Firewalls and Computer Security 1

Firewalls and Computer Security

Emmalee Jones
X433_001 Final
COMPSCX433!001 Fundamentals o" #ata Communications and $etwor%in&
'C (er%eley Online )earnin&
*ec+nolo&y , n"ormation Mana&ement
Firewalls and Computer Security -
Table of Contents
*a.le o" Contents////////////////////////////////-
ntroduction//////////////////////////////////0 3
1istory o" Firewalls///////////////////////////////03
1ow Firewalls 2or%///////////////////////////////3
Pac%et Filters//////////////////////////////////4
State"ul Pac%et Filters//////////////////////////////0 5
Circuit )e6el 7ateways/////////////////////////////00 5
Pro8y Ser6ers/////////////////////////////////0 5
9pplication 7ateways////////////////////////////// 10
$e8t 7eneration Firewalls////////////////////////////0 10
Conclusion//////////////////////////////////0 11
:e"erences//////////////////////////////////00 1-
Firewalls and Computer Security 3
Introduction
2+en was &rowin& up; saw a Sandra (ulloc% "ilm called <*+e $et= w+ere a computer
pro&rammer &ot mi8ed up in a cy.er!terrorist plot >M#.; 1553?0 *+e terrorists were a.le to erase Sandra
(ulloc%=s e8istence t+rou&+ .ac%door entrances into e6ery %ind o" data.ase t+at +eld in"ormation a.out
+er0 t+ou&+t t+e mo6ie was &ood; .ut was not sure +ow realistic t+e "acts supportin& t+e plot were0
2ell; a"ter a year o" +eadlines "eaturin& Edward Snowden; t+e $S9 w+istle.lower w+o released
in"ormation a.out $S9 data minin&; many corporate data.ases includin& email and Face.oo%; *ar&et and
ot+ers stores .ein& +ac%ed "or .an% card in"ormation; and t+e latest cy.er!t+reat; 1eart.leed; wit+
OpenSS) issues w+ic+ lea6e most institutions 6ulnera.le; may.e t+e mo6ie was not t+at "ar"etc+ed
>Fin%le; -014?0 Computer security is a concern "or e6eryone; especially t+ose w+o are supposed to %eep
t+e networ%s o" t+eir companies sa"e0 One aspect o" computer system security is networ% "irewalls0 *+e
paper will discuss +ow "irewalls; "rom .asic to corporate networ%; "unction and e6aluate +ow e""ecti6e
t+ey are0 *+e paper will also discuss w+at recent de6elopments are a6aila.le t+at may +elp in t+e "i&+t to
%eep networ%s secure0
History of Firewalls
*+e term @"irewallA was "irst coined in 14B4 and re"erred to a wall t+at would pro6ide a .arrier to
%eep a "ire "rom spreadin& "rom t+e "ire source to t+e rest o" t+e .uildin& >n&ramCForrest; -00-?0 9
computer "irewall is similar to a "irewall in t+at it does attempt to pro6ide a .arrier .etween a computer
system and t+e internet0 *+e computer "irewall is also used to try to slow down t+e attac% on t+e computer
system "rom malicious pro&rams suc+ as 6iruses and worms and ot+er types o" attac%s as well0 1owe6er;
a computer "irewall is di""erent "rom a .arrier "irewall in a structure in t+at a computer "irewall must let
some t+in&s t+rou&+ in order "or t+e computer system to communicate wit+ ot+er computer systems0 t
can .e compared to a semipermea.le mem.rane wit+in a cell wall >(urn 9 (rain; -00D?0 9 cell needs to
Firewalls and Computer Security 4
let nutrients into t+e cell; .ut also %eep +arm"ul items out0 9 computer "irewall must let communication
in and out wit+out allowin& +arm to t+e computer system0
n t+e in"ancy o" t+e computer a&e; computer systems were closed systems and did not
