SIMULATION RESULTS

Fault in Distribution Grid

This distribution grid fault is most frequent fault in the power system. Three phases to ground is
applied at distributed grid for 0.4s - 0.41s as shown in Fig 4.1. The total current in the system is
now forced to flow towards the fault point. The wind farm current direction and fault current
direction is same in this fault case.


Wind farm fault current for distribution grid fault

SFCL at substation (Location1)

In the case of SFCL located at Location 1 (Substation) fault current contribution from the wind
farm increased to 1025A as shown in Fig4.2. The magnitude of fault current is higher than No
FCL situation, and the percentage of increment of wind farm fault current is given by 28. These
critical observations imply that the installation of SFCL in Location 1, instead of reducing, has
increased the DG fault current.



4.2 Wind farm fault current for SFCL at substation in distribution grid fault



SFCL at Branch network (Location2)
The two locations of SFCLs dont show any difference on the effect of rising in wind farm fault
current due to fault at distribution grid. The wind farm fault current is about 1025A and the
percentage of increment of wind farm fault current is given by 28 as shown in the Fig 4.3. In this
case also the placement of SFCL raises the wind farm fault current instead of reducing the wind
farm fault current


Wind farm fault current for SFCL at branch network
SFCL at Integration point

This location of SFCL reduces the fault current coming from two sources. SFCL is in direct path
of fault current only. When SFCL is installed at the integration point of wind farm with the grid,
marked as Location 3 in Fig4.4. The wind farm fault current has been successfully reduced
to265A. SFCL gives 67% reduction of fault current from wind farm and also reduce the fault
current coming from conventional power plant because SFCL located in the direct path of any
fault current flowing towards Fault 1.

Wind farm fault current for SFCL at integration point


Dual SFCL at Substation and at Wind farm (Location4)
With dual SFCL installed at Location 1 and Location 4, the wind farm fault current reduced to
380A and also,53% reduction in fault current from wind farm is also observed from Fig.4.5.
However, even though two SFCLs were installed, wind farm fault current reduction is lower than
what was achieved by the single SFCL installed at Location 3.

Wind farm fault current for dual SFCL at Substation and at Wind farm

CASE II: Fault in Customer Grid
The wind farm fault current rises to 580A, due to customer grid fault as shown in Fig 4.6 There
is no big difference in raise in wind farm fault current due to this fault. Because in this case just
transformer secondary side impedance is added to the primary side impedance results in
increased in impedance when compared to the fault1 case impedance ,so the wind farm fault
current is reduced somewhat less than the first fault case.

Wind farm fault current for customer grid fault

SFCL at Substation (Location1)

In the case of SFCL located at Location 1 (Substation) fault current contribution from the wind
farm was increased to 1050A and the magnitude of fault current is higher than No FCL
situation and the percentage of increment of wind farm current is given by 81 as shown in the
Fig4.7. These critical observations imply that the installation of SFCL in Location 1, instead of
reducing, has increased the DG fault current. This sudden increase of fault current from the wind
farm is caused by the abrupt change of power systems impedance.
wind farm fault current for SFCL at substation

SFCL at Branch network (Location2)
The two locations of SFCLs dont show any difference on the effect of raise in wind farm
current due to fault at customer grid. The wind farm fault current is about 875A, and the
percentage of increment of wind farm current is given by 51 as shown in the Fig 4.8. In this case
also the placement of SFCL raises the wind farm fault current instead of reducing the raise in
current due to fault.

Wind farm fault current for SFCL at branch network
SFCL at Integration point (Location3)
This placement reduces the fault current coming from two sources. SFCL is in direct path of
fault current only. When SFCL is installed at the integration point of wind farm with the grid,
marked as Location 3 in Fig.4.9. In this case the fault current is same as that of NO SFCL case.
SFCL at this location gives no negative effect on the wind farm fault current, because it reduces
the fault current coming from conventional power plant as SFCL located in the direct path of any
fault current flowing towards Fault

Wind farm fault current for SFCL at integration point

Dual SFCL at Substation and at Wind farm (Locatio4)
With dual SFCL installed at Location 1 and Location 4 the wind farm fault current reduced to
670A. 16% reduction in wind farm fault current is also observed as shown in Fig.4.10. However,
even though two SFCLs were installed, wind farm fault current reduction is lower than what was
achieved by the single SFCL installed at Location 3.

