Distribution of Forces

in Lateral Load Resisting Systems

Many slides from 2009 Myanmar Slides of Profs Jain and Rai
1
Part 2. Horizontal Distribution
and Torsion
IITGN Short Course
Gregory MacRae
Reinforced Concrete Cast-in-Situ Slabs
Moment of inertial for bending in its own plane
( Very large quantity!!)
Practically, floor is infinitely stiff for bending
deformation in its own plane.
12
3
tb
I
The slab is subject to horizontal load.
b
t
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Floor Diaphragm Action
Plan of a one-storey building
with shear walls
t = floor thickness; width of the beam representing floor diaphragm
b = floor width; depth of the beam representing floor diaphragm
L = span of the beam representing floor diaphragm
Springs represent lateral
stiffness walls / frames
k/2 k k
b
L L
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Vertical load analogy for floor diaphragm action
Lateral earthquake force, EL
Beam representing
floor diaphragm
I
beam
= tb
3
/12
K
K/2 K
4
Floor Diaphragm Action
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In Plane Force
Out of Plane Force
In Plane Deformation of
Floor
Out of Plane Deformation
of Floor
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In-plane versus out-of-plane deformation of floor
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Floor Deformations
In-Plane Floor Deformation
Out of Plane Floor Deformation
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Rigid-body movements of a rigid floor diaphragm
Rotation about z-axis
Longitudinal
Translation
Translation in x-direction
Translation in y-direction
Transverse
Translation
Angle of
rotation
Resultant Translation
Combination of translations and rotation
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Example 1: Effect of floor diaphragm action
Slab thickness = 150 mm
E = 25,500 N/mm
2
k = 2300 10
3
N/mm
4 12
3
10 4 . 6
12
8000 150
mm I
diaphragm
Actual Analysis 440 120 440
Rigid Diaphragm 455 90 455
Tributary Area 250 500 250
Force in Springs
k
k 0.2k
20 m 20 m
8m
1000 kN I
E I
1000 kN
k
0.2k
k
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Rigid Diaphragm
Assumption is generally
used for RC floors
Example 2: Centre of Mass
Given floor plan and lumped masses per unit area
Locate centre of mass of the floor
Force in Springs
700 kg/m
2
1000 kg/m
2
8m
5 m
30 m
10 m
Force in Springs
A
X
CM (A)
B
CM (B)
C
CM
CM (C)
z
y
y
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F
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Example 2: Centre of Mass
Locate centre of mass of segments A, B, C as:
CM(A) = (4.0, 7.5); CM (B) = (4.0, 2.5);
CM(C) = (19.0, 5.0)
Calculate centre of mass of floor as
y x,
m
m
y m
y
m
m
x m
x
i
i i
i
i i
1 . 5
4 . 14
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Centre of Stiffness (of a Single-storey Building)
Point on the floor through which a lateral load should pass in
order to have only rigid body translation (i.e., no rigid body
rotation).
Use the above definition to locate the centre of stiffness.
Example:
k
1.5k
0.5k
30 m
10m
14 m
1.5k
A
B
3
2 1
1.2k
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k
1.5k
0.5k
F

X
Force equilibrium:
Moment equilibrium:
k k k k F 3 5 . 1 5 . 0
m
k
k
x
k k k k x F
3 . 17
3
52
52 30 5 . 1 14 5 . 0 0 .
Example 3. Centre of Stiffness
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Force equilibrium:
Moment equilibrium:
k k k F 7 . 2 2 . 1 5 . 1
m
k
k
y
k k y F
6 . 5
7 . 2
15
10 5 . 1 0 2 . 1 .

