DSB-SC Applications A.J .

Wilkinson, UCT EEE3086F Signals and Systems II

504 Page 1May 18, 2009
EEE3086F
Signals and Systems II
2009
Andrew Wilkinson
andrew.wilkinson@uct.ac.za
http://www.ee.uct.ac.za/people/ajw.php
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Cape Town
DSB-SC Applications A.J .Wilkinson, UCT EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 2May 18, 2009
5.2 Applications of DSB-SC
5.2.1 USE of DSB-SC in Stereo FM Radio
5.2.2 DSB-SC Quadrature Multiplexing and
Demultiplexing
5.2.3 Synchronous Detection
5.2.4 The Chopper Amplifier
DSB-SC Applications A.J .Wilkinson, UCT EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 3May 18, 2009
5.2.1 USE of DSB-SC in Stereo FM Radio
(for transmitting stereo audio signals
on the same FM carrier frequency)
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 4May 18, 2009
FM Broadcast Radio (88-108 MHz)
FM radio channel spacing is 200 kHz; bandwidth <200kHz.
Originally, FM radio was mono i.e. single sound channel;
Stereo hifi music was combined into a single mono signal by
adding left and right channels (L+R), and fed into an FM
modulator, which is a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO).
At the FM demodulator, the L+R signal is recovered, amplified
and fed into a speaker.
VCO
Audio
) (t L
) (t R

Audio
R L +
Modulator
FM
FM Radio Mono
R L +
demod.
FM
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 5May 18, 2009
USE of DSB-SC in Stereo FM Radio
One application of DSB-SC arises in stereo transmission of FM radio.
To extend FM radio to stereo, with minimum change to the existing mono
standard, the standard was later extended in such a way that theoriginal mono
signal (L(t)+R(t)) is transmitted, together with a difference signal (L(t)-R(t)).
At the receiver, the individual L and R channels can be recontructedfrom the
L+R and L-R signals. i.e. L =[(L-R) +(L+R)]/2
R =[(L+R)-(L-R)]/2
The approach used, involves assembling a basebandspectrum consisting of
(1) the (L+R) positioned between 0-15 kHz
(2) The (L-R) positioned next to it using DSB-SC on a carrier frequency of 38
kHz . The DSB-SC covers a bandwidth of 30 kHz, extending from 23 to 53 kHz
(see illustration).
(3) An additional digital data stream is provided for in the range 59-75 kHz
(used for RDS message information displayed on modern FM car radio LCD
displays).
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 6May 18, 2009
Baseband spectrum
15 19
23
38
53
59 75
R L +
Lower
R L
Upper
R L
SC DSB
.) (mono
Audio
P
i
l
o
t

C
a
r
r
i
e
r
(RDS) Comms
Subsidiary
kHz
Complete spectrum
assembled for transmission
via frequency modulation
onto a carrier.
Modulator
FM
0
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 7May 18, 2009
In order to allow error-free synchronous demodulation at the receiver, the
receiver requires the 38 kHz carrier signal, with the correct phase.
Unfortunately there is not much space in the small gap at 38 kHz to allow a
BPF to separate a 38 kHz signal. Instead the trick used is to transmit a 19 kHz
pilot carrier. This is positioned in the gap between 15 and 23 kHz (see
illustration), to allow easy separation by filtering at the receiver.
At the receiver, the 38 kHz signal is recreated from the 19 kHz signal using a
frequency doubler circuit. This can then be used to synchronously demodulate
the (L-R) signal.
( )
2
kHz
BPF
38 @
kHz 19 kHz 38
Frequency Doubler
square
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 8May 18, 2009
Assembly of baseband spectrum for Stereo FM Radio
t
s
cos

kHz 38
divider
frequency
2
kHz 19

R L
L
R
+

+
R L +
+
+
+
To FM
modulator
Atten-
uator
+
kHz 38
Pilot
carrier
DSB-SC

A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II

504 Page 9May 18, 2009
Implementation of stereo FM Radio
StereoFM

R L+
R L
t
0
cos
SC DSB
VCO
Modulator
FM
. Dem
FM
LPF
. Dem
SC DSB
R L+
R L
+
+
+

2
L 2
R 2
Assembly
of baseband
spectrum for
modulation onto
carrier via FM
Recovery of L and R
channels from baseband
spectrum.
19 kHz
38 kHz

DSB-SC Applications A.J .Wilkinson, UCT EEE3086F Signals and Systems II

504 Page 10May 18, 2009
5.2.2 DSB-SC Quadrature Multiplexing
and Demultiplexing
(for transmitting two signals on the
same carrier frequency; this requires
synchronous demodulation)
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 11May 18, 2009
Quadrature Multiplexing
Previously we considered demodulation of DSB-SC with a phase
error
The output is multiplied by the factor cos where
Note that if = +90 deg, we get zero output. This property can
be exploited to transmit two signals on the same carrier band.
This technique is known asquadrature multiplexing.
The word quadrature refers to the fact that in phasor form, sint
and cost are 90 degrees out of phase i.e. the vectors are
perpendicular. The word multiplexing refers to the sharing of a
single information channel by two (or more) signals.
1 cos 1
t
c
cos
) (t f