communicate wit+ ot+er computers >Montecino; -010?0 Most computer systems +ad proprietary
operatin& systems; reel to reel tapes; and punc+ed cards >Montecino; -010?0 *+e computers were
e8pensi6e and t+e owners wanted to .e a.le to use t+em as muc+ as t+ey could0 StandardiEation in
operatin& systems and data input was de6eloped as companies .ecame more pro"icient at .uildin&
computers; and wit+ t+e in6ention o" t+e transistor .ased tec+nolo&y in t+e 15B0s >Montecino; -010?0
Communication met+ods were in6ented to allow use o" t+e computers all t+e time; and to allow
communication .etween computers0 One o" t+e "irst communication met+ods de6eloped was t+e
9d6anced :esearc+ ProFects 9&ency $etwor% >9:P9$E*?0 t was one o" t+e worldGs "irst operational
pac%et switc+in& networ%s "or military use >Mo+amed; -010?0 *+is led to t+e de6elopment o" t+e nternet
>Mo+amed; -010?0 9s computer systems .ecame more standard and open t+rou&+ networ%s and "loppy
dis%s; t+e "irst computer malicious so"tware soon appeared0 t +as continuously appeared since >Hetter;
-005?0 *o .e a.le to protect computer systems "rom t+e malicious so"tware; new so"tware and +ardware
were de6eloped as "irewalls >n&ramCForrest; -00-?0 *+ere are multiple &roups t+at claim to +a6e
de6eloped t+e "irst "irewall; .ut most security e8perts a&ree t+at Je"" Mo&ul; (rian :eid; and Paul Ii8ie
ori&inated t+e idea wit+ a &ateway de6eloped at #i&ital EJuipment >1i&&ins; -00D?0 nitial "irewalls were
de6eloped as part o" t+e communication eJuipment as routers0 :outers were used as a "irewall .etween
communication de6ices; actin& li%e a .arrier0 *+e "irst initial "irewall per"ormed pac%et "ilterin&
>n&ramCForrest; -00-?0
9s new t+reats in t+e "orm o" malicious so"tware increased; so did additional "irewall met+ods to
try to com.at t+e t+reats >n&ramCForrest; -00-?0 Firewalls added new "eatures suc+ as pro8y ser6ers;
Firewalls and Computer Security 3
state"ul pac%et "ilters; circuit le6el &ateways; and application &ateways >n&ramCForrest; -00-?0 *+e
di""icult tas% "or networ% security e8perts is to stay one step a+ead o" t+e +ac%ers tryin& to access t+eir
systems0 *+is is true w+et+er it .e &o6ernment; includin& military; or corporations; education institutions;
and personal computers wit+ des%tops; laptops; p+ones and &amin& systems0 *+e years -103 and -014
+a6e not .een 6ery %ind to networ% security e8perts0 *+ere +a6e .een internal t+reats; wit+ t+e most
notorious .ein& Edward Snowden w+o wor%ed "or t+e $S9; and e8ternal t+reats suc+ as t+e +ac%in& o"
t+e *ar&et customer credit card data and; t+e latest .ein& 1eart.leed >Fin%le; -014?0 1eart.leed a""ected
almost e6ery computer system in ways t+at most people do not e6en realiEe0 Patc+es +ad to .e dispensed
and implemented "or t+e a""ected 6ersion o" OpenSS) "or e6ery application t+at used t+at 6ersion o" open
source so"tware0 For instance; Juniper Iirtual Pri6ate $etwor%; w+ic+ most %now as a 6ersion o" IP$;
+ad to .e updated to %eep computer systems sa"e >Fin%le; -014?0
How Firewalls Work
*+e computer industry +as standardiEed to .ecome more e""icient and cost e""ecti6e >Montecino;
-010?0 *+e computer industry +as e8panded to include many mec+anical de6ices t+at we use in our daily
