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Deskripsi umum: FI4

Sifat pisikokoimia: fi 4, USP 30



Gol. Obat, PIO n AHFS 2004
Indikasi: AHFs 2005, hal 855 n PIO
Mek. Kerja a to Z drug fact 2003
Farmakokinetik: ahfs 2004 hal 885
Dosis: ahfs 2004 hal 855, pio
Kontraindikasi: BNF 57, 2009, hal 592, mayler hal 654
ES & toksisitas: ES (BNF 57, 2009, hal 592-593)
Interaksi Obat: A to Z Drug Facts, 2003

Contoh sediaan yg beredar dipasaran: AHFS 2004, hal 855
3.2. Pra formulasi
Formula umum: sediaan : Zat aktif
Pengisotonis
Pelarut: NaOH (dibuat terpisah)
WFI

3.3. Formulasi
Formula sediaan: Fornas hal.5
Usulan Formula: sediaan: acetazolamidum 500 mg
Pelarut: NaOH

3.4. Metode dan Pembuatan Sediaan

A. Perhitungan
Buat table: Nama zat aktif, delta TF, dan C (%), delta TF.C
- Tonisitas
Acetazolamide
Penurunan titik beku:W: o,52-Tb x C/ 0,576= 0,52-0,13x10%/0,576= 0,900

NaOH pH 9.2; POH=4,8__[OH]=10
-4.8
__[NaOH]= 1/1 x [OH-]___M NaOH=0,0000158___mol NaOH=0,0000158 M x 5 ml=0,0000792 mmol__
massa NaOH= 7,924x10-5 mol x 40 = 0,0032
B. Penimbangan
Akan dibuat sediaan injeksi acetalomide dengan kekuatan sediaan 500 mg sebanyak 500 vial



DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Ditjen POM Departemen Kesehatan RI. 1995. Farmakope Indonesia. Edisi ke empat. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI.

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AcetaZOLAMIDE

Medication Safety Issues

Pronunciation

U.S. Brand Names

Generic Available

Canadian Brand Names

Pharmacologic Category


Pharmacologic Category
Synonyms

Use: Labeled Indications


AcetaZOLAMIDEDrug Information Provided by Lexi-Comp





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This information has been developed and provided by an independent third-party
source. Merck & Co., Inc. does not endorse and is not responsible for the accuracy of
the content, or for practices or standards of non-Merck sources.
Medication Safety Issues
Sound-alike/look-alike issues:
AcetaZOLAMIDE may be confused with acetoHEXAMIDE
Diamox Sequels may be confused with Diabinese, Dobutrex, Trimox
Pronunciation



Use:
Unlabeled/Investigational

Pregnancy Risk Factor

Pregnancy Considerations

Lactation

Contraindications

Warnings/Precautions

Adverse Reactions


Metabolism/Transport
Effects

Drug Interactions

Storage

Reconstitution

Compatibility

Mechanism of Action

Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics
(a set a ZOLE a mide)
U.S. Brand Names
Diamox Sequels
Generic Available
Yes
Canadian Brand Names
Apo-Acetazolamide
Diamox
Pharmacologic Category
Anticonvulsant, Miscellaneous
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor
Diuretic, Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor
Ophthalmic Agent, Antiglaucoma
Pharmacologic Category Synonyms
AED, Miscellaneous
Anti-epileptic Drug, Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous Anticonvulsant
CAI
CAI Diuretic
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor, Diuretic
Antiglaucoma Agent, Ophthalmic
Glaucoma Treatment, Ophthalmic
Use: Labeled Indications
Treatment of glaucoma (chronic simple open-angle, secondary glaucoma,
preoperatively in acute angle-closure); drug-induced edema or edema due to congestive

Dosage

Administration: Oral

Administration: I.M.

Administration: I.V.