F
1.5k
y
1.2k
Example 3. Centre of Stiffness
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EL
k k k
k
F EL
k k k
k
F EL
k k k
k
F
3 2 1
3
3
3 2 1
2
2
3 2 1
1
1
; ;
Building Plan
k
2
=0.3k
Wall stiffness
k
1
=k
k
3
=k
EL
Wall stiffness
Definition of lateral stiffness
F
k
F
EL F F F
k F k F k F
3 2 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
, ,
Lateral load distribution due to rigid floor diaphragm
(Symmetrical case no torsion)
F
3
F
2
F
1
EL
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k
1.2k
0.5k
30 m
10m
9m
4
k
y
2
3
5
1
x
kN
k k k
k
F
kN
k k k
k
F kN
k k k
k
F
9 . 88
2 . 1 5 . 0
200 2 . 1
0 . 37
2 . 1 5 . 0
200 5 . 0
; 1 . 74
2 . 1 5 . 0
200
3
2 1
Example 4: 200 kN applied along y-direction
Locate centre of stiffness : (15m, 5m)
Locate centre of mass : (15m, 5m)
Hence, no torsion
Wall 1, 2, 3 share load proportional to stiffness
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k
The centre of stiffness
(CS) is at the centre
of the building. If the
centre of mass is also
here then the building
undergoes translation
but no torsion
Load at centre of mass = Load at centre of stiffness + Twisting
moment about the centre of stiffness
CM
CS
CM
EL
e.EL
EL
EL
CS
M = e.EL
EL
CS
CM
Eccentric Systems
e
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r
3
r
2
r
1
r
5
r
1
r
3
r
5
r
2
1
2
3
5
4
r
4
k
i
= Lateral stiffness of the i
th
element
r
i
= Perpendicular distance of the i
th
element from centre of stiffness
= Rotation of the floor diaphragm in its own plane
Analysis of force induced by twisting moment
(rigid floor diaphragm)
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CS
Displacement of i
th
element, in its own plane,
due to rotation about centre stiffness
Resisting force in i
th
element
Restoring moment by force in i
th
element
By moment equilibrium
Force in the i
th
element
i i
r
i i i
r k F
2
i i i i i
r k r F M
2
i i t
r k M
t
i i
i i
i
M
r k
r k
F
2
Analysis of force induced by twisting moment
(rigid floor diaphragm)
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Example 5: Load distribution in eccentric system
k
1.5k
0.5k
30 m
10m
14m
4
1.2k
y
2
3
5
1
x
1.5k
(a)
(b)
17.33m
15m
5m
5.56m
e
x
=2.33m
e
y
=0.56m
200kN 200kN
1
3 4
200kN
CS

CM
5
F
3
2
1
3 4

CM
5
F
1
F
2
F
3
2
F
4
F
5
CS
466kNm
466kNm = 200kNx 2.33m
CS
(c) Forces
(d)
F
1
F
2
=
CM
CM

CM
CS
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Translational Forces Torsional Forces
Walls
CS and CM
Analysis for 200 kN force acting at centre of stiffness
This force is resisted by walls 1, 2, and 3 in proportion to their
lateral stiffness. This gives:
Analysis for 466 kN-m moment acting on the diaphragm at CS:
The twisting moment of 466 kN-m is resisted by all the walls
(including walls 4 and 5).
kN
k k k
k
F 7 . 66
5 . 1 5 . 0
200
1
kN
k k k
k
F 3 . 33
5 . 1 5 . 0
200 5 . 0
2
kN
k k k
k
F 100
5 . 1 5 . 0
200 5 . 1
3
Example 5: Load distribution in eccentric system
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1 k 17.33 17.33k 300.3k 13.2
2 0.5k 3.33 1.67k 5.5k 1.3
3 1.5k 12.67 19.00k 240.8k 14.4
4 1.5k 4.44 6.66k 29.6k 5.1
5 1.2k 5.56 6.67k 37.1k 5.1
t
i i
i i
M
r k
r k
F
2
1
k 3 . 613
i
k
Wall
i
r
i i
r k
2
i i
r k
Example 5: Load distribution in eccentric
system
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The total force resisted by the walls (= translational force + torsional force):
F
1
= 66.7+13.2 = 79.9 kN
F
2
= 33.3+1.3 = 34.6 kN
F
3
= 100 14.4 = 85.6 kN
F
4
= 5.1 kN = 5.1 kN
F
5
= 5.1 kN = 5.1 KN
Example 5: Load distribution in eccentric
system
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1
3 4

CM
5
F
1
F
2
F
3
2
F
4
F
5
CS
Total Forces
Translational Forces Torsional Forces
1
3 4
200kN
CS

