logo1

Overview An Example Double Check Discussion

Cauchy-Euler Equations
Bernd Schr oder
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Denition and Solution Method
1. A second order Cauchy-Euler equation is of the form
a
2
x
2
d
2
y
dx
2
+a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = g(x).
If g(x) = 0, then the equation is called homogeneous.
2. To solve a homogeneous Cauchy-Euler equation we set
y = x
r
and solve for r.
3. The idea is similar to that for homogeneous linear
differential equations with constant coefcients. We will
use this similarity in the nal discussion.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Denition and Solution Method
1. A second order Cauchy-Euler equation is of the form
a
2
x
2
d
2
y
dx
2
+a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = g(x).
If g(x) = 0, then the equation is called homogeneous.
2. To solve a homogeneous Cauchy-Euler equation we set
y = x
r
and solve for r.
3. The idea is similar to that for homogeneous linear
differential equations with constant coefcients. We will
use this similarity in the nal discussion.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Denition and Solution Method
1. A second order Cauchy-Euler equation is of the form
a
2
x
2
d
2
y
dx
2
+a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = g(x).
If g(x) = 0, then the equation is called homogeneous.
2. To solve a homogeneous Cauchy-Euler equation we set
y = x
r
and solve for r.
3. The idea is similar to that for homogeneous linear
differential equations with constant coefcients. We will
use this similarity in the nal discussion.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Denition and Solution Method
1. A second order Cauchy-Euler equation is of the form
a
2
x
2
d
2
y
dx
2
+a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = g(x).
If g(x) = 0, then the equation is called homogeneous.
2. To solve a homogeneous Cauchy-Euler equation we set
y = x
r
and solve for r.
3. The idea is similar to that for homogeneous linear
differential equations with constant coefcients. We will
use this similarity in the nal discussion.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Denition and Solution Method
1. A second order Cauchy-Euler equation is of the form
a
2
x
2
d
2
y
dx
2
+a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = g(x).
If g(x) = 0, then the equation is called homogeneous.
2. To solve a homogeneous Cauchy-Euler equation we set
y = x
r
and solve for r.
3. The idea is similar to that for homogeneous linear
differential equations with constant coefcients.
We will
use this similarity in the nal discussion.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Denition and Solution Method
1. A second order Cauchy-Euler equation is of the form
a
2
x
2
d
2
y
dx
2
+a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = g(x).
If g(x) = 0, then the equation is called homogeneous.
2. To solve a homogeneous Cauchy-Euler equation we set
y = x
r
and solve for r.
3. The idea is similar to that for homogeneous linear
differential equations with constant coefcients. We will
use this similarity in the nal discussion.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0
2x
2
r(r 1)x
r2
+xrx
r1
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1)x
r
+rx
r
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1) +r 1 = 0
2r
2
r 1 = 0
r
1,2
=
(1)

(1)
2
4 2 (1)
2 2
=
13
4
= 1,
1
2
y(x) = c
1
x
1
+c
2
x

1
2
= c
1
x +c
2
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0
2x
2
r(r 1)x
r2
+xrx
r1
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1)x
r
+rx
r
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1) +r 1 = 0
2r
2
r 1 = 0
r
1,2
=
(1)

(1)
2
4 2 (1)
2 2
=
13
4
= 1,
1
2
y(x) = c
1
x
1
+c
2
x

1
2
= c
1
x +c
2
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0
2x
2
r(r 1)x
r2
+xrx
r1
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1)x
r
+rx
r
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1) +r 1 = 0
2r
2
r 1 = 0
r
1,2
=
(1)

(1)
2
4 2 (1)
2 2
=
13
4
= 1,
1
2
y(x) = c
1
x
1
+c
2
x

1
2
= c
1
x +c
2
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0
2x
2
r(r 1)x
r2
+xrx
r1
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1)x
r
+rx
r
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1) +r 1 = 0
2r
2
r 1 = 0
r
1,2
=
(1)

(1)
2
4 2 (1)
2 2
=
13
4
= 1,
1
2
y(x) = c
1
x
1
+c
2
x

1
2
= c
1
x +c
2
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0
2x
2
r(r 1)x
r2
+xrx
r1
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1)x
r
+rx
r
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1) +r 1 = 0
2r
2
r 1 = 0
r
1,2
=
(1)

