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Folklore Research in Africa
Author(s): William Bascom

Source: The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 77, No. 303 (Jan. - Mar., 1964), pp. 12-31
Published by: American Folklore Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/538015
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WILLIAM BASCOM
FOLKLORE RESEARCH IN AFRICA
IN CONNECTION WITH A SURVEY of African folklore and literature under-
taken for the African Studies
Association,1
I
began
a review of the
published
collec-
tions of African verbal
art,
taking
a somewhat different
approach
from what has been
tried before.
Although
still
incomplete,
the results
published
here are
surprising.
Considerably
more African verbal art has been collected and
published
than I had
suspected,
or than is indicated
by
the two most recent reviews2 or the two standard
bibliographic
references.3
Rather than
attempting
an exhaustive
bibliography
of the
widely
scattered sources
of verbal
art,
this review was aimed at
indicating
the
major
collections for
particular
ethnic or
linguistic groups
which are now available for research. Toward this end
arbitrary
minima have been
established, 50
for
prose
narratives or "tales"
(myths,
legends,
and
folktales), 500
for
proverbs
and other
aphorisms,
and
300
for riddles.
This has meant the exclusion of a number of
important
smaller collections
and,
moreover,
once these minima have been
satisfied,
no further sources are cited
except
in the discussion of the Luba and the
Hausa,
and in the case of sources
(e.g. Stappers,
Lademann et
al.,
Maupoil,
and
Riviere)4
which in themselves exceed the minima.
An
attempt
has been made to eliminate
duplications
of the same texts in
translations,
other
editions,
anthologies,
and all other forms of
reprinting.
No
attempt
has been
made to eliminate tale variants because of their
significance
for both social and
humanistic
studies,
but variants of
aphorisms
and riddles are not included.
Prose Narratives. The
published
collections of African verbal art contain far more
folktales than
myths
or
legends.
The substance of
myths
and
legends
is often
pre-
sented in
ethnographic descriptions
or "historical"
summaries,
in a manner that
permits
the identification of their
motifs,
but distorts their formal structure.
Folktales,
on the other
hand,
are
usually published
in the form in which
they
are
told,
but some-
times
only
as abbreviated summaries or abstracts. These
abstracts,
and tales recorded
in a
European language,
are useful for the
comparative study
of
plots
or
tale-types
as
well as
motifs,
and
may
be
adequate
for
analyzing
the social and
political
functions of
folklore. To be useful for
stylistic analysis, however,
verbal art must be recorded in
the African
language,
and should be
presented
with the African
text,
a literal inter-
linear
translation,
and a free but nevertheless faithful translation.
Moreover,
without
the African text it
may
be
impossible
to
say
how accurate the translation
is,
how
much a tale has been reworked or
rewritten,
or even whether or not it is
only
a
summary.
Collections of
fifty
or more tales with African texts have been
published
for the
following 41 groups:
Alur
90
(Vanneste)
Amharic IOO
(Moreno)
Ashanti
75 (Rattray)
Bambara
71 (Travele)
Bara
(Malagasy) 154 (Faublee)
Folklore
Research in
Africa
Berber
(Moroccan) 150 (Laoust)
Bilin
o09
(Reinisch)
Bushman
50 (Bleek
and
Lloyd, Planert, Bleek,
Bleek)
Chaga 56 (Stamberg, Augustiny)
Duala
85 (Lederbogen)
Efik
(Ibibio)
8i untranslated
(Amaku)
Ewe
72 (Spiess, Sch6nhirl)
Fulani
51 (Gaden)
Hausa
III9
of which
731
untranslated
(see below)
Haya 55 (Rehse, Rehse)
Hottentot 68
(Schultze)
Kabyle 51
of which
35
untranslated
(Moulieras, Mercier)
Kamba 62
(Lindblom)
Kanuri
58 (Koelle, Lukas,
Lukas)
Kimbundu
50 (Chatelain)
Kongo 54 (Struyf)
Kpe 78 (Bender)
Kpelle 53 (Westermann)
Lamba
I59 (Doke)
Luba
131 (van Caeneghem, Stappers)
Malagasy 84
untranslated
(Dahle,
not
available)
Ngbandi 83
untranslated
(Lekens,
not
available)
Nkundo 88
(de Rop,
Hulstaert and de
Rop)
Nyang 52 (Gegenbach, Ittmann)
Nyiha 52 (Kootz-Kretschmer, Kootz-Kretschmer, Busse,
Bachmann)
Saho
137 (Reinisch)
Sakalava
(Malagasy) 71 (Birkeli)
Shilluk 6I
(Westermann)
Somali
97 (Reinisch)
Sotho
(Transvaal) 54 (Hoffmann)
Subiya 50 (Jacottet)
Suto
(Sotho) 67
of which
25
untranslated
(Sekese,
not
available;
Jacottet)
Swahili
145 (Velten, Velten,
Lademann et
al.)
Tonga 103 (Fell)
Wute
51 (Sieber)
Zulu
(Nguni) 58 (Callaway)
Collections of more than
fifty
tales but with fewer African texts have been
pub-
lished for
49
additional
groups:
Arabic,
Moroccan
93 (Legey)
Baule
76 (Himmelheber)
Betsileo
(Malagasy) 53 (Dubois, Ferrand)
Betsimisaraka
(Malagasy) 71 (Renel)
Bulu
54 (Schwab)
Bura
53 (Helser, Helser)
Dagomba 52 (Cardinall, Fisch)
Dogon 55 (Frobenius, Calame-Griaule,
Lifszyc
and
Paulme)
Edo
73 (Thomas, Thomas)
Ekoi
63 (Dayrell, Talbot)
Fang 65 (Tessmann)
Fon
283 (Herskovits
and
Herskovits,
Maupoil)
Gagu
6i
(Tauxier)
I3
14
Vol.
77,
No.
303
Journal
of
American Folklore
Jan.-March, I964
Ganda 6i
(Baskerville, Baskerville, Roscoe)
Gbaya
60
(Hilberth, Tessmann)
Gogo
50 (Beverley,
not
available; Claus, Cole, Schaegelen)
Guro
74 (Tauxier)
Hatsa
50
(Kohl-Larsen)
Ibo
59 (Thomas, Ekwensi)
Ila
64 (Smith
and
Dale)
Kanyoka 58 (Frobenius,
de
Clercq)
Kikuyu
51 (Cagnolo, Cagnolo, Routledge
and
Routledge)
Kono
71 (Holas)
Lozi 60
(Jacottet, Arnaud)
Lulua
140
(Frobenius)
Malinke
98 (Frobenius)
Masai
51 (Hollis,
Fokken, Merker)
Mbuti
(Pygmies) 58 (Joset, Turnbull)
Mossi
132 (Tauxier)
Nilyamba 56 (Kohl-Larsen, Johnson)
Nupe
82
(Frobenius)
Nyanja 50 (Holland)
Ovimbundu
98 (Ennis)
Rundi
77 (Zuure)
Rwanda 62
(Hurel, Pages)
Shona
55 (Posselt,
Boas and
Simango)
Songhai 54 (Prost, Rouche, Hacquard, Dupuis-Yacouba)
Songye
82
(Frobenius)
Soninke
53 (Frobenius,
Monteil, Daniel, Adam, Berenger-Feraud)
Temne
53 (Cronise
and
Ward, Thomas)
Tetela
56 (Frobenius, Jacobs)
Tiv
59 (Frobenius, Abraham)
Tsonga 56 (Junod, Junod,
Berthoud and van
Warmelo)
Vai
52
(Ellis)
Venda
i5 (Stayt,
Lestrade, Kriiger, Kriiger, Wessmann)
Wolof
57 (Roger, Equilbecq)
Xhosa
(Nguni) 55 (Agar-O'Connel,
Theal, Waters, Veel)
Yao
58 (Macdonald)
Yoruba
55 (Frobenius)
In these
listings
the
figures
indicate
only
the total number of tales or
aphorisms
recorded in the sources cited in
parentheses.
In almost
every
case
they
can be
supple-
mented from the scattered literature and from
unpublished materials,
such as Donald
Simmons' collection of
134
Efik tales and
655
Efik
proverbs,
Lorenzo Turner's collec-
tion of Yoruba
tales,
and our own collection of some
5,000
Yoruba
proverbs.
Some indication of the
stringency
of these
arbitrary
standards can be
given
for the
Luba of the
Congo,
for whom the
only
sources cited above are van
Caeneghem (75
tales)
and
Stappers (56 tales),
both with texts and translations. Tales with texts and
translations have also been
published by
de
Clerq (22 tales),
de Brandt
(8 tales),
and
Theuws
(7 tales). Major
collections of Luba tales in translation
only
have been
published by
Frobenius
(77 tales),
Burton
(75 tales),
and
Badibanga (61 tales).
In
addition, o09
tales have been
published
in translation
only by
de
Bouveignes
in the
five works which could be consulted,5 giving
a total of
490
Luba
tales.
Geographically,
five of these
go groups
are in
Malagasy:
the Bara, Betsileo,
i6 Vol.
77,
No.
303
Journal
of
American
Folklore
Jan.-March, 1964
monographs.
Hundreds of
prose
narratives are current in most African
societies,
to
say nothing
of
proverbs, riddles,
and other forms of verbal art. To understand the
social
significance
of these forms we must know the attitudes toward
them,
and their
relations to
education, religion,
social
structure, political authority, law,
and other
aspects
of culture. We must also have a
comparison
of the behavior of characters in
tales with ideal norms of behavior and with actual
patterns
of behavior in
daily
life.
With the collections of African verbal art which have been
published,
however,
there is a considerable
body
of African verbal art
waiting
for intensive and com-
parative
research.
Many opportunities
for research are
available,
from both the social
and the humanistic
points
of
view,
which can be undertaken without the
expense
or
other difficulties of field
study
in Africa.
Clearly
we need far more than the
complete
texts and translations if we are to understand the role of verbal art in African
societies,
and this is all that
many
of these collections
provide,
without
any thought
of their
relation to African attitudes or to other
aspects
of human behavior.
However,
with
the
increasing
number of
ethnographic
studies which are
being published,
it is
possible
to undertake
preliminary
studies at home in the
library,
with the
hope
of
completing
them later in Africa.
No index of African tale
types
has been
published.
Clarke has
published
a motif
index for the Guinea
Coast,8
but there are none for the other
eight
culture areas in
Herskovits'
classification,
or for North
Africa,
or for
Madagascar.
Aphorisms.
I use the term
aphorism
to subsume
proverbs, maxims,
and similar
terse,
sententious
sayings. Usage
varies,
but I
distinguish proverbs
from
"proverbial
phrases"
or
metaphorical comparisons,
and from maxims or mottoes like
"Honesty
is
the best
policy"
which can be
applied only
in the literal sense.
Proverbs,
which are the
most
important type
of
aphorism
in
Africa,
have a
deeper meaning
than is stated
literally,
a
meaning
which can be understood
only through
the
analysis
of the social
situations to which
they
are
appropriate.
