Network Planning General

www.awe-com.
com
2012 by AWE Communications GmbH
Radio Network
Planning
2012 by AWE Communications GmbH 2
Contents

Motivation

Overview

Network Planning Module
Propagation
Frequency carriers
Definition of TRX properties
Specification of air interface (LTE, UMTS, WiMAX, WLAN, ..)
Distributed antenna and MIMO antenna systems
Cell assignment
Interference computation
Predicted results

The performance of wireless communication networks depends
on an efficient architecture of the network

Coverage limited by signal and/or interference power

Radio networks require planning due to frequency reuse

For high data rate services exist strong requirements with
respect to the signal-to-noise-and-interference-ratio at each
receiver location

Network planning allows to simulate the coverage before the
deployment

Optimization of radio network based on simulation results

Network planning is required to analyze the performance
of the wireless network
Motivation
Overview
Network Planning with WinProp
Propagation Models for different scenarios
Rural/suburban, urban, indoor
Multiple prediction heights
Seamless transition urban indoor
Definition of frequency carriers according to air interface (number, bandwidth, ...)
Deployment of transmitters with configuration of antenna and carrier assignment
Computation of best server for each pixel in the simulation area
Interference computation depending on air interface (inter-cell interference
and/or multipath interference)
Air Interfaces
OFDM / SOFDMA (LTE, WiMAX, WLAN, )
CDMA / WCDMA / HSPA (UMTS, )
TDMA (GSM, EDGE, TETRA, )
FDMA (Broadcast, )
Individual simulation for each transmission mode (modulation & coding scheme)
Received power & SNIR
Min. required Tx powers (DL / UL)
Cell areas, best server
Max data rates, throughput
Network
Planning Module
Def. of Air Interface
Multiple Access
Duplex Mode
Transmission Modes
Cell Assignment
Module Inputs Module Outputs
Network Planning
Wave Propagation
path loss prediction
for each transmitter
simulation area
Cell Area, Best Server
Received Signal Level
Nr. Sites/Cells/Carriers
Tx power (DL / UL)
Coverage Probability
Network Planning with WinProp
SNIR, Eb/No, Ec/Io
Overview
Max. Data Rates
Max. Throughput
Simulation Parameters
Cell load
Noise rise in uplink
Outputs to be computed
Wave Propagation (1/ 2)

Highly accurate wave propagation
models for rural, suburban, urban
indoor, and tunnel environments

Hybrid scenarios:
Smooth transition between indoor,
urban, and rural in one simulation

Consideration of 3D vector building
databases (urban & indoor),
topography (pixel), and clutter
(pixel) data
Wave Propagation (2/ 2)
Angular profile
Prediction on multiple heights
for indoor scenarios
Propagation paths

Propagation on multiple height levels
Absolute / Relative to defined building floors

Propagation paths

Calculation of spatial channel impulse
response, delay spread, angular spread &
angular profile at Tx and Rx
Spatial channel impulse response
Frequency Carriers

Definition of carriers
Bandwidth (for noise power)
Carrier separation
Frequency (downlink center)
ID of carrier
Duplex separation (DL / UL)
Available / not available

Carrier list in ProMan
Single / multi carrier (1st column)
Green color indicates assigned carrier
black color means not assigned
Red color means not available carrier
grey color assigned but Tx disabled

Carrier Assignment
On antenna/cell level
Single carrier or group can be assigned
Combination of multiple carriers to group
Carrier list in ProMan
Spectrum divided in frequency carriers
Transmitter Definition (1/ 5)

Site definition
Name
Location
Type
- Site with sectors
- Leaky feeder cable
- Satellite
Number of transmitters

Site properties
Initial properties for new sites
Default properties
Noise figure, cable loss,
Prediction area
- Individual rectangular area
- Total area (as defined on simulation page)
- Local area around transmitter (radius)

List of antennas for each site

Name of antenna

Location of antenna
x / Longitude, y / Latitude, z / Height

Enabled / disabled

RF parameters
Carrier assignment
Tx power
Noise figure, cable loss,

Antenna
Azimuth, downtilt
Antenna pattern
.
Properties of TRX
Selection of carriers assigned to TRX
Properties of TRX
Properties
of carrier
Tx Power (Downlink)
Power ratio for interference
List of all carriers
available in network
TRX properties:
- Noise Figure
- Cable loss
- .
Antenna Pattern
Carrier
Location

