Chapter 32C

Chapter 32C
-
-
Electromagnetic
Electromagnetic
Waves
Waves
A PowerPoint Presentation by
Paul E. Tippens, Professor of Physics
Southern Polytechnic State University
A PowerPoint Presentation by
A PowerPoint Presentation by
Paul E. Tippens, Professor of Physics
Paul E. Tippens, Professor of Physics
Southern Polytechnic State University
Southern Polytechnic State University
2007
Much of this material is
Much of this material is
NOT
NOT
in Tippens Textbook
in Tippens Textbook
Objectives:
Objectives:
After completing this
After completing this
module, you should be able to:
module, you should be able to:

Explain and discuss with appropriate diagrams
Explain and discuss with appropriate diagrams
the general properties of all
the general properties of all
electromagnetic
electromagnetic
waves
waves
.
.

Discuss and apply the mathematical relationship
Discuss and apply the mathematical relationship
between the
between the
electric E
electric E
and
and
magnetic B
magnetic B
components of an EM wave.
components of an EM wave.

Define and apply the concepts of
Define and apply the concepts of
energy density
energy density
,
,
intensity
intensity
, and
, and
pressure
pressure
due to EM waves.
due to EM waves.
This module is OPTIONAL: check with instructor.
Maxwell
Maxwell

s Theory
s Theory
Electromagnetic theory developed by J ames
Maxwell (1831 1879) is based on four concepts:
Electromagnetic theory developed by J ames
Electromagnetic theory developed by J ames
Maxwell (1831
Maxwell (1831

1879) is based on four concepts:
1879) is based on four concepts:
1. Electric fields E begin on positive charges and
end on negative charges and Coulombs law
can be used to find the field E and the force
on a given charge.
1. Electric fields E begin on positive charges and
end on negative charges and Coulombs law
can be used to find the field E and the force
on a given charge.
+
+
-
-
q
1
q
q
1 1
q
2
q
q
2 2
2
0
4
q
E
r tc
=
2
0
4
q
E
r tc
=
F qE =
F qE =
Maxwell
Maxwell

s Theory (Cont.)
s Theory (Cont.)
2. Magnetic field lines u

do not begin or end,
but rather consist of entirely closed loops.
2. Magnetic field lines u

do not begin or end,
but rather consist of entirely closed loops.
sin
B
A u
u
=
sin
q
B
qv u
=
Maxwell
Maxwell

s Theory (Cont.)
s Theory (Cont.)
3. A changing magnetic field AB induces an emf
and therefore an electric field E (Faradays Law).
3. A changing magnetic field AB induces an emf
and therefore an electric field E (Faradays Law).
Faradays Law:
-N
t
Au
A
E =
A change in flux
A change in flux
Au
Au
can
can
occur by a change in area or
occur by a change in area or
by a change in the B
by a change in the B
-
-
field:
field:
Au
Au

= B
= B
A
A
A
A
Au
Au

= A
= A
A
A
B
B
Maxwell
Maxwell

s Theory (Cont.)
s Theory (Cont.)
4. Moving charges (or an electric current) induce
a magnetic field B.
4. Moving charges (or an electric current) induce
a magnetic field B.
R
Inductance L
l
B
Solenoid
0
NI
B

=

Current I
induces
B field
B
I
Lenzs law
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
B
Production of an Electric Wave
Production of an Electric Wave
Consider two metal rods connected to an ac
Consider two metal rods connected to an ac
source with sinusoidal current and voltage.
source with sinusoidal current and voltage.
+
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
Arrows show field vectors (E)
E Wave
Vertical transverse sinusoidal E
Vertical transverse sinusoidal E
-
-
waves.
waves.
-
-
+
An Alternating Magnetic Field
An Alternating Magnetic Field
B
I
r
r
Inward B
X
In
B
I
r
r
Outward B

Out
The ac sinusoidal current also generates a
The ac sinusoidal current also generates a
magnetic wave alternating in and out of paper.
magnetic wave alternating in and out of paper.
r
r
+
-
-
X

