Eee3086f 506 AM DSB LC Ajw

AM DSB-LC A.J .
Wilkinson, UCT EEE3086F Signals and Systems II

506 Page 1May 18, 2009
EEE3086F
Signals and Systems II
2009
Andrew Wilkinson
andrew.wilkinson@uct.ac.za
http://www.ee.uct.ac.za/people/ajw.php
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Cape Town
AM DSB-LC A.J .Wilkinson, UCT EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
506 Page 2May 18, 2009
5.3 Double Sideband Large Carrier
(DSB-LC) Amplitude Modulation
5.3.1 DSB-LC modulation and demodulation
5.3.2 Topologies for generating DSB-LC
5.3.3 Power and efficiency of DSB-LC
506 Page 3May 18, 2009
5.3.1 Double Sideband Large Carrier (DSB-LC)
Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation
DSB-LC is sometimes called AM
modulation, as in AM radio.
To hear an AM radio broadcast, tune to
Cape Talk567 kHz on the medium wave
radio band.
A.J .Wilkinson, UCT AM DSB-LC EEE3086F Signals and Systems II
506 Page 4May 18, 2009
DSB-SC modulation requires a fairly complicated demodulator,
involving a mixer and oscillator, which must be synchronisedto
the transmitter.
SOLUTION: An alternative approach is to design the modulation
such that the modulating signal can be recovered purely from the
envelope of the modulated carrier.
This can be achieved by ensuring that the signal fed into the mixer
is always positive.
Very simple circuits can be used to perform envelope detection.
Early radio receivers used this approach.
Standard Medium Wave broadcast AM radio uses this technique.
In South Africa, broadcast AM radio uses a 9kHz bandwidth, with
radio stations located in the range 540 kHz >1600 kHz band).
506 Page 5May 18, 2009
Amplitude Modulation: Large Carrier (DSB-LC)
The signal fed into the mixer can be made always positive by
adding a DC offset to f(t):
such that
The modulated carrier can be re-expressed as:
which is equivalent to adding a carrier component to a DSB-SC
signal, hence the name DSB-LC (large carrier).
DSB-LC is sometimes referred to as AM as in AM radio.
t A t t f t
c c AM
cos cos ) ( ) ( + =
[ ] t A t f t
c AM
cos ) ( ) ( + =
0 ) ( + A t f
{ } ) ( min t f A
506 Page 6May 18, 2009
DSB-LC in Frequency Domain
Fourier transforming the DSB-LC signal,
we get:
) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
) (
2
1
) (
c c c c AM
A A F F + + + + + =
[ ] t A t f t
c AM
cos ) ( ) ( + =
Note that the
carrier is present
506 Page 7May 18, 2009
Block diagram implementations of DSB-LC Signal
t A t f t A t t f t
c c c AM
cos ] ) ( [ cos cos ) ( ) ( + = + =
1) EITHER
Add DC offset to f(t)
prior to mixing
2) OR
Create DSB-SC and
add carrier
) (t f
A
t
c
cos
) (t
AM
t
c
cos
) (t f
A
) (t
AM

506 Page 8May 18, 2009
1) Addition of DC offset and multiply to produce DSB-LC
t
A t f + ) (
) ( 2 ) ( A F +
W 0
W

t
c
cos
t
c

c
{ } t A t t f
c c
cos cos ) ( + F
Carrier
Envelope
t A t t f
c c
cos cos ) ( +
LC
DSB
t
A
0
c

c
{ } t
c
cos F

(weight) 2 A
DC offset A
added to f(t)
) (
2
1
c
F
A
2
1
506 Page 9May 18, 2009
2) Addition of Carrier to DSB-SC to produce DSB-LC
t
) (t f
) (t f
SC DSB
c

c
W 2
) 0 (
2
1
F
{ } t t f
c
cos ) ( F
) ( F
) 0 ( F
W 0
W

W 2
Consider DSB-SC waveforms:
t t f
c
cos ) (
t
506 Page 10May 18, 2009
2) cont
t A
c
cos
Carrier
ADD
c

