CHG 3111

Unit Operation

Chapter 9
Drying
3.2 Drying Processes

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Methods of Drying:

Batch small scale production, long drying cycles
Continuous large scale production, relatively short drying times, uniform
product quality, less labor and floor space
Drying Equipment
Types of dryers

Batch process - tray dryers
Continuous process i) conveyor dryers, ii) rotary dryers, iii) fluidized bed dryers,
iv) pneumatic dryers, v) spray dryers, vi) rotary drum dryers
Factors for selecting dryers

Feed conditions: solid, liquid , paste, powder, crystals
Feed concentration, i.e., the initial liquid content
Product specification: dryness required, physical form
Throughput required
Heat sensitivity of the product
Nature of the vapor: toxicity, flammability
Nature of the solid: flammability (dust explosion hazard), toxicity
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Tray dryers

Drying Equipment
Small quantity of solids, but wide range of materials
Material spread on metal trays or screens
Heated air is passed over and parallel to trays or through the permeable bed
High labor requirement, but close control over the drying conditions
Often used for drying valuable products
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Vacuum-Shelf Indirect Dryer


Drying Equipment
Special type of tray dryer, very expensive

Indirect heated batch dryer

Operated under vacuum

Material is spread over the trays

Heat is conducted through the metal walls of
the shelf or by radiation from the shelf above.

Useful for temperature sensitive, easily
oxidized, toxic and dusty material.

Applications: pharmaceutical, food and
chemical products.
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Continuous Drying Conveyor Dryers


Drying Equipment
Solids are fed onto an endless, perforated conveyor belt through which hot air is
forced.
The belt is housed in a long, rectangular cabinet (tunnel)
The relative movement through the dryer of the solids and the drying air can be
parallel or, more usually, countercurrent
The cabinet (tunnel) can be divided into different zones, for example, air up, air
down, cooler, etc.
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Continuous Drying Rotary Dryers


Drying Equipment
Solids are fed into high end of a rotating, inclined cylinder and move downwards,
being directly in contact with has air or gases flowing through the cylinder.
Allow high throughput and have a high thermal efficiency and a relatively low
capital and labor cost
Non uniform residence time of solids (why?), possible dust generation, and high
noise level
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Continuous Drying Fluidized Bed Dryers


Drying Equipment
Drying gas is passed through the bed of solids at a velocity sufficient to keep the
bed in a fluidized state.
High heat transfer and drying rates
Suitable for granular and crystalline materials within the particle size range 1 to 3
mm (why?)
Rapid and uniform heat transfer (thus short drying times), low floor area
requirements, but compared to other dryers, high power requirement
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Continuous Drying Pneumatic Dryers


Drying Equipment
The product to be dried is dispersed into an
upward-flowing stream of a hot gas and is
conveyed by it to the top of the dryer duct
Short contact times, which limits the size of
the particles to be dried, which must be very
fine (smaller than in Fluidized Bed Dryers)
Suitable for heat sensitive materials, which
must be dried rapidly
Low thermal efficiency
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Continuous Drying Spray Dryers


Drying Equipment
Material to be dried must capability to be
handled by pumping, which is limited to
liquids and dilute slurries.
Feed is atomized in a nozzle or by a disc-
type atomized at the top of a vertical,
cylindrical vessel.
Hot air flows up (may also go down) the
vessel, conveys and dries the droplets.
Dried particles are removed in a cyclone
separator or bag filter.
Very short contact times suitable for heat
sensitive materials
Good control of the product particle size,
bulk density and form (uniform product)
High heating requirements due to using
dilute liquid solutions and slurries
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Continuous Drying Rotary Drum Dryers


Drying Equipment
Revolving, internally heated drum or double drums.
Film of solids is deposited on the drum surface by either immersing part of the drum in
a trough of the liquid or by spraying, or splashing the feed on the drum surface
In the case of double drums, the feed is fed to the nip formed between the drums
Handle liquid solutions and dilute slurries , thus an alternative to spray dryers
Not suitable for heat sensitive materials, because of direct contact with a hot surface of
the drum
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Analysis in batch dryers general considerations
Batch Dryers
Direct drying
The main objective in the analysis of batch dryers is to determine the drying time
for the specified feed and product conditions
Direct drying: hot gas (typically air) flows over or through the wet solids in both case the
mode of heat transfer is forced convection
Drying air may be in large excess and the removed moisture does not appreciably change
its properties constant air condition
In practical dryers, the gas is not in a large excess and its properties change as it absorbs
water vapor from wet solids variable air temperature
Indirect drying
Heat to wet solids is transferred by conduction and or radiation
Indirect drying may coexist with direct drying
Indirect drying results in non adiabatic temperature of solids
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1. Constant-rate of drying period: R = R
C
:




