1.

INTRODUCTION
A brief introduction of low pass filter and the technique which is used for
optimization such as cuckoo algorithm will be discussed. Some applications of low pass
filters are also defined.
1.1 LOW PASS FILTER
A low-pass filter is a filter that passes low-frequency signals and attenuates (reduces
the amplitude of) signals with frequencies higher than the cut-off frequency. The actual
amount of attenuation for each frequency varies depending on specific filter design. A low-
pass filter is the opposite of a high-pass filter. Low pass filter is sometimes called a high-cut
filter, or treble cut filter in audio applications. Low-pass filters provide a smoother form of a
signal, removing the short-term fluctuations, and leaving the longer-term trend.
Low pass filters are designed to stop subsonic signals and can be useful to hi-fi
applications and sound reinforcement. In low frequency applications (up to 100 kHz), passive
filters are generally constructed using simple RC (Resistor-Capacitor) networks. Passive
filters are made up of passive components such as resistors, capacitors and inductors and
have no amplifying elements (transistors, op-amps, etc). The frequency response of the filter
depends on the value of its coefficients, or taps. Many software programs can compute the
values of the coefficients based on the desired frequency response. These values are typically
floating point numbers and they are represented with a fairly high degree of precision.
However, when a digital filter is implemented in hardware, the designer wants to represent
the coefficients (and also the data) with the smallest number of bits that still gives acceptable
resolution for the numbers. This is because representing a number with excess bits increases
the size of the registers, buses, adders, multipliers and other hardware used to process that
signal. FIR filters are simple to design and they are guaranteed to be bounded input-bounded
output stable. By designing the filter taps to be symmetrical about the center tap position, a
FIR filter can be guaranteed to have linear phase. This is a desirable property for many
applications such as music and video processing. FIR filters also have a low sensitivity to
filter coefficient quantization errors. IIR filters are useful for high-speed designs because
they typically require a lower number of multiplies compared to FIR filters. IIR filters can
also be designed to have a frequency response that is a discrete version of the frequency
response of an analog filter [1].
1.1.1 Applications of filters:-
Some common applications of filters are discussed as:-
In communications systems, use filters to suppress noise, to isolate a single
communication from many channels, to prevent spillover of adjacent bands, and to
recover the original message signal from modulated signals.
In instrumentation systems, engineers use filters to select a desired frequency
components or eliminate undesired ones. In addition, we can use these filters to limit
the bandwidth of analog signals before converting them to digital signals. You also
need these filters to convert the digital signals back to analog representations.
In audio systems, engineers use filters in crossover networks to send different
frequencies to different speakers. In the music industry, record and playback
applications require fine control of frequency components.
In biomedical systems, filters are used to interface physiological sensors with data
logging and diagnostic equipment.

1.2 CUCKOO SEARCH ALGORITHM
More and more modern meta-heuristic algorithms inspired by nature are emerging and
they become increasingly popular. For example, particle swarm optimization (PSO) was
inspired by sh and bird swarm intelligence. These nature inspired meta-heuristic algorithms
have been used in a wide range of optimization problems. The cuckoo search algorithm is a
recently developed meta-heuristic optimization algorithm, which is suitable for solving
optimization problems. It is firstly introduced by Xin-She Yang and Subash Deb in 2009.
Cuckoo Search drew its inspiration from the brooding parasitism of cuckoo species in nature.
The CS was inspired by the obligate brood parasitism of some cuckoo species by laying their
eggs in the nests of host birds. Some cuckoos have evolved in such a way that female
parasitic cuckoos can imitate the colors and patterns of the eggs of a few chosen host species.
This reduces the probability of the eggs being abandoned and, therefore, increases their re-
productivity. It is worth mentioning that several host birds engage direct conflict with
intruding cuckoos. In this case, if host birds discover the eggs are not their own, they will
either throw them away or simply abandon their nests and build new ones, elsewhere.
Parasitic Cuckoos often choose a nest where the host bird just laid its own eggs. In
general, the cuckoo eggs hatch slightly earlier than their host eggs. Once the first cuckoo
chick is hatched, his first instinct action is to evict the host eggs by blindly propelling the
eggs out of the nest. This action results in increasing the cuckoo chicks share of food
provided by its host bird. Moreover, studies show that a cuckoo chick can imitate the call of
host chicks to gain access to more feeding opportunity. The CS models such breeding
behavior and, thus, can be applied to various optimization problems. Yang and Deb
discovered that the performance of the CS can be improved by using Lvy Flights instead of
simple random walk. It was firstly proposed as a tool for numerical function optimization and
continuous problems. Cuckoo Search achieved better results than PSO and GA [4].