Administration: I.V. Detail

Monitoring Parameters

Test Interactions

Dietary Considerations

Patient Education

Geriatric Considerations


Dental Health: Effects on
Dental Treatment


Dental Health:
Vasoconstrictor/Local
Anesthetic Precautions


Mental Health: Effects on
Mental Status

Mental Health: Effects on
heart failure (adjunctive therapy); centrencephalic epilepsies (immediate release dosage
form); prevention or amelioration of symptoms associated with acute mountain sickness
Use: Unlabeled/Investigational
Metabolic alkalosis; respiratory stimulant in COPD; urine alkalinization
Pregnancy Risk Factor
C
Pregnancy Considerations
Teratogenic in animal studies, however, there are no adequate and well-controlled
studies in pregnant women.
Lactation
Enters breast milk/not recommended (AAP rates compatible)
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to acetazolamide, sulfonamides, or any component of the formulation;
hepatic disease or insufficiency; decreased sodium and/or potassium levels;
adrenocortical insufficiency, cirrhosis; hyperchloremic acidosis, severe renal disease or
dysfunction; severe pulmonary obstruction; long-term use in noncongestive angle-
closure glaucoma
Warnings/Precautions
Concerns related to adverse effects:
CNS effects: Impairment of mental alertness and/or physical coordination may occur.
Psychiatric Treatment


Nursing: Physical
Assessment/Monitoring

Dosage Forms


Pricing: U.S.
(www.drugstore.com)


