Probability Distributions

19

1. (a) X = {Number of heads}

= {0, 1, 2, 3}

3. Let X represent the number of blue marbles

obtained.
8
3
p = , q =
20
5
2
=
5

(b) X = {Number of blue marbles}

= {0, 1, 2}
(c) X = {Number of trials that hit the target}

= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

(a) P(X = 1) = 5C1p1q4

2 3


= 5C1
5 5


= 0.2592

1 21 2

2. Let X represents the number of heads.

p = P(H), q = P(T)
1
1
=
=
2
2
(a) P(X = 3) = 3C3p3q0
1 3 1 0


= 3C3
2
2
1


=
8

(b) P(X < 2) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)

= 5C0p0q5 + 5C1pq4 + 5C2p2q3
2 0 3 5
2 3 4


= 5C0 + 5C1
5
5
5 5
2
3
2
3
5


+ C2
5
5


= 0.6826

1 21 2
1 21 2

1 21 2

(b) P(X = 1) = 3C1p1q2

1 1 1


= 3C1
2
2
3
=
8

1 21 2

(c) P(X > 1) = 1 P(X = 0)

= 1 5C0p0q5
2 0 3


= 1 5C0
5
5


= 0.9222

1 21 2

4. 2(y + 2y) = 1
1

3y =
2
1

y =
6

1 21 2

1 21 2

Alternative
P(X > 1) = 1 P(X = 0)

= 1 3C0p0q3
1 0 1

= 1 3C0
2
2
1

= 1
8
7

=
8

1 21 2

1 21 2

(c) P(X > 1) = P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3)

= 3C1p1q2 + 3C2p2q1 + 3C3p3q0
1 1 2
1 2 1


= 3C1 + 3C2
2 2
2
2
3
0
1
1
3


+ C3
2
2
3
3
1


=++
8
8
8
7


=
8

1
4
5. p = , q = , n = 50
5
5
(a) Mean = np
1


= 50
5


= 10

1 21 2

(b) Variance = npq

4
= 10
5

=8
8
Standard deviation = AB

 6. Let X represents the number of goals scored.

p = 0.85, q = 0.15
(a) P(X = 10) = 10C10p10q0


= 10C10(0.85)10(0.15)0


= 0.1969
(b) P(X < 3)

= P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3)

= 10C0p0q10 + 10C1p1q9 + 10C2p2q8 + 10C3p3q7

= 10 C 0 (0.85) 0 (0.15) 10 + 10 C 1 (0.85) 1 (0.15) 9
+ 10C2(0.85)2(0.15)8 + 10C3(0.85)3(0.15)7

= 0.0001346

f(z)
0.703

(d)

7. np = 120................................ 1
npq = 40.................................. 2

P(Z . 0.416)
= P(Z , 0.416 or Z . 0.416)
= P(Z , 0.416) + P(Z . 0.416)
= 0.3387 + 0.3387
= 0.6774

52.4 50
(c) z =
5

= 0.48
11. = 1.5, s = 0.3
Let X represents the diameters of ball bearing
(a) P(X . 1.8)

8. Y = {y : 29C < y < 39C}

9. (a) P(Z < 1) = 1 0.1587


= 0.8413

(b) P(X , 1.2)

(c) P(1.2 , X , 1.8)

f(z)
0.8413

P(1.2 , Z , 0.52)
= P(Z , 0.52) P(Z , 1.2)
= 0.3015 0.1151
= 0.1864

1.2 1.5
(b) P(X , 1.2) = P Z ,
0.3


= P(Z , 1)


= 0.1587

(c) P(1.2 , X , 1.8)

1.2 1.5
1.8 1.5

= P , Z ,
0.3
0.3

= P(1 , Z , 1)

= 1 2P(Z . 1)

= 1 2(0.1587)

= 0.6826

0.1864

1.2 0.52 0

1.8 1.5
12. (a) P(X . 1.8) = P Z .
0.3


= P(Z . 1)


= 0.1587

f(z)

(c)

45 50
(b) z =
5

= 1

1 2

1.043

10. = 50, s = 5
x
(a) z =
s
65
50

=
5

=3

Substitute 1 into 2,
120q = 40
1
q =
3
p = 1 q
2

=
3
2
Substitute p = into 1,
3
2
n = 120
3
3

n = 120
2

= 180

(b)

1.043 0

P(Z , 1.043)
= P(1.043 , Z , 1.043)
= 1 2P(Z . 1.043)
= 1 2 0.1485
= 0.703

 13. = m gram, s = 0.2 gram

Let X be the weight of the prawn.

