

ABBB 290
(11i
~
13j
~
)
(c) Let b
~
= mc
~
4i
~
+ 5j
~
= m(hi
~
+ 7j
~
)
= mhi
~
+ 7mj
~
mh = 4 .......................... 1
7m = 5
m =
5

7
.......................... 2
Substitute 2 into 1,

5

7
h = 4
h = 4
1
7

5
2
=
28

5
(d) a
~
= b
~
c
~
3i
~
+ (1 k)j
~
= 4i
~
+ 5j
~
hi
~
7j
~
= ( 4 h)i
~
2j
~
4 h = 3 and 1 k = 2
h = 4 3 k = 1 (2)
= 7 k = 3
(e) a
~
2b
~
= 3i
~
+ (1 k)j
~
2( 4i
~
+ 5j
~
)
= 3i
~
+ 8i
~
+ (k 9)j
~
= 11i
~
+ (1 9)j
~
= 11i
~
10j
~
a
~
2b
~
=
ABBBBBBBBB
11
2
+ (10)
2
= ABBB 221 units
(f) a
~
=
ABBBBBBBBB
3
2
+ (1 k)
2
= 5
3
2
+ (1 k)
2
= 25
(1 k)
2
= 16
1 k = 4
k = 1 4
= 3, 5
(g) 2b
~
c
~
= 2( 4i
~
+ 5j
~
) (hi
~
+ 7j
~
)
= 8i
~
+ 10j
~
hi
~
7j
~
= (8 h)i
~
+ 3j
~
2b
~
c
~
= ABBBBBBBBBB (8 h)
2
+ 3
2
=
ABBB
298
(8 h)
2
+ 3
2
= 298
(8 h)
2
= 298 9
= 289
8 h = 17
h + 8 = 17
= 25, 9
8
47. 2a
~
= 3b
~
2
1
m
2
n 1
= 3
1
n + 2
2
1 m
2m = 3n + 6
2m 3n = 6 ............................ 1
2(n 1) = 3(1 m)
2n 2 = 3 3m
2n = 1 3m
2n + 3m = 1 ......................... 2
1 2, 4m 6n = 12............ 3
2 3, 6n + 9m = 3 ........... 4
3 + 4, 13m = 9
m =
9

13
Substitute m =
9

13
into 2,
2n + 3
1
9

13
2
= 1
2n = 1
27

13
=
40

13
n =
20

13
Therefore, m =
9

13
and n =
20

13
.
1. (a) O

P = 3i
~
+ 5j
~
(b) O

R = 2i
~
7j
~
=
1
2
2
7
2. (a) O

P = 5i
~
+ 12j
~
(b) O

P =
ABBBBBB
5
2
+ 12
2
=
ABBB
169
= 13 units
Unit vector =
1

13
(5i
~
+ 12j
~
)
3. (a) O

A = 8i
~
6j
~
(b) A

B = A

O + O

B
= O

A + O

B
= (8i
~
+ 6j
~
) + 10j
~
= 8i
~
+ 16j
~
=
1
8
2
16
4. A

C = A

B + B

C
=
1
1
2
2
+ A

O
=
1
1
2
2
+
1
2
2
4
=
1
1
2
6
5. P

R + 2Q

R = 5i
~
7j
~
P

O + O

R + 2[Q

O + O

R ] = 5i
~
7j
~
O

P + O

R + 2Q

O + 2O

R = 5i
~
7j
~
O

P + 3O

R 2O

Q = 5i
~
7j
~
( 4i
~
+ 5j
~
) + 3(7i
~
+ 2j
~
) 2(hi
~
+ kj
~
) = 5i
~
7j
~
4i
~
5j
~
+ 21i
~
+ 6j
~
2hi
~
2kj
~
= 5i
~
7j
~
(25 2h)i
~
+ (1 2k)j
~
= 5i
~
7j
~
25 2h = 5 and 1 2k = 7
2h = 20 2k = 8
h = 10 k = 4
6. (a) P