li6es0 For instance; cars run on computers "or electronic i&nition; antiloc% .ra%es; cruise control; and
remote door and trun% openers0 Ot+er de6ices run .y a computer include a toaster; a re"ri&erator; a
&reetin& card; and a (lu!ray player0 Many o" t+ese de6ices t+at use computer c+ips +a6e an operatin&
system and pro&rams to ma%e t+em wor%0 9 lot o" t+ese de6ices can +a6e t+e so"tware updated t+rou&+ a
"irmware update0 Most o" t+ese de6ices used to .e closed systems; .ut now most are nternet aware and
run t+e ris% o" .ein& +ac%ed0
*+e computer industry +as standardiEed on two main operatin& systems; Microso"t 2indows and
'$X; )inu8 .ein& a 6ariant o" '$X >Computer; -104?0 9pple iOS uses a 6ariant o" '$X; and t+e
9ndroid operatin& system is a 6ariant o" )inu80 *+is ma%es it easier to create new products; .ut also
pro6ides t+e same "ramewor% to anyone tryin& to .rea% into t+ese computer systems0 *+is standardiEation
ma%es it "aster to .rin& a product to t+e mar%et; so t+is is 6iewed as an accepta.le ris%0 Companies do not
Firewalls and Computer Security B
+a6e to start "rom scratc+; instead usin& e8istin& computer tec+nolo&y to create a new product0 *+ese
standards pro6ide patterns t+at allow "or repeata.le results0 *+is is t+e &oal o" most products; actions can
.e repeata.le upon user reJuest0 *+is is no di""erent "or t+e data communication industry w+ere t+e
patterns allow "or repeata.le results0 9ll t+e standards in t+e data communication industry can .e .ro%en
down into .inary patterns o" Eeroes and ones t+at allow "or repeata.le results0 *+ese are t+e same
standards and patterns t+at +ac%ers use to try to access or su.6ert a computer system; and are also t+e
same standards and patterns t+at are used to de6eloped "irewalls to protect a computer system0 *+e more
patterns a "irewall can c+ec% "or; t+e +arder it is "or a +ac%er to &ain access to a computer system to
su.6ert it0
Firewalls are computer so"tware applications t+at eit+er run on a computer de6ice; li%e a des%top
or laptop; or run on speci"ically desi&ned +ardware t+at is tuned "or its speci"ic tas%s0 Most laptops and
des%tops run wit+ some "orm o" "irewall i" t+ey connect to t+e nternet0 Many o" t+ese products are
a6aila.le as part o" t+e operatin& system or as open source so"tware0 *+e unsettlin& t+in& is t+at as users
o" t+is %ind o" so"tware; we rely on t+e companies or people w+o pro6ide it to +a6e properly tested it0 n
most cases we would not %now +ow to create or independently per"orm a test to see i" it is wor%in&
correctly0 *+is +as come to li&+t wit+ t+e 1eart.leed de.acle0 *+ose w+o made t+e c+an&e to t+e
so"tware did not properly test t+e c+an&e to t+e OpenSS) so"tware .e"ore it was o""ered to all companies
and users0 *+is illustrates t+at t+e companies t+at we rely on may not properly test eit+er0 n t+is case;
t+is s+ould +a6e .een done t+rou&+ proper re&ression testin& w+ere any c+an&e to so"tware; speci"ically
6ery important so"tware suc+ as OpenSS); would reJuire a "ull retest o" t+e so"tware0
For +ome use; new so"tware and +ardware is a6aila.le "or +i&+ le6els o" security wit+ newer
modemCrouters0 9n e8ample o" t+is is t+e Century)in% C10009 "rom 9ctiontec w+ic+ pro6ides many o"