2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Mandal et al. presents the Linear Phase Low Pass FIR Filter Design using Improved
Particle Swarm Optimization. In the design process, the filter length, pass band and stop band
frequencies, feasible pass band and stop band ripple sizes are specified. FIR filter design is a
multi-modal optimization problem. The conventional gradient based optimization techniques
are not efficient for digital filter design. An iterative method is introduced to find the optimal
solution of FIR filter design problem. Genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization
(PSO), improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) has been used here for the design of
linear phase low pass FIR filter. IPSO is an improved PSO that proposes a new definition for
the velocity vector and swarm updating and hence the solution quality is improved. A
comparison of simulation results reveals the optimization efficacy of the algorithm over the
prevailing optimization techniques for the solution of the multimodal, non-differentiable,
highly non-linear, and constrained filter design problems. The simulation results justify that
the proposed algorithm outperforms RGA and classical PSO in the accuracy of the
magnitude response of the filter as well as in the convergence speed and is adequate for use
in other related design problems [2].
Ashutosh and Kasambe presents the Performance Evaluation of Evolutionary
Algorithms for Digital Filter Design. In paper, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and
Genetic Algorithm (GA) have been used to design digital IIR filter and the filter responses
have been compared with the desired responses. In this work, both PSO and GA
algorithms were applied to digital filter design. From the simulations, it was observed
that the performance of PSO algorithm in terms of convergence, speed and
computation time required is better than that of GA. It means PSO produces a response
which is closest to the desired response. Hence, PSO algorithm can be effectively used to
design digital filters [3].
Yang and Deb presents the Cuckoo Search via levy flights. In this paper, a new meta-
heuristic algorithm is formulated, called Cuckoo Search (CS), for solving optimization
problems. This algorithm is based on the obligate brood parasitic behavior of some cuckoo
species in combination with the Levy ight behavior of some birds and fruit ies. The
proposed algorithm is validate against test functions and then compare its performance with
those of genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization. Simulations and comparison
show that CS is superior to these existing algorithms for multimodal objective functions. This
is partly due to the fact that there are fewer parameters to be ne-tuned in CS than in PSO
and genetic algorithms [4].
Saha et al. presents the IIR Filter design with Craziness based Particle Swarm
Optimization Technique. This paper demonstrates the application of craziness based particle
swarm optimization (CRPSO) technique for designing the 8th order low pass Infinite Impulse
Response (IIR) filter. CRPSO, the much improved version of PSO, is a population based
global heuristic search algorithm which finds near optimal solution in terms of a set of filter
coefficients. Effectiveness of this algorithm is justified with a comparative study of some
well-established algorithms, namely, real coded genetic algorithm (RGA) and particle swarm
optimization (PSO). Simulation results affirm that the proposed algorithm CRPSO,
outperforms over its counterparts not only in terms of quality output i.e. sharpness at cut-off,
pass band ripple, stop band ripple, and stop band attenuation but also in convergence speed
with assured stability. Simulation studies show better performance of the proposed algorithm
CRPSO over RGA and PSO in terms of magnitude response, convergence speed and stability
which ensure the potential of proposed algorithm to handle similar filter design problem [5].
Mandal et al. presents an optimal design of linear phase digital high pass finite
impulse response (FIR) filter using Particle Swarm Optimization with Constriction Factor
and Inertia Weight Approach (PSO-CFIWA). In the design process, the filter length, pass
band and stop band frequencies, feasible pass band and stop band ripple sizes are specified.
FIR filter design is a multi-modal optimization problem. The conventional gradient based
optimization techniques are not efficient for digital filter design. Given the filter
specifications to be realized, the PSO-CFIWA algorithm generates a set of optimal filter
coefficients and tries to meet the ideal frequency response characteristic. In this paper, for the
given problem, the designs of the optimal FIR high pass filters of different orders have been
performed. The simulation results have been compared to those obtained by the well
accepted algorithms such as Parks and McClellan algorithm (PM), genetic algorithm (GA).
The results justify that the proposed optimal filter design approach using PSOCFIWA
Outperforms PM and GA, not only in the accuracy of the designed filter but also in the
convergence speed and solution quality. The simulation results justify that the proposed
algorithm outperforms RGA in the accuracy of the magnitude response of the filter as well as
in the convergence speed and is adequate for use in other related design problems [6].