Four studies of African
proverbs
are of
special importance
because
they probe
these
deeper meanings (Gaden,
Herskovits and
Tagbwe, Herzog
and
Blooah,
and Vincente
Martins).
Within the
past
ten
years
six
major
collections of
aphorisms
have been
published
for the
Congo
and
eight
for all other
parts
of Africa
by Mesatywa (I954), Nyembezi
(I954), Ladipo (I955),
Lekens
(I955),
Sissoko
(I955),
de
Lestrange
and de Tressan
(I955),
Burton
(1955-I959), Nkongori
and Kamanzi
(I957), Bourgeois (I957),
Akrofi
(1958),
Molin
(two
in
1959),
Hulstaert
(1959),
and
Rodegem (1961).
More than
500
Yoruba
proverbs
were
published by
Crowther as
early
as
1843,
and his collection has
been drawn on
by Bouche, Bowen, Ellis,
and others.
The
36 major
collections of
500
or more African
proverbs
and other
aphorisms may
be summarized as follows:
4000 Rundi,
texts and translations
(Rodegem),
also 608 in translations
only (Zuure)
3790 Malagasy,
texts
only (Cousins
and
Parret,
not
available)
3680
Twi
(Akan),
texts
only (Christaller); 830
translated
(Rattray);
also
o108
texts
and translations
(Akrofi)
and
500
(Rapp)
3127
Arabic
(Algerian),
(Mohammed
Ben
Cheneb)
2734 Nkundo,
(Hulstaert, Hulstaert)
2316
Hova
(Malagasy),
(Houlder)
2300 Yoruba,
texts
only (Ladipo)
2024 Hausa,
(Whitting)
2013
Arabic
(Moroccan),
(Westermarck)
Folklore Research in
Africa
Betsimisaraka, Sakalava,
and
Malagasy (unidentified). Eight
are in southern Africa:
the Bushmen and
Hottentots,
Zulu and
Xhosa,
Suto and Transvaal
Sotho,
the
Venda,
and the
Tsonga
of
Mozambique.
Nineteen are in eastern Africa: the Yao and
Nyanja
of
Nyasaland,
the Shona of
Southern
Rhodesia,
the
Ila, Lamba, Lozi, Subiya,
and
Tonga
of Northern
Rhodesia,
the
Nyiha, Nilyamba, Gogo,
Hatsa, Haya, Chaga,
and Swahili of
Tanganyika,
the
Masai,
Kikuyu,
and Kamba of
Kenya,
and the Ganda of
Uganda.
Five are in northeastern Africa: the Shilluk of
Sudan,
the Somali of
Somalia,
the
Amhara of
Ethiopia,
and the Saho and Bilin of Eritrea. Three North African
groups
are
represented:
the
Kabyle
of
Algeria,
and the Berbers and Arabs of Morocco.6
Twenty-one groups
are in central Africa: The Rwanda of
Rwanda,
the Rundi of
Burundi,
the
Alur,
Mbuti
(Pygmies),
Nkundo, Ngbandi, Tetela, Songye, Luba,
Kanyoka,
Lulua,
and
Kongo
of the
Congo,
the Kimbundu
(Ambundu)
and Ovim-
bundu
(Umbundu)
of
Angola,
the
Fang
of
Gabon,
and the
Gbaya, Wute, Bulu,
Duala, Kpe,
and
Nyang
of Cameroun.
West Africa is
represented by twenty-nine groups,
of whom ten are in
Nigeria:
the
Hausa, Bura, Kanuri, Tiv, Nupe, Yoruba, Edo, Ibo, Efik,
and Ekoi. In addition
there are the Fon of
Dahomey,
the Ewe of
Togo,
the Ashanti and
Dagomba
of
Ghana,
the
Baule, Guro,
and
Gagu
of the
Ivory
Coast,
the
Kpelle
and Vai of
Liberia,
the Temne of Sierra
Leone,
the Kono and Malinke of
Guinea,
the Wolof
and Fulani of
Senegal,
the
Dogon, Songhai, Soninke,
and Bambara of
Mali,
and the
Mossi of
Upper
Volta.
It would take
only
an additional 62 selected tales to bring the total to ioo
groups,
including
the Afar, Chokwe, Kakongo, Kuba,
Mbanja,
Murdia, Ovambo,
Temrn,
Twareg,
and
Zaghawa.
No
single publication
has
yet surpassed
Doke's monumental collection of
I59 tales,
1,695 aphorisms, I44 riddles,
and
95 song texts,
with Lamba texts and translations.
Within the
past
ten
years, however,
more verbal art has been
published
for the
Nkundo of the
Congo
than for
any
other African
group;
the works of
Boelart,
van
Goethem, Hulstaert,
and de
Rop
include
major
collections of
proverbs, riddles,
and
tales
(including
the
largest
collection of dilemma
tales),
two versions of a
long epic
poem,
and a
unique
collection of formal
greetings,
all with texts and translations.
The earliest collection of verbal art south of the Sahara thus far encountered is that
of
23i
aphorisms
with Wolof texts and translations
published by
Dard in
I826,
fol-
lowed by
43
Wolof tales in translation
only by Roger
in I828.
One of the
largest single
collections of tales is
Krug's
4I1 Bulu
tales,
of which
only
57
have been
published. However,
our
knowledge
of
prose
narratives is most
complete
for the Hausa. Texts and translations of
388
Hausa tales have been
pub-
lished
by Tremearne, Sch6n, Rattray, Taylor, Lippert,
Landeroin and
Tilho, Prietze,
Charlton, Mischlich, Fletcher,
and Robinson.
Edgar, Harris, Sch6n, Charlton,
and
Fletcher have
published 73I
tales in Hausa texts
only;
and 88 tales in translation
only
have been
published by Frobenius,
Equilbecq,
and Fletcher. In
addition, Whitting
has
published
a
major
collection of Hausa
proverbs
with texts and
translations;
Prietze has a series of articles7 on
song
texts and other forms of verbal
art;
and as
usual there are other scattered contributions.
Quantity
is no measure of the
quality
of these
collections,
as some contain abstracts
or
fragments
of
tales;
but even for
elementary
distribution studies we need a
larger
sample
than the ten to
twenty
tales that were
commonly appended
to
anthropological
I5
Africa
1967 Lamba,
(Doke, Doke)
I797 Luba,
(Burton);
also 8II texts and translations (van
Caeneghem
in 6
articles)
I705 Sotho,
(Endemann, Endemann); also
1634
texts and
translations
(Erasmus)
I559 Bambara,
(Molin)
I455 Ganda,
(Duta);
also
957
texts
only (Muswabuzi, not
available)
1398 Ngbandi,
(Lekens)
1282
Fulani,
(Gaden);
also
659
(Whit-
ting)
I80
Xhosa,
texts
only (Mesatywa)
1022
Ibo,
(Thomas)
oo000
Kikuyu,
(Barra)
925 Ewe,
(Biirgi)
892 Tsonga,
(Junod
and
Jaques)
824
Suto
(Sotho),
(Sekese)
782
Arabic
(Egyptian),
(Burckhardt);
also
517
texts and
translations
(Littmann)
773
Zulu
(Nguni),
(Nyembezi)
732
Tswana
(Sotho),
(Plaatje)
723 Duala,
(Hecklinger)
702
Pedi
(Sotho),
(Kuhn)
702 Nyang,
(Ittmann)
700 Kosi,
(Ittmann)
657 Rwanda,
(Nkongori
and
Kamanzi);
also
564
texts and
translations
(Bourgeois)
617 Haya,
(Cesard),
also
550
(Scalais,
not
available)
600
Sambaa,
(Johannsen
and
D6ring)
600
Swahili,
(Taylor)
540 Malinke,
translations
only (Sissoko);
also
537
(Molin)
520 Mbundu,
(Anonymous,
not
available)
513 Tigrinya,
(Conti Rossini,
Littman)
Riddles. Far fewer riddles than
proverbs
have been
published, perhaps
because of
their erotic double
entente,
as
Berry
has
pointed out,9
or
perhaps
because
they
are
taken less
seriously by
folklorists and
by Africans;
but
many
are scattered
through
the
literature. Five
major
collections deserve
mention, 636
riddles with Ntumu
(Fang)
by
de
Aranzadi,
481
riddles with
Chaga
by
Stamberg, 420
riddles with Yoruba texts
only by Tugbiyele,
a total of
326
riddles with
Nkundo texts and translations
by
van Goethem and
Hulstaert,
and
307
riddles with
Kundu texts
by
Ittmann. Rehse's
study
of the
Haya
includes
only
Ioo
riddles,
but he
notes that he collected over
Iooo,
as well as almost
500 Haya
tales. A
very
useful
bibliography
on African riddles has been
published by
Nicolas.10
A
special type
of
riddle,
known
only
for
Africa,
has been called
variously
the
"tone riddle" and
"proverb
riddle." It consists of two
proverb-like
statements which
constitute the
implied question
and the correct answer. The
similarity
between the
tonal
patterns
of the two statements has been
pointed
out
by Stappers,
van
Avermaet,
Simmons,
and
White,
while
Messenger
has
emphasized
the semantic
relationship
between them and Trilles
speaks
of them as
"enigmes
e
proverbes."
1
Whether these
are two different forms of riddles is not
yet
clear, but, although
not often
reported,
17
I8 Vol.
77,
No.
303 Journal of
American Folklore
Jan.-March, I964
examples
have been found in
groups
as
widely separated
as the Efik and
Anang
Ibibio
of southern
Nigeria,
the
Pygmies
of
Gabon,
the Luba of southern
Congo,
and the
Luvale of northwestern Northern Rhodesia.
Poetry.
At least in small numbers
song
texts have been
published
from a
large
number of African
societies,
but there are few collections
comparable
to those for
tales,
proverbs,
or riddles. An
outstanding exception
is Enno Littmann's
717 songs
with
Tigre
texts and translations.
Aside from
song texts, infrequent
attention has been
given
to African
poetry.
Nine
lengthy
Swahili
poems
have been
published by
Dammann,
and a collection of
575
Twareg poems by
known
authors,
but
unwritten,
has been
published by Foucauld,
both with texts and translations.
Greenberg
has discussed African verse
prosody,12
but
the
many
different forms of African versification remain to be described and
systema-
tized. Of
special
interest is the remarkable Nkundo
epic poem, published by
Boelaert
with text and translations.
Arnott has
given
the name
chain-rhyme
to a formulaic
sequence (a.... b, b....c,
c....d, etc.), suggestive
of
European
cumulative tales such as "The Old Woman
and the
Pig."