(1)
2
4 2 (1)
2 2
=
13
4
= 1,
1
2
y(x) = c
1
x
1
+c
2
x

1
2
= c
1
x +c
2
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0
2x
2
r(r 1)x
r2
+xrx
r1
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1)x
r
+rx
r
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1) +r 1 = 0
2r
2
r 1 = 0
r
1,2
=
(1)

(1)
2
4 2 (1)
2 2
=
13
4
= 1,
1
2
y(x) = c
1
x
1
+c
2
x

1
2
= c
1
x +c
2
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0
2x
2
r(r 1)x
r2
+xrx
r1
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1)x
r
+rx
r
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1) +r 1 = 0
2r
2
r 1 = 0
r
1,2
=
(1)

(1)
2
4 2 (1)
2 2
=
13
4
= 1,
1
2
y(x) = c
1
x
1
+c
2
x

1
2
= c
1
x +c
2
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0
2x
2
r(r 1)x
r2
+xrx
r1
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1)x
r
+rx
r
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1) +r 1 = 0
2r
2
r 1 = 0
r
1,2
=
(1)

(1)
2
4 2 (1)
2 2
=
13
4
= 1,
1
2
y(x) = c
1
x
1
+c
2
x

1
2
= c
1
x +c
2
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0
2x
2
r(r 1)x
r2
+xrx
r1
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1)x
r
+rx
r
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1) +r 1 = 0
2r
2
r 1 = 0
r
1,2
=
(1)

(1)
2
4 2 (1)
2 2
=
13
4
= 1,
1
2
y(x) = c
1
x
1
+c
2
x

1
2
= c
1
x +c
2
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0
2x
2
r(r 1)x
r2
+xrx
r1
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1)x
r
+rx
r
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1) +r 1 = 0
2r
2
r 1 = 0
r
1,2
=
(1)

(1)
2
4 2 (1)
2 2
=
13
4
= 1,
1
2
y(x) = c
1
x
1
+c
2
x

1
2
= c
1
x +c
2
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0
2x
2
r(r 1)x
r2
+xrx
r1
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1)x
r
+rx
r
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1) +r 1 = 0
2r
2
r 1 = 0
r
1,2
=
(1)

(1)
2
4 2 (1)
2 2
=
13
4
= 1,
1
2
y(x) = c
1
x
1
+c
2
x

1
2
= c
1
x +c
2
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0
2x
2
r(r 1)x
r2
+xrx
r1
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1)x
r
+rx
r
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1) +r 1 = 0
2r
2
r 1 = 0
r
1,2
=
(1)

(1)
2
4 2 (1)
2 2
=
13
4
= 1,
1
2
y(x) = c
1
x
1
+c
2
x

1
2
= c
1
x +c
2
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0
2x
2
r(r 1)x
r2
+xrx
r1
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1)x
r
+rx
r
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1) +r 1 = 0
2r
2
r 1 = 0
r
1,2
=
(1)

(1)
2
4 2 (1)
2 2
=
13
4
= 1,
1
2
y(x) = c
1
x
1
+c
2
x

1
2
= c
1
x +c
2
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0
2x
2
r(r 1)x
r2
+xrx
r1
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1)x
r
+rx
r
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1) +r 1 = 0
2r
2
r 1 = 0
r
1,2
=
(1)

(1)
2
4 2 (1)
2 2
=
13
4
= 1,
1
2
y(x) = c
1
x
1
+c
2
x

1
2
= c
1
x +c
2
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0
2x
2
r(r 1)x
r2
+xrx
r1
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1)x
r
+rx
r
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1) +r 1 = 0
2r
2
r 1 = 0
r
1,2
=
(1)

(1)
2
4 2 (1)
2 2
=
13
4
= 1,
1
2
y(x) = c
1
x
1
+c
2
x

1
2
= c
1
x +c
2
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0
2x
2
r(r 1)x
r2
+xrx
r1
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1)x
r
+rx
r
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1) +r 1 = 0
2r
2
r 1 = 0
r
1,2
=
(1)