2. Falling-rate drying period and


3. Falling-rate drying and
Calculation Method for Drying Period

Most important unknown: time, t, required to dry solids from a known initial moisture
content, X
1
, to a final content of X
2
.

Batch Dryers - Constant Air Conditions

S
L dX
R
A dt
=
2
1
X
S
X
L dx
t
A R
=
}
( )
1 2
S
C
L
t X X
AR
=
Special cases
1/R
X
X
2

X
1

Regardless of the dependence of R on X, drying time can be evaluated by
graphical (numerical) integration:
R a X b d R a d X = + =
R a X d R a d X = =
2 2
1
1 1 2
l n
X R
S S S
X R
L L L R d X d R
t t
A R A a R A a R
| |
= = =
| } }
|
\ .
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Estimation of Drying Rate in Constant-Rate Drying Period (R
C
)

Process is controlled by the rate of heat transfer to the evaporating surface (latent
heat of evaporation for the liquid).
Heat is transferred to the evaporating surface only by convection
At steady state: rate of mass transfer balances rate of heat transfer.
Batch Dryers - Constant Air Conditions
H
2
O
( 1 )
C W
q R A =
( )
( )
W
C y A i r W
W W
h T T
q
R k M H H
A

= = =
Heat effect associated with mass transfer
Heat Transfer Mass Transfer
( ) ( 2 )
W
q h A T T =
Heat effect associated with heat transfer
( )
2
2
w h e r e : a n d
A i r
C H O A A y W
H
O
M
R M N N k H H
M
= =
Combining Eqs. (1) and (2) leads to:
Prediction of h [W/m
2
K]
Air flowing parallel to the drying surface:
0 8
0 0 2 0 4
.
. h G = 45 150 29 300
o o
2
k g
for: C C ; 2,450 ,
m h
T G
(
< < < <
(

Air flowing perpendicular to the surface:
0 3 7
1 1 7
.
. h G = 19 500
2
kg
for: 3,900 ,
m h
G
(
< <
(

T
w
is the wet bulb temperature of the gas (T, H)
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General Case for Estimation of (R
C
) in Constant-Rate Drying Period

Heat transfer to wet solids not only by convection but also by conduction and radiation

Batch Dryers - Constant Air Conditions
z
S

z
M

Hot radiating surface (T
R
)
Metal Tray
Solids
q
R
radiant heat
Gas
T, H, y
Gas
T, H, y
q
C
convective heat
q
k
conduction heat
N
H2O

Drying surface
y
S
, T
S
, H
S

Surface energy balance on the drying surface and: q = q
C
+ q
R
+ q
K

( )
c o n v e c t i v e h e a t t r a n s f e r :
C C S
q A h T T =
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
r a d i a t i v e h e a t t r a n s f e r : w h e r e : =
R R R S R R S R S
q A h T T h T T T T c o = + +
( )
1 1
1
" c o n d u c t i v e " h e a t t r a n s f e r : w h e r e : = =
K K S K
t o t c M M S S
q A U T T U
R h z k z k
=
+ +
Question: What is the value of T
S
compared to T
W
?
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General Case for Estimation of (R
C
) in Constant-Rate Drying Period

At steady state: rate of mass transfer balances rate of heat transfer.

