LABORATORY REPORTED OF THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

Day : Thursday, 14.00-16.30

M.Si
Date : 19 March 2009
Place : EEP Laboratorium

Lecturer : Dr. Ir. Dyah Wulandari,

MEASUREMENT OF SPECIFIC HEAT FOR VARIOUS

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS

By :

Spetriani
F14070125

Department of Agricultural Engineering

Faculty of Agricultural Technology
Bogor Agricultural University
2009
1. INTRODUCTION

The spesific heat of a substance is defined as the energy required to raise its
temperature to 10K per weight unit ( Burghardt and Harbach, 1999 ). The spesific
heat denoted the variation of the temperature with the the amount of heat stored
within the substance. Specific heat depend on the nature of the process of heat
addition in terms of either

a constant pressure process or a constant volume

process. One of the common procedures for measurement of constant pressure

specific heat is the method of mixtures by calorimeter. In this method, the specimen
at a known mass and temperature is dropped in to a calorimeter of known specific
heat containing water at a known temperature and weight. The unkonwn specific
heat is then computed from a heat balance equation between the heat gained or lost
by the water and calorimeter and that lost or gained by the specimen ( Agustina and
Purwanto, 1993 ).
To calculate the specific heat by the method of mixtures, the following heat
balance equation is used (Mohsenin, 1980).
Qwater = Qsample + Qcalorimeter.(1)
mwCpw(Te -Tw) = msCps(Ts-Te)+mcCpc(Tc-Te)(2)
Where :
Qwater = total heat of water (kJ)
Qsample = total heat of sample (kJ)
Qcalorimeter

= total heat of calorimeter (kJ)

mw

= mass of water (kg)

Cpw

= specific heat of water (kJ/kg K)

Te

= equilibrium temperature (K)

Tw

= temperature of water (K)

ms

= mass of sample (kg)

Cps

= specific heat of sample (kJ/kg K)

Ts

= temperature of sample (K)

mc

= mass of calorimeter bucket (kg)

Cpc

= specific heat of calorimeter bucket (kJ/kgK)

Tc

= temperature of calorimeter bucket (K)

2. OBJECTIVES
Determination of the specific heat for various agricultural products.
3. MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT
Take grenpeal,soybean,rice and corn as samples to be measured for their
specific heats. The equipment is a simple calorimeter manufactured in the laboratory
( Abdullah et al.,1990, and Agustina and Purwanto, 1993) analytical balance,
thermocouples and thermorecorder.
4.

METHODS

1. Determination of
1.1. Prepare 0.05 kg cold water, measure its temperature and pour into the
calorimeter.
1.2. Stir using the agitator and record again the temperature by the thermocouple.
1.3. Add 0.05 kg hot water whose temperature has been measured previously.
1.4. Stir the agitator. Record the mixing temperature until the equilibrium has been
reached.
1.5. Calculate in the equation (1) and (2).
2. Determination of the Specific Heat of Sample
2.1. Repeat step 1.1 and 1.2.
2.2. Prepare 0.001 0.002 kg specimens of the samples. Take one specimen and
put into the calorimeter.
2.3. Repeat the step 1.4.
2.4. Calculate the specific heat of sample using the equation (2).
2.5. Repeat the procedure for rice, corn, soy beans and green beans.

5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

1.

Determination of
Mass of cold water (mw)

= 0.1 kg

Mass of hot water (mwh)

= 0.1 kg

Specific heat of water (Cpw)

= 4.2 kJ/kg 0C

T0 of cold water (Tw)

= 6.80C

T0 of hot water (Twh)

= 73.70C

Equilibrium temperature (Te)= 39.40C

Table. 1 The mixing temperature cold water and hot water

Cold water
Temperature (0C)

Mix
Temperature (0C)

6.8
7.0
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5

39.2
38.7
38.5
38.1
38.1
38.0

Chart. 1 The mixing temperature cold water and hot water

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Calculation:
a.

mw Cpw (Te - Tw)

0.1x 4.2 x(39.4-7.0) =

13.608
Cpc1
b.

mw Cpw (Te - Tw)

mw Cpw (Te - Tw)

14.406 + Cc(-32.4)

0.025 kJ/kg 0C

mwh Cpw (Twh - Te) + Cpc (Tc - Te)

13.524
c.

0.1 x 4.2 x (73.7-39.4)+ Cpc x (7.0-39.4)

=

0.1x 4.2 x(39.4-7.2) =

Cpc2

mwh Cpw (Twh - Te) + Cpc (Tc - Te)

0.1 x 4.2 x (73.7-39.4)+ Cpc x (7.2-39.4)

=

14.406 + Cc(-32.2)

0.027 kJ/kg 0C

mwh Cpw (Twh - Te) + Cpc (Tc - Te)

0.1x 4.2 x(39.4-7.3) =

0.1 x 4.2 x (73.7-39.4)+ Cpc x (7.3-39.4)

13.482
Cpc3
d.

mw Cpw (Te - Tw)

=
=

0.029 kJ/kg 0C

mwh Cpw (Twh - Te) + Cpc (Tc - Te)

0.1x 4.2 x(39.4-7.4) =

13.44
Cpc4
e.

mw Cpw (Te - Tw)

0.1 x 4.2 x (73.7-39.4)+ Cpc x (7.4-39.4)

14.406 + Cc(-32)

0.03 kJ/kg 0C

mwh Cpw (Twh - Te) + Cpc (Tc - Te)

0.1x 4.2 x(39.4-7.5) =

13.398
Cpc5

14.406 + Cc(-32.1)

0.1 x 4.2 x (73.7-39.4)+ Cpc x (7.5-39.4)

=

14.406 + Cc(-31.9)

0.032 kJ/kg 0C

kJ/kg 0C
2.