(1)
2
4 2 (1)
2 2
=
13
4
= 1,
1
2
y(x) = c
1
x
1
+c
2
x

1
2
= c
1
x +c
2
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0
2x
2
r(r 1)x
r2
+xrx
r1
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1)x
r
+rx
r
x
r
= 0
2r(r 1) +r 1 = 0
2r
2
r 1 = 0
r
1,2
=
(1)

(1)
2
4 2 (1)
2 2
=
13
4
= 1,
1
2
y(x) = c
1
x
1
+c
2
x

1
2
= c
1
x +c
2
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) = c
1
x +c
2
1

x
y

(x) = c
1

1
2
c
2
1
x
3
2
1 = y(1) = c
1
+c
2
2 = y

(1) = c
1

1
2
c
2
1 =
3
2
c
2
, c
2
=
2
3
, c
1
= 1c
2
=
5
3
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) = c
1
x +c
2
1

x
y

(x) = c
1

1
2
c
2
1
x
3
2
1 = y(1) = c
1
+c
2
2 = y

(1) = c
1

1
2
c
2
1 =
3
2
c
2
, c
2
=
2
3
, c
1
= 1c
2
=
5
3
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) = c
1
x +c
2
1

x
y

(x) = c
1

1
2
c
2
1
x
3
2
1 = y(1) = c
1
+c
2
2 = y

(1) = c
1

1
2
c
2
1 =
3
2
c
2
, c
2
=
2
3
, c
1
= 1c
2
=
5
3
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) = c
1
x +c
2
1

x
y

(x) = c
1

1
2
c
2
1
x
3
2
1 = y(1) = c
1
+c
2
2 = y

(1) = c
1

1
2
c
2
1 =
3
2
c
2
, c
2
=
2
3
, c
1
= 1c
2
=
5
3
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) = c
1
x +c
2
1

x
y

(x) = c
1

1
2
c
2
1
x
3
2
1 = y(1) = c
1
+c
2
2 = y

(1) = c
1

1
2
c
2
1 =
3
2
c
2
, c
2
=
2
3
, c
1
= 1c
2
=
5
3
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) = c
1
x +c
2
1

x
y

(x) = c
1

1
2
c
2
1
x
3
2
1 = y(1) = c
1
+c
2
2 = y

(1) = c
1

1
2
c
2
1 =
3
2
c
2
, c
2
=
2
3
, c
1
= 1c
2
=
5
3
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) = c
1
x +c
2
1

x
y

(x) = c
1

1
2
c
2
1
x
3
2
1 = y(1) = c
1
+c
2
2 = y

(1) = c
1

1
2
c
2
1 =
3
2
c
2
, c
2
=
2
3
, c
1
= 1c
2
=
5
3
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) = c
1
x +c
2
1

x
y

(x) = c
1

1
2
c
2
1
x
3
2
1 = y(1) = c
1
+c
2
2 = y

(1) = c
1

1
2
c
2
1 =
3
2
c
2
, c
2
=
2
3
, c
1
= 1c
2
=
5
3
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) = c
1
x +c
2
1

x
y

(x) = c
1

1
2
c
2
1
x
3
2
1 = y(1) = c
1
+c
2
2 = y

(1) = c
1

1
2
c
2
1 =
3
2
c
2
, c
2
=
2
3
, c
1
= 1c
2
=
5
3
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) = c
1
x +c
2
1

x
y

(x) = c
1

1
2
c
2
1
x
3
2
1 = y(1) = c
1
+c
2
2 = y

(1) = c
1

1
2
c
2
1 =
3
2
c
2
, c
2
=
2
3
, c
1
= 1c
2
=
5
3
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1) +
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1) +
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1) +
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1) +
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1) +
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1) +
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1) +
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1) +
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1) +
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1) +
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1) +
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1) +
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1) +
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1) +
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1) +
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1) +
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1) +
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1) +
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1) +
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1) +
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1)
+
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1) +
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1) +
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1) +
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
Does y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
Really Solve the Initial Value Problem
2x
2
y

