al- Ø mb kn\n- a - I fn- e qsS Hcp bm{X

=+
x Akm-[y-amb
KWnXw
Nne -{]-iv\-߃
KWn-X-imkv{Xw, At\Iw Ipg-™p-a-dn™
{]ho¨N{µ {]iv\-߃ sIm≠v \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS
ss[j-Wn-I-Xsb sh√p-hn-fn® imkv{X-im-J-bm-Wv.
hnI-kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp imJ-bm-b-Xn-\m¬
At\Iw h¿j-ß-fmbn DØ-c-an-√m-Xn-cp∂ ]e {]iv\-
ßfpw ]pXnb ]T-\-ß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ sXfn-bn-°- 1 cubic unit 2 cubic unit
s∏-´n-´p-≠v. s^¿a-bpsS Ah-km-\- Xn-bdw CXn\v Hcp
DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. Nn{X-Øn¬ Hcp bq\n‰v hym]vX-ap≈ Hcp
Akm- [ y- s a∂v sXfn- b n- ° - s ∏- ´ n- ´ p≈ aq∂v Iyq_v sImSp-Øn-cn°p∂p. CXns‚ Cc´n hym]vX-
KWnX {]iv\-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bmWv ChnsS hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xv. X
ap≈ as‰mcp Iyq_v \n¿Ωn-°p-tºmƒ AXns‚ hi-
1) dqfdpw tImºkpw D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp tImWns\
Xpey-amb aq∂v tImWp-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-°m≥ km[y-
ß-fpsS \ofw F{X-bm-bn-cn-°pw.? Hcp Iyq_ns‚
Cc´n hym]vX-ap≈ as‰mcp Iyq_v \n¿Ωn-°m≥
sK‰nw-Mv tlmw
ssN-\o-kv / I-f¿/ 35mm/97an-\p-´v /2007
a-√. km[n-°p-I-bn-√.
2) dqfdpw tImº pw D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp Iyq_ns‚
Cc´n hym]vX-ap≈ as‰mcp Iyq_v \n¿Ωn-°m≥
km[y--a√. X
X/3

3) dqfdpw tImºkpw D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp hrØ-Øns‚
Xpey-hn-kvXo¿Æ-ap≈ Hcp NXpcw \n¿Ωn-°m≥
km[n-°-bn-√.
Cu aq∂v {]iv\-ß-fnepw dqfdpw tImº pw D]-
tbm-Kn®v F∂ hmIyw Bh¿Øn-°p-∂Xv {i≤n-°p-a-
t√m. dqf¿ F∂Xv c≠v _nµp-°sf tbmPn--∏n-°p∂
tcJ hc-bv°m≥ am{Xw km[n-°p∂ H∂m-Wv. CXn-¬
kvsIbn-ep-t]mse Af-hp-Iƒ tcJs-∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠m-
hn-√. apI-fn¬ sImSpØ aq∂v {]iv\-ßfpw dqfdpw
tImº pw D]-tbm-Kn®v I≠p-]n-Sn-°m-\m-hmØ
{]iv\-ß-fm-Wv.
tImWns\ Xpey Af-hp-I-fp≈ aq∂v `mK-ß-fm-
°p-∂-Xn\v ]e D]-I-c-W-ßfpw \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.
F¶nepw dqfdpw tImºkpw D]-tbm-Kn®v CXv Akm-
[y-am-Wv. Ch Akm-[y-am-sW∂v Fß-s\-bmWv sXfn-
bn-°p-∂Xv?. {ian-®p-t\m-°q.
Ref: Fun and Fundamentals of Mathematics.
Nn{X-Øn¬ x Af-hp≈ Hcp tIm¨ \¬In-
bn-cn-°p-∂p. tImº pw dqfdpw D]-tbm-Kn®v x/3Af-
hp≈ Hcp tIm¨X hc- b v t °- ≠ n- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ p.
tImº pw dqfdpw am{Xw D]- t bm- K n®v Hcp
tImWns\ Xpey-amb aq∂v `mK-ß-fm°m≥ km[n-
°p-I-bn-√.
r " √m C-e-Ifpw A-Xn-s‚
2 2
r =a
r Bc- a p≈ hrØw I≠t√m? CXns‚
XpeyhnkvXo¿Æ-ap≈ Hcp ka-N-Xpcw \n¿Ωn-°m≥
km[n-°p-I-bn-√.