c
{ } t A
c
cos F
A
A
c

c
{ } t A t t f
c c
cos cos ) ( + F
Carrier
Envelope
t A t t f
c c
cos cos ) ( +
LC
DSB
t
t
506 Page 11May 18, 2009
Demodulation of DSB-LC AM
DSB-LC signals are very easy to demodulate using a simple
envelope detector.
DSB-LC is suited to audio applications e.g. speech or music,
which do not contain a DC component.
An envelope detector recovers f(t) +A.
If f(t) contains no DC component, then passing f(t) +A through a
BPF eliminates A, recovering f(t).
The simplest AM receivers receiver the signal from an antenna,
pass it through a BPF, amplify and then into an envelope detector,
followed by a bandpassfilter.
506 Page 12May 18, 2009
Simple DSB-LC AM Receiver
tunable
bandpass
filter
amplifier
Antenna
The tunable BPF selects a radio station.
AM signal demodulation using an envelope detector
and band pass filter.
BPF BPF
Audio
output
Envelope
detector
506 Page 13May 18, 2009
Demodulation using an Envelope Detector
) (t
AM
) ( ) (
0
t f t v
Envelope detector Bandpass filter
) (
0
t v
) (t v
e
A t f t v
e
+ ) ( ) (
Envelope
) (t
AM
C R
506 Page 14May 18, 2009
Choosing the RC time constant
) (t
AM
Envelope detector
) (t v
e
C
R
The RC time constant T is the time it takes for voltage to
drop to 1/e ~ 0.37 of its charged value. Clearly,
RC = T (carrier period) would be too short. A value of RC
somewhere in the range T < RC < 1/B, where B is the
bandwidth of the modulating signal would give a smooth result.
T = 2/
c
RC too small
RC about right
RC too large
) (t v
e
506 Page 15May 18, 2009
Modulation Index m
In DSB-LC AM, the signal f(t) causes the amplitude of
the carrier to fluctuate. The modulation index is a
number which quantifies the degree of amplitude
modulation of the carriers amplitude.
Considering
The modulation index is defined as the fractional
fluctuation in the amplitude of the carrier, i.e.
t t f A t t f t A t
c c c AM
cos )] ( [ cos ) ( cos ) ( + = + =
max max
) ( f t f f
Amplitude Carrier
Amplitude Carrier Peak Envelope
= m
=> Envelope peak = A(1+m)
506 Page 16May 18, 2009
Modulation index m
Envelope
t
A
Max value = A(1+m)
Min value = A(1-m)
Note: The modulation index should be less than 1. i.e. m<1
to ensure the min envelope value is >0.
t t f A t f t A t
c c AM
cos )] ( [ ) ( cos ) ( + = + =
Case: m=0.9 shown
506 Page 17May 18, 2009
Modulation index m
Modulation index:
Thus
Also,
A
mA
Amplitude Carrier
Amplitude Peak
m = =
SC DSB
A
A
m
Amplitude Carrier
Amplitude Carrier Peak Envelope
m
AM

=
=
} max{
) 1 ( } max{ m A A mA Peak Envelope
AM
+ = + = =
506 Page 18May 18, 2009
Modulation index: Over-modulated case
m<1
m=1
m>1
(cant recover f(t))
t
t
t
t
t
cant recover f(t)
from envelope
(most power
efficient)
Over-modulated
Okay
t
Envelope
506 Page 19May 18, 2009
Modulation Index m for sinusoidal modulation
For a sinusoidal modulating signal:
DSB-LC signal is
Modulation Factor or Index
Define
t A t t k
t A t t f t
c c m
c c AM

cos cos cos
cos cos ) ( ) (
+ =
+ =
% 100 % = m Modulation
t k t f
m
cos ) ( =
mA k OR A k m = = /
A
A k A
m
+
= =
) (
Amplitude Carrier
Amplitude Carrier - envelope LC DSB Peak
506 Page 20May 18, 2009
5.3.2 Topologies for generating Double
Sideband Large Carrier (DSB-LC) Amplitude
Modulation
506 Page 21May 18, 2009
Generation of DSB-LC Signal
Block Diagrams:
t t f A t f t A t
c c AM
cos )] ( [ ) ( cos ) ( + = + =
) (t f
A
t
c
cos
) (t
AM
t
c
cos
) (t f
A
) (t
AM

506 Page 22May 18, 2009
Generation of DSB-LC Signal
Practical Implementations:
Chopper (switch) type modulators
Exploiting non-linear characteristics of devices
i.e.
L + + = ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2 1
t e a t e a t i
506 Page 23May 18, 2009
Chopper Modulator (DSB-LC)
Simply chop and pass through
c
BPF @
Chop
) ) ( ( A t f +
) (t f
A
c
) (t
AM
c
BPF
@
{ } A t f + ) ( F
0
0 0
c

c
3
c
c
3
BPF
Chop rate
Spectrum after chopper

506 Page 24May 18, 2009
Another method
Chop and filter.
Rectifier Method: also works if one replace switch
with a diode.
Chopper Modulator (DSB-LC)
~
) cos ) ( ( t K t f
c
+
~
c
BPF
@
) (t f
t K
c
cos
c
R ) (
0
t V
c