Determination of the Specific Heat of Greenpeal

Mass of water (mw)

= 0.05 kg

Mass of sample (ms)

= 0.05 kg

Specific heat of water (Cpw)

= 4.2 kJ/kg 0C

T0 of water (Tw)

= 10.30C

T0 of sample (Ts)

= 26.70C

Equilibrium temperature (Te) = 15.10C

Table. 2 The mixing temperature cold water and greenpeal
Cold water
Temperature (0C)

Mix
Temperature (0C)

10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8

15.2
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8

Chart. 2 The mixing temperature cold water and greenpeal

Calculation:
a.

mw Cpw (Te - Tw)

0.05x 4.2 x(15.1-10.4)

b.

Cps

1.936 kJ/kg 0C

ms Cps (Ts - Te) + Cpc (Tc - Te)

mw Cpw (Te - Tw)

0.05 x Cps x (26.7-15.1) + 0.029 x (10.5-15.1)

0.58 Cps -0.133

Cps

1.895 kJ/kg 0C

ms Cps (Ts - Te) + Cpc (Tc - Te)

mw Cpw (Te - Tw)

0.05 x Cps x (26.7-15.1) + 0.029 x (10.6-15.1)

0.945 =

0.58 Cps -0.131

Cps

1.855 kJ/kg 0C

ms Cps (Ts - Te) + Cpc (Tc - Te)

mw Cpw (Te - Tw)

0.05 x Cps x (26.7-15.1) + 0.029 x (10.7-15.1)

0.924 =

0.58 Cps -0.128

Cps

1.814 kJ/kg 0C

ms Cps (Ts - Te) + Cpc (Tc - Te)

mw Cpw (Te - Tw)

0.05x 4.2 x(15.1-10.8)

kJ/kg 0C

0.966 =

0.05x 4.2 x(15.1-10.7)

e.

0.05 x Cps x (26.7-15.1) + 0.029 x (10.4-15.1)

0.58 Cps -0.136

0.05x 4.2 x(15.1-10.6)

d.

0.987 =

0.05x 4.2 x(15.1-10.5)

c.

ms Cps (Ts - Te) + Cpc (Tc - Te)

0.05 x Cps x (26.7-15.1) + 0.029 x (10.8-15.1)

0.903 =

0.58 Cps -0.125

Cps

1.772 kJ/kg 0C

Data of the Specific Heat of Greenpeal from Other Group

Mass of water (mw)

= 0.05 kg

Mass of sample (ms)

= 0.05 kg

Specific heat of water (Cpw)

= 4.2 kJ/kg 0C

T0 of water (Tw)

= 11.90C

T0 of sample (Ts)

= 24.80C

Equilibrium temperature (Te) = 14.20C

Specific heat of calorimeter(Cc) = 0.0013 kJ/kg 0C
Table. 3 The mixing temperature cold water and green peal from other group
Cold water
Temperature (0C)

Mix
Temperature (0C)

11.2
11.9
10.8
-

14.7
13.8
14.2
14.7
14.8
16.4

mw Cpw (Te - Tw) = ms Cps (Ts - Te) + Cpc (Tc - Te)

Cps(2) =
= 0.91 kJ/kg 0C
Cps(ave) = kJ/kg 0C
The Specific Heat of Another Samples

Cps rice

= 3.489 kJ/kg 0C

Cps corn

= 2.8357 kJ/kg 0C

Cps soybean

= 2.327 kJ/kg 0C

In modern agriculture, handling and processing of various product of food entangle various
appliance and instrumen mechanically, termal, electrics, optic and also sonic. Basic
knowledges of about nature of electrics and termal of various product of agriculture like

specific heat of vital importance to provide data of that is needed in machine scheme,
structure, process and its operation, in analysing and determining efficiency of a machine
or an operation, in development a product of new food, and also in maintaining and
evaluating quality of product of food.
To avoid the happening of various damage of substance of during handling , hence the
basic knowledges hit the nature of and the character physical of absolute substance have
to be known. Therefore, knowledge of[is way of determining specific heat a[n substance of
agriculture of like at execution of this practice of vital importance to be learned.
At this practice there are some substance of agriculture to be determined by its
specific heat that is rice, maize, green peanut, and the soy. specific heat from fourth of
sample, we have got result that specific heat of greenpeal is 1.382 kJ/kg 0C, specific heat
of rice is 3.489 kJ/kg 0C, specific heat of corn is 2.8357 kJ/kg 0C, and specific heat of
soybean is 2.327 kJ/kg 0C. While from literature specific heat of rice and corn are 1.729
kJ/kg 0C and 3.32 kJ/kg 0C.

6. CONCLUSION
Heat can move from object which have the high temperature to low temperature,
so that temperature of balance from the system. The specific heat obtained from fourth
of specimen is greenpeal, rice, corn, and soybean still be needed other experiments to
get result which more a valid result.

REFERENCES
Abdullah, K., A.H. Tambunan dan M. Yamin. 1990. Energi dan Listrik Pertanian. Pedoman
Praktikum. JICA-DGHE/IPB Project/ADAET : JTa-9a(132), Bogor, IPB.
Agustina, S.E. dan Y.A. Purwanto. 1993. Energi Biomassa. Pedoman Praktikum. JICADGHE/IPB Project/ADAET : JTa-9a(132), Bogor, IPB.

Burghardt, M.D. and J.A. Harbach. 1999. Engineering Thermodynamics. Cornell Maritime
Press., Centreville, Maryland, USA.
Mohsein, N.W. 1980. Thermal Properties of Food and Agricultural Materials. Gordon and
Breach Science Publishers. New York, N.Y., USA.