Jayanth-V-Narliker and Mangala Narliker
hnP-b-Ip-am¿ ªmØq¿
F Kznw-Kn¬ ) F-Øn-®v kw-kv-I-cn-°m-sa-
th- c p- I - f n- t e- ° v X- s ∂ Xn- c n- ® v
a
t]m-Ipw" F-∂v ]-g-sam-gn-bp≠v.
Po-hn-°m-\m-bn ssN-\-bp-sS H-c-
‰- Ø p- ≈ sj≥- s k- \ n¬ \n¿ΩmW
tPm-en-Iƒ sN-øp-∂ kp-lr-Øp-°-fm-
b en-bp-hpw km-thmbpw ˛ a-cn-®p t]m-
bm¬ en-bp-hn-s\ A-bm-fp-sS ho-´n¬
(ssN-\-bp-sS a-t‰ A-‰-Øp-≈ tIzm≥-
Øn¬ Npa-∂v A-bm-fp-sS ho-´n-te-°v
∂v H-cn-°¬ kmthm hm-°p \¬-In- \-S-°p-∂ Zo¿-Lam-b bm-{X-bmWv "sK-
bn-cp∂p. a-≤y-h-b- n-seØn-b Cu ‰nw-Mv tlmw'
kp- l r- Ø p- ° - f p- s S a- Z y- ] m- \ cw- K -
km-thm-bp-sS Zo¿-L-bm-{X-bn¬
tØm-sS-bmWv "sK-‰nw-Mv tlmw' F-∂
Iq-´v en-bp am-{X-amWv. P-U-am-sW-¶nepw
ssN-\o-kv kn-\n-a Bw-cw-`n-°p∂-Xv .
kp-lrØn-t\m-Sv ]-g-b-Xp-t]m-se bm-{X-
Ip-Sn-®p Ip-Sn-®p en-bp a-cn-®p t]mbn.
bn- e p- S - \ o- f w kmthm kw- k m- c n- ° p-
Xm≥ kp-lr-Øn-\v \¬In-b hm-°p-
∂p≠v. hf-sc Zo¿-Lam-b bm-{X-bv-°v
]m-en-°m-\m-bn {Km-ao-W\m-b kmthm
hml-\w hmS-I-s°-Sp-°m-\p≈ ]Ww
en-bp-hn-s‚ ihi-co-cw A-£-cm¿-Y-

30 imkv{X-tI-cfw s^{_p-hcn 2009 31


tkm- t hm-
bp-sS I-øn-en√m-
bn- c p∂p. AXp-
sIm-≠p X-s∂ km-
[m-c-W h-kv-{X-ß-sfm-s° [-cn-∏n®v H-
cp Iq-fnw-Kv •mkpw ^n-‰v sN-bv-Xv a-Zy-
]n-® H-cm-sf F∂ t]m-se _- n¬
ko-‰n-en-cpØn-bm-Wv kmthm en-bp-hp-
am-bn bm-{X B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv.
bm-{X-°m¿-°v aq{X-sam-gn-°m-\m-
bn a-e-ºm-X-bn-sem-cnS-Øv h-≠n \n¿-
Øp∂p. F√m-h-cpw sh-fn-bn-en-dßn. en-
bp am-{X-ta _- n-ep≈q. X-߃ aq{X-
sam-gn-°p∂-Xv t\m-°n-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv
A-bm-sf-∂v ]d-™v kv-{Xo-Iƒ _l-
fw sh-bv-°p-I-bpw No-Ø ]-d-bp-Ibpw
sN-bvXp. AXn-sem-cp-hƒ en-bp A-h-
fp-sS apJ-Øp t\m-°n-Nn-cn-°p-I-bpw
sN- b v - X p F- ∂ p IqSn ]- c m- X ns∏´p.
Ip-Sn-®p t_m-[w sI-´ H-cp ]m-h-am-sW-
s∂m-s° ]d-™v kmthm A-hsc-sbm-
s° k-am-[m-\n-∏n-°p-∂ cw-K-ap≠v. t{]-
£-Icpw A-dn-bp-∂n√ A-Xv en-bp-hn-s‚
i-h-am-sW∂v.