506 Page 25May 18, 2009
Understanding Chopper / Rectifier Circuit
Voltage across is
Where is square wave, 010101
In frequency domain
) (t P
T
R
) ( ) ( ) cos ) ( ( t V t P t K t f
R T c
= +
{ }

2
1
) ( cos ) ( ) (
T c R
P t k t f V + = F
506 Page 26May 18, 2009
Understanding Chopper / Rectifier Circuit
) ( F
) (
T
P
c

K
0
c
K
Sum of Signal +Carrier
c
3
c

0
c
c
3

c

0
c
) (
R
V
c

0
c
) (
0
V
BPF After
) (Output
c
3
c
3
506 Page 27May 18, 2009
DSB-LC Using Non-Linear Devices
Passing the sum through a non-linear
device (e.g. diode) generates DSB-LC spectral replicas in
frequency spectrum.
Consider Circuit:
R t i t V
R
) ( ) ( =
v
) cos ) ( ( t K t f
c
+
i
Non-linear Diode
characteristic
~
~
BPF
) (t f
t K
c
cos
R
) (
0
t V
) (t v
) (t V
R
) (t i
The voltage drop across R is
proportional to current through diode:
506 Page 28May 18, 2009
The non-linear voltage to current relationship is modeled
by a power series:
For (small voltage drop across R)
t K t f t v
c
cos ) ( ) ( +
) (t v V
R
<<
L + + = ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2 1
t v a t v a t i
t t Kf a t K a t f a t K a t f a
t K t f a t K t f a t i
c c c
c c

cos ) ( 2 cos ) ( cos ) (
] cos ) ( [ ] cos ) ( [ ) (
2
2 2
2
2
2 1 1
2
2 1
+ + + + =
+ + +
Thus where:
carrier term
DSB-SC term
R t i t V
R
) ( ) ( =
Note: R is chosen
to be low enough
such that ) (t v V
R
<<
506 Page 29May 18, 2009
t t KRf a t KR a t V
c c
cos ) ( 2 cos ) (
2 1 0
+ =
At the output of the bandpass filter we obtain
the desired DSB-LC signal:
t
K a
K a t K a
c c
2 cos
2 2
1
cos
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
+ =
) ( ) (
2
1
) (
2

F F t f
The term:
is located at baseband, and has bandwidth of 2B Hz.
c

0
c
c
2
The term:
gives a DC term
and a 2
c
term
c
2
BPF
506 Page 30May 18, 2009
5.3.3 Power calculations and Efficiency of
DSB-LC AM
506 Page 31May 18, 2009
Carrier and Sideband Power in AM
In DSB-Large Carrier AM, the carrier is included to allow
simple demodulation via envelope detection. This allows cheap
receivers to be constructed.
The carrier component does not however convey any
information about f(t).
The additional power required to transmit the carrier in large-
carrier AM, makes it less power efficient than DSB-SC.
In the following section we shall examine power calculations in
amplitude modulation, and determine the efficiency of DSB-LC
AM, which is a function of the modulation index m.
In the analysis, we shall assume that f(t) has no DC component.
506 Page 32May 18, 2009
Carrier and Sideband Power in AM
+ 0
2
1
) (
2
t f
2
1
2
= A
t t Af t t f t A t
c c c

2 2 2 2 2 2
cos ) ( 2 cos ) ( cos ) ( + + =
+
Power
Carrier
Bands Side
In Power
0 ) ( = t f Since
t
P
c
P = +
s
P
t A t t f t
c c AM
cos cos ) ( ) ( + =
where and f(t) varies slowly compared to cos
c
t.
The power in the signal (mean square value) is given by
Let
0 ) ( = t f
506 Page 33May 18, 2009
Note:
Similarly
0
2 cos ) (
2
1
) (
2
1
2 cos ) (
2
1
) (
2
1
cos ) (
2
=
+ =
+ =
t t f t f
t t f t f t t f
c
c c

This is a
DSB-SC term
at 2
c
and
has no DC
component.
f(t) has no
DC component
) (
2
1
2 cos ) (
2
1
) (
2
1
2 cos ) (
2
1
) (
2
1
cos ) (
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
t f
t t f t f
t t f t f t t f
c
c c
=
+ =
+ =