R = P

O + O

R
= O

P + O

R
= (3i
~
4j
~
) + 6i
~
= 3i
~
+ 4j
~
+ 6i
~
= 3i
~
+ 4j
~
(b) P

R =
ABBBBB
3
2
+ 4
2
= 5 units
Unit vector =
1

5
(3i
~
+ 4j
~
)
7. r
~
= 2p
~
3q
~
(h + k)a
~
hb
~
= 2(4a
~
b
~
) 3(2a
~
+ 3b
~
)
= 8a
~
2b
~
+ 6a
~
9b
~
= 14a
~
11b
~
\ h = 11, h + k = 14
11 + k = 14
k = 3
9
8. (a) Let A

B = mB

C
3p
~
2q
~
= m[(1 k)p
~
+ 4q
~
]
= m(1 k)p
~
+ 4mq
~
4m = 2 and m(1 k) = 3
m =
1

2
Substitute m =
1

2
into m(1 k) = 3,
1

1

2
2
(1 k) = 3
1 k = 6
k = 7
(b) A

B =
1

2
B

C
AB =
1

2
BC

AB

BC
=
1

2
AB : BC = 1 : 2
9. (a) P

Q = P

O + O

Q
= O

P + O

Q

1
4
2
6
=
1
2
2
5
+ O

Q
O

Q =
1
4
2
6
+
1
2
2
5
=
1
6
2
11
Therefore, Q = (6, 11).
(b) O

Q =
ABBBBBB
6
2
+ 11
2
=
ABBB
157 units
Unit vector =
1

ABBB
157
(6i
~
+ 11j
~
)
(c) Let A

B = kP

Q

1
4
2
h
= k
1
4
2
6
4k = 4 and h = 6k
k = 1 = 6(1)
= 6
10. (a) B

C = B

A + A

C
= 4p
~
+ 8q
~
(b) D

A = D

B + B

A
=
1

3
C

B + ( 4p
~
)
=
1

3
(4p
~
8q
~
) 4p
~
=
4

3
p
~

8

3
q
~
4p
~
=
8

3
p
~

8

3
q
~
11. (a) (i) A

C = A

B + B

C
= B

A + B

C
= (4x
~
+ 8y
~
) + 6x
~
= 2x
~
8y
~
(ii) A

E = A

B + B

E
= (4x
~
+ 8y
~
) +
1

2
(6x
~
)
= 4x
~
8y
~
+ 3x
~
= x
~
8y
~
(iii) B

D = B

E + E

D
= 3x
~
+
1

3
E

A
= 3x
~
+
1

3
(x
~
+ 8y
~
)
= 3x
~
+
1

3
x
~
+
8

3
y
~
=
10

3
x
~
+
8

3
y
~
(b) B

F = B

C + C

F
= 6x
~
+
1

2
C

A
= 6x
~
+
1

2
(2x
~
+ 8y
~
)
= 6x
~
x
~
+ 4y
~
= 5x
~
+ 4y
~
B

D =
10

3
x
~
+
8

3
y
~
=
2

3
(5x
~
+ 4y
~
)
=
2

3
B

F
Therefore, B, D and F are collinear.
10
(c) A

C = 2x
~
8y
~
2x
~
= 2x
~

= 2 3
= 6 units
8y
~
= 8y
~

= 8 2
= 16 units
A