-
-
+
+
-
-
X

-
-
+
A Magnetic Wave Generation
A Magnetic Wave Generation
Arrows show magnetic field vectors (B)
B - Wave
The generation of a magnetic wave
The generation of a magnetic wave
due to an oscillating ac current.
due to an oscillating ac current.
I
r
+
-
-
B
B
I
r
B
B
-
-
+
I
r
+
-
-
B
B
I
+
-
-
Horizontal transverse sinusoidal B
Horizontal transverse sinusoidal B
-
-
waves.
waves.
An Electromagnetic Wave
An Electromagnetic Wave
An electromagnetic wave consists of combination
An electromagnetic wave consists of combination
of a transverse electric field and a transverse
of a transverse electric field and a transverse
magnetic field perpendicular to each other.
magnetic field perpendicular to each other.
+
-
-
Arrows show field vectors
EM wave propagation in space
Transmitting and Receiving
Transmitting and Receiving
An ac current generates an EM wave which then
An ac current generates an EM wave which then
generates an ac signal at receiving antenna.
generates an ac signal at receiving antenna.
A B
A B
-
-
field Moves Past a Charge
field Moves Past a Charge
Relativity tells us that there is no preferred frame of
Relativity tells us that there is no preferred frame of
reference. Consider that a magnetic field B moves at
reference. Consider that a magnetic field B moves at
the speed of light c past a stationary charge q:
the speed of light c past a stationary charge q:
q
q
N
N
S
S
c
c
B
c
c
Stationary
positive charge
Charge
Charge
q
q
experiences a
experiences a
magnetic force F
magnetic force F
or
F
F qcB cB
q
= =
But electric field
But electric field
E = F/q
E = F/q
:
:
Substitution shows:
Substitution shows: E cB =
E
c
B
=
An E
An E
-
-
field Moves Past a Point
field Moves Past a Point
A length of wire
A length of wire
l
l
moves at velocity
moves at velocity
c
c
past point
past point
A
A
:
:
A
r
+ + + + + +
c
c
E
E
E
E
Wire moves at
velocity c past A
A current
A current
I
I
is simulated
is simulated
.
.
In time
In time
t
t
, a length of wire
, a length of wire
l
l
= ct
= ct
passes point
passes point
A
A
q ct
I c
t t

= = =
Charge density:
Charge density:
q q
ct
= =

In time
In time
t:
t:
q =
q =


ct
ct
Thus, the current
Thus, the current
I
I
is:
is:
Simulated current I:
I c =
Moving E
Moving E
-
-
field (Cont.)
field (Cont.)
A
r
+ + + + + +
c
c
E
E
E
E
simulated current
simulated current
:
: I c =
A
A
B
B
-
-
field is created by the
field is created by the
0 0
2 2
I c
B
r r

t t
= =
Recall from Gauss
Recall from Gauss

law:
law:
0
2
E
r

tc
=
Eliminating
Eliminating

from these
from these
two equations gives:
two equations gives:
0 0
B cE c =
The Speed of an EM Wave
The Speed of an EM Wave
A
r
+ + + + + +
c
c
E
E
E
E
For EM waves, we have seen:
For EM waves, we have seen:
0 0
B cE c =
E
c
B
=
Substituting
Substituting
E =
E =
cB
cB
into
into
latter equation gives:
latter equation gives:
0 0
( ) B c cB c =
0 0
1
c
c
=
EM
EM
-
-
waves travel at the
waves travel at the
speed of light, which is:
speed of light, which is:
c =
c =
3.00 x 10
3.00 x 10
8 8
m/s
m/s
Important Properties for All
Important Properties for All
Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic Waves

EM waves are
EM waves are
transverse
transverse
waves. Both
waves. Both
E
E
and
and
B
B
are perpendicular to wave velocity
are perpendicular to wave velocity
c
c
.
.

The ratio of the E
The ratio of the E
-
-
field to the B
field to the B
-
-
field is
field is
constant and equal to the velocity
constant and equal to the velocity
c
c
.
.
Energy Density for an E
Energy Density for an E
-
-
field
field
Energy density
Energy density
u
u
is the energy per unit volume
is the energy per unit volume
(
(
J /m
J /m
3 3
) carried by an EM wave. Consider
) carried by an EM wave. Consider
u
u
for the
for the
electric field
electric field
E
E
of a capacitor as given below:
of a capacitor as given below:
Energy density
Energy density
u
u
for an E
for an E
-
-
field:
field:
A
A
d
d
.
U U
u
Vol Ad
= =
2 2
0
1 1
2 2
( )
A
U CV Ed
d
c
| |
= =
|
\ .
0
Recall and :
A
C V Ed
d
c
= =
2
1
0 2
AdE U
u
Ad Ad
c
= =
Energy density u:
2
1
0
2
u E c =
Energy Density for a B
Energy Density for a B
-
-
field
field
Earlier we defined the energy density
Earlier we defined the energy density
u
u
for a
for a
B
B
-
-
field
field
using the example of a solenoid of inductance
using the example of a solenoid of inductance
L
L
:
:
R
l
A
2
2
0
1
2
; ;
N A
L U LI V A

= = =

0
0

NI NI B
B

= =

2 2
0
2
2
N I U
u
A

= =

2
0
2
B
u

=
Energy density
for B-field:
Energy Density for EM Wave
Energy Density for EM Wave
The energy of an EM wave is shared equally by
The energy of an EM wave is shared equally by
the electric and magnetic fields, so that the
the electric and magnetic fields, so that the
total energy density of the wave is given by:
total energy density of the wave is given by:
2
2
1
0
2
0
2
B
u E c