t+e "eatures o" an e8pensi6e "irewall suc+ as state"ul pac%et inspections; denial o" ser6ice protection;
Firewalls and Computer Security 4
intrusion detection and 2P9 and 2EP wireless encryption >9ctiontec; -014?0 1ome users used to +a6e
only one computer lin%ed to a dial!up connections; .ut t+en came +i&+er speed connections t+at .rou&+t
modems t+at allowed "or multiple de6ices to .e connected0 *+ese now need to .e protected0
Corporations and institutions need a +i&+er le6el o" "irewall capa.ility0 *+ese companies and
institutions need security to protect company data and personal data t+at t+ey +a6e access to0 *+is
includes colle&e transcripts; FCO scores; .an% accounts; Social Security num.ers; accounts recei6a.le
.alances; pri6ate product in"ormation; medical in"ormation; control tra""ic li&+ts; control tower
in"ormation "or planes; military eJuipment includin& drones and missiles; and spacecra"t0 Many o" t+ese
processes used to .e paper!.ased controlled or t+ey were wit+in closed systems t+at could not .e easily
su.6erted0 Society in &eneral needs to "eel t+at t+is in"ormation is protected to ensure sta.ility0 E6eryone
wants to +a6e t+e assurance t+at t+eir 401K electronic data will not .e at ris% "rom computer +ac%ers or
internal employees0 *+e le6el o" support "or "irewalls "or one o" t+ese institutions needs to .e tied to t+e
ris% associated wit+ t+e compromise o" t+e data0 " t+e +i&+ modemCrouter "or +ome use +as t+e latest
"irewall "eatures; t+ose "eatures at a minimum s+ould .e at all t+ese institutions also0 *+is would include
pac%et "ilters; state"ul pac%et "ilters; pro8y ser6ers; circuit le6el &ateways; and application &ateways as
illustrated in t+e "ollowin& dia&ramL
Firewalls and Computer Security D
llustration 1L Firewall llustration >*+endral; -010?
Packet Filters
Pac%et "ilters were t+e initial "irewall "or networ%s0 #i&ital EJuipment Corporation >#EC?
created one o" t+e "irst "ilters0 Pac%et "ilters c+ec% t+e pac%ets to ma%e sure t+at t+ey "ollow t+e "ilterin&
rules0 9ny pac%et t+at does not matc+ t+e rules would .e dropped or reFected; and automatically an error
messa&e would .e sent to t+e sender0 *+is would .loc% any pac%ets t+at loo%ed li%e transmission
pro.lems; .ut also any possi.le malicious so"tware t+at did not "ollow t+e communication standard "or a
pac%et "or t+e transmission protocol0 Most communication comin& o6er t+e nternet is in t+e
*ransmission Control Protocol >*CP? and 'ser #ata&ram Protocol >'#P? protocols >C+apman; 155-?0
Pac%et "ilterin& wor%s wit+ t+e "irst t+ree layers o" t+e OS re"erence model and t+e "irst two o" t+e
*CPCP model; as illustrated in t+e "ollowin& dia&ramL
Firewalls and Computer Security 5

llustration -L OS )e6els >PC'serin"o; -014?
Pac%et "ilterin& c+ec%s rules wit+ patterns t+at t+e pro&ram re6iews "or t+e data comin& in "or
communication0 t may c+ec% "or certain addresses or ports to .loc% t+in&s; suc+ as telnet only allowin&
SS1 communication >C+apman; 155-?0 *+is is done mostly .y c+ec%in& t+e source and destination P
addresses0 Pac%et Filterin& was &ood tec+nolo&y in 15D0s and .eyond .ecause it was 6ery "ast to run and
easy to setup >Miessler; -104?0 t is still a mainstay in "irewalls today0 *+ere are two ways o" +andlin&
rules "or t+e "ilterin&0 First; allow all tra""ic unless t+ere is a rule and; second; deny all tra""ic unless t+ere