CM
5
F
3
2
1
3 4

CM
5
F
1
F
2
F
3
2
F
4
F
5
CS
466kNm
+
F
1
F
2
(a) Without Torsion
All frames must follow through
the same displacements at each
level.
(b) With Torsion
All frame displacements at each
level must be compatible with
level translational and torsional
displacements.
Multistorey Frames
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F
4
None of the floors undergo
any rotation as forces pass
through the CS (i.e. CS =
CM)
(CS)
i
F
3
(CS)
i
F
2
(CS)
i
F
1
Multistorey Frames
Important:
First calculate lateral load at different floors for
the entire building
Then distribute to different frames/walls as per
floor diaphragm behavior
Do Not
Calculate seismic design force directly for
individual frames of the building
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Multistorey Frames
Plan of a building with space frame: this may be thought of as
four 2-bay frames in the y-direction, and three 3-bay frames in the
x-direction
A B
C D
1
2
3
Plan
x
y
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A
B
C
1 2 3
Plan
Frames 1&3 same
Frame spacing same
The requirement is:
(a) Displacement in frames 1, 2 & 3 are equal at floor 1.
(b) Displacement in frames 1, 2 & 3 are equal at floor 2.
(c) Displacement in frames 1, 2 & 3 are equal at floor 3.
Design force in y-direction
on the entire building
1000
400
100
Missing column
Symmetric system
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Example 6: 3-storey symmetric building
3
6
5
2
9
1
9
8
7
10
11
12 15
14
13
18 21
20
17
19 16
29
23
28
Impose the conditions
This will ensure proper load distribution.
16 13 10 7
17 14 11 8
18 15 12 9
1000
400
100
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Frame A Frame B Frame C
Example 6: 3-storey symmetric building
Simple calculate the member forces
100
400
1000
Imaginary rigid
links
to ensure floor diaphragm action
Think of the translational problem as:
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Example 6: 3-storey symmetric building
2-D Frame with Rigid Lines
Direction of
Earthquake force
A B C D E
1
2
3
4
5
(a)
Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4
Link bars
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Approximate Lateral Load Distribution
Exact distribution requires computer analysis
How do we carry out approximate hand calculations for
buildings up to 4 stories without torsion?
Assume that all 2-D frames have same displacement profile
(shape only) for lateral loads
Now match roof displacement only
If assumption is exactly valid, analysis will still be exact
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Example 7. Approximate Distribution, No Torsion
A B C
Plan
Design force in y-direction
on the entire building
1000
400
100
30
1000
400
100
A
15
1000
400
100
B
30
1000
400
100
C
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units k
units k
units k
C
B
A
50
30
1500
100
15
1500
50
30
1500
units k
i
200 50 100 50
f f f
k
k
f
f f f
k
k
f
f f f
k
k
f
C
C
B
B
A
A
25 . 0
200
50
50 . 0
200
100
25 . 0
200
50
500
200
50
Frame B
250
100
25
Building Frames A and C
1000
400
100
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Example 7. Approximate Distribution, No Torsion
Evaluate , , such that roof displacement is same
+ + = 1.0
A B
C
Plan
Entire Building
1000
400
100
. 1000
. 400
. 100
. 1000
. 400
. 100
. 1000
. 400
. 100
A
B C
EQ
(No Torsion Case)
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Example 7. Approximate Distribution, No Torsion
Illustration
Parts of building in double height
Symmetric
1000
700
400
50
Portion in double
height
Plan Elevation
1 2 3 4
1000
700
400
50
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Example 8. Approximate Distribution, No Torsion
Further Simplification
For load distribution, relative lateral stiffness is
needed
1
2
3
1
1 1
1
1
1
k
2
2
1
k
3
3
1
k
Relative terms only are required
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Approximate Lateral Load Stiffness of Frames
Number of approximate methods, e.g.,
McLeods Method
Computer methods for analysing frames
Caution
Do not believe in storey stiffness as
This assumes beams are infinitely rigid!