506 Page 34May 18, 2009
Power Considerations: Frequency Domain
For finite energy signals, we analyze the energy spectral
density
In this case, it we are analysinga power signal, and
require treatment in terms of the power spectral density.
2
) ( = ESD
{ }
) (
2
1
) ( ) (
2
1
) (
cos cos ) ( ) (
c c c c
c c AM
F A F A
t A t t f

+ + + + + =
+ = F
0
c

c
A A
) (
) (
2
1
c
F +
) (
2
1
c
F
506 Page 35May 18, 2009
Power Considerations: Frequency Domain
For power calculations we consider the power spectral
density shown below:
where of
for which
) (
S
. . . ) ( D S P S
f
=
) (t f
+

=
d S t f
f
) (
2
1
) (
2
0
c

c
2 /
2
A 2 /
2
A
) (
4
1
c f
S +
) (
4
1
c f
S
) (
S
506 Page 36May 18, 2009
Note
The in the Fourier Transform becomes
in the PSD.
To see how it arises, let
Thus, using a result from linear system theory,
2
1
) ( where ) ( ) (
) (
2
1
) (
= + =
+ =

H F H
F G
c
c
) (
4
1
) ( ) ( ) (
2
c f c f g
S S H S + = + =
) (
2
1
c
F +
) (
4
1
c f
S +
506 Page 37May 18, 2009
Obtaining the Power from the PSD
Carrier Power
Sideband Power
Total Power
) (
2
1
2
1
)] ( ) ( [
2
1
2 2
t f A P P P
d S S P
s c t
s c t
+ = + =
+ =

) (
2
1
) (
4
1
) (
4
1
) (
2
1
2 2 2
t f t f t f d S P
s s
= + = =

2 2 2
2
1
]
2 2
[
2
1
) (
2
1
A A A d S P
c c
= + = =


506 Page 38May 18, 2009
Transmission Efficiency
s c
s
t
s
P P
P
P
P
+
= = =
Power Total
sidebands the in Power
The transmission efficiency of large-carrier AM is defined

as the ratio (sometimes expressed as %)
) (
) (
) (
2
1
2
1
) (
2
1
2 2
2
2 2
2
t f A
t f
t f A
t f
+
=
+
=
Substituting,
506 Page 39May 18, 2009
Transmission Efficiency for a Sinusoidal Modulating Signal
Let
t mA t f
m
cos ) ( =
t A t t mA t
c c m AM
cos cos cos ) ( + =
2
2
1
A P
c
=
2 2 2 2
4
1
) (
2
1
2
1
) (
2
1
A m mA t f P
s
= = =
2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
4
1
2
1
4
1
m
m
A m A
A m
P P
P
P
P
s c
s
t
s
+
=
+
=
+
= =
Transmission Efficiency
Sideband power:
Carrier power:
506 Page 40May 18, 2009
Example: High Power AM Radio Broadcast Transmitter
A DSB-LC AM transmitter transmits with carrier power
of 40 kW and a modulation index of 0.707
For a sine wave modulating signal of maximum
amplitude, calculate:
a) Total power radiated
kW
m
P P m P
A m A t f A P
c c c
t
50 )
2
707 . 0
1 ( 40 )
2
1 (
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
) (
2
1
2
1
2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2
= + = + = + =
+ = + =
506 Page 41May 18, 2009
b) Transmission efficiency (comment: DSB-LC is inefficient!)
c) Peak voltage if driving into a 50load (being the input
impedance of a radiating antenna)
If driving a 50load, the carrier power is
{ } volts A m mA A t Max
AM
3414 ) 1 ( ) ( = + = + =
volts RP A
R
A
P
c c
2000 40000 50 2 2
2
1
2
= = = =
20 . 0
707 . 0 2
707 . 0
2
2
2
2
2
=
+
=
+
=
+
= =
m
m
P P
P
P
P
s c
s
t
s
The peak voltage is then

506 Page 42May 18, 2009
EEE3086F
Signals and Systems II
End of handout

Eee3086f 506 AM DSB LC Ajw

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AM DSB-LC A.J .

Wilkinson, UCT EEE3086F Signals and Systems II

Spectrum after chopper

A.J .Wilkinson, UCT AM DSB-LC EEE3086F Signals and Systems II

A.J .Wilkinson, UCT AM DSB-LC EEE3086F Signals and Systems II

The transmission efficiency of large-carrier AM is defined

The peak voltage is then

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