is a rule0 #enyin& all tra""ic is sa"er .ut reJuires a considera.le amount o" wor% and maintenance
>*+a%ur; -014?0 Some o" t+e issues wit+ Pac%et Filter Firewalls is t+at t+ey are suscepti.le to P
Firewalls and Computer Security 10
Spoo"in&; t+ere is lac% o" state awareness; and t+ere is di""iculty can .e di""icultly creatin& rules >*+a%ur;
-014?0 *+ere are also limitations in t+at it only c+ec%s eac+ pac%et as an indi6idual piece o" in"ormation;
it does not compare it a&ainst ot+ers pac%ets to &et a .i&&er picture o" t+e communication0

Stateful Packet Filters
State"ul pac%et "ilters; or Circuit )e6el 7ateways; were t+e ne8t &eneration o" "irewall tec+nolo&y
a"ter pac%et "ilters0 *+e state"ul "irewall tec+nolo&y was de6eloped in 15D5 at 9*,* (ell )a.oratory
>Cisco; -014?0 State"ul pac%et "ilters read multiple pac%ets comparin& t+em to see i" t+e pac%ets .elon&
to&et+er0 *+is +elps to pre6ent t+e @#enial o" Ser6iceA attac% on a computer site w+ere t+e site is "looded
wit+ erroneous pac%ets >Cisco; -014?0 State"ul pac%et "ilters wor% at t+e )ayer 4 and )ayer 3 o" t+e OS
dia&ram in llustration -0 State"ul "ilters are easy to setup and run; wit+ little o6er+ead to t+e networ%
>Cisco; -014?0 State"ul "ilters operate only at t+e networ% layerM t+ere"ore; it only e8amines P and *CP
+eaders0 *+e issues wit+ state"ul pac%et "ilters are t+e same as pac%et "ilters e8cept "or awareness o" its
state >*+a%ur; -014?0
Circuit Level Gateways
Circuit le6el &ateways c+ec% i" t+e transport layer connection is 6alid >9llison; -014?0 *+is is
per"ormed at t+e transport layer "or t+e OS dia&ram in illustration 10 *+is is done .y c+ec%in& a ta.le o"
6alid connections; and is completed .e"ore ma%in& t+e connection0 Circuit le6el &ateways act as a pro8y;
concealin& t+e networ% "rom e8ternal 6iew0 Circuit le6el &ateways are relati6ely ine8pensi6e .ut do not
loo% at t+e pac%ets t+emsel6es0 *+e circuit le6el &ateway is li%e a pac%et "ilter; .ut wit+ t+e addition o"
6eri"ication o" t+e proper +ands+a%e o" *CP and t+e session in"ormation used in t+e creation o" t+e
connection >*+a%ur; -014?0
Firewalls and Computer Security 11
Proxy Servers
Pro8y Ser6ers mas% t+e internal address o" t+e internal net o" t+e company or institution; lendin&
protection0 Simple pro8y ser6ers are not application aware .ut c+an&e all addresses0 *+ere is some
security in usin& a pro8y .ecause it protects in"ormation a.out t+e internal networ% "rom lea6in& t+e
internal networ%0 ssues wit+ pro8y ser6ers include slowin& down t+e communication .etween t+e
e8ternal and internal systems and .ein& a possi.le .ottlenec% "or communication >*+a%ur; -014?0
Application Gateways
*+is is t+e most sop+isticated o" t+e "irewalls and pro6ides t+e .est protection0 9n application
&ateway acts as a pro8y .etween t+e internal networ% and t+e e8ternal networ%; +idin& t+e internal
address name0 t is di""erent "rom a circuit le6el &ateway in t+at its pro8ies are speci"ic to t+e applications
and t+e pro8ies e8amine t+e pac%et; w+ic+ can .e used to "ilter at t+e application layer o" t+e OS le6els
in illustration 10 See an e8ample o" an application &ateway in t+e "ollowin& illustrationL
llustration 3L 9pplication 7ateway >Oracle; -013?