Batch Dryers - Constant Air Conditions
Hot radiating surface
(T
R
)
Metal Tray
Solids
q
R
radiant heat
Gas
T, H, y
Gas
T, H, y
z
S

z
M

q
C
convective heat
q
k
conduction heat
N
H2O

Drying
surface
y
S
, T
S
, H
S

Based on rate equations for heat and mass transfer:
Unlike the case with just convection, T
S
> Tw, but the above equation must also intersect the
saturated humidity line i.e., T
S
and H
S
are on the saturated humidity line:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )

C K S R R S
C y A i r S
S S
h U T T h T T
q
R k M H H
A
+ +
= = =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
S S S S
K R
S R S
C C C y A i r S
H H H H
U h
T T T T
h h h k M c
| |
+ + = =
|
|
\ .
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Drying in Falling-Rate Period by Diffusion and Capillary Flow

Liquid diffusion of moisture in drying:

Staring from Ficks 2
nd
law of diffusion, and assuming
constant liquid diffusivity (D
L
) in the material of thickness
2l dried from top and bottom, it can be shown
that single term approximate solution (Fo > 0.2) has the
following form:
Batch Drying - Constant Air Conditions
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
8 4
4
ln
c s s L
L
L
X L L D X X l dX
D t R X
t A dt z D X l A
t
t t
c c
= = = =
c c
Capillary of movement of moisture in drying
As water is evaporated, capillary forces are set up by the interfacial
surface tension between the water and solid.
These forces provide the driving force for moving the water through the pores to the drying surface
It can be shown that in this case the drying is inversely proportional to the thickness of the
material, which leads to R
C
= a X.
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Batch Dryers - Constant Air Conditions
Example 2: Constant air conditions
A wet, granular material is being dried in the constant-rate period in a pan 0.61 m x 0.61 m
and the depth of material is 25.4 mm.. The pan has a metal bottom having a thermal
conductivity of k
M
= 43.3 W/m.K and a thickness of 1.59 mm. The thermal conductivity of the
solid is k
S
= 1.125 W/m.k. The air flows parallel to the top exposed surface and the bottom
metal at a velocity of 3.05 m/s. The temperature and the humidity of the drying air are 65.6C
and 0.010 kg H
2
O/kg dry solid, respectively. Direct radiation heat from steam pipes having a
surface temperature of 104.4 C falls on the exposed top surface, whose emissivity is 0.94.

a) Calculate the surface temperature and the drying rate for the constant-rate period.
b) If the pan contains 11.34 kg of dry solid having a free moisture content of 0.35 kg H
2
O/kg dry
solid, calculate the time required to reduce the moisture content to 0.05 kg H
2
O/kg dry solid.
c) Repeat your calculations by considering only heat transfer by convection to the drying
surface of the wet material
Please note that the critical moisture content is X
c
= 0.20 kg H
2
O/kg dry solid
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Batch Dryers - Variable Air Conditions
Drying with constant versus variable air conditions

Up to this point we assumed that the properties of drying gas (air), i.e., T and H, do
not change as the gas flows over wet solids
H
2
O
This is only possible when there
is large excess of drying gas
In the actual dryers, the conditions of the drying gas change as it passes through
the dryer, for example in (a) through circulation packed bed, and (b) try dryer
T
1
, H
1

T
2
, H
2

z
Wet
solids
(a)
b
T
1
, H
1

T
2
, H
2

x
1

Wet solids
L
t

Wet solids
(b)
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Batch Dryers - Variable Air Conditions
Analogy with heat exchangers

The previously derived equation for the drying time are no longer applicable because the
driving force for drying varies along the dryer
In in the case of adiabatic dying, the wet solids at the wet bulb temperature of entering air
(T
w
) as long as moisture content is greater than X
c
single stream heat exchanger
When the moisture content is less than X
c
, the solid temperature will be greater than T
w

and will depend on the position within the dryer two stream heat exchanger

b
T
1
, H
1

T
2
, H
2

x
1

Wet solids
L
t

Wet solids
Example: variation of gas temperature in a batch dryer in which solids
are at constant temperature equal to T
w

T
gas

T
w

T
2

T
1

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Batch Dryers - Variable Air Conditions
Derivation of the expression for the average driving force for drying

Consider through-circulation drying in packed bed the analysis for tray dryer is the same.
Overall energy balance:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 1 2
Based on temperature change of the gas: Eq.(1)
S S W W
q GAc T T GAc T T T T = =
Energy balance in a differential element of thickness dz:
Based on temperature change of the gas: Eq.(3)
S
dq GAc dT =
( ) ( )
B a s e d o n t h e r a t e o f h e a t t r a n s f e r : E q . ( 4 )
W
d q h a A d z T T =
( )
B a s e d o n h e a t t r a n s f e r f r o m t h e g a s : E q . ( 2 )
W
L M
q h a Z A T T =
where: (T T
w
)
LM
is the average driving force in the dryer
Equating Eq.(3) and Eq.(4) and rearranging:
( ) ( )
2 2
1
1 1 2
1 2
ln
ln
z T
W
S
z T
S W S W
W W
T T ha dT ha haZ
dz Z Gc
Gc T T Gc T T
T T T T