P(X , 2) = 0.1
2m
P Z , = 0.1
0.2

zm = 1.282
2m
= 1.282

0.2

m = 2 + 1.282 0.2

= 2.256

1. n = 7, p = 0.6, q = 1 0.6 = 0.4

Let X represents the number of candidates who passed
the test.
P(X = 5) = 7C5p5q2

= 7C5(0.6)5(0.4)2

= 0.2613

f(z)

2. Given P(t , Z , 0) = 0.2431

P(Z , t) = 0.5 0.2431

= 0.2569

0.1

0.697
3. (a) P(Z . k) = 0.5
2


= 0.1515


k = 1.03

zm

14. = 12 cm, s = 0.08 cm

Let X be the length of straw.

P(X . t) = 0.8
t 12
P Z . = 0.8
0.08

zt = 0.842
t 12
= 0.842

0.08

t = 12 0.842 0.08

= 11.93

(b) = 80, s2 = 9


s = 3
x

zk =
s
x
80

1.03 =
3

x = 80 + 3 1.03

= 83.09

4. = 152 cm, s = 10 cm
Let X represents the height.
x
(a) z =
s
x
152

0.4 =
10

4 = x 152

x = 156

f(z)
0.8

zt

15. (a) = 25 cm, s = m cm

Let X represents the diameter of the wheel.
1


P(X . 26) =
100
26 25

P Z . = 0.01
m


zm = 2.326
26 25
= 2.326


m
1


m =
2.326


= 0.4299

(b) P(X , 140)

140 152

= P Z ,
10

= P(Z , 1.2)

= 0.1151

0.01

zm

The percentage of students with height less than

140 cm is 0.1151 100% = 11.51%

5. = 6.3, s = ABBB
1.21 = 1.1
x
(a) z =
s
5.9 6.3

=
1.1

= 0.3636

f(z)

The height is 156 cm.

(b) P(5.9 < X < 6.3)

6.3 6.3
5.9 6.3

= P < Z <
1.1
1.1

= P(0.3636 < Z < 0)

= 0.5 P(Z > 0.3636)

= 0.5 0.3581

= 0.1419

(a)

(b)
npq = 212

n(0.3)(0.7) = 212
212


n =
(0.3)(0.7)


= 2100

The population of the pupils is 2100.

f(z)
0.1419

0.3636 0

8. (a)

6. (a) p = 0.8, q = 0.2, n = 6

Let X be the number of pupils who walk to
school.

(i) P(X = 4) = 6C4p4q2



= 6C4(0.8)4(0.2)2



= 0.2458

(ii)

P(X . 5) = P(X = 6)

= 6C6p6q0

= 6C6(0.8)6(0.2)0

= 0.2621

(b) = 6.2 cm, s = 0.8 cm

Let X represents the length of fish.

(i) P(X < 5.0)
5 6.2


= P Z <
0.8


= P(Z < 1.5)


= 0.0668

(ii)

P(X . k) = 0.7
k 6.2
Z . = 0.7
0.8
k
6.2

= zk
0.8
= 0.524
k = (0.524)(0.8) + 6.2
= 5.781

(ii) q = 1 0.4 = 0.6

Let X be the number of times hitting the
target.

P(X > 1)

= 1 P(X = 0)

= 1 8C0p0q8

= 1 8C0(0.4)0(0.6)8

= 0.9832

f(z)

0.1908

0.7

8, mean = 3.2
Mean = 3.2
np = 3.2
8p = 3.2

p = 0.4

f(z)

n=
(i)

(b) = 55.5 kg, s = 12 kg

Let X represents the mass of worker.

(i) P(X , 45)
45 55.5


= P Z ,
12


= P(Z , 0.875)


= 0.1908

P(X > 3)
= 1 [P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)]
= 1 [8C0p0q8 + 8C1p1q7 + 8C2p2q6]
= 1 [ 8 C 0 (0.3) 0 (0.7) 8 + 8 C 1 (0.3) 1 (0.7) 7
+ 8C2(0.3)2(0.7)6]
= 0.4482

zk

7. p = 0.3, q = 0.7
Let X be the number of girls selected.