Extemporaneously
Prepared

References

International Brand Names


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Sulfa allergy: Chemical similarities are present among sulfonamides, sulfonylureas,
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, thiazides, and loop diuretics (except ethacrynic acid). Use
in patients with sulfonylurea allergy is specifically contraindicated in product labeling,
however, a risk of cross-reaction exists in patients with allergy to any of these
compounds; avoid use when previous reaction has been severe. Discontinue if signs of
hypersensitivity are noted.
Disease-related concerns:
Diabetes: Use with caution in patients with prediabetes or diabetes mellitus; may see a
change in glucose control.
Hepatic impairment: Use with caution in patients with hepatic dysfunction; in cirrhosis,
avoid electrolyte and acid/base imbalances that might lead to hepatic encephalopathy.
Respiratory acidosis: Use with caution in patients with respiratory acidosis.
Special populations:
Elderly: Use with caution in the elderly; may be more sensitive to side effects.
Other warnings/precautions:
I.M. administration: Painful because of the alkaline pH of the drug; use by this route is
not recommended.
Adverse Reactions
Frequency not defined.
Cardiovascular: Flushing
Central nervous system: Ataxia, confusion, convulsions, depression, dizziness,
drowsiness, excitement, fatigue, fever, headache, malaise
Dermatologic: Allergic skin reactions, photosensitivity, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic
epidermal necrolysis, urticaria
Endocrine & metabolic: Electrolyte imbalance, growth retardation (children),
hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, metabolic acidosis
Gastrointestinal: Appetite decreased, diarrhea, melena, nausea, taste alteration,
vomiting
Genitourinary: Crystalluria, glycosuria, hematuria, polyuria, renal failure
Hematologic: Agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia,
thrombocytopenic purpura
Hepatic: Cholestatic jaundice, fulminant hepatic necrosis, hepatic insufficiency, liver
function tests abnormal
Local: Pain at injection site
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Flaccid paralysis, paresthesia
Ocular: Myopia
Otic: Hearing disturbance, tinnitus
Miscellaneous: Anaphylaxis
Metabolism/Transport Effects
Inhibits CYP3A4 (weak)
Drug Interactions
Alcohol (Ethyl): CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Alcohol
(Ethyl). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Alpha-/Beta-Agonists: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may decrease the excretion of
Alpha-/Beta-Agonists. Exceptions: Dipivefrin. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Amifostine: Antihypertensives may enhance the hypotensive effect of Amifostine.
Management: When amifostine is used at chemotherapy doses, antihypertensive
medications should be withheld for 24 hours prior to amifostine administration. If
antihypertensive therapy can not be withheld, amifostine should not be
administered. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Amphetamines: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may decrease the excretion of
Amphetamines. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Anticonvulsants (Barbiturate): Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may enhance the
adverse/toxic effect of Anticonvulsants (Barbiturate). Specifically, osteomalacia and
rickets. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Anticonvulsants (Hydantoin): Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may enhance the
adverse/toxic effect of Anticonvulsants (Hydantoin). Specifically, osteomalacia and
rickets.Risk C: Monitor therapy
Antihypertensives: May enhance the hypotensive effect of other Antihypertensives. Risk
C: Monitor therapy
Brinzolamide: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of
Brinzolamide. Risk X: Avoid combination
CarBAMazepine: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration
of CarBAMazepine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CNS Depressants: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of other CNS
Depressants.Exceptions: Olopatadine, Ophthalmic. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Diazoxide: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Antihypertensives. Risk C: Monitor
therapy
Flecainide: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may decrease the excretion of
Flecainide. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Herbs (Hypertensive Properties): May diminish the antihypertensive effect of
Antihypertensives. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Herbs (Hypotensive Properties): May enhance the hypotensive effect of
Antihypertensives.Risk C: Monitor therapy
Hypotensive Agents: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of other Hypotensive
Agents.Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ketorolac: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Anticonvulsants. Risk C: Monitor