= = =
} }
(


Substituting expression for Gc
S
into Eq.(1) and comparing it with Eq.(2):
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 2
1 2

ln
W W
W
LM
W W
haAZ T T T T
q haZA T T
T T T T
(


= =
(


( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2

ln
W W
W LM
LM
W W
T T T T
T T T
T T T T
(


= = A
(


dz
H
T+dT H+dH
G, T
1
, H
1

T
2
, H
2

Z
T
0
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Batch Dryers - Variable Air Conditions
Expressions for drying time in through-circulation packed bed

Constant-rate drying period, i.e., R = R
c
when X > X
c

NB: In packed beds:
( )
1 2
and
S
C
t X X
aR

=
( )
( )
W
C y Air W
W
h T T
R k M H H

= =
( )
( )
( )
1 2 1 2
( )
W S S
W y Air W
X X X X
t
ah T T ak M H H

= =

Replacing the local difference with the log-mean-difference, i.e. the
average driving force:
( )
( )
1 2 W S
W
LM
X X
t
ah T T

=

2 3
w h e r e : m m i s t h e s p e c i f i c s u r f a c e a r e a o f t h e b e d a n d i s t h e d e n s i t y o f d r y s o l i d s i n t h e b e d
S
a
(

m a s s o f b e d
, T h u s c o r r e s p o n d s t o
s u r f a c e a r e a o f b e d
S S S S
A L L
A L a a a A

= =
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
where:
ln
W W
W
LM
W W
T T T T
T T
T T T T
(


=
(


If T
2
required for (T T
W
)
LM
is unknown, it can be evaluated from:
( ) ( )
1
2 1
2
ln exp
W
W W S
S W
T T ha
Z T T T T haZ Gc
Gc T T

= = +

dz
H
T+dT H+dH
G, T
1
, H
1

T
2
, H
2

Z
T
0
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Batch Dryers - Variable Air Conditions
Expressions for drying time in through-circulation packed bed

Falling-rate drying period (X < X
c
) and R is directly proportional to X
If solids temperature were at T
w
, which is not the case (why?):
( )
( )
( )
ln ln
( )
W S C C S C C
W y Air W LM
LM
X X X X X X
t
ah T T ak M H H

= =

Prediction of heat transfer coefficient in packed beds for adiabatic
evaporation
0 59
0 41
0 151 350
.
Re
.
. for:
t P t
P
G D G
h N
D
= = >
0 49
0 51
0 214 350
.
Re
.
. for
t P t
P
G D G
h N
D
= = <
2
2
W
where : is in while in ,
m K
kg kg
in , and in
m h h m
p
t
h D m
G
(
(
(

( (
( (

Specific surface area of the bed
( )
6 1
For spherical particles: where: is the void fraction in the bed
P
a
D
c
c

=
( ) ( )
4 1 0 5 .
For cylindrical particles of diameter a nd length :
C C
c c
C C
H D
D H a
H D
c +
=
NB: Equivalent diameter (D
p
) is the diameter of a sphere having the same surface area as the particles
dz
H
T+dT H+dH
G, T
1
, H
1

T
2
, H
2

Z
T
0
What would the actual t compared to the value
calculated assuming that solids are at T
w
?
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Batch Dryers - Variable Air Conditions
Expressions for drying time in tray dryer

Schematic representation of tray dryer
( )
( )
1
ln
S W C C
W
LM
x X X X
t
h T T

=

Variation of temperature and humidity of air in the dryer

Drying time in constant-rate period:
b
G, T
1
, H
1

G, T
2
, H
2

x
1

Wet solids
L
t

Wet solids
z
0
Adiabatic drying so that the temperature of solids is
constant and equal to wet bulb temperature of air (T
w
)
Using the same analysis as for the through circulation bed dryer it can be shown that:
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 2 1
l n exp , thus: exp
( )
W
W W S W W t S
S W
T T
hz
T T T T hz Gc b T T T T hL Gc b
Gc b T T