(If) jackal
bothers
you,
show him
hyena,
Hyena
bothers
you,
show
(him)
a
lion,
Lion bothers
you,
show him an
elephant,
Elephant
bothers
you,
show him a
hunter,
Hunter bothers
you,
show him a
snake,
If snake bothers
you,
show him a
stick,
Stick bothers
you,
show it
fire,
Fire bothers
you,
show it a
river,
River bothers
you,
show it a
wind,
Wind bothers
you,
show it God.
The distribution of this
special
form is
unknown,
but
examples
have been recorded
among
the Fulani in
Upper
Volta and in
Nigeria by
Arnott,
among
the Mbete of the
Congo (Brazzaville) by Adam,
the Bolia in the
Congo (Leopoldville) by Mamet,
and
among
the Yao of
Nyasaland by Macdonald.l3
Virtually nothing
is known of the African distribution of another form of
poetry
which Arnott has called the
epigram, except
that it has been recorded
among
the
Fulani in
Niger
and in
Nigeria.14
The
following example provides
a neat classification
of domestic animals:
The world's
wealth,
three are
herded,
three are
hobbled,
three are turned loose.
These
nine, they
constitute all the world's wealth.
Three that are herded:
A cow is
herded,
Sheep
are
herded,
Goats are
herded;
A horse is
hobbled,
A camel is
hobbled,
A
donkey
is
hobbled;
A hen is turned
loose,
A
dog
is turned
loose,
A cat is turned loose.
Africa
Like
proverbs, epigrams
are
appreciated mainly
for their
philosophical
content,
but
they
are
longer
and more involved than either
proverbs
or riddles
among
the
Fulani;
and
they
are more serious than
riddles,
more esoteric than
proverbs,
and less
widely
known and
quoted.15
Praise Names and Praise Poems. These two forms have been
reported
from
parts
of Africa as
widely separated
as
Senegal
and Natal.
They
are known
among
the
Wolof
(santa), Mandingo (dyamu),
Fulani
(yettode),
Susu
(lamba), Jabo,
Senufo
(dele), Dogon (tige),
Fulse
(asegomam),
Mossi
(sondre),
Akan
(nsabran),
Hausa
(kirari),
Yoruba
(oriki), Kongo (ndumbululu),
Rundi
(amazina),
Lamba
(Amasiwa
a
ku
tonda),
Sotho
(lithoko), Tsonga (sivongo),
and
Nguni (isibongo).
A collection
of
203 praise
names with
Dogon
texts has been
published by
de
Ganay.
Other collec-
tions,
mostly by
African
writers,
are cited
by Shapera
for the
Pedi, Suto, Tsonga,
and
Xhosa.l'
Tongue-twisters.
As in other
parts
of the
world, tongue-twisters
are
probably
widely
distributed in
Africa,
but
they
have been
reported only sporadically, perhaps
because it is both difficult and almost
pointless
to translate them.
Verbal Formulas.
Incantations, invocations, passwords, greetings,
and other verbal
formulas have
usually
been
neglected by
folklorists,
though they appear
in
linguistic
studies and in
ethnographic descriptions
of ritual and
etiquette.
However,
some
magical
and
religious
formulas are included in de
Rop's
collection of Nkundo
tales,
and Hulstaert has
published
a collection of
650
formal
greetings
to
superiors
from the
Nkundo,
both with texts and translations. Like
tongue-twisters
and some
song
texts,
verbal formulas are often obscure in their
meaning
and difficult to translate.
Again
comprehension
is often less
important
than correct recitation, and verbatim
accuracy
may
be
necessary
for their
religious, magical,
or social effectiveness. In view of this it
is not
surprising
that these forms have received less attention than
prose narratives,
proverbs,
and
riddles,
in all of which both
comprehension
and communication are
essential.
Although
these collections
represent only
a small fraction
(perhaps
as little as one
percent)
of the verbal art that is current in
Africa, and
although they vary greatly
in
their scientific
value,
a considerable amount has been recorded and published.
At the
date that this
manuscript
was
submitted,
an additional
58
collections of more than
20 African
tales, 51
collections of more than i00oo
aphorisms,
and 22 collections of more
than oo00 riddles could have been added.17
Impressionistically
at least I would
suggest
that the amount of African verbal art now available for
analysis compares favorably
with other non-literate areas of the
world, including
even North American Indian
folklore. Yet the task of
tracking
it down is a
dismaying one, as
anyone
who has made
the
attempt
can
testify.
African verbal art is
widely
scattered in
anthropological
and
linguistic monographs
and
journals,
in
ethnographies
and
grammars,
in folklore and
missionary periodicals,
in
popular
and travel
books,
in school readers and
juveniles,
and in
ephemeral
books and
pamphlets published
in Africa which are
not available in
the United States or in most
European
countries. The
gaps
in the
holdings
of our
major
libraries are indications of our
past neglect
of both folklore and African studies.
Despite
more than two
years spent
in
trying
to secure them
through inter-library
loan and visits to Northwestern
University
and the
Library
of
Congress, many
sources
I9
20 Vol.
77,
No.
303 Journal of
American
Folklore
Jan.-March, 1964
could not be
consulted,
including
ones of obvious
importance,
so that the
present
review is still
incomplete.
I would welcome information about
major
collections and
about ethnic or
linguistic groups
which have been omitted here.
NOTES
I.
William
Bascom,
"African Folklore and Literature" in Social Research in
Africa, (Robert
A.
Lystad,
ed. New York: Frederick A.
Praeger.)
Readers are referred to this article for a review
of the relevance of verbal art to social research in
Africa,
for
my
distinctions between
myths,
legends,
and
folktales,
and for further details.
2. Melville
J. Herskovits,
"The
Study
of African Oral Art" and Daniel
J. Crowley,
"Folklore
Research in the
Congo"
in Folklore Research Around the
World, (Richard
M.
Dorson, ed.),
Journal
of
American
Folklore,
LXXIV
1961, 45I-456, 457-460.
3.
Melville
J.
and Frances S.
Herskovits,
Suriname Folk-Lore. Columbia
University
Contribu-
tions to
Anthropology,
XXVII
(New
York: Columbia
University Press, 1936.) May Augusta
Klipple, African
Folktales
with
Foreign Analogues. (Doctoral
dissertation Indiana
University,
I958).
The
bibliographies
in both these works are concerned with
prose narratives, especially
folktales,
and
Klipple's
those with
foreign analogues,
rather than with
proverbs, riddles,
and
other forms of verbal art. Both are
geographically limited, Klipple's
to Africa south of the
Sahara,
and
Malagasy,
and that of the Herskovitses to the Western
Sudan,
Guinea
Coast,
and
western
Congo areas, plus
New World
Negro
sources.
However,
both contain references to
many
smaller collections which are omitted here.
4.
For sources not cited in
footnotes,
see
bibliography.
Further
searching
has
permitted
several
groups (e.g. Bushman, Chaga,
and
Kabyle)
to be raised to the class with collections of
fifty
or
more African
texts;
collections
previously
cited for these
groups
are retained in the
bibliography.
5.
For an
appraisal
of the
fidelity
of these
translations,
see
J.
M.
Jadot,
Les Scrivains
Africains
du
Congo Belge
et du Ruanda-Urundi. Academie
Royal
des Sciences
Coloniales,
Classe des
Sciences Morales et
Politiques, Memoires, XVII, 2, I959.
6. This
obviously
does not do
justice
to the extensive collections from North
Africa,
but it is
difficult to
identify
Berber and Arabic
sub-groups comparable
to the
linguistic
and ethnic
groups
distinguished
for sub-Saharan
Africa,
and some
large
collections
(e.g. Basset, 1896-1924)
do not
indicate
provenience. Moreover,
it has not
yet
been
possible
to consult
many
of the sources in the
important
review of tales from
Morocco, Algeria,
and
Libya by
Genevieve
Massignon,
"Bibli-
ographie
des Recueils de Contes Traditionnels du
Maghreb (Maroc, Algerie, Tunisie)," Fabula,
IV,
i and
2, I96I, 11I-129.
Also
worthy
of mention is a collection of
156 Jewish
tales in
Spanish
from
Tetuan, Spanish
Morocco
(Arcadio
de Larrea
Palacfn,
Cuentos
Populares
de los Judios
del Norte de Marruecos.
Tetuan: Instituto General Franco de Estudios de
Investigacion Hispano-Arabe,
2
vols., I952-I953.
Pp. 271; 279)
and a
major
collection of
songs (Arcadio
de Larrea
Palacin,
Cancionero Judio del
Norte de
Marruecos,
Madrid: Instituto de Estudios
Africanos, Consejo Superior
de
Investigaciones
Cientificas.
3
vols.
345; 377;
288. Not
available.)
7.
See Ruth
Jones,
West
Africa.
Africa
Bibliography
Series.
(London, 1958)
p.
30.
8. Kenneth W.
Clarke,
A
Motif-Index of
the
Folktales of
Culture Area
V,
West
Africa.
Doc-
toral
dissertation,
Indiana
University, 1957.
9. J.
Berry, Spoken
Art in West
Africa. (London, I96I) p. Ir.
Io. F.
J. Nicolas, "Enigmes
des L'ela de la Haute-Volta
(A.
O.
F.)," Anthropos, XLIX, I954,
1013-1040. (2
dilemma
tales, 41
riddles with
Lyele (Gur)
texts and
translations).
iI. Ernest van
Avermaet,
"Langage rhythme
des
Baluba," Aequatoria XVIII,
No.
I, I955, I-5,
(I4 riddles, I9
aphorisms
with Luba texts and
translations).
Donald C.
Simmons,
"Erotic Tone
Riddles," Man, LXI,
No.
78, 1956, 79-82. (30
riddles with Efik Ibibio texts and
translations).
"Cultural Functions of the Efik Tone
Riddle," lournal of
American
Folklore, LXXI, I958, 123-
I38. (98
translations).
"Ibibio Tone
Riddles," Nigerian Field,
XXV, I960, I32-134. (IO
translations).
"Efik Tone Riddles and
Anang Proverb-Riddles," Journal of
American
Folklore, LXXIV, I961, 245-246.
C. M. N.
White,
"African Tone
Riddles," Man, LVIII,
No.
214, 1958, I6I-I62. (5
riddles with Luvale texts and
translations). John
C.
Messenger, "Anang Proverb-Riddles," Journal of
American
Folklore,
LXXIII, I960, 225-235. (19
riddles with
Anang
Ibibio texts and
translations). "Anang
Proverb-
Riddles and Efik Tone
Riddles," Journal of
American
Folklore, LXXIV, I961, 246.
H.
Trilles,
Les
Pygmees
de la Foret
Squatoriale. Anthropos-Bibliothek,
III,
4, I932, 267-268. (35 Pygmy
tales,
218
aphorisms,
28
riddles, I3 songs
in translation
only).
I2. Joseph
H.
Greenberg,
"Hausa Verse
Prosody," Journal of
the American Oriental
Society,
LXIX, 1949, 125-135. (4
Hausa
poems).
I3.