Leaky feeder cable

Draw route with the mouse

Definition of height

RF parameters
Power at start point
Cable loss along the leaky feeder cable [dB/100m]
Coupling loss [dB]
Distance for coupling loss [m]

Feeder cable for antennas

Draw route with the mouse

Modification of coordinates (height)

RF parameters
Definition of specific loss
Computation of length
Resulting cable loss
Assignment to antenna via
individual TRX properties

Type
Definition of handheld/portable equipment

Services
Multiple services for each mobile/subscriber station possible
(selected from list in air interface settings transmission modes)
Definition of min. required SNIR (and power) for each service individually

Settings
Max. Tx power
Noise Figure
Fast Fading Margin
Antenna Gain
General Losses
Mobile/ Subscriber Station

BS power definitions
Output power of the power amplifier (OPA): P
C
= P
A
- Cable Loss, P
E
= P
C
+ BS Antenna Gain
EIRP or ERP mode: P
E
defined directly by user (incl. cable loss and BS antenna gain)

MS power definitions
P
R1
is the received power incl. the MS antenna gain
Propagation results & settings do not include MS antenna gain (power (P
R2
), path loss, )
Path loss independent of the power mode (OPA, EIRP, ERP) and cable loss: PL = P
E
- P
R2
Network planning results:
BS and MS antenna gain
included:
P
R1
(max. received MS power)
P
A
(min. BS transmit power)
Power Definitions for Downlink

MS power definitions
P
M
always output power of the power amplifier (OPA) without MS Antenna Gain
EIRP or ERP mode for MS not possible

BS power definitions
P
B
is the received power incl. the MS and BS antenna gains
Propagation results: same path loss as in downlink
Path loss independent of the power mode (OPA, EIRP, ERP) and cable loss
Network planning results:
BS and MS antenna gain
included:
P
B
(max. received BS power)
P
M
(min. MS transmit power)
Power Definitions for Uplink
Air Interface (1/ 5): Overview

Multiple Access
(e.g. OFDM/SOFDMA)

Duplex separation mode
(FDD / TDD)

MIMO technology

Carriers defined

Transmission Modes
- MCS
- Priority
- Data Rate DL and UL

Cell assignment
- Highest received power
(of all carriers/received carriers)
- Highest SNIR
(of all carriers/received carriers)
- Min. required SNIR in DL
Definition of air interface

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (as example)
Tx Power Settings
Split between sub-carriers
Back-off possible e.g. for pilot
Sampling Rate
(e.g. 384/250 for LTE)
Cell Load
controls Tx power in DL
or nr. of used sub-carriers
Sub-carriers
FFT order
guard sub-carriers
Air Interface (2/ 5): Multiple Access

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (as example)
Symbols
Split of resource elements
Frequency and time domain
See figure below
Resource Blocks
Nr. of sub-carriers per RB
Fractional load (RB level)
Air Interface (3/ 5): Multiple Access

Specification of an arbitrary number of transmission modes
Name: MCS - code rate
Priority: Impacts filling of resources (overall throughput)
Transmission direction
Bidirectional, DL only, UL only
Modulation
BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
Code Rate
1/3, 1/2, 3/4, 4/5,
Number of resource blocks
Data rate incl. overhead
Min. required SNIR target
Min. required received signal level at BTS and SS
Power back-off
Air Interface (4/ 5): Transmission Modes

Duplex Mode:
TDD or FDD mode can be selected
(identical for all BTS in network)
FDD
Specification of carrier separation of UL and DL
(identical for all carriers)
TDD
Definition of switching type
Definition of transmission blocks
with number and length
Ratio inside each block
Resulting overall ratios for DL and UL
automatically computed and
considered in network simulation
Air Interface (5/ 5): Duplex Mode
Distributed Antenna and MIMO Antenna Systems (1/ 2)
Antenna Type Signal Group MI MO Stream
Conventional antenna Individual Not available
Antenna belonging to DAS A / B / C / No MIMO
Antenna belonging to MIMO A / B / C / MIMO stream 1 / stream 2