3. PROBLEM FORMULATION
A digital FIR filter is characterized by:-

; n=0,1,..N Eq. 3.1

where N is the order of the filter which has (N+1) number of coefficients, h(n) is the filters
impulse response. It is calculated by applying an impulse signal at the input. The values of
h(n) will determine the type of the filter e.g. low pass, high pass, band pass etc.
The frequency response of the FIR digital filter can be calculated as:-
(

Eq. 3.2
Where w
k=
2k/N ; (

) is the fourier transform complex vector. The frequency

is sampled in [0,] with N points, the positions of the particles in this D dimensional search
space represent the coefficients of the transfer function.
An error function is the approximate error used in ParksMcClellan algorithm for filter
design given as:-
E()=G()[

Eq. 3.3
Where G() is the weighting function used to provide different weights for the
approximate errors in different frequency bands,

is the frequency response of the

desired filter and is given as,

Eq. 3.4
Where

is the cut-off frequency. And

is the frequency response of the designed

approximate filter.

The error to be minimized is defined as:-

| |-

||

Eq. 3.5

Where

are the ripples in the pass band and stop band; and

are pass
band and stop band normalized cut off frequencies, respectively.
As discussed in literature survey, there are different type of algorithms(optimization
techniques) are used to design the digital filters(both IIR and FIR) and to optimize the
various performance parameters of low pass filters.
Here, for the purpose of optimization of low pass filter, the cuckoo search algorithm is
used which provides the best results in some aspects as compare to particle swarm
optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA).

4. OBJECTIVES
There are certain parameters on which the performance of low pass filter depends.
The aim is to achieve the following objectives:-
1. To optimize the stop band and pass band ripples so that it matches to the response of
digital filter.
2. To optimize the frequency response of filter so that it matches to the frequency
response of ideal filter.
3. To optimize the magnitude response and convergence speed for the purpose of better
performance.
4. To optimize the number of coefficients which are used to decide the various
parameters of filter.

5. METHODOLOGY
Literature Survey is done on the low pass filter and cuckoo algorithm, to define the
problem and objectives that will be achieved in this problem.
Objective function will be implemented in MATLAB simulation software.
Low pass filter will be designed or implemented in MATLAB simulation software.
Then the cuckoo algorithm will be implemented on MATLAB simulation software.
After the designing of low pass filter and cuckoo algorithm, cuckoo algorithm will be
implemented on low pass filter.
Results will be compared with previous results obtained using other algorithms..


6. FACILITIES REQUIRED FOR PROPOSED WORK
1. MATLAB software version R2009b required.
2. IEEE and International journals access.
3. Availability of guide.

REFERENCES
1. L. Litwin, FIR and IIR digital filters, IEEE Potentials, 2000.
2. Saptarshi Mukherjee, Rajib Kar, Durbadal Mandal, Sangeeta Mondal and S. P.
Ghoshal, Linear Phase Low Pass FIR Filter Design using Improved Particle Swarm
Optimization, IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development, 2011.
3. Ashutosh P. and Kasambe P. V., Performance Evaluation of Evolutionary
Algorithms for Digital Filter Design, International Journal of Scientific Engineering
and Technology, Vol.2, 2013.
4. Xin-She Yang and Suash Deb, Cuckoo Search via Levy Flights, Proc. Of World
Congress on Nature & Biologically Inspired Computing, India IEEE Publications,
USA, 2009.
5. Suman Kumar Saha, Rajib Kar, Durbadal Mandal and S. P. Ghoshal, IIR Filter
design with Craziness based Particle Swarm Optimization Technique, World
Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol.60, 2011.
6. Sangeeta Mandal, Rajib Kar, Durbadal Mandal and Sakti Prasad Ghoshal, Swarm
Intelligence based Optimal Linear Phase FIR High Pass Filter Design using Particle
Swarm Optimization with Constriction Factor and Inertia Weight Approach, World
Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol.56, 2011.