D. W.
Arnott,
"Proverbial Lore and
Word-Play
of the
Fulani," Africa, XXVII,
I957,
379-396. (8 aphorisms, 17 riddles, 13 epigrams,
9 tongue-twisters,
and 2
chain-rhymes
with
Africa
Fulani texts and
translations).
Jerome
Adam,
"Nouvel extrait du Folklore du
Haut-Ogooue,"
Anthropos, XXXV-XXXVI, 1940-1941, I3I-I52. (3
tales with Mbete texts and
translation, I5
tales
in translation
only, 3I
riddles and I
chain-rhyme
with Mbete texts and
translations).
M.
Mamet,
Le
Langage
des Bolia
(Lac Leopold II).
Annales du Musee
Royal
du
Congo Belge,
Sciences de
l'Homme, LIII,
I960.
(12 tales, 57 aphorisms,
and I
chain-rhyme
with Bolia texts and
translations.)
14. However,
cf. Edward William
Lane,
The Arabian
Night's Entertainments,
or The
Thousand and One
Nights. (New York, 1927)
Note I8 to the
introductory story, 976.
15.
D. W.
Arnott,
loc. cit.
i6. I.
Schapera,
Select
Bibliography of
South
African
Native
Life
and Problems.
(London,
I941)
Items
E469, LII6, L207, L2I7, L219, L247, L248, L285.
17.
It is
manifestly impossible
to cite references to all these lesser
collections,
but the
bibliog-
raphy
includes the
following
for
proverbs:
Betsimisaraka
(Houlder),
Chokwe
(Vincente Martins),
Cbaya (Hilberth), Gogo (Beverley),
Jabo
(Herzog
and
Blooah), Kpe (Bender),
Kru
(Herskovits
and
Tagbwe),
Sakalava
(Birkeli),
Vai
(Ellis),
and Wolof
(Dard)
and the
following
for riddles:
Arabic from Cairo
(Littmann),
Ewe
(Sch6nharl), Haya (Rehse),
Kamba
(Lindblom),
Lamba
(Doke),
and
Tsonga (Junod
and
Jacques).
For Efik
riddles,
see Simmons' three articles cited in
footnote iI.
A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abbreviations
AMRCB-L Annales du Musee
Royal
du
Congo Belge,
Sciences de
l'Homme, Linguistique.
BCA Bulletin de
Correspondance Africaine,
Publications de l'1cole des Lettres
d'Alger.
CCCP Collection de Contes et Chansons
Populaires.
CEPSI Bulletin Trimestriel du Centre d'Stude des Problemes Sociaux
Indigenes
CEPSI.
IFAN-B Bulletin de l'lnstitut
Franfaise d'Afrique Noire, Serie B. Sciences Humaines.
IFAN-M Memoires de l'Institut Francaise
d'Afrique
Noire.
]AF
Journal
of
American Folklore.
JRAI
Journal
of
the
Royal Anthropological
Institute.
LSOS Lehrbiicher des Seminars
fur
Orientalische
Sprachen
zu Berlin.
MSOS
Mitteilungen
des Seminars
fur
Orientalische
Sprachen zu Berlin.
TMIE Travaux et Memoires de l'Institut
d'Ethnologie.
ZES
Zeitschrift
fur
Eingeborenen-Sprachen.
ZK
Zeitschrift fur Kolonialsprachen.
*
Indicates sources for which
complete
citations are given
in the
bibliographies of Herskovits and
Herskovits or of
Klipple.
See footnote 2.
Abraham, R. C. The Tiv
People.
London: Crown
Agents for the Colonies,
1940.
2nd ed.
Pp.
x +
I77.
i6 Tiv tales in translation
only.
Adam, G.
Legendes Historiques
du
Pays
de Nioro
(Sahel).
Paris:
Augustin Challamel,
I904.
Pp.
121.
9
Soninke tales in translation
only.
A Collection
of
Umbundu Proverbs, Adages
and Conundrums. West Central African Mission of
the A. B. C. F.
M., I9I4. 520 aphorisms
in Ovimbundu texts, with some translations.
(Not
available; cited
by
Doke in
African Studies, VI,
I947, II5).
Agar-O'Connell.
lintsomi. Bantu
Folk
Stories.
n.p.:
The Lovedale Press, n.d. Pp.
47.
I2 tales
with Xhosa texts and translations.
Akrofi, C. A. Twi Mmebusem. Twi Proverbs with
English
Translations and Comments. Kumasi:
Presbyterian
Book
Depot;
London: Macmillan &
Co.,
I962.
First
published
I958.
Pp. I73. 3
tales in Twi
(Akan)
text
only;
ioi8
aphorisms
with Twi texts and translations.
Amaku, E. N.
Edikot
rJwed
Mbuk
i. Nelson's Efik Readers, Book i. London: Thomas Nelson &
Sons,
n. d. Revised edition. First
published I948. Pp.
ii
+ 46.
3
tales in Efik text
only.
.
Edikot
rjwed
Mbuk
2. Nelson's Efik
Readers, Book 2. London: Thomas Nelson &
Sons, I96I.
Revised edition. First
published I949.
Pp. v +
73.
6 tales in Efik text
only.
. Edikot ijwed
Mbuk 3.
Nelson's Efik Readers, Book
3,
London: Thomas Nelson &
Sons, I96I. First
published I949.
Pp. iv
+ 92. 7
tales in Efik text
only.
. Edikot rJwed
Mbuk
4.
Nelson's Efik Readers, Book
4.
Sons, 196I. First
published I951.
Pp.
vi
+ 86. 20 tales in Efik text
only.
. Edikot jwed
Mbuk
5. Nelson's Efik
Readers, Book
5.
Sons,
196I.
First
published
1952. Pp.
ii + IIO.
25
tales in Efik text
only.
.
Edikot
owed
Mbuk
6. Nelson's Efik Readers,
Book 6. London: Thomas Nelson &
Sons,
I961.
First
published 1953.
Pp.
158.
20 tales in Efik text
only.
Aranzadi, Ifiigo
Xavier de. La Adivinanza en la Zona de los Ntumu. Tradiciones Orales del
21
22 Vol.
77,
No.
303
Journal
of
American Folklore
Jan.-March, 1964
Bosque Fang.
Madrid: Instituto de Estudios
Africanos, Consejo Superior
de
Investigaciones
Cientificas, I962.
Pp.
3II. 636
riddles with Ntumu
(Fang)
Arnaud,
Marthe.
"Mythologie
et Folklore sur le
Haut-Zambeze,"
Presence
Africaine, II, 1948,
pp.
244-266. I4
Lozi tales in translation
only.
*Augustiny,
Julius. "Geschichte der
Hauptlinge
von
Madschame," ZES, XVII, 1926-1927,
I61-20I.
i6 tales with
Chaga
B., J.
E. See
Beverley, J.
E.
*Bachmann,
Tr.
"Nyiha-M;archen," ZK, VI, I9I5-196,
8I-IOi.
3
tales with
Nyiha
texts and
translations.
Badibanga. L'1Ulephant qui
Marche sur des
Oeufs.
Bruxelles:
l'tglantine, I93I. Pp. 90.
6I Luba
tales in translation
only.
Barra,
G.
I,ooo Kikuyu
Proverbs. London: Macmillan &
Co., 1960.
First
published I939.
Pp.
I23.
Iooo
aphorisms
with
Kikuyu
*
Baskerville,
Mrs.
George (Rosetta Gage).
The
King of Snakes,
and Other
Folk-Lore
Stories
from Uganda.
London: The Sheldon
Press, 1922. Pp.
viii
+
88. 26 Ganda
tales, 30 aphorisms,
and
4 songs
in translation
only. (Some
from
Apolo Kagwa's Engero
za
Baganda,
which was
not
available).
* . The Flame
Tree,
and Other
Folk-Lore
Stories
from Uganda.
London: The
Sheldon
Press, 1925. Pp.
vii + II3.
21 Ganda tales in translation
only. (Some
from
Apolo
Kagwa's Engero
za
Baganda).
*
Bender,
C. J. Die
Volksdichtung
der Wakweli:
Sprichworter,
Fabeln und
Mdrchen, Parabeln,
Rdtsel und Lieder. Beiheft zur
ZES, IV, 1922. Pp.
122.
78 tales, I50 aphorisms,
6
riddles,
and
14 songs
with
Kpe
*
Berenger-Feraud,
L.-J.-B.
Peuplades
de la
Senelgambie. Paris: Ernest
Leroux, 1879.
Pp.
xvi
+
420. 5 Soninke, 3 Bambara, 3 Wolof,
2
Malinke,
2
Moorish,
I
Fulani,
I
Tukulur,
and I Serere
only.
Berthoud,
Henri and N.
J.
van Warmelo.
"Thonga-Marchen
aus
Transvaal," ZES, XX, 1929-1930,
241-256; XXI, 1930-I93I, 54-74, 122-158, 3IO-3I9; XXII, I93I-I932, II4-I20.
17
tales with
Tsonga
B[everley], J.
E. Zimbazi ze
zifumbo, Nhandaguzi
ne Zisimo ze
Cigogo. Society
for
Promoting
Christian
Knowledge,
I9OI.
(Reprinted by
the Church
Missionary Society, I953). 32 tales,
200
aphorisms,
and
sixty-odd
riddles in
Gogo
texts
only. (Not available;
cited
by
Carnell in
Tanganyika
Notes and
Records,
No.
40, I955, 30-42).
Birkeli,
E. "Folklore Sakalava Recueilli dans la
Region
de
Morondava,"
Bulletin de l'Academie
Malgache,
N.
S., VI, 1922-1923, 185-423. 71 tales, 324 aphorisms,
and
35 songs
with Sakalava
(Malagasy)
Bleek, D[orothea]
F. The Naron. A Bushman Tribe
of
the Central Kalahari. Publications of the
School of African Life and
Language, University
of
Cape
Town.
Cambridge: University
Press, I928. Pp.
ix
+
67.
o1
tales with Bushman texts and translations.
*
. "!Kuij
Mythology,"
ZES, XXV, 1934-1935, 261-283. 5
tales with Bushman texts
and translations.
*
Bleek,
W. H. I. and L. C.
Lloyd. Specimens of
Bushmen
Folk-Lore.
London:
George
Allen &
Co., 1911.
Pp.
xl
+ 468. 25
tales and II
songs
with Bushman texts and translations.
*
Boas,
Franz and C. Kamba
Simango.
"Tales and Proverbs of the Vandau of
Portuguese
South
Africa," JAF, XXXV, 1922, 151-204.
20 tales and
29 aphorisms
with Ndau
(Shona)
texts and
translations.
Boelaert,
E.
Lianja-Verhalen.
I.
Ekofo
Versie.
AMRCB-L, XVII, I957. Pp. 244.
I
epic poem
with
Nkundo
(Mongo)
text and translation.
. Lianja-Verhallen.
II. De Voorouders van
Lianja. AMRCB-L, XIX, I958. Pp. II5.