Different antenna types

Computation
of Rx power
Antenna Type Received Power
Conventional antenna Received power from serving cell
Antenna belonging to
distributed antenna system
(DAS)
Superposition of received power
values from all antennas
belonging to DAS of serving cell
Antenna belonging to MIMO
system
Superposition of received power
values from all antennas
transmitting the same MIMO
stream as the serving cell
Distributed Antenna and MIMO Antenna Systems (2/ 2)

Computation of interference
Antenna 1 Antenna 2
Interference
(same carrier)
Conventional antenna Conventional antenna Yes
Conventional antenna Antenna belonging to DAS A Yes
Antenna belonging to DAS A Antenna belonging to DAS A No
Antenna belonging to DAS A
MI MO Stream 1
MI MO Stream 1
No
MI MO Stream 1
MI MO Stream 2
Yes
Antenna belonging to DAS A Antenna belonging to DAS B Yes
MIMO Technology (1/ 2)

Definition of separate antenna
for each MIMO antenna element

Carrier assignment for MIMO antenna
- Definition of same signal group ID
- Assignment of individual MIMO stream
MIMO Technology (2/ 2)

Signaling overhead (spatial multiplex)

Beamforming improves antenna gain

Interference between MIMO streams
- No interference (ideal separation)
- Relative contribution to interference
- Location dependent contribution

Consideration of MIMO at MS
- Computation of power and data rate
- Superposition of data rate at MS

Example of distributed MIMO 2x2

Visualization of results
with additional output
Comparison DAS and MIMO Antenna Systems

Consideration at carrier assignment for antenna (signal group ID)

Configuration left: Both antennas form a DAS (Signal Group A)

Configuration right: Both are MIMO antennas (Signal Group A) and transmit
individual MIMO streams (site 1 MIMO stream 1 and site 2 MIMO stream 2)
Cell Assignment - Serving Cell (1/ 2)

Highest Rx power among the carriers received
First the received carriers are determined based on the given criteria for SNIR and
received power (optional). From the remaining received carriers the one with highest
received power is chosen.

Highest Rx power of all carriers in the network
First the carrier with the highest received power is chosen. If this carrier meets the
criteria for SNIR and received power (optional) it is taken as serving cell. If the criteria
are not met, the pixel is referred to as not served (not computed in result map).

Highest SNIR among the carriers received
First the received carriers are determined based on the given criteria for SNIR and
received power (optional). From the remaining received carriers the one with the
highest SNIR is chosen as serving cell.

Highest SNIR of all carriers in the network
First the carrier with the highest SNIR is chosen. If this carrier meets the criteria for
SNIR and received power (optional) it is taken as serving cell. If the criteria are not
met, the pixel is referred to as not served (not computed in result map).
Cell Assignment - Serving Cell (2/ 2)

Example with two cells A and B and the following criteria
Min. required SNIR 3 dB
Min. required received power -90 dBm
Criterion
Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4
Cell A Cell B Cell A Cell B Cell A Cell B Cell A Cell B
Received power at receiver
pixel
-80.0
dBm
-85.0
dBm
-80.0
dBm
-85.0
dBm
-80.0
dBm
-92.0
dBm
-80.0
dBm
-95.0
dBm
SNIR at receiver pixel 4.0 dB 4.5 dB 2.0 dB 4.5 dB 3.2 dB 4.5 dB 2.0 dB 4.5 dB
Selection Mode Serving cell Serving cell Serving cell Serving cell
Highest Rx power
among the carriers
received
Cell A Cell B Cell A not served
Highest Rx power
of all carriers in the
network
Cell A
not served
(SNIR not met)
Cell A not served
Highest SNIR
among the carriers
received
Cell B Cell B Cell A not served
Highest SNIR
of all carriers in the
network
Cell B Cell B
not served
(rec. power not
met)
not served
Transmission Mode Priority

Sorting of transmission modes
- according to priority
- DL / UL data rate
- Order used for result tree

Priority affects throughput
- Mode with highest priority
is analyzed first
- Allocating radio resources
- Filling up with lower priority modes

Max. throughput for priority according to feasible DL data rate

Otherwise radio resources are used by transmission modes with lower data
rate but higher priority
Individual Analysis of Downlink and Uplink