+xy

y = 0, y(1) = 1, y

(1) = 2
y(x) =
5
3
x
2
3
1

x
, y(1) = 1

(x) =
5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2
, y

(1) = 2

(x) =
1
2
1
x
5
2
2x
2

1
2
1
x
5
2

+x

5
3
+
1
3
1
x
3
2

5
3
x
2
3
1

?
= 0

1
x
1
2
+
5
3
x +
1
3
1
x
1
2

5
3
x +
2
3
1
x
1
2
?
= 0
x

5
3

5
3

+
1
x
1
2

(1) +
1
3
+
2
3

?
= 0

Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
General Solution Method
1. Inhomogeneous Cauchy-Euler equations are solved with
Variation of Parameters.
2. A Cauchy-Euler equation is of the form
a
n
x
n
d
n
y
dx
n
+a
n1
x
n1
d
n1
y
dx
n1
+ +a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = g(x).
If g(x) = 0, then the equation is called homogeneous.
3. The substitution t = ln(x) turns the Cauchy-Euler equation
a
n
x
n
d
n
y
dx
n
+a
n1
x
n1
d
n1
y
dx
n1
+ +a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = g(x)
for x > 0 into a linear differential equation with constant
coefcients.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
General Solution Method
1. Inhomogeneous Cauchy-Euler equations are solved with
Variation of Parameters.
2. A Cauchy-Euler equation is of the form
a
n
x
n
d
n
y
dx
n
+a
n1
x
n1
d
n1
y
dx
n1
+ +a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = g(x).
If g(x) = 0, then the equation is called homogeneous.
3. The substitution t = ln(x) turns the Cauchy-Euler equation
a
n
x
n
d
n
y
dx
n
+a
n1
x
n1
d
n1
y
dx
n1
+ +a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = g(x)
for x > 0 into a linear differential equation with constant
coefcients.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
General Solution Method
1. Inhomogeneous Cauchy-Euler equations are solved with
Variation of Parameters.
2. A Cauchy-Euler equation is of the form
a
n
x
n
d
n
y
dx
n
+a
n1
x
n1
d
n1
y
dx
n1
+ +a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = g(x).
If g(x) = 0, then the equation is called homogeneous.
3. The substitution t = ln(x) turns the Cauchy-Euler equation
a
n
x
n
d
n
y
dx
n
+a
n1
x
n1
d
n1
y
dx
n1
+ +a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = g(x)
for x > 0 into a linear differential equation with constant
coefcients.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
General Solution Method
1. Inhomogeneous Cauchy-Euler equations are solved with
Variation of Parameters.
2. A Cauchy-Euler equation is of the form
a
n
x
n
d
n
y
dx
n
+a
n1
x
n1
d
n1
y
dx
n1
+ +a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = g(x).
If g(x) = 0, then the equation is called homogeneous.
3. The substitution t = ln(x) turns the Cauchy-Euler equation
a
n
x
n
d
n
y
dx
n
+a
n1
x
n1
d
n1
y
dx
n1
+ +a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = g(x)
for x > 0 into a linear differential equation with constant
coefcients.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
General Solution Method
1. Inhomogeneous Cauchy-Euler equations are solved with
Variation of Parameters.
2. A Cauchy-Euler equation is of the form
a
n
x
n
d
n
y
dx
n
+a
n1
x
n1
d
n1
y
dx
n1
+ +a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = g(x).
If g(x) = 0, then the equation is called homogeneous.
3. The substitution t = ln(x) turns the Cauchy-Euler equation
a
n
x
n
d
n
y
dx
n
+a
n1
x
n1
d
n1
y
dx
n1
+ +a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = g(x)
for x > 0 into a linear differential equation with constant
coefcients.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
General Solution Method
Solving a
n
x
n
d
n
y
dx
n
+a
n1
x
n1
d
n1
y
dx
n1
+ +a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = 0.
1. Substitute y = x
r
into the equation.
2. Cancel x
r
to obtain an equation p(r) = 0 for r.
3. Find the solutions r
1
, . . . , r
m
of p(r) = 0.
4. If r
k
is real then y(x) = x
r
k
solves the differential equation.
5. If r
k
= a
k
+ib
k
is complex then y(x) = x
a
k
cos

b
k
ln(x)

and y(x) = x
a
k
sin

b
k
ln(x)

solve the differential equation.