Firewalls and Computer Security 1-
Some o" t+e ad6anta&es o" application &ateways is state awareness o" ser6ices; stron& application pro8y;
.u""er to o6errun attac%s; .etter lo&&in& o" incomin& and out&oin& tra""ic; and t+e +i&+est le6el o" security
>*+a%ur; -014?0 *+e disad6anta&es are t+e comple8ity o" settin& t+is &ateway up and t+e tunin& t+at must
.e done to ma%e sure t+e &ateway does not .ecome a .ottlenec% >*+a%ur; -014?0
Next Generation Firewalls
*+e ne8t step in "irewalls are called t+e @ne8t &enerationA "irewalls0 Current ne8t &eneration
"irewalls are .ein& de6eloped to do w+at is called @deep pac%et inspectionA >(reeden; -014?0 #eep
pac%et inspection loo%s at application patterns to try to stop intrusion .y understandin& t+e patterns0
1ac%ers are usin& some sort o" pattern to try to intrude into a networ%; t+en an application and;
e6entually; t+e data.ase >(reeden; -014?0 *+is de6elopment will not .e easy .ecause it can put t+e
networ% security specialist at odds wit+ t+e application de6eloper0 t will increase t+e time it ta%es to
de6elop application so"tware .ecause t+e de6eloper will +a6e to +elp t+e networ% analyst understand t+e
application patterns0 " t+e two &roups do not wor% to&et+er; t+ere will .e times w+en t+e application
appears not to wor%; .ut in reality it is Fust t+e "irewall not usin& t+e ri&+t pattern and; t+us; .loc%in&
actual users o" t+e applications0 " t+e "irewall product +as t+e a.ility to learn t+e patterns; t+at could +elp
s+orten t+e time"rame to accomplis+ t+e rule esta.lis+ment0
Conclusion
$etwor% security will continue to .e a +ot issue as lon& as +ac%ers continue to .rea% into
computer systems0 Many companies and institutions do not +a6e t+e proper resources to .e a.le to
protect t+eir computer systems properly0 9s cloud capa.ilities continue to impro6e it; would not .e
unusual to see many smaller companies and institutions mo6e t+eir applications to a cloud .ased
tec+nolo&y to ta%e ad6anta&e o" networ% security e8pertise t+at t+ey cannot a""ord to maintain >Iiolino;
-014? 0 9lso; as computers continue to .ecome more power"ul; 1-D encryption will not .e enou&+ to
protect pri6ate communications0 Encryption will +a6e to impro6e to a new le6el >Je""; -013?0 n addition;
companies and institutions will +a6e to add additional layers o" security to protect t+eir most 6ital assets0
Firewalls and Computer Security 13
Firewalls will .e Fust one part o" t+e security0 *+e companies and institutions mi&+t add encryption at rest
"or critical data; so t+at e6en i" t+e networ% is .reac+ed t+e data will still +a6e some "orm o" protection
>EMC; -014?0

Firewalls and Computer Security 14
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9ctiontec 0 >-014?0 2ireless $ I#S)- Modem :outer0 :etrie6ed "rom
+ttpLCCwww0actiontec0comC-B40+tml
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topicC6iew0p+pNidO13-40
96olio; Frederic0 >1555?0 Firewalls and nternet Security; t+e Second 1undred >nternet? Pears0 :etrie6ed
"rom
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cD3ae0+tml
(reeden ; Jo+n0 >-014?0 2+y Or&aniEations $eed a $e8t!7eneration Firewall0 :etrie6ed "rom
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Cisco0 >-014?0 Firewall E8plained0 :etrie6ed "rom
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Computer 1ope0 >-104?0 )inu8 6s0 2indows0 :etrie6ed "rom
+ttpLCCwww0computer+ope0comCissuesCc+0003430+tm
EMC0 >-014?0 EMC PowerPat+ Encryption0 :etrie6ed "rom
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Firewalls and Computer Security 13
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Miessler; #aniel0 >-104?0 Firewalls0 :etrie6ed "rom
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Mo+amed; 9ri"0 >-010?0 9 +istory o" cloud computin&0 :etrie6ed "rom
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Montecino; Iir&inia0 >-010?0 1istory o" Computin&0 :etrie6ed "rom
+ttpLCCmason0&mu0eduCQmontecinCcomputer!+ist!we.0+tm
Oracle0 >-013?0 Oracle #ata.ase $et Ser6ices 9dministratorGs 7uide0 :etrie6ed "rom
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