Transmission modes can be defined in different ways

Bidirectional, DL only, UL only

If one direction is blocked
mode not available

Individual analysis feasible

Computed results:
- DL Tx Power BS: min. required power for service (incl. power control)
- DL Rx Power MS: max. available power for service (full power transmission)
- DL SNIR: max. available SNIR for service (full power transmission)
- UL Tx Power MS: min. required power for service (incl. power control)
- UL Rx Power BS: max. available power for service (full power transmission)
- UL SNIR: max. available SNIR for service (full power transmission)
Definition of Cell Load (Interference)

Definition of relative transmit power if no traffic is considered

Interference (SNIR) calculation influenced by this parameter
Value indicates how much of the data transmission power should be
considered for the interference calculation
50% means 50% of the linear data transmission power (in Watts)
Data transmission power is calculated based on total transmit power,
the power split (data/reference/control) and the power backoff value
Controls either Tx power or number of sub-carriers used

Cell load can be defined globally or individually for each transmitter

Inter-cell interference (other cells using the same carrier)
Interference computation based on cell assignment
Tx power of interfering BS is specified relative to max. Tx power
of the BS (e.g. 80% of max. power)
- For all BTS in the network homogenously
- For each BTS individually
- Especially important if frequency reuse factor is equal to 1 (or 3)
- Sub-channelization can be modeled (if adjacent cells use different sub-carriers to reduce the
interference)
Cell load by relative Tx power of interfering cells is suitable to define typical and/or
worst case scenario (sufficient for network planning)
Actual traffic (load) of BTS depending on the number of users in the cell is not
considered to determine Tx power because
- Actual Tx power depends on transmission modes
- Resource management must be included in simulator to decide which user/traffic is
transmitted in which transmission mode

typically resource management is operator
dependent and cannot be handled in an external planning tool
Network Simulation (Interference)

Network projects with multiple assigned (frequency) carriers
Results provided for each carrier
individually
- Based on individual cell assignment
- Assuming only the investigated
carrier is currently available
Superposed results considering
all carriers in the network
- Based on final cell assignment
considering all carriers
- Results for serving cell are given
- Data rate and throughput results
are not superposed
Simulation of each carrier individually
Simulation Results (depending on air interface)

General results
Best server, cell/site areas
Max received power (DL/UL)
Max data rate (DL/UL)

Cell assignment (control)
Received power level
SNIR or Eb/No
Received sites, cells, carriers

Transmission mode results
Max Rx power MS (full power BS)
Min Tx power BS
Max SNIR (full power BS)
Max data rate per user
Number of streams
Max throughput
For each
transmission
mode
Cell
Assignment
General
results
Pilot results
LTE specific
results
Cell Areas

Knowledge of
best server especially
important for
cellular networks

Useful to avoid
cell overloads

Computed
based on
defined cell
assignment
mode

Evaluating
pilot/control
channel
Cell areas for LTE network
Network Planning Module Predicted Results
Best Server Map and Site Areas in Building

Best server map indicates which carrier is received best

Site area map shows the dominating site over the simulation area
Max. Received Signal Level

Reception level on different (and
multiple) heights

Reception level on street level and in
different building floors
1.5m above ground 5.0m above ground 13.0m above ground
Rx Power, SNIR and Max. Throughput in Building

Prediction of received signal level

Prediction of SNIR

Computation of overall throughput
Signal/ Noise & Interference Ratio (SNIR)

Essential for selection of feasible MCS data rate / throughput

Computed for each transmission mode individually
Prediction height: 25m above ground
Prediction height: 1.5m above ground
Max. achievable Data Rates

Max. achievable data rates on different (and multiple)
heights for various air interfaces
Required Tx Power for BS and MS (i.e. DL & UL)

Required Tx power for a connection between MS and BS for each
transmission mode (MCS)

Actual Tx power can be higher depending on traffic load (and
interference situation)
Prediction height:
25m above ground
Prediction height:
1.5m above ground
Reception Probability (Coverage)

Consideration of the fast fading of the radio channel

Individually computed for each transmission mode
Prediction height: 25m above ground Prediction height: 1.5m above ground
Handover options

Results show the number of received sites, antennas, carriers

For the determination of alternative sites, cells, carriers

Visualization of handover options
Multi layer prediction for office building
Results on Prediction Planes

Visualization in 3D view

Statistical evaluation by using the info button
Network planning result in stadium
Further Information
Further information: www.awe-com.com

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