0.875 0

(ii)

P(X . k) = 0.15
k
55.5
P Z . = 0.15
12

zk = 1.036
k 55.5

= 1.036

12

k = 12(1.036) + 55.5

= 67.93

(b) P(X > 1) = P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3)

= 0.2 + 0.3 + 0.4


= 0.9

f(z)

0.15

2. Let P be the probability running below 15 seconds.

p = 0.6, q = 0.4
n=8

zk

9. = 12 g, s = 4 g
(a) P(Grade B) = P(15 , X < 20)
15 12
20 12


= P , Z <
4
4


= P(0.75 , Z < 2)


= P(Z . 0.75) P(Z . 2)


= 0.2266 0.0228


= 0.2038

P(exactly 5 persons ran below 15 seconds)

= 8C5p5q3
= 8C5(0.6)5(0.4)3
= 0.2787

3. Let p represents the probability a family has at least

one car, p = 0.9, q = 0.1, n = 10
Let X represents the number of families having at least
one car.
P(X > 8) = P(X = 8) + P(X = 9) + P(X = 10)

= 10C8p8q2 + 10C9p9q1 + 10C10p10q0

= 10 C 8 (0.9) 8 (0.1) 2 + 10 C 9 (0.9) 9 (0.1)

+ 10C10(0.9)10(0.1)0

= 0.9298

f(z)
0.2038

0.75

(b) P(Grade A) = P(X . 20)

20 12


= P Z .
4


= P(Z . 2)


= 0.0228

4. Let p represents the probability that the bulb is not

defective.
p = 0.8 and q = 0.2, n = 8

Let X be the number of bulbs that are not defective.

P(X < 2) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)

= 8C0p0q8 + 8C1p1q7 + 8C2p2q6

= 8 C 0 (0.8) 0 (0.2) 8 + 8 C 1 (0.8) 1 (0.2) 7

+ 8C2(0.8)2(0.2)6

= 0.001231

Number of eggs of grade A = 0.0228 20 000

= 456
P(X , m) = 0.75
m 12
P Z , = 0.75
4
m 12

= zm
4

= 0.674

m = 4 0.674 + 12

= 14.696

(c)

5. P(Z . k) = 0.1

k = 1.282
P(0 , Z , k) = 2P(m , Z , 0)

0.5 0.1 = 2P(m , Z , 0)
P(m , Z , 0) = 0.2

m = 0.525

f(z)

f(z)
0.2

0.75

zm

0.3 m

6. (a) P(Z , k) = 0.3

k = 0.524
x
z =
s
x 63

0.524 =
3

x = 63 + 3(0.524)

= 61.428

(b)
1. (a) P(X = 3) = 1 P(X = 0) P(X = 1) P(X = 2)


= 1 0.1 0.2 0.3


= 0.4

x
7. z =
s
58

0.5 =
2
= 58 2(0.5)
= 57

Let X represents the number of tries that hit the

target.
(i) P(X . 6) = P(X = 7) + P(X = 8)


= 8C7p7q1 + 8C8p8q0


= 8C7(0.7)7(0.3)1 + 8C8(0.7)8(0.3)0


= 0.2553

8. = 60 kg, s = 5 kg
(a)
P(60 , X , k) = 0.35

(ii) P(X = 3) = 8C3p5q3

= 8C3(0.7)5(0.3)3


= 0.2541

2
2

60 60 , Z ,
k 60 = 0.35
P
5
5
k

60 = 0.35

P 0 , Z ,
5
k 60 = 1.036

5 k = 60 + 5(1.036)

(b) = mean = median = 500 ml, s = 10 ml

Let X be the volume of bottle.

(i) P(488 , X , 502)

= 65.18
f(z)
0.35

10. (a)

(ii)

0 0.2

1.2

P(500 , X , t) = 0.4

500 500 , Z ,
t 500 = 0.4
P
10
10
t

500 = 0.4

P 0 , Z ,
10
t 500 = 1.282

10
t = 1.282 10 + 500
= 512.82

2
2

f(z)
0.4

(b) P(X . 14.5)

= 1 0.3085

= 0.6915

0.4642

9. Median = mode = 15 cm, s = 1 cm

Let X be the length of ruler.
(a) P(X , 14.5)
14.5 15

= P Z ,
1

= P(Z , 0.5)

= 0.3085

488 500 , Z ,
502 500
= P
10
10
= P(1.2 , Z , 0.2)
= 1 P(Z , 1.2) P(Z . 0.2)
= 1 0.1151 0.4207
= 0.4642

The number of washing machines that have mass

greater than k
= 1200 0.15
= 180

f(z)

k 60

(b) P(X . k) = P(X . 65.18)
65.18 60


= P Z .
5


= P(Z . 1.036)


= 0.15

11. (a)

Number of rulers that have length more than

14.5 cm
= 0.6915 50 000
= 34 575
p = probability on target
= 0.7
q = 1 0.7
= 0.3
n = 8

Variance = 100

npq = 100................ 2

Substitute 1 into 2,
300q = 100
1
q =
3
p = 1 q
2
=
3

p = The probability of family having one child.