bm-{X-°n-S-bn¬ ssl-sh tam-„m-
°ƒ h-≠n XS-™v sIm-≈-b-Sn-°m-\m-
bn _- n¬ I-b-dp∂p. sa-‰¬ Un-‰Œ--
sdm-s°-bm-bmWv Hm-tcm-cm-fp-sSbpw H-
fn-® ]-Whpw kz¿-Æhp-sam-s° kw-
L-Ø-e-h≥ X-∏n-sb-Sp-°p-∂Xv. en-bp-
hn-s‚ ]-W-hpw A-bmƒ F-Sp-°m≥ {i-
an-°p-tºmƒ kmthm X-S-bp∂p. ' kz¿-
§-Øn-te-bpw `q-an-bntebpw F¥pw
Xm≥ tam-„n°pw ' F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂
Abm-tfm-Sv ˛ ' H-cp a-cn-® a-\p-jy-s‚
ap-Xepw \n-߃ F-Sp°ptam?' F-∂p
tNm-Zn-°p-∂p km-thm. A-t∏mƒ am{X-
amWv h-≠n-bn-se bm-{X-°mcpw \-Ωfpw
A-dn-bp-∂Xv en-bp a-cn-®-Xm-sW-∂v. kp-
lrØn-t\m-Sp-≈ B-flm¿-Y-X-bp-sS t]-
32 imkv{X-tI-cfw
cn¬ kmthm \-S-Øp-∂ Cu bm-{X-sb-
°p- d n- ® v a- \ -   n- e m- ° n- b - t ∏mƒ
sIm≈kw-L-Ø-e-h≥ ( A-bm-sfm-cp
k-lr-Zb\pw km-[p-hp-amWv) h√m-sX
A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ˛ sIm-≈ ap-X-sem-
s° km-thm-bv-°v \¬-In ˛' C-bm-sf°-
≠v ]Tn-°m≥' a-‰p-≈-h¿-°v H-cp D-]-
tZ-ihpw \¬-In C-d-ßn-t∏m-hp-∂p.
X-ß-fp-sS h-I-I-sf√mw km-thm-
bp-sS I-øn¬ \n∂pw Xn-cn-s®-Sp-Øv I-
gn-™-t∏mƒ a-‰p bm-{X-°m-cp-sS `m-hw
am-dn. i-h-tØm-sSm-∏w bm-{X sN-øm-
\m-hn-s√∂v _-l-fw sh-®v hn-P-\-am-b
s]-cp-h-gn-bn¬ km-thm-sbbpw en-bp-hn-
s\bpw A-h¿ C-d-°n-hn-´p.
X-s‚ kp-lr-Øn-s‚ i-co-chpw
]pd- Ø v Np- a ∂v , IS- ∂ v t]m- h p- ∂
Hmtcm h-≠n-Iƒ-°v ssI Im-Wn-®v A-
h-i-\m-bn \-S-°p-I-bm-Wv km-thm.
\-∑-bp-sSbpw Xn-∑-bp-sS-bpw kv-
t\-l-Øn-s‚bpw h-©-\-bp-sSbpw A-
en-hn-s‚bp-sam-s° a-\p-jym-h-ÿ-I-fn-
eq-sS˛ ]p-Xn-b No-\-bp-sS Po-hn-X-ß-
fn-eq-sS-bp-≈ Zo¿-L-bm-{X-bm-Wv ]n-
∂oSv.
\n-jv-I-f-¶-\qw \-∑-\n-d-™-h-\p-
am-Wv kmthm. Cu th-jw A-Wn-™
kmthm s_≥-jm hf-sc kzm-`m-hn-
Iam-b A-`n-\-b-Øn-eq-sS A-Xn-i-tbm-
‡n-\nd-™ Cu bm-{X A-hn-kv-a-c-Wo-
b-am-°n am‰n. k-m-thm-bp-sS en-bphn-
t\m-Sp-≈ s]-cp-am-‰-sam-s° t{]-£-I-
cn¬ Nn-cn-bp-b¿-Øp-∂-XmWv. ]s£
Nn-cn-am-bp-tºm-tg°pw t{]-£-I-cp-sS
lr-Z-b-Øn¬ h√m-sXm-cp hn-߬ _m-
°n-\n¿Øpw C-Xn-se Hm-tcm cw-Khpw
bm-{X-bn-se B-I-kv-an-I-X-bm-Wv th-
sdm-cp {]-[m-\ kwK-Xn . kmthm \n-
