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This document summarizes common apparatus used in A Level Chemistry exams and laboratory experiments. It describes equipment like burettes, pipettes, flasks, cylinders, crucibles, and thermometers. It also outlines procedures for titration experiments, determining enthalpy changes through calorimetry, thermal decomposition, determining the percentage of a compound in a mineral sample, equilibrium experiments, and determining the order of a chemical reaction.
This document summarizes common apparatus used in A Level Chemistry exams and laboratory experiments. It describes equipment like burettes, pipettes, flasks, cylinders, crucibles, and thermometers. It also outlines procedures for titration experiments, determining enthalpy changes through calorimetry, thermal decomposition, determining the percentage of a compound in a mineral sample, equilibrium experiments, and determining the order of a chemical reaction.
This document summarizes common apparatus used in A Level Chemistry exams and laboratory experiments. It describes equipment like burettes, pipettes, flasks, cylinders, crucibles, and thermometers. It also outlines procedures for titration experiments, determining enthalpy changes through calorimetry, thermal decomposition, determining the percentage of a compound in a mineral sample, equilibrium experiments, and determining the order of a chemical reaction.
Common apparatus used in A Level Chemistry April 2007
Names of apparatus you should know for the exam are:
Burette (50cm 3 ), pipette (25 cm 3 , 10cm 3 ), dropping pipette, pipette filler, conical flask, volumetric flask (150 to 250 cm 3 ), measuring cylinder (25 and 50 cm 3 ), wash bottle, filter funnel, porcelain crucible, 15cm 3 with lid, evaporating basin at least 30 cm 3 , beaker 100 cm 3 , 250 cm 3 , thermometer 10 o ! to "110 o ! at 1 o ! inter#al$ 5 o ! to "50 o ! at 0%2 o ! inter#al, plastic beaker of approximate capacity 150 cm 3 , test-tubes, boiling tubes, clock or stop-watch to measure accuracy of 1s, balance 0%01& accuracy% ! "itration 'ou are familiar now with the titration experiment often used to accurately find the end point in a neutrali(ation or redox experiment and find unknown concentrations to )e used in further calculations or plannin& * analysis% e%&% Na+,(a-) " ,!l(a-) . Na!l(a-) " ,2+(l) /olumetric flask !onical flask measurin& cylinder 0f the solution )ecomes cloudy to reach endpoint (e%&% formation of sulphur in redox reaction) then a cross (#) drawn on a white piece of paper will disappear under the conical flask% 0f you were asked to descri)e a titration experiment, you should write these steps: 1% 1ipette 25 cm 3 of 0%5 moldm 3 Na+,(a-) solution into a 250 cm 3 conical flask% 2% 2dd three drops of )romophenol )lue indicator% 3% 3itrate the alkali with the a-ueous hydrochloric acid (422) to reach endpoint (the colour will chan&e from a li&ht )lue to a permanent yellow or red) and take the a#era&e of a)out three titres% 2ccuracy of "5 0%05 cm 3 in measurin& #olume chan&es with the )urette (no need to draw a picture only ta)ulate results if asked)% "5 0%05 cm 3
'ou would record the results as shown: 2#era&e titre66666%%cm 3 7uch titrations can )e used in other ways such as determinin& the amount of )ase in a mixture of compounds (e%&% a car)onate) or used in neutrali(in& acids in an e-uili)rium experiment (which you pro)a)ly carried out )efore)% 0n &eneral, plannin& and analysis follows this chart: 8here there exists a potential dan&er, e%&% corrosi#e acid (conc% ,27+9), concentrated alkali or poisonous &as released (N+2, 7+2) a precaution should )e mentioned (wear &lo#es, use fume hood)% 2! $easuring enthalpy changes in e%othermic or endothermic reactions