6. If (r r
k
)
j
is a factor of p(r), then x
r
k
, ln(x)x
r
k
, . . . ,

ln(x)

j1
x
r
k
solve the differential equation. (If r
k
is
complex we need to multiply the solutions from 5 with the
power of the logarithm.)
7. The general solution is a linear combination of the
solutions above with generic coefcients c
1
, . . . , c
n
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
General Solution Method
Solving a
n
x
n
d
n
y
dx
n
+a
n1
x
n1
d
n1
y
dx
n1
+ +a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = 0.
1. Substitute y = x
r
into the equation.
2. Cancel x
r
to obtain an equation p(r) = 0 for r.
3. Find the solutions r
1
, . . . , r
m
of p(r) = 0.
4. If r
k
is real then y(x) = x
r
k
solves the differential equation.
5. If r
k
= a
k
+ib
k
is complex then y(x) = x
a
k
cos

b
k
ln(x)

and y(x) = x
a
k
sin

b
k
ln(x)

solve the differential equation.

6. If (r r
k
)
j
is a factor of p(r), then x
r
k
, ln(x)x
r
k
, . . . ,

ln(x)

j1
x
r
k
solve the differential equation. (If r
k
is
complex we need to multiply the solutions from 5 with the
power of the logarithm.)
7. The general solution is a linear combination of the
solutions above with generic coefcients c
1
, . . . , c
n
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
General Solution Method
Solving a
n
x
n
d
n
y
dx
n
+a
n1
x
n1
d
n1
y
dx
n1
+ +a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = 0.
1. Substitute y = x
r
into the equation.
2. Cancel x
r
to obtain an equation p(r) = 0 for r.
3. Find the solutions r
1
, . . . , r
m
of p(r) = 0.
4. If r
k
is real then y(x) = x
r
k
solves the differential equation.
5. If r
k
= a
k
+ib
k
is complex then y(x) = x
a
k
cos

b
k
ln(x)

and y(x) = x
a
k
sin

b
k
ln(x)

solve the differential equation.

6. If (r r
k
)
j
is a factor of p(r), then x
r
k
, ln(x)x
r
k
, . . . ,

ln(x)

j1
x
r
k
solve the differential equation. (If r
k
is
complex we need to multiply the solutions from 5 with the
power of the logarithm.)
7. The general solution is a linear combination of the
solutions above with generic coefcients c
1
, . . . , c
n
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
General Solution Method
Solving a
n
x
n
d
n
y
dx
n
+a
n1
x
n1
d
n1
y
dx
n1
+ +a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = 0.
1. Substitute y = x
r
into the equation.
2. Cancel x
r
to obtain an equation p(r) = 0 for r.
3. Find the solutions r
1
, . . . , r
m
of p(r) = 0.
4. If r
k
is real then y(x) = x
r
k
solves the differential equation.
5. If r
k
= a
k
+ib
k
is complex then y(x) = x
a
k
cos

b
k
ln(x)

and y(x) = x
a
k
sin

b
k
ln(x)

solve the differential equation.

6. If (r r
k
)
j
is a factor of p(r), then x
r
k
, ln(x)x
r
k
, . . . ,

ln(x)

j1
x
r
k
solve the differential equation. (If r
k
is
complex we need to multiply the solutions from 5 with the
power of the logarithm.)
7. The general solution is a linear combination of the
solutions above with generic coefcients c
1
, . . . , c
n
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
General Solution Method
Solving a
n
x
n
d
n
y
dx
n
+a
n1
x
n1
d
n1
y
dx
n1
+ +a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = 0.
1. Substitute y = x
r
into the equation.
2. Cancel x
r
to obtain an equation p(r) = 0 for r.
3. Find the solutions r
1
, . . . , r
m
of p(r) = 0.
4. If r
k
is real then y(x) = x
r
k
solves the differential equation.
5. If r
k
= a
k
+ib
k
is complex then y(x) = x
a
k
cos

b
k
ln(x)

and y(x) = x
a
k
sin

b
k
ln(x)

solve the differential equation.