therapy
Ketorolac, Systemic: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Anticonvulsants. Risk C:
Monitor therapy
MAO Inhibitors: May enhance the orthostatic effect of Orthostasis Producing
Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Mefloquine: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Anticonvulsants. Mefloquine may
decrease the serum concentration of Anticonvulsants. Management: Mefloquine is
contraindicated for malaria prophylaxis in persons with a history of convulsions. Monitor
anticonvulsant concentrations and treatment response closely with concurrent use. Risk
D: Consider therapy modification
Memantine: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may decrease the excretion of
Memantine.Risk C: Monitor therapy
Methenamine: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may diminish the therapeutic effect of
Methenamine. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Methotrimeprazine: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of
Methotrimeprazine. Methotrimeprazine may enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS
Depressants. Management: Reduce adult dose of CNS depressant agents by 50% with
initiation of concomitant methotrimeprazine therapy. Further CNS depressant dosage
adjustments should be initiated only after clinically effective methotrimeprazine dose is
established. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Methylphenidate: May diminish the antihypertensive effect of Antihypertensives. Risk C:
Monitor therapy
Pentoxifylline: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Antihypertensives. Risk C: Monitor
therapy
Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors: May enhance the antihypertensive effect of
Antihypertensives. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Primidone: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of
Primidone. Specifically, osteomalacia and rickets. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may
decrease the serum concentration of Primidone. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Prostacyclin Analogues: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Antihypertensives. Risk
C: Monitor therapy
QuiNIDine: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may decrease the excretion of
QuiNIDine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
RiTUXimab: Antihypertensives may enhance the hypotensive effect of RiTUXimab. Risk
D: Consider therapy modification
Salicylates: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors.
Salicylate toxicity might be enhanced by this same combination. Risk D: Consider
therapy modification
Trientine: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor Diuretics may decrease the serum concentration
of Trientine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Yohimbine: May diminish the antihypertensive effect of Antihypertensives. Risk C:
Monitor therapy
Storage
Capsules, tablets: Store at controlled room temperature.
Injection: Store vial for injection (prior to reconstitution) at controlled room temperature.
Reconstituted solution may be refrigerated (2C to 8C) for 1 week, however, use within
12 hours is recommended. Stability of IVPB solution is 5 days at room temperature
(25C) and 44 days at refrigeration (5C).
Reconstitution
Injection: Reconstitute with at least 5 mL sterile water to provide a solution containing
not more than 100 mg/mL. Further dilute in D
5
W or NS for I.V. infusion.
Compatibility
Stable in dextran 6% in D
5
W, dextran 6% in NS, D
5
LR, D
5
NS, D
5
1/2NS, D
5
1/4NS, D
5
W,
D
10
W, LR, NS, 1/2NS.
Y-site administration: Variable (consult detailed reference): Diltiazem, TPN.
Compatibility when admixed: Compatible: Cimetidine,
ranitidine. Incompatible:Multivitamins.
Mechanism of Action
Reversible inhibition of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase resulting in reduction of
hydrogen ion secretion at renal tubule and an increased renal excretion of sodium,
potassium, bicarbonate, and water to decrease production of aqueous humor; also
inhibits carbonic anhydrase in central nervous system to retard abnormal and excessive
discharge from CNS neurons
Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics
Onset of action: Capsule, extended release: 2 hours; I.V.: 2 minutes
Peak effect: Capsule, extended release: 8-12 hours; I.V.: 15 minutes; Tablet: 2-4 hours
Duration: Inhibition of aqueous humor secretion: Capsule, extended release: 18-24
hours; I.V.: 4-5 hours; Tablet: 8-12 hours
Distribution: Erythrocytes, kidneys; blood-brain barrier and placenta; distributes into milk
(~30% of plasma concentrations)
Excretion: Urine (70% to 100% as unchanged drug)
Dosage
Note: I.M. administration is not recommended because of pain secondary to the alkaline
pH
Children:
Glaucoma:
Oral: 8-30 mg/kg/day or 300-900 mg/m
2
/day divided every 8 hours
I.V.: 20-40 mg/kg/24 hours divided every 6 hours, not to exceed 1 g/day