Mean = 300, variance = 100
Mean = 300
np = 300..................... 1

t
500
10

2
Substitute p = into 1,
3
2
n = 300
3
3

n = 300
2

= 450
2
Therefore, p = and n = 450.
3

1 2

f(z)

zt

0.2

zm

12. (a) Mean = 1500 months,

standard deviation = 30 months

Let X be the life span.

(i) P(X , 1480)
1480 1500


= P Z ,
30


= P(Z , 0.667)


= 0.2524

z = 1.405

Therefore, n = 1542

(i)

Let X be the number of times hitting the

target.

P(X = 1) = P(X = 2)

n
C1p1qn 1 = nC2p2qn 2
1 1 n 1 n(n 1)
1 2
1 n2
n
=
2 2
2
2
2
n
n
1
1
n(n
1)

n =
2
2
2
n(n
1)

n =
2

2n = n2 n

n2 3n = 0

n(n 3) = 0

n = 0, 3
Therefore, n = 3.

(ii) Mean = np = 50
1


r = 50
2


r = 100

1 21 2

1 2

1 21 2
1 2

1 2

13. (a) p = 0.8, q = 0.2

Let X be the number of scores.

0.2524

f(z)

0.667 0

(b) p = probability of hitting the target

1

=
2
1

q =
2

(ii) Let t be the maximum mark for band 3.

P(X , t) = 0.1
t 70

P Z , = 0.1
5
t
70

= 1.282
5


t = 70 + 5(1.282)


= 63.59

0.1

0.08

(ii)

f(z)

(b) Let X be the marks.

(i) Let m be the minimum mark to score band
1.



P(X > m) = 0.2
m 70


P Z . = 0.2
5



zm = 0.842
m 70

= 0.842
5



m = 70 + 5 0.842



= 74.21

P(X . n) = 0.08
n 1500
P Z . = 0.08
30
n
1500
= 1.405

30

n = 1500 + 30(1.405)

= 1542.15

(i)

P(X , 3)
= P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3)
= 8C0p0q8 + 8C1p1q7 + 8C2p2q6 + 8C3p3q5
= 8C0(0.8)0(0.2)8 + 8C1(0.8)(0.2)7
+ 8C2(0.8)2(0.2)6 + 8C3(0.8)3(0.2)5
= 0.01041

(ii)

P(X > 1) = 0.92
1 P(X = 0) = 0.92
1 nC0p0qn = 0.92
1 (1)(1)(0.2)n = 0.92

(0.2)n = 1 0.92

= 0.08

n log10 0.2 = log10 0.08
log10 0.08

n =
log10 0.2

= 1.569

Therefore, n = 2

(b) (i)

x

z =
s
10
1 =
s
10 = s
s = 10.......................... 1
12

2 =
s

2s = 12
+ 2s = 12......................... 2

2 1,


3s = 2
2
s =
3

Variance = 4

npq = 4........... 2

Substitute 1 into 2,
12q = 4
1
q =
3

(ii) P(X > 6)

= P(X = 6) + P(X = 7) + P(X = 8)

= 8C6p6q2 + 8C7p7q1 + 8C8p8q0
2 6 1 2
2 7 1 1

= 8C6 + 8C7
3
3
3
3
2 8 1 0

+ 8C8
3
3

= 0.4682

2
Substitute s = into 1,
3
2
= 10

3
2

= 10 +
3
2

= 10
3

(ii) P(9 , X , 11)

2
2
9 10
11 10
3
3

= P , Z ,
2
2

3
3

= P(2.5 , Z , 0.5)

= 1 P(Z , 2.5) P(Z . 0.5)

= 1 0.00621 0.3085

= 0.6853

Mean = 12
np = 12.............. 1

14. (a) (i)

2
p =
3

1 2

2
In 1, n = 12
3
3

n = 12
2

= 18
2
Therefore, p = and the number of trials,
3
n = 18

1 21 2
1 21 2

1 21 2

(b) = 5.2, s = 0.5

Let X represents the time, in hour.

(i) P(X , 5)
5 5.2


= P Z ,
0.5


= P(Z , 0.4)


= 0.3446

f(z)

P(X . t) = 0.6
t 5.2
P Z . = 0.6
0.5

zt = 0.253
t 5.2

= 0.253
0.5

t = (0.253)(0.5) + 5.2

= 5.0735

(ii)

f(z)

0.6853

2.5

0.6
0 0.5

Hence, the percentage is 68.53%.

zt