Wind farm fault current for dual SFCL at substation and at wind farm




Fault in Transmission Line
The wind farm current raises to 4400A due to transmission line fault as shown in Fig.4.11. The
wind farm current in this fault case is very high when compared to the other fault cases because
the transmission line impedance is very less when compared to the distribution grid and customer
grid transformers, results in high fault current in the wind farm.
.


SFCL at Substation
SFCL positioned at Location 1(Substation) reduces the wind farm fault current to 1540A, as
shown in Fig4.12, and the percentage reduction of wind farm fault current is 65. This result
comes from the fact that SFCL is installed directly in the path of reverse current being generated
by the wind farm towards fault point. The currents directly coming from conventional fault are
reduced in the SFCL only due to insertion of high resistance. So the wind farm current reduced
due to this location for transmission line fault.

SFCL at Branch network (Location2)
SFCL positioned at Location 1(Substation) reduces the wind farm fault current to 1320A, as
shown in Fig 4.13, and the percentage of reduction of wind farm fault current is 70. This result
comes from the fact that SFCL is installed directly in the path of reverse current being generated
by the wind farm towards fault point.

Wind farm fault current for SFCL at branch network

SFCL at Integration point
When the SFCL was strategically located at the point of integration of the wind farm with the
grid (Location 3), the highest fault current 4100A,as shown in Fig4.14,and the percentage of
reduction of wind farm current is given by 7. SFCL injects current in same direction of currents
coming from both conventional and wind farm currents.
Wind farm fault current for SFCL at integration point

Dual SFCL at Substation and at Wind farm (Location4)
SFCL at location1 and at location4 are greatly reduce the wind farm fault current to 1000A, as
shown in Fig4.15,and the percentage of reduction of wind farm fault current is given by 73, due
to transmission line fault. Even though in this the wind farm fault current is reduced better when
compared to other cases, but it is not economical and not feasible to use two SFCLs in the
power system.


Wind farm fault current for dual SFCL at substation and at wind farm

The Percentage change in wind farm fault current for all considered SFCL
locations are tabulated below.

Wind farm fault current for transmission line fault




Fault in Distribution Grid
This distribution grid fault is most frequent fault in the power system. Three phases to ground is
applied at distributed grid for 0.4s - 0.41s as shown in Fig 4.1. The total current in the system is
now forced to flow towards the fault point. The wind farm current direction and fault current
direction is same in this fault case.


Wind farm fault current for distribution grid fault

SFCL at substation (Location1)

In the case of SFCL located at Location 1 (Substation) fault current contribution from the wind
farm increased to 1025A as shown in Fig4.2. The magnitude of fault current is higher than No
FCL situation, and the percentage of increment of wind farm fault current is given by 28. These
critical observations imply that the installation of SFCL in Location 1, instead of reducing, has
increased the DG fault current.



4.2 Wind farm fault current for SFCL at substation in distribution grid fault



SFCL at Branch network (Location2)
The two locations of SFCLs dont show any difference on the effect of rising in wind farm fault
current due to fault at distribution grid. The wind farm fault current is about 1025A and the
percentage of increment of wind farm fault current is given by 28 as shown in the Fig 4.3. In this
case also the placement of SFCL raises the wind farm fault current instead of reducing the wind
farm fault current


Wind farm fault current for SFCL at branch network
SFCL at Integration point

This location of SFCL reduces the fault current coming from two sources. SFCL is in direct path
of fault current only. When SFCL is installed at the integration point of wind farm with the grid,
marked as Location 3 in Fig4.4. The wind farm fault current has been successfully reduced
to265A. SFCL gives 67% reduction of fault current from wind farm and also reduce the fault
current coming from conventional power plant because SFCL located in the direct path of any
fault current flowing towards Fault 1.

Wind farm fault current for SFCL at integration point


Dual SFCL at Substation and at Wind farm (Location4)
With dual SFCL installed at Location 1 and Location 4, the wind farm fault current reduced to
380A and also,53% reduction in fault current from wind farm is also observed from Fig.4.5.
However, even though two SFCLs were installed, wind farm fault current reduction is lower than
what was achieved by the single SFCL installed at Location 3.