= +
Total energy density:
Or, since energy is
shared equally:
2
2
0
0
B
u E c

= =
Average Energy Density
Average Energy Density
The
The
E
E
and
and
B
B
-
-
fields fluctuate between their
fields fluctuate between their
maximum values
maximum values
E
E
m m
and
and
B
B
m m
. An
. An
average
average
value
value
of the energy density can be found from the
of the energy density can be found from the
root
root
-
-
mean
mean
-
-
square values of the fields:
square values of the fields:
and
2 2
m m
rms rms
E B
E B = =
The
The
average energy density
average energy density
u
u
avg avg
is therefore:
is therefore:
2
1
0
2
avg m
u E c =
2
0 avg rms
u E c =
or
or
Example 1:
Example 1:
The maximum amplitude of an
The maximum amplitude of an
E
E
-
-
field
field
from sunlight is
from sunlight is
1010 V/m
1010 V/m
. What is
. What is
the
the
root
root
-
-
mean
mean
-
-
square
square
value of the
value of the
B
B
-
-
field
field
?
?
EM EM
wave wave
Earth
8
1010 V/m
3.37 T
3 x 10 m/s
m
m
E
B
c
= = =
3.37 T
;
1.4

14
2.3
2
8 T
m
rms rms
B
B
B

= = =
What is the average energy density of the wave?
What is the average energy density of the wave?
2
2
2 -12
Nm 1 1
0
2 2
C
(8.85 x 10 )(1010 V/m)
avg m
u E c = =
-9
3
J
4.47 x 10
m
avg
u =
Note that the total energy
Note that the total energy
density is twice this value.
density is twice this value.
Wave Intensity
Wave Intensity
I
I
The intensity of an EM wave is defined as the
The intensity of an EM wave is defined as the
power per unit area (
power per unit area (
W/m
W/m
2 2
).
).
Area A
P
I
A
=
EM wave moves distance
EM wave moves distance
ct
ct
through area
through area
A
A
as shown below:
as shown below:
Total energy = density x volume
Total energy = density x volume
ct
ct
A
A
Total energy =
Total energy =
u(ctA
u(ctA
)
)
E P Total uctA
I uc
A Time Area tA
= = = =

And Since
And Since
u =
u =
c
c
o o

E
E
2 2
Total intensity:
2
0 m
I c E c =
P
I uc
A
= =
Calculating Intensity of Wave
Calculating Intensity of Wave
In calculating intensity, you must
In calculating intensity, you must
distinguish between average
distinguish between average
values and total values:
values and total values:
2 2
1
0 0
2
avg m rms
I c E c E c c = =
2 2
0 0
2
T m rms
I c E c E c c = =
Since
Since
E =
E =
cB
cB
, we can also express I in terms of
, we can also express I in terms of
B
B
:
:
2 2
0 0
2
avg m rms
c c
I B B