) (t
) cos( + t
c
LPF
) cos( ) (
2
1
t f
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 12May 18, 2009
Quadrature Multiplexing Block Diagram
The orthogonalityof sinesand cosines is exploited to transmit and
receive two different DSB-SC signals simultaneously, on the same
carrier frequency.
Show that each signal can be recovered by synchronous detection
of the received signal using carriers of the same frequency but in
phase quadrature.
t
c
sin
) (
1
t f
t
c
cos

) (
2
t f
) (t +
+
t
c
cos
t
c
sin
LPF
LPF
) (
2
1
) (
1 1
t f t e =
) (
2
1
) (
2 2
t f t e =

A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II

504 Page 13May 18, 2009
Maths Identities
To analysethe quadraturedemultiplexer, we use the trig
identities
A A A
A A
A A
cos sin 2 2 sin
2 cos
2
1
2
1
sin
2 cos
2
1
2
1
cos
2
2
=
=
+ =
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 14May 18, 2009
The low-pass filter, removes the high frequency terms at 2
c
, so
Synchronous Demodulation of Quadrature Multiplexed Signals
t t f t f t t f
t t f t t t f t t
c c
c c c c


2 cos ) (
2
1
) (
2
1
2 sin ) (
2
1
sin ) ( sin cos ) ( sin ) (
2 2 1
2
2 1
+ =
+ =
) (
2
1
) (
1 1
t f t e =
t t f t t f t
c c
sin ) ( cos ) ( ) (
2 1
+ =
t t f t t f t f
t t t f t t f t t
c c
c c c c


2 sin ) (
2
1
2 cos ) (
2
1
) (
2
1
cos sin ) ( cos ) ( cos ) (
2 1 1
2
2
1
+ + =
+ =
) (
2
1
) (
2 2
t f t e =
Quadrature multiplexed signal:
Multiplication by cos gives (upper arm):
Multiplication by sin gives (lower arm):
DSB-SC Applications A.J .Wilkinson, UCT EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 15May 18, 2009
5.2.3 Synchronous Detection
(used in instrumentation)
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 16May 18, 2009
Synchronous Detection
Another use for quadraturedemodulation arises in instrumentation
applications in which we wish to measure the magnitude and
phase of a sinusoidal signal, relative to a reference sinusoid.
Applications include:
1. measurement of the transfer function of a two port device
2. measurement of complex impedance
Synchronous detection can also be used very effectively for
characterisinga device under test, when the output signal is
very weak and buried in noise.
A sinusoidal signal is injected into the device under test, and the
output signal is determined via the synchronous detection
technique.
The use of an AC injection signal, avoids the effect of low
frequency 1/f noise. measurement avoids low frequency noise
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 17May 18, 2009
Synchronous Detection
Let us say we have device for which we wish to
characterize the frequency response, i.e. determine its
transfer function
We inject a sinusoidal signal of frequency , and then
use synchronous demodulation on the output signal as
illustrated in the following diagram.
The amplitude A and phase can be obtained from the I
and Q signals at the outputs.
) (
) ( ) (


j
e A H =
t
0
cos ) cos(
0
+ t A Device under test
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 18May 18, 2009
Synchronous Detection for measuring Mag and Phase
Test
Under
Device
~
t
0
cos
Oscillator
) cos(
0
+ t A
) (amplifier
Buffer

LPF
LPF
0
90 +
I
t
0
cos 2
t
0
sin 2
Q
Component
Phase In
Component
Quadrature
t
0
cos 2
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 19May 18, 2009
Synchronous Detection
Note: The Low Pass Filter is chosen to have long time
constant to remove noise and also to eliminate the high
frequency component at
Outputs:
Similarly:
0
2

cos
)] 2 cos( cos [
)] cos 2 )( cos( [ ) (
0
0 0
A
t A A
t t A t I
LPF
LPF
=
+ + =
+ =

sin
)] 2 sin( ) sin( [
)] sin 2 )( cos( [ ) (
0
0 0
A
t A A
t t A t Q
LPF
LPF
=
+ =
+ =
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 20May 18, 2009
Synchronous Detection
From I and Q, we can easily extract A and
To get Amplitude:
To get phase:
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
sin cos
Q I A
A A A Q I
+ =
= + = +
I
Q
A
A
I
Q
arctan
tan
cos
sin
=
= =