8ith some chemical reactions or dissol#in& a solid in water (e%&% Na+,), heat is &i#en out (,soln)% 0f you were asked to measure an enthalpy chan&e you could write to this effect: 1% 8ei&h out a)out 0%1 mol of the solid% 2% :easure 100 cm 3 of distilled water into the plastic cup% :easure its temperature to accuracy of 0%2 o !% 3% ;uickly dissol#e a)out 0%1 mol of the su)stance in water and measure its hi&hest temperature (this may take a minute)% Calculation (processing of results) 4. 3akin& the specific heat capacity, c, of water to )e 9%2 <& 1 = 1 which can )e assumed to )e the same for the solution, so & ' mc" and is )ased on one mole of su)stance and remem)er to &i#e the #alue a ne&ati#e si&n for exothermic enthalpies% 'ou may ha#e to show how the calculation is worked out and in that case 3 is the temperature chan&e shown )elow: 0nitial temperature (31)5 o ! 4inal temperature(32)5 o ! 3 (3231)5 o ! 1 2 3 2#era&e 3 . 66666666% 0n a similar way, if it was a chemical reaction then you would measure the temperature of a known amount of su)stance 421 dissol#ed in water and the add su)stance 422 (can )e a solid or known amount in a #olume of water)% >emem)er the mass, m, is the mass of the total #olume of water in &% 7ee also October/November 2003 Paper 5, :ay5<une 2009 1aper 5% thermometer )eaker plastic cup lid (! "hermal )ecomposition 1orcelain cruci)le and lid 2 porcelain cruci)le (with lid) is used to heat a small amount of su)stance (a)out 2 &) usin& a ?unsen )urner (or alcohol spirit )urner), tripod and &au(e% 2 )oilin&tu)e may alternati#ely )e used if supplied as these can withstand hi&h temperatures of a flame% Find te percentage of copper(!!) carbonate in te mineral roc" malacite% 1% 8ei&h an empty cruci)le% 2% 8ei&h the cruci)le and a)out 2%0 & of the mineral ("5 0%01&)% 3% ,eat the cruci)le and contents for 10 minutes on a tripod and &au(e 9% >ewei&h the cruci)le% 3he results are ta)ulated as )elow: :ass of cruci)le 5 & :ass of cruci)le " malachite :ass of cruci)le and contents after heatin& :ass of !+2 produced 2ssumin& the mineral to contain no other decomposition products, then accordin& to the e-uation: !u!+3(s) . !u+(s) " !+2(s) 3he difference in mass )efore and after heatin& is the mass of !+2 released% 0f we calculate the predicted mass of !+2 for the same wei&ht of pure !u!+3, the percenta&e )y mass of !u!+3 in the malachite is therefore: @ !u!+3 in malachite . mass of !+2 from malachite x 100 mass of !+2 from pure !u!+3 7ee also #a$/%une 2003 Paper 5% *! +,uilibria 3his summari(es the steps used in Practical &'( Cemistr$ in Conte)t( *aborator$ #anual( page '2+''% Plan Asin& a )urette, add the exact amount of ,!l(a-), water, ethyl ethanoate, ethanoic acid and water to a stoppered 100cm 3 #olumetric flask (or wellstoppered flask) so that the total #olume is exactly 10cm 3 % 7hake well% 2fter one week (to allow the mixture to reach e-uili)rium) titrate the whole of the mixture with 1%0 moldm 3 sodium hydroxide (422) solution usin& phenolphthalein as indicator in the flask% 3he first permanent si&n of pink is the end point% 0n order to find the exact concentration of the ,!l(a-) catalyst, titrate 5 cm 3 of the 3 moldm 3 with 1%0 moldm 3 Na+, 8ei&h 5%0 cm 3 of each of the li-uids used in the e-uili)rium experiment to determine their densities and thus find the mass of materials used ( . m5#)% 3a)ulate results: ,nal$sis 3he steps findin& the e-uili)rium constant in the manual will show you how to calculate the e-uili)rium constant, =c% 7ee also October/November 2005 Paper 5 for another e-uili)rium experiment% -! )etermining the order of a reaction 7ee Practical &5, Cemistr$ in Conte)t *aborator$ #anual% 7ee also +cto)er5No#em)er 2009 1aper 5, +cto)er5No#em)er 2002%