I
epic poem
with Nkundo
(Mongo)
text and translation.
Bourgeois,
R.
Banyarwanda
et Barundi. Tome I.
Ethnographie. Memoires,
Academie
Royal
des
Sciences
Coloniales,
Classe des Sciences Morales et
Politiques, XV, 1957.
Pp.
792.
I
tale, 564
aphorisms,
22
riddles, 9I songs,
and 2
praise poems
with Rwanda texts and translations.
*
Bouveignes,
Olivier de.
(Nom-de-plume
of Leon
Guebels)
Contes
d'Afrique. Bruxelles,
La
Renaissance du
Livre, 1927. Pp. 21I.
12 Luba tales in translation
only.
. En JScoutant Conter les Noires. Collection
Lavigerie.
Namur: Grand
Lacs,
n. d.
Pp.
I44. I9
Luba tales in translation
only.
. Sur des Levres
Congolaises.
Contes. Collection
Lavigerie.
Namur: Grand
Lacs,
n. d.
Pp. 205.
only.
. Ce
que
Content les Noirs. Bruxelles: Collection
Durendal,
n.d.
Pp. 203. 24
Luba
only.
. Entendu dans la Brousse. Contes
Congolais.
Les
Joyaux
de
l'Orient,
Vol. o1. Paris:
Librairie Orientaliste Paul
Geuthner, I938. Pp. 209.
only.
Folklore
Research in
Africa
. Contes au Claire de Lune. Collection
Lavigerie.
Namur: Grand
Lacs, 1950. Pp.
i60.
(Not available).
. Noveaux Contes
d'Afrique. (Not available).
Brandt,
L. de. "Het Heelal van den Muluba.
Vertelling
van de
Baluba," Congo, II, I, 192I,
pp. 249-268;
Vol.
3:2, 1922,
pp.
50-64.
8 tales with Luba texts and translations.
Burckhardt, Johann Ludwig.
Arabische
Spriichwotrter
oder der Sitten und Gebrduche der neueren
Aegyptier.
Weimar:
Verlage
des
Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs, I834.
Pp. xii
+ 396. 782
aphorisms
with Arabic
(Egyptian)
Biirgi,
Ernst.
"Sammlung
von
Ewe-Sprichwortern,"
Archiv
fur Anthropologie,
N.
S., XIII,
I914,
pp.
415-450. 925 aphorisms
with Ewe texts and translations.
Burton,
William F. P. "Proverbs of the Baluba. Proverbes des
Baluba,"
Bulletin des
Juridictions
Indigenes
et du Droit Coutumier
Congolais, XXIII, I955, 69-76, 93-I00, 122-129, I4I-I48;
XXIV, I956, I70-I77, 223-230, 259-266, 287-294, 3I4-32I, 341-348; XXV, I957, 14-21, 43-50,
82-89, II0-117, I38-I45, I59-166; XXVI, I958, I90-I97, 217-224, 251-258, 292-315, 324-347,
367-390; XXVII, I959, 3-26, 37-47. 1797 aphorisms
with Luba texts and translations.
. The
Magic
Drum. Tales
from
Central
Africa.
London: Methuen &
Co., I96I.
Pp. I96. 75
Luba tales in translation
only.
Busse, J.
Die
Sprache
der
Nyiha
in
Ostafrika. Veroffentlichung,
Institut fur
Orientforschung,
Deutsche Akademie der
Wissenschaft, Berlin,
No.
41,
I960. Pp.
I6o. 8
tales, 67 aphorisms,
and
57
riddles with
Nyiha
Caeneghem,
R. van. "De
gierigheid
in de
spreekwoorden
der Baluba en
Baluba-Moyo," Congo,
XVI, 2,
Nos.
3-5, I935, 376-388, 585-597, 725-736. I31 aphorisms
with Luba texts and transla-
tions.
."De bruidschat en de
verloving
in de
spreekwoorden
der Luluaen Baluba-
menschen," Congo, XVIII, I, Nos.
3-4, I937, 287-326, 384-424.
260
aphorisms
with
Lulua/Luba
. "'Geven aan anderman' in de
spreekwoorden
der
Baluba-Menschen,"
Congo,
XVIII, 2, No.
4, I937, 377-4II. I36 aphorisms
. "De
gastvrijheid
in de
spreekwoorden
der
Luba-menschen," Congo, XX, I,
Nos.
3-4, I939,
295-310, 412-432. I3I aphorisms
. "Het
vrijgezellen-leven
in de
spreekwoorden
van Luba- en
Moyo-volk," Congo,
XXI, I, No.
I, I940, 47-73. 73 aphorisms
."De
psychologie
der Baluba in hun
spreekwoorden
over de
Ziekten," Congo,
XXI, i, No.
3, 1940, 284-306; Zaire, I,
No.
I, 1947, pp.
55-72.
80
aphorisms
with Luba texts
and translations.
. Kabundi
Sprookies. Bibliotheque-Congo,
N.
S.,
No.
2, I938.
Pp.
240. 75
tales with
Luba texts and translations.
Cagnolo,
C. The
A,kikuyu.
Their
Customs,
Traditions and
Folklore. Nyeri
(Kenya);
The Mission
Printing School, 1933. Pp. xv
+ 324. 17 Kikuyu
only;
145
aphorisms
and
22 riddles with
Kikuyu
texts.
.
"Kikuyu Tales," African Studies, XI,
I952, I-I5, I23-I35;
XII, 1953, Io-2i, 62-71,
122-131.
25 Kikuyu
tales
(plus 5 duplicates)
in translation
only.
Calame-Griaule,
G. "Itsoterisme et fabulation au
Soudan," IFAN-B, XVI,
3/4, I954,
307-321.
II
Dogon
only.
*
Callaway, Henry. Izinganekwane,
Nensumansumane,
Nezindaba Zabantu.
Nursery Tales, Tra-
ditions,
and Histories
of
the Zulus.
Springvale: John
A.
Blair; Pietermaritzburg:
Davis &
Sons; London: Triibner &
Co.,
i868.
Pp.
vii
+ 375. 58
tales with Zulu texts and translations.
(Although
called "Volume
I," apparently
this was all that was
published).
*
Cardinall,
A. W. Tales Told in
Togoland.
London: Oxford
University Press,
I931.
Pp. 290. 30
Krachi,
26
Dagomba, 3 Ajati, 3 Grusi, 3 Ashanti,
i
Akwapim,
I
Kasena, and 26 unidentified
only.
*
Cesard,
Edmond. "Proverbes et Contes
Haya," Anthropos, XXIII,
1928, 494-510, 792-816;
XXIV,
1929, 565-586. 5 Haya
only; 617 aphorisms
and i
song
with
Haya
texts
and translations.
Charlton, [Lionel Evelyn Oswald].
A Hausa
Reading
Book.
London: Oxford
University Press,
1908.
Pp. 83 +
45.
2 tales with Hausa texts and
translations; 2
tales, 22
aphorisms, 9 riddles,
i
song,
and i
poem
in Hausa text
only.
*Chatelain,
Heli.
Folk-Tales of Angola.
Memoirs of The American Folk-Lore
Society, I,
1894. Pp. xii
+
315. 50
tales with Kimbundu
(Ambundu)
Christaller, J. G. Twi
Mmebusem, Mpensa-Ahansia Mmoaano. A Collection
of
Three Thousand
and Six Hundred Tshi Proverbs in Use
among
the
Negroes
of
the Gold Coast
Speaking
the
Asante and Fante
Language.
Basel: Basel German
Evangelical Missionary Society, I879.
Pp. xii
+ I52.
3680
aphorisms
in Twi
(Akan)
text
only.
23
24
Vol.
77,
No.
303 Journal of
American
Folklore
Jan.-March, 1964
Claus,
H. Die
Wagogo.
Baessler-Archiv, Beiheft
2,
19II. Pp.
72.
6
Gogo
only.
*
Clercq, Auguste
de.
"Quelques Legendes
des Bena
Kanioka," Anthropos, IV, I909, pp. 71-86,
442-456. I4
tales and
4 songs
with
Kanyoka
*
.
"Vingt-deux
Contes
Luba," ZK, IV, I913-I914, 181-230.
22 tales with Luba texts
and translations.
Cole, Henry.
"Notes on the
Wagogo," JRAI, XXXII, I902, 305-338. 7 Gogo
only.
Conti
Rossini,
Carlo.
Proverbi,
Tradizioni e Canzioni
Tigrine.
Collezione Scientifica e Docu-
mentaria dell'Africa
Italiana, V, 1942. 332.
I
tale, 489 aphorisms,
and 86
songs
with
Tigrinya
Cousins,
W. E. and
J.
Parrett.
Ny
Ohabolan'
Ny
Ntaolo
Nangonina Sy Nalahatry.
Antananarivo,
I885. Pp. I54. 3790 aphorisms
in
Malagasy
text
cited in G.
Grandidier,
Bibliographie
de
Madagascar,
Paris: Comite de
Madagascar, 1905).
*
Cronise,
Florence M. and
Henry
W. Ward. Cunnie
Rabbit,
Mr.
Spider,
and the Other
Beef.
London: Swann Sonnenschein &
Co.;
New York: E. P. Dutton &
Co., I903. Pp.
viii +
330.
38
Temne tales and
13
riddles in
pidgin-English
texts.
Crowther,
Samuel
Ajayi.
A
Vocabulary of
the Yoruba
Language.
London:
Seeleys, 1852.
First
published I843.
Pp. v +
38
+
291.
Over
500
scattered
aphorisms
with Yoruba texts and
translations.
*
Dahle,
Louis.
Specimens of Malagasy Folk-Lore.
Antananarivo: Friends'
Foreign
Mission
Press,
I877.
Pp.
457. 84
tales in
Malagasy
text
only. (Not
available;
cited
by James Sibree, Jr.
in
Folk-Lore Journal, I, 1883, pp. 2, 20o).
Dammann,
Ernst.
Dichtungen
in der Lamu-Mundart des Suaheli. Hansische
Universitat,
Abhand-
lungen
aus dem Gebiet der
Auslandskunde, LI, I940.
Pp.
346.
9
long poems
with Swahili
texts and translation.
*
Daniel, Fernand. "ftude
sur les Soninkes ou
Sarakoles," Anthropos, V,
I9IO,
27-49.
IO Soninke
only.
Dard, J.
Grammaire
Wolofe.
n.
p.: Imprime par
autorisation du Roi a
l'imprimerie royale,
1826.
Pp.
xxxi
+ 2I3. 231 aphorisms
with Wolof texts and translations.
*Dayrell,
E. Ikom Folk Stories
from
Southern
Nigeria. Royal Anthropological Institute,
Oc-
casional
Papers,
No.
3, I913.
Pp.
viii + IOI.
34
Ekoi tales in translation
only.
*Doke,
Clement M. Lamba Folk-Lore.
Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore
Society, XX, I927.