sin A Q =
cos A I =
) cos(
0
+ t A
The complex signal
I+jQ is essentially
the phasor representation
of
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 21May 18, 2009
Frequency Domain Illustration of Synchronous Detection
In synchronous detection, both the signal and noise are translated to
baseband.
The LPF used in synchronous detection can be thought of as
implementing the equivalent of a very narrow band bandpassfilter.
Practically, it is much easier to build a narrow band LPF at DC, than
a BPF at
0
. Problems will occur is a narrow BPF drifts off the
centre frequency. Low pass filters do not drift (always centredon
DC).
LPF

j
Ae

j
Ae

Analysis
of the I
channel.
noise
0

0

0
2
0
2 0
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 22May 18, 2009
Opamp Synchronous Detector Circuit
Implements multiplication by a square wave +1, -1
LPF
JFET
switch
switch open => follower
switch closed => inverter
10K
10K
10K
Ref square
wave - same
phase as
) cos(
0
+ t A
) cos(
0
t
cos
0
A V
R
C
Input + noise
Noise at
output is
bandlimited
by LPF
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 23May 18, 2009
Opamp Synchronous Detector Circuit
Multiplication by a square wave works because the
fundamental component mixes with the input signal
(difference frequency creates the DC output).
The other harmonics of the square wave create non-DC
components which are removed by the LPF.
The demodulator is usually preceded by a BPF which
ensures that no input frequencies exist at the frequencies
of the harmonics (otherwise these too would be mixed to
DC).
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 24May 18, 2009
Demodulation with a square wave
) ( F
0

0

Convolve
2
1
Harmonics
of square wave

j
Ae

j
Ae

1
a
0

0

1
a
0
3
3 /
1
a
0
5
5 /
1
a
0
3
3 /
1
a
0
5
5 /
1
a
Components at fundamental mix with input to create
DC component. Other mixing products removed by LPF.
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
4
0
6
0
4
0
6
0
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 25May 18, 2009
Demodulation with a square wave
DSB-SC Applications A.J .Wilkinson, UCT EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 26May 18, 2009
5.2.4 The chopper amplifier
(avoids 1/f noise in amplifier circuits)
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 27May 18, 2009
Chopper Amplifier Principles
Practice amplifiers are subject to the effects of Low
Frequency 1/f noise with a P.S.D.
This limits the SNR of DC and low frequency amplifiers.
f
S
1
) (
PSD of
amplifier
noise.
Freq. f
f
1 Noise region
S(f)
lower noise
1 kHz 0
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 28May 18, 2009
Chopper Amplifier Principles
Basic Principle
Avoid Low frequency noise by translating signal to a
higher frequency band (using DSB-SC modulation).
Do amplification with gain K.
Translate back using DSB-SC demodulation
f
1

K
) (t f
BPF
LPF
) (t Kf
t
c
cos
OR ) (t P
T
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 29May 18, 2009
A Practical Realization of the Chopper Amplifier
filter
pass Low
c
amplifier
Bandpass
@
K Gain =
) (t f
t
c
cos
Chopper
1
2
3
4
5
6
t
) (t f
) ( F
0

) (t Kf
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 30May 18, 2009
Chopper Amplifier equivalent diagram
Note:
In this figure, modulation by multiplication with

K
) (t f
BPF
LPF
) (
2
2
1
2
t Kf

) (t P
T
) (t P
T
) ( 1 t P
T

Waveform Equivalent
t
) (t P
T
1
0
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 31May 18, 2009
Chopper Amplifier Principles
Amplifier is an inverting amplifier of gain
Therefore demodulate with inverted carrier
i.e. use
Demodulating chopper waveform
) ( 1 t P
T

K
) ( 1 t P
T

t
1
0
NB: Fourier series analysis reveals that
the fundamental component is
) sin(
2
0
t

A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II

504 Page 32May 18, 2009
Chopper Amplifier Waveforms
filter
Bandpass
c

c

t
) (
12
t f
) (
12
F
0

c

c

t
) (
34
t f
) (
34
F
0

c
3
c
3
Signal Chopper
(inverted)
Signal Amplified
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 33May 18, 2009
Chopper Amplifier Waveforms
c
3
c
3
filter
pass Low
c

c

t
) (
56
t f
) (
56
F
0

t
0

LPF + on Demodulati
Output Final
) (
2
2
1
2

F K

) ( 20 . 0 ) (
2
2
1
2
t Kf t Kf =

A.J .Wilkinson, UCT DSB-SC Applications EEE3086F Signals and Systems II

504 Page 34May 18, 2009
Chopper amplifiers are used for very low noise DC amplifier
applications.
In the old days (say <1980), chopper circuits used a mechanical
relay as a switch, switching at several 10s of Hz.
Today, chopper amplifiers for DC amplification are available as
complete integrated circuits using FET technology as a switch.
Chopper amplifiers are not so common now days, as the
performance of modern low noise operational amplifiers has
improved over the years.
One might still want a chopper amplifier if the application
required avoidance of long term opampdrift in the voltage offset
DSB-SC Applications A.J .Wilkinson, UCT EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
504 Page 35May 18, 2009
EEE3086F
Signals and Systems II
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