Wind farm fault current for dual SFCL at Substation and at Wind farm

CASE II: Fault in Customer Grid
The wind farm fault current rises to 580A, due to customer grid fault as shown in Fig 4.6 There
is no big difference in raise in wind farm fault current due to this fault. Because in this case just
transformer secondary side impedance is added to the primary side impedance results in
increased in impedance when compared to the fault1 case impedance ,so the wind farm fault
current is reduced somewhat less than the first fault case.

Wind farm fault current for customer grid fault

SFCL at Substation (Location1)

In the case of SFCL located at Location 1 (Substation) fault current contribution from the wind
farm was increased to 1050A and the magnitude of fault current is higher than No FCL
situation and the percentage of increment of wind farm current is given by 81 as shown in the
Fig4.7. These critical observations imply that the installation of SFCL in Location 1, instead of
reducing, has increased the DG fault current. This sudden increase of fault current from the wind
farm is caused by the abrupt change of power systems impedance.
wind farm fault current for SFCL at substation

SFCL at Branch network (Location2)
The two locations of SFCLs dont show any difference on the effect of raise in wind farm
current due to fault at customer grid. The wind farm fault current is about 875A, and the
percentage of increment of wind farm current is given by 51 as shown in the Fig 4.8. In this case
also the placement of SFCL raises the wind farm fault current instead of reducing the raise in
current due to fault.

Wind farm fault current for SFCL at branch network
SFCL at Integration point (Location3)
This placement reduces the fault current coming from two sources. SFCL is in direct path of
fault current only. When SFCL is installed at the integration point of wind farm with the grid,
marked as Location 3 in Fig.4.9. In this case the fault current is same as that of NO SFCL case.
SFCL at this location gives no negative effect on the wind farm fault current, because it reduces
the fault current coming from conventional power plant as SFCL located in the direct path of any
fault current flowing towards Fault

Wind farm fault current for SFCL at integration point

Dual SFCL at Substation and at Wind farm (Locatio4)
With dual SFCL installed at Location 1 and Location 4 the wind farm fault current reduced to
670A. 16% reduction in wind farm fault current is also observed as shown in Fig.4.10. However,
even though two SFCLs were installed, wind farm fault current reduction is lower than what was
achieved by the single SFCL installed at Location 3.

Wind farm fault current for dual SFCL at substation and at wind farm




Fault in Transmission Line
The wind farm current raises to 4400A due to transmission line fault as shown in Fig.4.11. The
wind farm current in this fault case is very high when compared to the other fault cases because
the transmission line impedance is very less when compared to the distribution grid and customer
grid transformers, results in high fault current in the wind farm.
.


SFCL at Substation
SFCL positioned at Location 1(Substation) reduces the wind farm fault current to 1540A, as
shown in Fig4.12, and the percentage reduction of wind farm fault current is 65. This result
comes from the fact that SFCL is installed directly in the path of reverse current being generated
by the wind farm towards fault point. The currents directly coming from conventional fault are
reduced in the SFCL only due to insertion of high resistance. So the wind farm current reduced
due to this location for transmission line fault.

SFCL at Branch network (Location2)
SFCL positioned at Location 1(Substation) reduces the wind farm fault current to 1320A, as
shown in Fig 4.13, and the percentage of reduction of wind farm fault current is 70. This result
comes from the fact that SFCL is installed directly in the path of reverse current being generated
by the wind farm towards fault point.

Wind farm fault current for SFCL at branch network

SFCL at Integration point
When the SFCL was strategically located at the point of integration of the wind farm with the
grid (Location 3), the highest fault current 4100A,as shown in Fig4.14,and the percentage of
reduction of wind farm current is given by 7. SFCL injects current in same direction of currents
coming from both conventional and wind farm currents.
Wind farm fault current for SFCL at integration point

Dual SFCL at Substation and at Wind farm (Location4)
SFCL at location1 and at location4 are greatly reduce the wind farm fault current to 1000A, as
shown in Fig4.15,and the percentage of reduction of wind farm fault current is given by 73, due
to transmission line fault. Even though in this the wind farm fault current is reduced better when
compared to other cases, but it is not economical and not feasible to use two SFCLs in the
power system.


Wind farm fault current for dual SFCL at substation and at wind farm

The Percentage change in wind farm fault current for all considered SFCL
locations are tabulated below.

Wind farm fault current for transmission line fault

















DESING OF POWER SYSTEM MODEL USING SIMULINK