C = ABBBBBB 6
2
+ 16
2
= ABBB 292 units
12. (a) P

R = P

S + S

R
= 3y
~
+ 6x
~
(b) Given S

T = 2T

R
S

T =
2

3
S

R
=
2

3
(6x
~
)
= 4x
~
Given S

R =
3

2
P

Q
P

Q =
2

3
S

R
=
2

3
(6x
~
)
= 4x
~
Since S

T = P

Q , therefore PQTS is a
parallelogram.
(c) (i) P

A = P

Q + Q

A
=
2

3
S

R + nQ

T
=
2

3
(6x
~
) + n(3y
~
)
= 4x
~
3ny
~
(ii) Given P, A and R are collinear.
Let P

A = kP

R
4x
~
3ny
~
= k(3y
~
+ 6x
~
)
= 3ky
~
+ 6kx
~
6k = 4 and 3k = 3n
k =
2

3
3n = 3
1
2

3
2
= 2
n =
2

3
13. (a) (i) O

S = O

P + P

S
= 9x
~
+
2

3
P

Q
= 9x
~
+
2

3
(P

O + O

Q )
= 9x
~
+
2

3
(9x
~
+ 3y
~
)
= 9x
~
6x
~
+ 2y
~
= 3x
~
+ 2y
~
(ii) Q

R = Q

P + P

R
= (9x
~
3y
~
) +
1

3
P

O
= 9x
~
3y
~
+
1

3
(9x
~
)
= 9x
~
3y
~
3x
~
= 6x
~
3y
~
(b) (i) Q

T = nQ

R
= n(6x
~
3y
~
)
= 6nx
~
3ny
~
(ii) T

S = mO

S
= m(3x
~
+ 2y
~
)
= 3mx
~
+ 2my
~
(c) Q

S = Q

T + T

S
= 6nx
~
3ny
~
+ 3mx
~
+ 2my
~
= (6n + 3m)x
~
+ (2m 3n)y
~
Also Q

S =
1

3
Q

P
=
1

3
(Q

O + O

P )
=
1

3
(3y
~
+ 9x
~
)
= y
~
+ 3x
~
3x
~
y
~
= (6n + 3m)x
~
+ (2m 3n)y
~
6n + 3m = 3
2n + m = 1 ................................. 1
2m 3n = 1 ............................... 2
1 2, 4n + 2m = 2 ................... 3
3 2, 7n = 3
n =
3

7
Substitute n =
3

7
into 1,
2
1
3

7
2
+ m = 1
m = 1
6

7
=
1

7
Therefore, n =
3

7
and m =
1

7
.
11
1. (a) O

B = 4i
~
+ 3j
~
(b) O

B =
ABBBBB
4
2
+ 3
2
= 5 units
Unit vector =
1

5
(4i
~
+ 3j
~
)
(c) B

C =
1
2
2
1
B

O + O

C =
1
2
2
1
O

B + O

C =
1
2
2
1
O

C =
1
2
2
1
+ O

B
=
1
2
2
1
+
1
4
2
3
=
1
2
2
2
Therefore, C = (2, 2).
2. (a)
3
O
A
k
5
k = 4
(b) A