= = + = +

( )
( )
1 1 S W C
W
LM
x X X
t
h T T

=

1
1

S S
S
L Ax
x
A A

= =
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2

ln
W W
W
LM
W W
T T T T
T T
T T T T
(


=
(


Drying time in falling-rate period*:
NB: In tray dryers:
Similarly to flow-through packed beds, the expression
for t in the falling-rate period underestimates the actual t
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Example 3: Variable air conditions
Spherical wet catalyst pellets having a diameter of 12.7 mm are being dried in a through-
circulation dryer. The pellets are in a bed of 63.5 mm thick on a screen. The solids are being
dried by air entering with a superficial velocity of 0.914 m/s at 82.2C and having a humidity
H = 0.01 kg H
2
O/kg dry air. The dry solid density is determined as 1522 kg/m
3
, and the bulk
density of the dry solid in the bed is 982.3 kg/m
3
. The initial free moisture content is 0.90 kg
H
2
O/kg solid and the solids are to be dried to a free moisture content of 0.45, which is above
the critical free moisture content.

Calculate the time of drying.
Batch Dryers - Variable Air Conditions
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Continuous Dryers
Comparison of continuous and batch dryers

Tray Dryer (batch drying)

Wet material is loaded uniformly on removable
trays; loading is done outside an oven.
Once the trays are loaded and placed inside
the oven, the drying is initiated by circulating
hot, dry air over the trays for a specific time.
Mass flow rate of drying air and its properties
determine the drying time for a given design of
trays
Continuous Tunnel Dryer

Trays or trucks containing the material
move continuously through a tunnel of hot
gasses.
Mass flow rate of dry air, its properties,
loading rate of wet material, velocity of the
belt for a given length of the tunnel
determine the dryness of the product
Analysis of continuous dryers:
1. Overall mass and energy balances
2. Design of dryer and operation
parameters
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Continuous Dryers
Overall Mass and Energy Balance dryer is treated as black box

Drying gas can be in parallel, counter, cross, or any combination of these three flows
relative to the solids flow.
Typically, counter-flow configuration is assumed along with constant solid
temperature equal to wet bulb temperature of drying gas T
W


Material balance on moisture:

GH
2
+ L
s
X
1
= GH
1
+ L
S
X
2

Enthalpy of the gas:

H
'
G
= c
s
(T
G
T
o
) + H
o
[kJ/kg dry air]

Enthalpy of wet solids:

H'
S
= c
ps
(T
S
T
o
) + Xc
pH2O
(T
S
T
o
) [kJ/kg dry solid]
(enthalpy of solid + enthalpy of free moisture)

Overall heat balance on dryer:

GH'
G2
+ L
s
H'
s1
= GH'
G1
+ L
s
H'
S2
+ Q
Loss
Dryer
Solid
L
S
, T
S1
, X
1

T
S2
, X
2

Gas
G, T
G2
, H
2

T
G1
, H
1

Q
(Q is heat loss in the dryer (kJ /h). Adiabatic process, Q =0,
If heat added to the system, Q is negative.)
G: kg dry air/h
L
s
: kg dry solid/h
H: kg H
2
O/kg dry air
X: kg H
2
O/kg dry solid
c
PS
: kJ /kg dry solid K
c
PH2O
: kJ /kg H
2
O K
c
S
=1.005 +1.88 H [kJ /kg dry air C]
T
o
=0 C

o
=2501 kJ /kg H
2
O
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Continuous Dryers
Heat Recovery by Air Recirculation

Air recirculation helps to reduce steam consumption in dryers and to control the
conditions at which drying occurs.
Dryer
Heater
Q
Dry Solid
L
s
, T
S2
, X
2
Wet Solid
L
s
, T
S1
, X
1

Recirculated air, G
6
, T
G2
, H
6

(6)
Fresh Air
(1)
G
1
, T
G1
, H
1

T
G4

(4)
T
G2
, H
2

(2)

Moist Air, H
5

(5) (3)
T
G3
, H
3

H
4
=H
3

Water balance on heater: G
1
H
1
+ G
6
H
6
= (G
1
+ G
6
)H
4
(H
6
= H
5
= H
2
)