Edema: Oral, I.V.: 5 mg/kg or 150 mg/m
2
once every day
Epilepsy: Oral: 8-30 mg/kg/day in 1-4 divided doses, not to exceed 1 g/day; extended
release capsule is not recommended for treatment of epilepsy
Adults:
Glaucoma:
Chronic simple (open-angle): Oral: 250 mg 1-4 times/day or 500 mg extended release
capsule twice daily
Secondary, acute (closed-angle): I.V.: 250-500 mg, may repeat in 2-4 hours to a
maximum of 1 g/day
Edema: Oral, I.V.: 250-375 mg once daily
Epilepsy: Oral: 8-30 mg/kg/day in 1-4 divided doses; not to exceed 1 g/day; extended
release capsule is not recommended for treatment of epilepsy
Metabolic alkalosis (unlabeled use): I.V. 250 mg every 6 hours for 4 doses or 500 mg
single dose; reassess need based upon acid-base status
Mountain sickness: Oral: 250 mg every 8-12 hours (or 500 mg extended release
capsules every 12-24 hours)
Therapy should begin 24-48 hours before and continue during ascent and for at least 48
hours after arrival at the high altitude
Note: In situations of rapid ascent (such as rescue or military operations), 1000 mg/day
is recommended.
Urine alkalinization (unlabeled use): Oral: 5 mg/kg/dose repeated 2-3 times over 24
hours
Respiratory stimulant in COPD (unlabeled use): Oral, I.V.: 250 mg twice daily
Elderly: Oral: Initial: 250 mg twice daily; use lowest effective dose
Dosing adjustment in renal impairment:
Cl
cr
10-50 mL/minute: Administer every 12 hours
Cl
cr
<10 mL/minute: Avoid use (ineffective)
Hemodialysis: Moderately dialyzable (20% to 50%)
Peritoneal dialysis: Supplemental dose is not necessary
Administration: Oral
May be administered with food. May cause an alteration in taste, especially carbonated
beverages. Short-acting tablets may be crushed and suspended in cherry or chocolate
syrup to disguise the bitter taste of the drug; do not use fruit juices. Alternatively,
submerge tablet in 10 mL of hot water and add 10 mL honey or syrup.
Administration: I.M.
I.M. administration is painful because of the alkaline pH of the drug; use by this route is
not recommended.
Administration: I.V.
I.V.: No specific guidance given by manufacturer, but I.V. push at a rate of up to 500 mg
over 3 minutes has been reported in a clinical trial (Mazur, 1999); a study to assess
cerebrovascular reserve has used rapid I.V. push of up to 1 g over ?1 minute (Piepgras,
1990)
Administration: I.V. Detail
pH: 9.2
Monitoring Parameters
Intraocular pressure, potassium, serum bicarbonate; serum electrolytes, periodic CBC
with differential; monitor growth in pediatric patients
Test Interactions
May cause false-positive results for urinary protein with Albustix, Labstix, Albutest,
Bumintest; interferes with HPLC theophylline assay and serum uric acid levels
Dietary Considerations
May be taken with food to decrease GI upset. May have additive effects with other folic
acid antagonists. Sodium content of 500 mg injection: 47.2 mg (2.05 mEq).
Patient Education
Take as directed; do not chew or crush long-acting capsule (contents may be sprinkled
on soft food). May be administered with food to decrease GI upset. You will need
periodic ophthalmic examinations while taking this medication. You may experience
drowsiness, dizziness, or weakness (use caution when driving or engaging in tasks that
require alertness until response to drug is known); or nausea, loss of appetite, or altered
taste (small, frequent meals, frequent mouth care, sucking lozenges, or chewing gum
may help). Monitor serum glucose closely (may cause altered blood glucose in some
patients with diabetes, or unusual response to some forms of glucose testing). You may
experience increased sensitivity to sunlight (use sunblock, protective clothing, and avoid
exposure to direct sunlight). Report unusual and persistent tiredness; numbness,
burning, or tingling of extremities or around mouth, lips, or anus; muscle weakness;
black stool; or excessive depression. Pregnancy/breast-feeding precautions: Inform
prescriber if you are or intend to become pregnant. Consult prescriber if breast-feeding.
Geriatric Considerations
Malaise and complaints of tiredness and myalgia are signs of excessive dosing and
acidosis in older adults. Orthostatic hypotension may occur; assess blood pressure.
Note renal impairment recommendations; many elderly have Cl
cr
<50 mL/minute.
Dental Health: Effects on Dental Treatment
Key adverse event(s) related to dental treatment: Metallic taste (resolves upon
discontinuation)
Dental Health: Vasoconstrictor/Local Anesthetic Precautions
No information available to require special precautions
Mental Health: Effects on Mental Status
Drowsiness is common, may produce depression less commonly
Mental Health: Effects on Psychiatric Treatment
Can rarely cause bone marrow suppression, therefore, use cautiously with clozapine
and carbamazepine; may increase the excretion of lithium
Nursing: Physical Assessment/Monitoring
Assess allergy history prior to beginning therapy. Assess effectiveness and interactions