Never happens
! !
L
EI
3
12
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Torsion in Multistory Buildings
Centre of stiffness at different floors
Number of definitions
Depends on usage
Implementation
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None of the floors undergo
any rotation
(CS)
i
F
3
(CS)
i
F
2
(CS)
i
F
1
F
3
F
2
F
1
Design lateral load profile
Centre of Stiffness for multistory buildings
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Torsion in Multistory Buildings . . .
The requirement on design eccentricity can be fulfilled by applying
earthquake force away from centre of mass by a distance 0.5 times the
calculated eccentricity, such that eccentricity between centre of stiffness and
the load becomes 1.5 times the calculated.
CM = centre of mass
CS = centre of stiffness
1.5e
x
EL
y
.CM
.CS
1.5e
y
EL
x
.CM
.CS
e
y
.CM
.CS
e
x
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Torsion in Multistory Buildings
j sj
j sj dj
b e
b e e
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
40
Typical building code specifies design
eccentricity in terms of
Static eccentricity e
sj
Accidental eccentricity b
j
is typically 1.5
is typically 0.05 to 1.0
(5% to 10% of plan dimension b
j
)
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j
b
Torsion in Multistory Buildings . . .
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Goel and Chopra
(ASCE, Vol.119; No:10)
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CM CS
Can Conduct Analyses Directly Using Computer
Program with Rigid Diaphragm (e.g. ETABS)
For buildings generally uniform with height
Centre of stiffness for different floors on the same
vertical line
Treatment similar to that for single storey building
Example: Earthquake force in X-direction
6m
3m
4m
4.5m 4.5m 4.5m 4.5m
333
287
141
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All columns 400x400
Exterior Beams 250x600
Interior Beams 300x450
Approximation in Torsion Calculations
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Earthquake force in X-direction
6m
3m
4m
4.5m 4.5m 4.5m 4.5m
333
287
141
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All columns 400x400
Exterior Beams 250x600
Interior Beams 300x450
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Example 9. Approx. Analysis Torsion
A
B
C
D
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
Eccentricity e = 6.5 6.1 = 0.4m
Design eccentricity = 1.5e = 0.6m (Dynamic eccentricity)
Design force profile V acting at CM
= Force profile V at CS
+ Twisting moment profile (M
t
= 0.6m x V)
m .
,
, , ,
y
m / kN , k k
m / kN , k k
P
k
C B
D A
1 6
220 53
13 220 16 7 390 10 4 390 10
390 10
220 16
P
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Example 9. Approx. Analysis Torsion
Force profile V at CS
Frames A, D =
Frames B, C =
Twisting moment profile Mt
V . V
,
,
V . V
,
,
195 0
220 53
390 10
305 0
220 53
220 16
t
j j
i i
M
r k
r k
2
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Example 9. Approx. Analysis Torsion
Frame
(x 10
3
)
(kN/m)
r
i
(m)
(x 10
3
)
(kN)
(x 10
3
)
Fd
(torsion)
Fd
(Direct)
FTO
(Total)
A 16.22 6.9 111.92 772.23 0.0293 0.0170V 0.304V 0.321V
B 10.39 0.9 9.35 8.42 0.0024 0.0014V 0.195V 0.196V
C 10.39 -2.1 -21.82 45.82 -0.0057 -0.0034V 0.195V 0.195V
D 16.22 -6.1 -98.94 603.55 -0.0259 -0.0156V 0.304V 0.288V
1 12.70 -9.0 -114.30 1028.70 -0.0299 -0.0180V . . . . . . . .
2 8.18 -4.5 -36.80 165.65 -0.0096 -0.0057V . . . . . . . .
4 8.18 4.5 36.80 165.65 0.0096 0.0057V . . . . . . . .
5 12.70 9.0 114.30 1028.70 0.0299 0.0018V . . . . . . . .
2
i i
i i
r k
r k
2
i i
r k
i i
r k
i
k
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Example 9. Approx. Analysis Torsion
From frame
analysis with
point load at
roof
Dist from
CS
Level
Total Level
Design Force
(kN)
Design Force For Frame
A
(kN)
B
(kN)
C
(kN)
D
(kN)
4 333 106.90 65.27 64.94 101.20
3 287 92.13 56.25 55.97 87.25
2 141 45.26 27.64 27.50 42.86
1 48 15.40 9.41 9.36 14.60
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Example 9. Approx. Analysis Torsion
From beginning
of example
Thank you!!
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