B = A

O + O

B
= O

A + O

B
=
1
3
2
4
+
1
2
2
0
=
1
5
2
4
3. (a) A

B = 12i
~
5j
~
A

O + O

B = 12i
~
5j
~
A

O = (12i
~
5j
~
) O

B
= 12i
~
5j
~
( 4i
~
+ 3j
~
)
= 16i
~
8j
~
O

A = 16i
~
+ 8j
~
Therefore, A = (16, 8).
(b) A

B =
ABBBBBBBB
12
2
+ (5)
2
= 13 units
Unit vector =
1

13
(12i
~
5j
~
)
4. C

D = 12
ABBBBBBB
4
2
+ (k)
2
= 12
16 + k
2
= 144
k
2
= 128
k =
ABBB
128
5. P

Q =
ABBBBBBB
k
2
+ ( 4)
2
\
ABBBBB
k
2
+ 16 = 3k
k
2
+ 16 = 9k
2
8k
2
= 16
k
2
= 2
k =
AB
2
6. 2p
~
q
~
= 4i
~
+ 5j
~
2(ni
~
+ 4j
~
) (6i
~
mj
~
) = 4i
~
+ 5j
~
2ni
~
+ 8j
~
6i
~
+ mj
~
= 4i
~
+ 5j
~
(2n 6)i
~
+ (8 + m)j
~
= 4i
~
+ 5j
~
2n 6 = 4 and 8 + m = 5
n = 5 m = 3
7. (a) p
~
+ q
~
= (5i
~
7j
~
) + (4i
~
+ 3j
~
)
= 9i
~
4j
~
p
~
+ q
~
= ABBBBBBB 9
2
+ ( 4)
2
=
ABB
97 units
(b) kp
~
= (m + 1)q
~
k(5i
~
7j
~
) = (m + 1)(4i
~
+ 3j
~
)
5ki
~
7kj
~
= 4(m + 1)i
~
+ 3(m + 1)j
~
5k = 4(m + 1)
= 4m + 4
5k 4m = 4 ................................. 1
7k = 3(m + 1)
= 3m + 3
7k 3m = 3 ............................... 2
1 7, 35k 28m = 28 ............. 3
2 5, 35k 15m = 15 ........... 4
3 + 4, 43m = 43
m = 1
Substitute m = 1 into 1,
5k 4(1) = 4
5k = 0
k = 0
Therefore, k = 0 and m = 1.
12
8. (a) r
~
+ s
~
= 2r
~

1
k
2
3
+
1
4
2
n
= 2
1
k
2
3

1
k + 4
2
3 + n
=
1
2k
2
6
k + 4 = 2k and 3 + n = 6
k = 4 n = 3
(b) Let r
~
+ s
~
= mr
~

1
k + 4
2
3 + n
= m
1
k
2
3
k + 4 = mk ................................... 1
3 + n = 3m
m =
3 + n

3
............................. 2
Substitute 2 into 1,
k + 4 =
1
3 + n

3
2
k
3k + 12 = 3k + nk
nk = 12
k =
12

n
9. 2a
~
3b
~
= 4c
~

2a
~
3b
~
= 2
1
2
2
3
3
1
k
2
h
=
1
4 3k
2
6 3h
2a
~
3b
~
= ABBBBBBBBBBBBBB (4 3k)
2
+ (6 3h)
2
4c
~
= 4c
~

= 4ABBBBBBB ( 4)
2
+ 3
2
= 4 5
= 20
ABBBBBBBBBBBBBB (4 3k)
2
+ (6 3h)
2
= 20
(4 3k)
2
+ (6 3h)
2
= 400
16 24k + 9k
2
+ 36 36h + 9h
2
= 400
9k
2
+ 9h
2
24k 36h 348 = 0
3k
2
+ 3h
2
8k 12h 116 = 0
10. (a) p
~
+ 2q
~
= ki
~
+ 3j
~
+ 2(3i
~
4j
~
)
= (k + 6)i
~
5j
~
p
~
+ 2q
~
= ABBBBBBBBBBB (k + 6)
2
+ (5)
2
=
ABBB
125
(k + 6)
2
+ 25 = 125
(k + 6)
2
= 100
k + 6 = 10
k = 10 6
= 4, 16
(b) p
~
=
ABBBBB
k
2
+ 3
2
=
ABBBBB
k
2
+ 9
q
~
=
ABBBBBBB
3
2
+ ( 4)
2
= 5
Given p
~
+ 2q
~
= 15