of other medications patient may be taking. Monitor for signs of excessive dosing and
acidosis (especially in elderly). Measure intraocular pressure at the beginning of therapy
and periodically while on this medication. Assess results of laboratory tests, therapeutic
effectiveness, and adverse response. Monitor growth in pediatric patients. Monitor blood
glucose levels closely if patients have diabetes. Assess knowledge/teach patient
appropriate use, possible side effects/appropriate interventions, and adverse symptoms
to report.
Dosage Forms
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics);
consult specific product labeling.
Capsule, extended release: 500 mg
Diamox Sequels: 500 mg
Injection, powder for reconstitution: 500 mg
Tablet: 125 mg, 250 mg
Pricing: U.S. (www.drugstore.com)
Capsule, 12-hour (AcetaZOLAMIDE)
500 mg (100): $299.97
Capsule, 12-hour (Diamox Sequels)
500 mg (60): $314.98
Tablets (AcetaZOLAMIDE)
125 mg (90): $29.99
250 mg (60): $29.99
Extemporaneously Prepared
Tablets may be crushed and suspended in cherry, chocolate, raspberry, or other highly-
flavored carbohydrate syrup in concentrations of 25-100 mg/mL; simple suspensions are
stable for 7 days. For solutions with longer stability, see references for Parastampuria
and Alexander.
Alexander KS, Haribhakti RP, and Parker GA, Stability of Acetazolamide in Suspension
Compounded From Tablets, Am J Hosp Pharm, 1991, 48(6):1241-4.
McEvoy G, ed, AHFS Drug Information 96, Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health
System Pharmacists, 1996.
Parastampuria J and Gupta VD, Development of Oral Liquid Dosage Forms of
Acetazolamide, J Pharm Sci, 1990, 79:385-6.
References
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs: The Transfer of Drugs and
Other Chemicals Into Human Milk, Pediatrics, 1994, 93(1):137-150.
Chapron DJ, Gomolin IH, and Sweeney KR, Acetazolamide Blood Concentrations Are
Excessive in the Elderly: Propensity for Acidosis and Relationship to Renal Function, J
Clin Pharmacol, 1989, 29(4):348-53.
Chapron DJ, Sweeney KR, Feig PU, et al, Influence of Advanced Age on the
Disposition of Acetazolamide, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 1985, 19:363-71.
Corbett JT, Acetazolamide and Purpura, Br Med J, 1985, 1:1122-3.
Heller I, Halevy J, Cohen S, et al, Significant Metabolic Acidosis Induced by
Acetazolamide, Arch Intern Med, 1985, 145(10):1815-7.
Marik PE, Kussman BD, Lipman J, et al, "Acetazolamide in the Treatment of Metabolic
Alkalosis in Critically Ill Patients," Heart Lung, 1991, 20(5 Pt 1):455-9.
Mazur JE, Devlin JW, Peters MJ, et al, "Single Versus Multiple Doses of Acetazolamide
for Metabolic Alkalosis in Critically Ill Medical Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind
Trial," Crit Care Med, 1999, 27(7):1257-61.
Parikh JR, Nolan RL, Bannerjee A, et al, Acetazolamide-Associated Nephrocalcinosis
in a Transplant Kidney, Transplantation, 1995, 59(12):1742-3.
Piepgras A, Schmiedek P, Leinsinger G, et al, A Simple Test to Assess
Cerebrovascular Reserve Capacity Using Transcranial Doppler Sonography and
Acetazolamide, Stroke, 1990, 21(9):1306-11.
Reiss WG and Oles KS, Acetazolamide in the Treatment of Seizures, Ann
Pharmacother, 1996, 30(5):514-9.
Rousseau P and Fuentevilla-Clifton A, Acetazolamide and Salicylate Interaction in the
Elderly: A Case Report, J Am Geriatr Soc, 1993, 41(8):868-9.
Schwenk MH, St. Peter WL, Meese MG, et al, Acetazolamide Toxicity and
Pharmacokinetics in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis, Pharmacotherapy, 1995,
15(4):522-7.
Shinnar S, Gammon K, Bergman EW Jr, et al, Management of Hydrocephalus in
Infancy: Use of Acetazolamide and Furosemide to Avoid Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts, J
Pediatr, 1985, 107(1):31-7.
Vaziri ND, Saiki J, Barton CH, et al, Hemodialyzability of Acetazolamide, South Med J,
1980, 73(4):422-3.
Wandstrat TL and Phillips J, Pseudotumor Cerebri Responsive to Acetazolamide, Ann
Pharmacother, 1995, 29(3):318.
Weiss IS, Hirsutism After Chronic Administration of Acetazolamide, Am J Ophthalmol,
1974, 78(2):327-8.
International Brand Names
Acetadiazol (MX)
Acetak (PE)
Albox (JP)
Apo-Acetazolamide (MY)
Azol (TW)
Carbinib (PT)
Cetamid (PH)
Diamox (AE, AR, AT, AU, BD, BE, BG, BH, BR, CH, CL, CO, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EG, ES,
FI, FR, GB, GR, HK, HN, HR, ID, IE, IL, IN, IQ, IR, IT, JO, JP, KP, KW, LB, LU, LY, MY,
NL, NO, OM, PH, PK, PT, QA, RU, SA, SE, SG, SY, TH, TR, TW, VE, YE, ZA)
Diamox Sustets (CO)
Diluran (CZ)
Diural (UY)
Diuramid (PL)
Evamox (PK)
Fonurit (HU)
Glaupax (CH, DE, HR, JP, TH)
Huma-Zolamide (HN, HU)
Ledamox (JP)
Lediamox (PT)
Medene (TH)
Optamide (PH)
Renamid (HR)
Stazol (PY)
Synomax (IN)
Uramox (IL)
Zolmide (PH)

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Last full review/revision January 2010
Content last modified January 2010





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