Pp.
xvii
+
570. I59 tales, 1695 aphorisms, 144 riddles,
and
95 songs
with Lamba texts and
translations.
. "Additional Lamba
Aphorisms,"
Bantu
Studies, IV, I930,
pp.
I09-I35, 181-192. 272
aphorisms,
2
riddles,
and I6
songs
with Lamba texts and
translations;
all additional.
Dupuis-Yakouba,
A. Les Gow ou Chasseurs du
Niger. Legendes Songai
de la
Region
de Tom-
bouctou. Paris: Ernest
Leroux, 19II. Pp.
viii +
305.
8 tales with
Songhai
Duta, Henry Wright. Engero
Za
Baganda.
London:
Society
for
Promoting
Christian
Knowledge,
1902. Pp. I27. 1455 aphorisms
with Ganda texts and translations.
Edgar,
Frank.
Litafina Tatsuinyoyi
na Hausa.
Litafina-farako.
Belfast: W. Erskine
Mayne,
I9II-
I913. 3
vols.
Pp.
xviii
+
435;
xvi
+
463;
xvi
+ 464. 693
tales in Hausa text
only.
Ekwensi,
C. 0. D.
Ikolo
the Wrestler and Other Ibo Tales. London: Thomas Nelson &
Sons,
n. d.
Pp.
viii
+
77. 24
Ibo tales in translation
only.
*
Ellis, George
W.
Negro
Culture in West
Africa.
New York: The Neale
Publishing Co., I914.
Pp. 290. 52
Vai tales and
114 aphorisms
in translation
only.
Endemann,
Christian.
"Sprichw6rtliche
Redensarten der
Sotho-Sprache (Transvaal)," MSOS,
XXXI, 3, 1928,
I-I4. 292 aphorisms
with Sotho texts and translations.
"Sotho-Sprichworter,"
ZES, XXXI, I940-I94I, 5I-7I, I29-I57, 217-237, 287-314;
XXXII,
I941-I942, 59-78, II4-I35. I413 aphorisms
with Sotho texts and translations.
Ennis,
Merlin. Umbundu. Folk Tales
from Angola.
Boston: Beacon
Press, i962. Pp.
xxix +
316.
98
Ovimbundu
(Umbundu)
tales and
55 aphorisms
in translation
only.
*
Equilbecq,
F. V. Essai sur la Litterature Merveilleuse des
Noirs,
Suivi de Contes
Indigenes
de
l'Ouest
Africain
Francais.
CCCP, XLI-XLIII, I913-10I6. Pp.
v +
294; 307; 301. 24 Fulani,
22
Bambara, I5 Gurma, 14 Wolof, 13 Hausa,
8
Malinke,
6
Dogon, 3 Mossi, 3 Susu,
2
Koranko,
2
Senufo,
I
Kissi,
I
Khasonke,
I
Dyerma
and I Grusi tales in translation
only. (Although
sometimes cited as
containing
the
275
tales which were collected and tabulated in the first
volume, apparently only
these three volumes and II6 tales were
published).
Erasmus, J.
H.
Uitgesoekte
Noord-Sotho
Spreekwoorde.
Dieme Tse di
Kgethilwego
Tsa Sesotho
sa Lebowa.
Johannesburg
and
Capetown:
A. P.
B.,
n.d.
Pp. 105. 634 aphorisms
with Sotho
Faublee, Jacques.
Recites Bara.
TMIE, XLVIII, I947.
Pp.
589. 164
tales with Bara
(Malagasy)
Folklore
Research in
Africa
*
Fell, J.
R.
Ingano Zya Batonga
e
Zimpangaliko
Zimwi. Folk Tales
of
the
Batonga
and Other
Sayings.
London: Holburn
Publishing House,
n.d.
Pp. 247. 103 tales, 65 aphorisms,
and 82
riddles with
Tonga
Fisch,
R.
Dagbane-Sprachproben. Mitteilungen
verbffentlich vom Seminar fur
Kolonialsprachen
in
Hamburg,
Beiheft
8,
zum
Jahrbuch
der
Hamburgischen
Wissenschaftlichen
Anstalten, 30,
I9I2. Pp. 190.
26 tales with
Dagbane (Dagomba)
*
Fletcher,
Roland S. Hausa
Sayings
&
Folk-Lore
with a
Vocabulary of
New Words. London:
Oxford
University Press, 1912.
Pp. I73.
2 tales with Hausa texts and
translations,
I tale in
text
only,
8 tales in translation
only; 151 aphorisms, 23 riddles, 4 songs, 54 praise names,
I8
complimentary phrases,
20
"quips,"
2 street
cries,
I
prayer
with texts and translations.
*Fokken,
H. A.
"Erzahlungen
und
Marchen
der
Larusa," ZK, VII, I916-I917,
81-104,
193-2II. 17
tales with Masai texts and translations.
Foucauld,
Charles de. Poesies
Touaregues. (Dialecte
de
l'Ahaggar).
Paris: Ernest
Leroux, I925-
I930.
2 vols.
Pp.
xxvii +
658; 46I. 575 poems
with
Twareg
Frobenius,
Leo. Atlantis.
Jena: Eugen Diederichs, 1921-1928.
I2 vols.
I.
Volksmdrchen
der
Kabylen.
I. Weisheit.
I92I. Pp.
iv +
292. 55 Kabyle
only.
2.
Volksmdrchen
der
Kabylen
II. Das
Ungeheurliche. 1922. Pp. 294. 33 Kabyle
tales in trans-
lation
only.
3. Volksmirchen
der
Kabylen.
III. Das
Fabelhafte. I92I.
Pp. 356. 54 Kabyle
tales in transla-
tion
only.
*4.
Marchen aus
Kordofan. I923. Pp. 309. 27
unidentified tales in translation
only.
*5.
Dichten und
Denken
im Sudan.
I925.
Pp.
385. 9 Nupe
only.
*6.
Spielmannsgeschichten
der Sahel.
I92I.
Pp.
351.
I6 Soninke,
22
Fulani,
and
34
Dogon
only.
*7.
Ddmonen des Sudan.
I924.
Pp.
373. 13 Bambara,
i
Malinke,
I
Fulani,
I
Yarse, I3 Bozo,
14 Jukun,
and
29
Hausa tales in translation
only.
*8.
Erzahlungen
aus dem West-Sudan.
I922. Pp. 292. 97
Malinke and 26 Mossi tales in trans-
lation
only.
*9. Volkserzdhlungen
und
Volksdichtungen
aus dem Zentral-Sudan.
I924.
Pp.
427. 73 Nupe,
38 Hausa, 3 Borgu,
I
Dakakari,
and
7
Karekare tales in translation
only.
*io. Die Atlantische Gotterlehre. 1926. Pp.
320. 55
Yoruba tales in translation
only.
*1I.
Volksdichtungen
aus Ober Guinea.
I924.
Pp.
356.
24 Tobote, 43 Tem,
5
Killinga,
and
43
Tiv tales in translation
only.
*I2. Dicht-kunst der Kassaiden.
I928. Pp. 387. 140 Lulua, 82
Songye,
77
Luba, 45 Tetela,
42
Kanyoka, 37 Chokwe, 33 Pende,
22
Kuba, II Bena Mai, and
7
miscellaneous tales in
translation
only.
*
Gaden,
Henri. Le Poular. Dialecte Peul de Fouta
Se'ngalais.
Vol. i. Collection de la Revue du
Monde Musulman. Paris: Ernest Leroux,
I913.
Pp. V +
338.
5I
tales and
I49
aphorisms
with
Fulani texts and translations.
. Proverbes et Maximes Peuls et Toucouleurs.
TMIE, XVI,
193I.
Pp. xxxiii +
368.
1282
aphorisms
with Fulani texts and translations.
Ganay, Solange
de. Les Devises des
Dogons. TMIE, XLI, I941.
Pp. viii
+
I94.
203 praise
names with
Dogon
Gegenbach,
K. "Marchen in der
Nyang-Sprache," ZES, XXIX,
1938-1939,
pp.
1-37,
II9-I45, 2i6-
233. 42
tales with
Nyang
Coethem,
E. van. "Devinettes
Nkundo," Aequatoria:
XV,2
I952,
pp.
41-48. Ioo riddles with
Nkundo
(Mongo)
(Cf. Hulstaert).
*
Gutmann,
Bruno. Volksbuch der
Wadschagga. Sagen,
Mlarchen, Fabeln und
Schwidnke
den
Dschagganegern. Leipzig: Evang.-Luth. Mission,
I9I4.
Pp.
255. 215 Chaga
tales and 6
songs
in translation
only.
*
Hacquard, [A.]
and
[Auguste-Victor] Dupuis.
Manuel de la
Langue
Songay, Parlee de Tom-
bouctou a
Say,
dans la Boucle du
Niger.
Paris:
J.
Maisonneuve,
I897.
Pp. iv
+
253.
o1 tales
with
Songhai
*
Harris,
Hermann G. Hausa Stories and Riddles and A Concise Hausa
Dictionary.
Weston-
super-Mare (England): Mendip Press, I908. Pp.
xv + III + 33.
28 tales with Hausa texts
only; 29
riddles with Hausa texts and translations.
Hecklinger, Philipp. "Dualasprichworter," ZES,
XI, I920-192I, 35-70, I25-160, 220-239, 306-315.
723 aphorisms
with Duala texts and translations.
*
Helser,
Albert D.
African
Stories. New York:
Fleming
H.
Revell, I930. Pp. 223.
35
Bura tales
and
50 aphorisms
in translation
only.
. Education
of
Primitive
People.
New York:
Fleming
H.
Revell,
1934.
Pp.
316.
i8 Bura tales
(plus
8
duplicates)
in translation
only.
25
26 Vol.
77,
No.
303 Journal of
American
Folklore
Jan.-March, 1964
Herskovits,
Melville
J.
and Frances S. Dahomean Narrative. Northwestern
University
African
Studies,
No. i. Evanston: Northwestern
University Press, I958. Pp.
xvi
+ 490. 155
Fon tales
in translation
only.
Herskovits,
Melville
J.
and Sic
Tagbwe.
"Kru
Proverbs," JAF, XLIII, 1930, 225-293. 194 aphorisms
with Kru texts and translations.
Herzog, George
and Charles G. Blooah.
Jabo
Proverbs
from
Liberia. London: Oxford
University
Press, 1936.
Pp.
xiii
+
272. 489 aphorisms
with
Jabo
Hilberth, John. Les
Gbaya.
Studia
Ethnographica Upsalensia, XIX, I962. Pp.
viii +
143. 42
Gbaya
only;
I12
aphorisms
with
Gbaya
Himmelheber,
Hans. Aura
Poku.
Eisenach: Erich
R6th-Verlag, I95I. Pp. I79. 76
Baule
tales, 25
aphorisms,
and
13
riddles in translation
only.