Water balance on dryer: (G
1
+ G
6
)H
4
+ L
S
X
1
= (G
1
+G
6
)H
2
+ L
S
X
2


Heat balance on heater: G
1
H'
G1
+ G
6
H'
G6
+ Q = (G
1
+ G
6
)H'
G4

Heat balance on dryer: (G
1
+ G
6
)H'
G4
+ H'
S1
L
S
= (G
1
+G
6
)H'
G2
+ L
S
H'
S2
CHG 3111/B. Kruczek
28
Continuous Dryers
Design of Continuous Dryers

Analysis of temperature profile in counter-current flow dryer

Dryer
Solid
L
S
, T
S1
, X
1

T
S2
, X
2

Gas
G, T
G2
, H
2

T
G1
, H
1

Preheat Zone: Solids heats up to wet bulb temperature, little evaporation occurs.

Zone I:
Surface moisture evaporates, temperature of solid stays constant, rate of drying stays constant,
gas temperature decreases where as gas humidity increase, solid moisture content reaches the
critical value of X
C
.

Zone II:
Solid dries to a final value of X
2
, gas temperature further decreases, gas humidity increases to H
C.

NB: The outlet temperature of the drying gas (T
G1
) must be greater than the inlet temperature of wet solids,
which could be less than T
w
. In practice T
G1
should be several degrees greater than T
w
.

Why?
CHG 3111/B. Kruczek
29
Continuous Dryers
Categories of Design Analysis in Continuous Dryers

1. Determination of the length of dryer in zone I

Given: (i) desired rate of processing of the wet
solids, including the inlet and outlet moisture
content, (ii) packing of the wet material (i.e., L
s
/A
or equivalent), (iii) the mass flow rate of the drying
gas and its properties including T and H, (iv)
velocity at which wet solids move the dryer.

Assumptions: (i) adiabatic drying, constant heat
and mass transfer coefficients

Analysis: (i) Overall mass and energy balances to determine inlet and outlet conditions of
drying in each zone, (ii) determination of the heat transfer or mass transfer coefficient (iii)
determination of the residence time in each zone using the equation developed for batch drying
with variable dying gas condition
Bottom line: The inlet and outlet conditions of solids and air must be known, or they can be
easily calculated
Question: How do we evaluate the required residence time in the preheat zone?
Answer: Neglecting evaporation of water, the analysis in the preheat zone become identical to the
analysis of a two-stream heat exchanger.
CHG 3111/B. Kruczek
30
Continuous Dryers
Categories of Design Analysis in Continuous Dryers

2. Determination of the outlet conditions of wet solids and heating air when drying in zone I

Given: (i) Dryer parameters such as the total length,
surface area for dying, the height of the gas channel,
(ii) flow rate of wet solids and the inlet moisture content,
(iii) the mass flow rate of the drying gas and its
properties including T and H, (iv) velocity at which wet
solids move the dryer, or the total residence time.

Assumptions: (i) adiabatic drying, constant transfer
coefficient

Analysis:
Starting from energy balance on differential element of wet solids of length dz it can
be shown that the moisture content X
2
at the outlet of the dryer (z = L) will be:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 1
T h e o u t l e t a i r t e m p e r a t u r e r e q u i r e d f o r i s d e t e r m i e d f r o m : e x p
W W W t S
L M
T T T T T T h L G c b = +
2 1 2 1
( )
substituting for the average , i.e. in terms of ( ) :
c W W LM
C W LM
S pW W S pW W
R WL h T T A
X X R T T X X
L c T L c T

= =
CHG 3111/B. Kruczek
31
Drying-Fundamentals
Example 4: Air recirculation in a continuous dryer

The wet feed material to a continuous dryer contains 50 wt% water on a wet basis and is dried to
27 wt% by countercurrent air flow. The dried product leaves at the rate of 907.2 kg/h. Fresh air to
the system is at 25.6
o
C and has humidity of H = 0.007 kg H
2
O/kg dry air. The moist air leaves the
dryer at 37.8
o
C and H = 0.020 kg H
2
O/kg dry air and part of it is recirculated and mixed with the
fresh air before entering a heater. The heated mixed air enter the dryer at 65.6
o
C and H = 0.010.
The solid enters at 26.7
o
C and leaves at the same temperature. Calculate:

a) The fresh air flow,
b) The percent of air leaving the dryer that is recycled
c) The heat added in the heater
d) The heat loss from the dryer