= =
2 2
0 0
2
T m rms
c c
I B B

= =
Area A
P
I
A
=
2
1
0
2
avg m
I c E c =
Example 2:
Example 2:
A signal received from a radio
A signal received from a radio
station has
station has
E
E
m m
= 0.0180 V/m. What is the
= 0.0180 V/m. What is the
average intensity at that point?
average intensity at that point?
2
1
0
2
avg m
I c E c =
2
2
8 -12 2
Nm 1
2
C
(3 x 10 m/s)(8.85 x 10 )(0.018 V/m)
avg
I =
The
The
average intensity
average intensity
is:
is:
-7 2
4.30 x 10 W/m
avg
I =
Note that intensity is
Note that intensity is
power per unit area
power per unit area
. The
. The
power of the source remains constant, but the
power of the source remains constant, but the
intensity decreases with the square of distance.
intensity decreases with the square of distance.
Wave Intensity and Distance
Wave Intensity and Distance
2
4
P P
I
A r t
= =
The intensity
The intensity
I
I
at a distance r
at a distance r
from an
from an
isotropic
isotropic
source:
source:
The
The
average power
average power
of the
of the
source can be found from the
source can be found from the
intensity at a distance
intensity at a distance
r
r
:
:
2
(4 )
avg avg
P AI r I t = =
For
For
isotropic
isotropic
conditions:
conditions:
For power falling on
For power falling on
surface of area
surface of area
A
A
:
:
P =
P =
I
I
avg avg
A
A
A
A
Example 3:
Example 3:
In Example 2, an average intensity
In Example 2, an average intensity
of
of
4.30 x 10
4.30 x 10
- -7 7
W/m
W/m
2 2
was observed at a point. If
was observed at a point. If
the location is
the location is
90 km
90 km
(r = 90,000 m) from the
(r = 90,000 m) from the
isotropic radio source, what is the average
isotropic radio source, what is the average
power emitted by the source?
power emitted by the source?
-5 2
2
2.39 x 10 W/m
4
avg
P
I
r t
= =
P
P
= (4
= (4
t
t
r
r
2 2
)(4.30 x 10
)(4.30 x 10
- -7 7
W/m
W/m
2 2
)
)
90 km
P
P
= 4
= 4
t
t
(90,000 m)
(90,000 m)
2 2
(4.30 x 10
(4.30 x 10
- -7 7
W/m
W/m
2 2
)
)
P = 43.8 kW
P = 43.8 kW
Average power
Average power
of transmitter:
of transmitter:
This assumes
This assumes
isotropic
isotropic
propagation, which is not likely.
propagation, which is not likely.
Radiation Pressure
Radiation Pressure
EM
EM
-
-
waves not only carry energy, but also carry
waves not only carry energy, but also carry
momentum and exert pressure when absorbed
momentum and exert pressure when absorbed
or reflected from objects.
or reflected from objects.
A
Force
Area
Radiation
Pressure
Recall that Power = F v
Recall that Power = F v
F
or
A
P Fc I
I
A A c
= = =
The pressure is due to the transfer of
The pressure is due to the transfer of
momentum
momentum
.
.
The above relation gives the pressure for a
The above relation gives the pressure for a
completely absorbing
completely absorbing
surface.
surface.
Radiation Pressure (Cont.)
Radiation Pressure (Cont.)
The change in momentum for a fully reflected
The change in momentum for a fully reflected
wave is twice that for an absorbed wave, so
wave is twice that for an absorbed wave, so
that the radiation pressures are as follows:
that the radiation pressures are as follows:
A
Force
Area
Radiation
Pressure
Absorbed wave:
A
Force
Area
Radiation
Pressure
Reflected wave:
F I
A c
=
2 F I
A c
=
Example 4:
Example 4:
The average intensity of direct
The average intensity of direct
sunlight is around 1400 W/m
sunlight is around 1400 W/m
2 2
. What is the
. What is the
average force on a fully absorbing surface of
average force on a fully absorbing surface of
area 2.00 m
area 2.00 m
2 2
?
?
A
Force
Area
Radiation
Pressure
Absorbed wave:
F I
A c
=
For absorbing
For absorbing
surface:
surface:
IA
F
c
=
2 2
8
(1400 W/m)(2.00 m)
3 x 10 m/s
F =
F = 9.33 x 10
-6
N
F = 9.33 x 10
-6
N
The Radiometer
The Radiometer
A radiometer is a device which demonstrates
the existence of radiation pressure:
A radiometer is a device which demonstrates
the existence of radiation pressure:
Radiometer
Radiometer
One side of the panels is
black (totally absorbing)
and the other white
(totally reflecting). The
panels spin under light
due to the pressure
differences.
One side of the panels is
black (totally absorbing)
and the other white
(totally reflecting). The
panels spin under light
due to the pressure
differences.
Summary
Summary

EM waves are
EM waves are
transverse
transverse
waves. Both
waves. Both
E
E
and
and
B
B
are perpendicular to wave velocity
are perpendicular to wave velocity
c
c
.
.

The ratio of the E
The ratio of the E
-
-
field to the B
field to the B
-
-
field is
field is
constant and equal to the velocity
constant and equal to the velocity
c
c
.
.

Electromagnetic waves carry both energy
Electromagnetic waves carry both energy
and momentum and can exert pressure on
and momentum and can exert pressure on
surfaces.
surfaces.
Summary (Cont.)
Summary (Cont.)
E
c
B
=
0 0
1
c
c
=
EM
EM
-
-
waves travel at the
waves travel at the
speed of light, which is:
speed of light, which is:
c =
c =
3.00 x 10
3.00 x 10
8 8
m/s
m/s
2
2
1
0
2
0
2
B
u E c

= +
Total Energy Density:
and
2 2
m m
rms rms
E B
E B = =
Summary (Cont.)
Summary (Cont.)
The
The
average energy density
average energy density
:
:
2
1
0
2
avg m
u E c =
2
0 avg rms
u E c =
or
or
2 2
1
0 0
2
avg m rms
I c E c E c c = =
2
4
P P
I
A r t
= =
F I
A c
=
2 F I
A c
=
Intensity and
Distance
Totally
Absorbing
Totally
Reflecting
CONCLUSION: Chapter 32C
CONCLUSION: Chapter 32C
Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic Waves