*Hoffman,
C. "Marchen und
Erzahlungen
der
Eingeborenen
in
Nord-Transvaal," ZES, VI,
I9I5-I916, 28-54, I24-I53, 206-243, 285-33I. 54
tales with Sotho texts and translations.
Holas,
B.
Ichantillons
du Folklore Kono
(Haut-Guinee Franfaise).
ttudes
Guineennes,
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9,
1952. Pp. 90. 71
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*
Holland,
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Nyanja
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*
Hollis,
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Their
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Oxford: Clarendon
Press, I905.
Pp.
xxviii
+
356.
26
tales, 75 aphorisms, 24 riddles,
and
14 songs
with Masai texts and transla-
tions.
*
Honey, James
A.
South-African
Folk-Tales. New York: The Baker &
Taylor Company, 19IO.
Pp.
ix
+
I5I. 44
Bushman tales and I Zulu tale in translation
only.
Houlder, J.
A. Ohabolona ou Proverbes
Malagaches
Montrant
l'Esprit
et la
Sagesse Populaires
des
Hovas de
Madagascar.
Tananarive: Friend's
Foreign Missionary Association, I915-I916.
2 vols.
Pp.
I46 + iii; 141 +
v
+
iv.
2316
Hova
(Malagasy) aphorisms
with texts and
translations;
Ioo
Betsimisaraka
(Malagasy) aphorisms
with Hova
equivalents
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Hulstaert,
G. "Devinettes Nkundo.
II," Aequatoria, XVIII, 2/3, 1955, 55-65, 8I-90.
226 riddles
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(Mongo)
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collection).
. Proverbes
Mongo. AMRCB-L, 1958. Pp.
828.
2670 aphorisms
with Nkundo
(Mongo)
.
Losako.
Salutation Solennelle des
Nkundo.
Academie
Royale
des Sciences Colo-
niales, Classe des Sciences Morales et
Politiques,
Memoires
XX, I, I959. Pp.
223. 650
formal
greetings
to
superiors, including 64
additional
aphorisms,
with Nkundo
(Mongo)
texts and
translations.
Hulstaert,
G. and A. de
Rop. Rechtspraakfabels
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Pp.
170.
46
dilemma tales with Nkundo
(Mongo)
*
Hurel, Eugene.
La Poesie chez les
Primitifs,
ou
Contes, Fables,
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No.
9, 1922. Pp.
vi
+ 260.
40
tales and 200
aphorisms
with
Rwanda texts and translations.
*
Ittmann, J. "Nyang Miirchen," ZES, XXII, I93I-1932, 47-67. IO
tales with
Nyang
texts and
translations.
"Sprichw6rter
der
Nyang,"
ZES, XXII, I93I-1932, 120-155, 215-230, 281-312. 702
aphorisms
with
Nyang
"Kundu-Ratsel," MSOS, XXXVII,
3, I934, I62-I85.
307
riddles with Kundu texts
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.
"Sprichworter
der
Kosi," MSOS, XXXIX, 3, 1936, III-I76. 700 aphorisms
with
Kosi texts and translations.
Tacobs, J. Tetela-teksten.
AMRCB-L, XX, I959.
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I4
tales with Tetela texts and translations.
Jacottet,
E. ttudes sur les
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BCA,
I896-I901, XVI, 3 parts. Pp.
xxxvii +
133;
x
+ I8I;
x
+ 238. 50
tales with
Subiya
texts and
translations; 46 tales,
ii
riddles,
and
21
songs
with Lozi texts and translations.
*
. The
Treasury of
Ba-Suto Lore. London:
Kegan Paul, Trench,
Trubner &
Co.,
1908. Pp.
xxviii
+ 287. 42
tales with Suto
(Sotho)
(Called
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Treasury,
but
apparently
no others
published).
Johannsen,
E. and P.
D6ring.
"Das Leben der
Schambala,
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with Sambaa texts and translations.
*
Johnson,
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Bantu
Studies, V, I931, 327-356. 7
tales and 19
riddles with
Nilyamba
Joset,
Paul-E. "Buda Efeba
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Mbuti
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only.
*
Junod,
Henri A. Les Chants et les Contes des
Ba-Ronga.
Lausanne:
Georges
Bridel &
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Pp.
327. 30 Tsonga
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Research in
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*
. Nouveaux Contes
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Neuchatel: Paul
Attinger, I898.
Pp. 9I. 7
tales with
Tsonga
texts and
translations,
and 2
Tsonga
only.
Junod,
Henri
Phillipe
and Alexandre A.
Jaques.
Vutlhari
bya Vatonga. (Matshangana)
The Wis-
dom
of
the
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Cleveland
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Pp. 285. 892 aphorisms,
200
riddles,
and
246
names and nicknames with
Tsonga
texts and
translations;
ii riddles with
Chopi
*
Koelle,
S. W.
African
Native Literature. London: Church
Missionary Society, 1854.
Pp. xiv +
434.
26 tales and 62
aphorisms
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Kohl-Larsen, Ludwig. "Issansu-Marchen," Baessler-Archiv, XX, I937,
i-68.
49
Nilyamba
tales in
translation
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Das
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Reisen- und
Stammessagen,
Volkserzdhlungen der
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Eisenach und Kassel: Erich
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Hausa tales in translation
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Kootz-Kretschmer,
Elise. Die
Safwa.
Ein
Ostafrikanischer Volkstaam
in seinem Leben und
Denken.
Berlin: Dietrich
Reimer, 1926-I929. 3
vols. Pp. xii +
316;
xii
+
337;
xiv
+
142.
33 tales, 46 aphorisms,
and
45
riddles with
Nyiha
texts and
translations;
8 Safwa tales in
translation
only;
I6
tales,
86
aphorisms,
and 28 riddles with Safwa texts and
translations; 13
aphorisms
with
Mwanga
* . "Safwa- und
Nyixa-Texte," ZES, XXII, 1931-1932, 241-274.
8 tales with
Nyiha
texts and
translations; 4
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*
Krug, Adolph
N. "Bulu Tales from
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West
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Bulu
only.
Krug,
A. N. and M. J. Herskovits. "Bulu
Tales," JAF, LXII, 1949, 348-374. 33
Bulu tales in trans-
lation
only.
Kuhn,
G. "Sotho
Sprichw6rter," ZES, XX, I929-I930, 34-73, I20-148,
208-221.
702 aphorisms
with
Pedi
(Sotho)
*
Lademann, Gebhard, Ludwig Kausch,
and Alfred Reuss.
Tierfabeln
und andere
Erziihlungen
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Kolonialsprachen, XII, I9IO.
Pp. 120. 8o
tales with Swahili texts and
translations; 20 tales with Kami texts and translations.
Ladipo,
S. R.
Itgbokanla
le
Ogorun
Owe Yoruba. Ibadan: for the author
by
Adebanke Com-
mercial
Press,
n.d.
(1955). 2300 aphorisms
in Yoruba text
only.
*
Landeroin,
M. and
J.
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Imprimerie
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Pp.
xii
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292.
II tales and
34 aphorisms
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Laoust,
E. Contes Berberes du Maroc. Publications de l'Institut des Hautes ?gtudes
Marocaines,
L, V?, I949. Pp.
viii
+ I78;
xxviii
+ 317.
i50o
tales with Berber
(Moroccan)
texts and transla-
tions.
*
Lederbogen,
Wilhelm.
"Duala-marchen," MSOS, IV,3, I90I,
I54-228;
V,3,
1902,
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I903, 69-98. 85
tales with Duala texts and translations.
Legey, [Frangoise].
Contes et
LIgendes Populaires
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Ctudes
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Arabic
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Lekens, Benjamin. Buku
2 ti
dingo Ngbandi.
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der
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K.
Beyaert,
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tales in
Ngbandi
text.
(Not
available; cited
by
Basiel
Tanghe
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Ngbandivolk, Bibliotheque-Congo, XXVIII,
n.d.
(1928),
pp.
3,
5).
.
Ngbandi-Idioticon. AMRCB-L, III, V?,
I955-I958.
Pp.
I09I;
I032. 1398
aphorisms
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Ngbandi
Lifszyc,
Deborah and Denise Paulme. "Les Animaux dans le Folklore
Dogon (Soudan
Frangais),"
Revue de
Folklore Franfais
et de
Folklore Colonial, VII,
1936, 282-292.
IO
Dogon tales, 8
aphor-
isms,
and
9
only.
Lindblom,
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XX, I/3,
1928-I935.
Pp. xii +
III;
iv
+
I42; 58.
62
tales, 53 aphorisms, ii6
riddles,
and
9
songs
with Kamba texts and
translations.
*
Lippert, J. "Haussa-Marchen," MSOS, VIII,3, 1905, 223-250. 13
tales with Hausa texts and
translations.
Littmann,
Enno. Publications
of
the Princeton
Expedition
to
Abyssinia. Leiden: E.
J.
Brill,
1910o-
I915. 4
vols.
Pp.
xvii + 287;
xvii + 344;
x +
541;
x +
1098.
7I7 songs
with
Tigre texts and
translations.
. Kariner
Sprichwdrter
and Ritsel. Deutsche
Morgenldndische Gesellschaft, Abhand-
lungen fiir
die Kunde des
Morgenlandes, XXII,5, I937.
Pp. xv
+ 71. 517 aphorisms and
I35
riddles with Arabic
(Cairo)
.
"Tigrifia-Sprichworter,"
Zeitschrift
der Deutschen
Morgenlandische
Gesellschaft,
XCVII, 1943, 208-238. 24 aphorisms
with
Tigrinya texts and translations.
Lukas, Johannes.
"Aus der Literatur der Badawi-Kanuri in
Borno," ZES, XXVI,
1935-I936,
35-57,
I33-I50.
20 tales and 26
aphorisms
with Kanuri texts and translations.
27
28 Vol.
77,
No.
303
Journal
of
American
Folklore
Jan.-March,
I964
"Fabeln der
Kanuri," ZES, XXX, I939-1940, i6i-I8I, 273-295. IO
tales with
Kanuri texts and translations.
*
Macdonald,
Duff.
Africana; or,
The Heart
of
Heathen
Africa.
London: Simkin Marshall &
Co.;
Edinburgh: John
Menzies &
Co.;
Aberdeen: A. Brown &
Co.,
1882. 2 vols.
Pp.
xvii
+ 301;
xi +
37I. 58
Yao tales in translation
only.
Maupoil,
Bernard. La Geomancie a l'Ancienne Cote des Esclaves.
TMIE, XLII, I943.
Pp. xxvii +
690.
127
Fon tales in translation
only;
i Fon tale with text and translation.
Mercier,
G. Le Chaouia de l'Aures
(Dialecte
de l'Ahmar
Khaddou). BCA,
No.
I7, I896. Pp.
iii +
8o. I6 tales with
Kabyle
*Merker,
M. Die Masai. Berlin: Dietrich
Reimer, 1904.
Pp. xvi
+ 421.