6. If (r r
k
)
j
is a factor of p(r), then x
r
k
, ln(x)x
r
k
, . . . ,

ln(x)

j1
x
r
k
solve the differential equation. (If r
k
is
complex we need to multiply the solutions from 5 with the
power of the logarithm.)
7. The general solution is a linear combination of the
solutions above with generic coefcients c
1
, . . . , c
n
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
General Solution Method
Solving a
n
x
n
d
n
y
dx
n
+a
n1
x
n1
d
n1
y
dx
n1
+ +a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = 0.
1. Substitute y = x
r
into the equation.
2. Cancel x
r
to obtain an equation p(r) = 0 for r.
3. Find the solutions r
1
, . . . , r
m
of p(r) = 0.
4. If r
k
is real then y(x) = x
r
k
solves the differential equation.
5. If r
k
= a
k
+ib
k
is complex then y(x) = x
a
k
cos

b
k
ln(x)

and y(x) = x
a
k
sin

b
k
ln(x)

solve the differential equation.

6. If (r r
k
)
j
is a factor of p(r), then x
r
k
, ln(x)x
r
k
, . . . ,

ln(x)

j1
x
r
k
solve the differential equation. (If r
k
is
complex we need to multiply the solutions from 5 with the
power of the logarithm.)
7. The general solution is a linear combination of the
solutions above with generic coefcients c
1
, . . . , c
n
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
General Solution Method
Solving a
n
x
n
d
n
y
dx
n
+a
n1
x
n1
d
n1
y
dx
n1
+ +a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = 0.
1. Substitute y = x
r
into the equation.
2. Cancel x
r
to obtain an equation p(r) = 0 for r.
3. Find the solutions r
1
, . . . , r
m
of p(r) = 0.
4. If r
k
is real then y(x) = x
r
k
solves the differential equation.
5. If r
k
= a
k
+ib
k
is complex then y(x) = x
a
k
cos

b
k
ln(x)

and y(x) = x
a
k
sin

b
k
ln(x)

solve the differential equation.

6. If (r r
k
)
j
is a factor of p(r), then x
r
k
, ln(x)x
r
k
, . . . ,

ln(x)

j1
x
r
k
solve the differential equation. (If r
k
is
complex we need to multiply the solutions from 5 with the
power of the logarithm.)
7. The general solution is a linear combination of the
solutions above with generic coefcients c
1
, . . . , c
n
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
General Solution Method
Solving a
n
x
n
d
n
y
dx
n
+a
n1
x
n1
d
n1
y
dx
n1
+ +a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = 0.
1. Substitute y = x
r
into the equation.
2. Cancel x
r
to obtain an equation p(r) = 0 for r.
3. Find the solutions r
1
, . . . , r
m
of p(r) = 0.
4. If r
k
is real then y(x) = x
r
k
solves the differential equation.
5. If r
k
= a
k
+ib
k
is complex then y(x) = x
a
k
cos

b
k
ln(x)

and y(x) = x
a
k
sin

b
k
ln(x)

solve the differential equation.

6. If (r r
k
)
j
is a factor of p(r), then x
r
k
, ln(x)x
r
k
, . . . ,

ln(x)

j1
x
r
k
solve the differential equation. (If r
k
is
complex we need to multiply the solutions from 5 with the
power of the logarithm.)
7. The general solution is a linear combination of the
solutions above with generic coefcients c
1
, . . . , c
n
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations
logo1
Overview An Example Double Check Discussion
General Solution Method
Solving a
n
x
n
d
n
y
dx
n
+a
n1
x
n1
d
n1
y
dx
n1
+ +a
1
x
dy
dx
+a
0
y = 0.
1. Substitute y = x
r
into the equation.
2. Cancel x
r
to obtain an equation p(r) = 0 for r.
3. Find the solutions r
1
, . . . , r
m
of p(r) = 0.
4. If r
k
is real then y(x) = x
r
k
solves the differential equation.
5. If r
k
= a
k
+ib
k
is complex then y(x) = x
a
k
cos

b
k
ln(x)

and y(x) = x
a
k
sin

b
k
ln(x)

solve the differential equation.

6. If (r r
k
)
j
is a factor of p(r), then x
r
k
, ln(x)x
r
k
, . . . ,

ln(x)

j1
x
r
k
solve the differential equation. (If r
k
is
complex we need to multiply the solutions from 5 with the
power of the logarithm.)
7. The general solution is a linear combination of the
solutions above with generic coefcients c
1
, . . . , c
n
.
Bernd Schr oder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
Cauchy-Euler Equations