ABBBBB
k
2
+ 9 + 2 5 = 15

ABBBBB
k
2
+ 9 = 5
k
2
+ 9 = 25
k
2
= 16
k = 4
11. (a) B

C = B

A + A

C
= x
~
+ y
~
(b) A

D = A

B + B

D
= x
~
+
2

3
(B

C )
= x
~
+
2

3
(x
~
+ y
~
)
= x
~

2

3
x
~
+
2

3
y
~
=
1

3
x
~
+
2

3
y
~
12. (a) P

T = P

Q + Q

T
= 2x
~
+
3

4
Q

R
= 2x
~
+
3

4
(4y
~
)
= 2x
~
+ 3y
~
(b) P

T = 2(2i
~
+ 3j
~
) + 3(i
~
4j
~
)
= 4i
~
+ 6j
~
+ 3i
~
12j
~
= 7i
~
6j
~
P

T =
ABBBBBBB
7
2
+ ( 6)
2
=
ABB
85 units
13. (a) B

D = B

A + A

D
= 4x
~
+
2

3
A

C
= 4x
~
+
2

3
(A

B + B

C )
= 4x
~
+
2

3
(4x
~
+ 12y
~
)
= 4x
~
+
8

3
x
~
+ 8y
~
=
4

3
x
~
+ 8y
~
(b) A

B = 4x
~

= 4x
~

= 4 3
= 12 units
13
B

C = 12y
~

= 12y
~

= 12 2
= 24 units

12 units
A
B
C
D
24 units
A

C = ABBBBBBB 24
2
12
2
= ABBB 432 units
A

D =
2

3
A

C
=
2

3
ABBB 432 units
B

D = ABBBBBBBBB
4

9
(432) + 12
2
= ABBB 336 units
14. (a) (i) A

F =
2

3
A

B
A

B =
3

2
A

F
=
3

2
(4x
~
)
= 6x
~
(ii) D

C =
2

3
A

B
=
2

3
(6x
~
)
= 4x
~
A

C = A

D + D

C
= 3y
~
+ 4x
~
A

E =
1

2
A

C
=
1

2
(3y
~
+ 4x
~
)
= 2x
~
+
3

2
y
~
(iii) D

F = D

A + A

F
= 3y
~
+ 4x
~
= 4x
~
3y
~
(b) A

F = 4x
~

B = 2x
~

\ Area of ACF = 2 Area of BCF

= 2 12
= 24 unit
2
15. (a) P

T = P

S + S

T
= (2x
~
4y
~
) + (8x
~
+ 4y
~
)
= 6x
~
(b)
PT

TQ
=
m

1
m =
PT

TQ
=
6x
~

2x
~

=
3

1
= 3
(c) T

R = T

S + S

R
= 8x
~
4y
~
+ 8x
~
= 4y
~
(d) S

P = 2x
~
+ 4y
~

2x
4y
S
O
P
~
~
S

O = 2x
~

= 2x
~

= 2 3
= 6 units
P

O = 4y
~

= 4 4
= 16 units
S

P =
ABBBBBB
16
2
+ 6
2
= ABBB 292 units
16. (a) (i)
a
b
A
M
B
N
y
x
O
~
~
14
O

N =
1

2
O

B
=
1

2
b
~
(ii) O

M = O

A + A

M
= a
~
+
1

2
A

B
= a
~
+
1

2
(A

O + O

B )
= a
~
+
1

2
(a
~
+ b
~
)
= a
~

1

2
a
~
+
1

2
b
~
=
1

2
a
~
+
1

2
b
~
(b) (i) O

L = hO

M
= h
1
1

2
a
~
+
1

2
b
~
2
=
1

2
ha
~
+
1

2
hb
~
(ii) A

L = kA

N
A

O + O

L = k(A

O + O

N )
a
~
+ O

L = k
1
a
~
+
1

2
b
~
2
O

L = ka
~
+
1

2
kb
~
+ a
~
= (1 k)a
~
+
1

2
kb
~
Compare (i) and (ii)

1

2
h = 1 k
h = 2 2k ....................... 1

1

2
k =
1

2
h
k = h ............................... 2
Substitute 2 into 1,
h = 2 2h
3h = 2
h =
2

3
From 2, k =
2

3
Therefore, h =
2

3
and k =
2

3
.
17. (a) (i) O

M = O

A + A

M
= u
~
+
1

2
A

B
= u
~
+
1

2
(A

O + O

B )
= u
~
+
1

2
(u
~
+ v
~
)
= u
~

1

2
u
~
+
1

2
v
~
=
1

2
u
~
+
1

2
v
~
(ii) A

T =
1

4
A

B
=
1

4
(u
~
+ v
~
)
=
1

4
u
~
+
1

4
v
~
(b) Since AOT and AOB has the base ratio
AT : AB = 1 : 4 with O as the vertex, therefore
the area of AOT
=
1

4
Area of AOB
=
1

4
24
= 6 unit
2
(c) u
~
v
~
= B

A
u
~
v
~
= B

A

M
B
O
30
1
2

~ ~
(u v)
10
sin 30 =
BM

10
BM = 5
u
~
v
~
= 2 5
= 10 units