8 Masai tales in transla-
tion
only; 13 aphorisms
with Masai texts and
translations; 14
Ndorobo tales in translation
only.
Mesatywa,
E. W. M. Izaci
Namaqualo
Esixhosa.
(Revised by
A. C.
Jordan). Cape
Town:
Long-
mans, 1961.
(First published I954).
Pp. 220.
1180
aphorisms
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only.
*Mischlich,
A. Lehrbuch der Hausa
Sprache. LSOS, XXVII, I91I. Pp. 250.
2 tales and
70
aphorisms
*
. Neue Marchen aus
Afrika. Leipzig:
R.
Voigtlanders Verlag, 1929.
Pp.
312. 50
tales with Hausa texts and translations.
Mohammed Ben Cheneb. Proverbes Arabes de
l'Algeria
et de
Maghreb. BCA, XXX-XXXII, I905-
1907.
Pp.
xiv +
303; 309; 324. 3127 aphorisms
with Arabic
(Algerian)
Molin, Mgr.
Recueil de
Proverbes,
Bambaras et Malinkes.
Issy-Les
Moulineaux
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Pp. 315. 1559 aphorisms
with Bambara texts and trans-
lations; 537 aphorisms
with Malinke texts and
translations;
i
aphorism
with Khasonke text
and
translation;
and
4 aphorisms
with unidentified texts and translations.
*
Monteil,
C. Contes Soudanais.
CCCP, XXVIII, I905. Pp.
v
+
205.
22
Khasonke, 13 Soninke, 5
Malinke, 4 Bambara,
and
3
unidentified tales in translation
only.
Moreno,
Martino Mario. Cent Fables
Amhariques
Mises en tcrit
par
le Dabtara
Kenfe.
Cahiers
de la Societe
Asiatique, XI, 1947.
Pp.
I49.
oo0 tales with Amharic texts and translations.
Moulieras, Auguste. LIgendes
et Contes Merveilleux de la Grande
Kabylie. BCA,
No.
13.
Fascicule
I, 1893,
pp.
v
+
I07;
Fasc.
2, I894, III-247;
Fasc.
3, 1895, 249-296;
Fasc.
4, 1896, 297-373. 35
tales in
Kabyle
text
only.
Muswabuzi, J.
B.
Engero Ensonge.
Bukalasa: White Father's Press.
957 aphorisms
in Ganda text
cited
by
Nason in
Uganda Journal, III, I936, 247).
Nkongori,
Laurent and Thomas Kamanzi. Proverbes du Rwanda.
AMRCB-L, XIV, I957. Pp.
8o.
657 aphorisms
Nyembezi,
C. L. Sibusiso. Zulu Proverbs.
Johannesburg:
Witwatersrand
University Press, I954.
Pp.
xii
+
238. 773 aphorisms
with Zulu texts and translations.
Pages,
P. A. "La Vie Intellectuelle des Noirs du
Ruanda," Congo, XV, , 1934, 357-389, 481-503,
657-67I.
22 Rwanda tales in translation
only; I3 songs
Plaatje,
Solomon Tshekido. Sechuana Proverbs with Literal Translations and Their
European
Equivalents.
London:
Kegan Paul, Trench,
Trubner &
Co., I916. Pp.
xii
+
98. 732 aphorisms
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*
Planert,
W. "Uber die
Sprachen
der Hottentotten und
Buschmanner," MSOS,
VIII,3, I905, I04-
I76.
io tales with Bushman texts and
translations; 3
tales with Hottentot texts and translations.
*
Posselt,
F. Fables
of
the Veld. London: Oxford
University Press, 1929. Pp.
xi
+ 132. 35 Shona,
4 Mananzwa, 3 Chikunda,
I
Henga,
I
Hlengwe (Sotho),
and i Ndebele tales in translation
only.
*
Prietze,
Rudolf. "Tiermarchen der
Haussa," Zeitschrift fir Ethnologie, XXXIX, 1907, 916-939.
3
"Die Geschichte von Gizo und Koki. Die "Madchen von
Gaia," MSOS, XXIX,3,
I926, 61-89, I35-I90.
2 tales and i
song
Prost,
A. La
Langue Sonay. 1FAN-M,
No.
47, I956. Pp. 627.
2I tales with
Songhai
texts and
translations.
Rapp, Eugen
L.
"Sprichw6rter
der
Akan," MSOS, XXXVI,3, I933,
pp.
69-98. 500 aphorisms
with
Twi
(Akan)
*
Rattray,
R. Sutherland. Hausa Folk-Lore. Oxford: Clarendon
Press, I9I3.
2 vols.
Pp.
xxiv
+
326;
3I5. 3I
tales and
133 aphorisms
* . Ashanti Proverbs. Oxford: Clarendon
Press, I916. Pp. I90. 830 aphorisms (from
Christaller)
with Twi
(Akan)
*
. Akan-Ashanti Folk-Tales. Oxford: Clarendon
Press, I930. Pp.
xx
+
275. 75
tales
with Twi
(Akan)
*Rehse,
Hermann. Kiziba Land und Leute.
Stuttgart: Verlag
von Strecker &
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Pp.
xi
+ 394. 49
tales and
Ioo
riddles with
Haya
Africa
*
. "Die
Sprache
der Baziba in
Deutsch-Ostafrika," ZK, III, 1912-1913, I-33, 8I-I23,
20I-209; IV, I9I3-I9I4,
256-284.
6 tales with
Haya
Reinisch,
Leo. Die
Bilin-Sprache.
Erster Band. Texte der
Bilin-Sprache.
Mit
Unterstiitzung
des
Kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien.
Leipzig:
Th. Grieben's
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I883. Pp.
viii
+
322. I09 tales,
2
songs,
and
27
Biblical
legends
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tions.
* . Die
Saho-Sprache.
Wien: Alfred
Holder, I889-I890.
2 vols.
Pp.
vi +
315;
Viii +
492. I37 tales, 73 aphorisms,
26
riddles,
and
24 songs
with Saho texts and translations.
*
. Die
Somali-Sprache.
Siidarabische
Expedition,
I. Wien: Alfred
Holder, I900.
Pp.
viii
+
287. 97 tales, 83 aphorisms, 40 Ausspruchen,
io
riddles,
and
4 songs
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*Renel,
Charles. Contes de
Madagascar. CCCP, XXXVII-XXXVIII, 910o.
Pp.
lxxi
+ 291; 331.
7I Betsimisaraka,
22
Tanala, 14 Antankarana,
II
Merina, o0 Bara, o0 Sakalava, 7 Tsimihety,
5 Marofotsy, 4 Betsileo,
and i Tananarive tales in translations
only. (Klipple
cites a third
volume,
I930,
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Riviere, J.
Recueil de Contes
Populaires
de la
Kabylie
du
Djurdjura. CCCP, IV,
1882.
Pp.
vi
+
250. 5i Kabyle
only.
Robinson, Charles H.
Specimens of
Hausa Literature.
Cambridge: University Press, I896.
Pp.
xix
+ II2.
i tale and
7 poems
Rodegem,
F. M.
Sagesse
Kirundi.
Proverbes, dictons,
locutions usites au Burundi.
AMRCB-L,
XXXIV, I96I. Pp. 416. 4000 aphorisms
with Rundi texts and translations.
Roger,
M. le Bon. Fables
Senegalaises
Recueillies de
l'Oulof.
Paris:
Nepvue,
Firmin
Didot,
Ponthieu,
i828.
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288.
43
Wolof tales in translation
only.
Rop,
A. de. De
Gesproken
Woordkunst van de
Nkundo. AMRCB-L, XIII,
I956. Pp. 272.
42 tales,
49 aphorisms, 9 riddles, 9 songs,
and other forms of verbal art with Nkundo
(Mongo)
texts
and translations.
*
Roscoe, John.
The
Baganda.
London: Macmillan &
Co.,
I9II.
Pp.
xix + 547. I4
Ganda tales in
translation
only; 48 aphorisms
with Ganda texts and translations.
Rouch, Jean.
La
Religion
et la
Magie Songhay.
Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, I960.
Pp.
325. 15
Songhai
only.
*
Routledge,
W.
Scorseby
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People.
London: Edward Arnold,
1910. Pp. xxxii
+ 392. 13 Kikuyu
only.
Scalais,
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Victoria-Nyanza.
Les Noirs
d'Apres 550
de leurs Proverbes," Grand Lacs,
LXVII,
195I-I952,
No.
152, 28-36,
No.
153, 19-3I. 550 Haya aphorisms.
(Not
available; cited
by
0. Boone,
Bibliographie Ethnographique
du
Congo Belge
et des
Regions
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1952, i6o).
Schaegelen,
Theobald. "La Tribu des
Wagogo,"
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515-567.
5
Gogo
tales and
37 aphorisms
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*
Schon, J.
F.
Magana
Hausa. London:
Society
for
Promoting
Christian
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I885-I886.
2 vols. in i.
Pp.
xx
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+ I95.
79
tales with Hausa texts and translations; 117 aphor-
isms in Hausa text
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.
Dictionary
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Pp.
28I
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tales in Hausa text
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*
Schonhairl, Josef.
Volkskundliches
aus
Togo.
Dresden &
Leipzig: C. A. Kochs
Verlagsbuchhand-
lung, I909. Pp.
x
+ 204. 34 tales,
200
aphorisms, I70 riddles, 25 songs,
and 19
Trinknamen
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only.
*
Schultze, Leonhard. Aus Namaland und Kalahari.
Jena:
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Pp. xiv +
752.
68 tales and
25
riddles with Hottentot texts and translations.
*
Schwab, George.
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428-437;
XXXV,
1922, 209-215. 49
Bulu tales in translation
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5
tales with Bulu texts and translations.
*
Sekese,
Azariele. Mekhoa ea
ba-Sotho,
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Morija,
1893. ist ed.
25
tales in Suto
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texts
only.
(Not
available; cited
by Klipple;
tales omitted from 2nd
ed.).
*
.
Mekhoa
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824 aphorisms
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*
Sieber, J. "Marchen und Fabeln der Wute," ZES, XII, I921-1922,
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I62-239.
51
tales with
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Sissoko, Fily-Dabo.
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62. 540
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*
Smith,
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66
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*
Spiess, Carl. "Fabeln fiber die
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29
30
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tales with
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. "Rtsel der
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8?,
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*
Talbot,
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Tauxier,
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I
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*Tessmann, Giinter.
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. Die
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*
Theal, George
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*
Thomas,
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I84;
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36
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*
.
Anthropological Report
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Velten,
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Waters,
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Whitting,
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Hausa and Fulani Proverbs.
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2024 aphorisms
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*
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University of California
Berkeley, California
ABSTRACTS OF FOLKLORE STUDIES
THE AMERICAN FOLKLORE SOCIETY announces the
publication
of its new
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ABSTRACTS OF FOLKLORE STUDIES. This
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The
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