ch-[n Po-hn-X-ß-fm-Wv ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-
Øp-∂Xv. Im-iv sIm-Sp-°m-\n√m-Ø-Xn-
\v Xn-∂ `£-Ww ap-gp-h≥ O¿-±n-∏n-
°p-∂ tlm-´¬ \-S-Øn-∏p-Im-
c≥ , h-≠n X-≈n Ãm¿-´m-°n-
bm¬ en-^v-‰v X-cm-sa-∂v ]d-™v
h-≠n D-¥n-∏n-®v Ãm¿-´m-°n˛
\n¿-Øm-sX t]m-Ip-∂-bmƒ, I-
øn-se C-Øn-cn∏-Ww t]mepw
tam- „ n- ° p- ∂ k- { X- Ø n- s e
kl Xm-a-k-°m¿, i-º-f-am-bn
I-≈-t\m-´v \¬Inb sXm-gn-ep-
S-aIƒ, tcm-K-ap-≈-h-cp-sS c-
‡w t]mepw hn¬-∏-\ \-S-Øp-
∂ A-t[m-tem-I߃, ssk-
°nƒ N-hn-´n Xn-_-t‰m-fw bm-
{X-sN-øp-∂ kv-t\-lw \n-d-™ k-t¥m-
j-hm\m-b sN-dp-∏-°mc≥, Im-ap-In \-
„-s∏-´-Xn-\v s]m-´n-°-c-bp-∂ ( km-thm-
hn-s\ hf-sc Zq-cw h-≠n-bn¬ sIm≠p-
t]m-b) {S-°v ss{Uh¿, a-c-Wm-\-¥-c-
N-S-ßp-Iƒ ap≥-Iq-´n kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-∂
{Km-a-Øn-se [\n-I hr≤≥, ap-Jw hn-
Ir-Xam-b `mcy-tbm-sSm-∏w Bƒ-∏m¿-
∏n√m-Ø H-cn-S-Øn¬ tX-\o-® h-f¿-Ø-
ep-am-bn Po-hn-°p-∂ H-cp \√ a-\p-jy-
s‚ Ip-Spw-_w Cß-s\ ]-e-X-cw Bƒ-
°m-sc-bm-Wv kmthm bm-{X-bn¬ I-
≠p-ap-´p-∂Xv. A-]-cn-NnX-s‚ a-c-Wm-\-
¥c-N-S-ßp-Iƒ \-S-°p-∂n-S-sØ-Øn ˛
a- ‰ p- ≈ - h ¿- s °m- ∏ w \n- e - h n- f n- ° p- ∂
kmthm , ]m-S-tØ-°v I-tÆdp-tIm-e-
߃-s°m-∏w Ip-Øn-\n¿Øn-b en-bp-
hn-s‚ i-co-cw cm{Xn h-∂v X-∏p-∂ km-
thm, {S-°v S-b-dn-\p-≈n¬ en-bp-hn-s\
a-S-°n-s°-´n D-cp-´n-s°m-≠p t]m-hp-∂
km-thm, a-Sp-∏v tXm-∂n kp-lr-Øn-s‚
i-h-°p-gn-°-cn-In¬ X-s∂ Ip-gn-sbm-cp-
°n B-´n hn-´ I√p-sIm-≠v X-e-°nSn-
sIm-≈n-®v Ip-gn-bn-te-°v a-cn-®p ho-gm-
\p-≈ {i-aw \-S-Øp-∂ km-thm, H-s°
lm-ky-tØm-sSm-∏w hf-sc Km-Vam-b
k¶-Shpw \-Ωn-ep-W¿-Øpw.
ssI-øn-se Im-si√mw Xo¿-∂-
t∏mƒ kz- ¥ w c- ‡ w hn¬- ° m≥
kmthm Xo- c p- a m- \ n- ° p∂p. ]- s £
al- Ø mb kn\n- a - I fn- e qsS Hcp bm{X
AXpw ]-‰p-∂n√. A-bmƒ-°v sl-∏-
ss‰-‰n-kv _n tcm-K-ap-≠s{X ˛ ]-s£
G-Xv c-‡hpw hm-ßp-∂ A-\-[nIr-X
ª-Uv _m-¶p-Im¿ km-thm-hn-s\ Iq-´n-
s°m-≠p t]m-Ip∂p. t]m-eo-kv ssd-
Un¬ kmthm I-kv-‰-Un-bn-em-hp∂p.
A-hn-sS sh-®v H-cp kv-{Xo-sb ]-cn-N-
b-s∏-Sp-∂p. A-h¿ bq-\n-th-gv-kn-‰n-bn¬
]Tn-°p-∂- X-s‚ aI-\v th-≠n ]-Ww
D-≠m-°m≥ ]e tPm-enbpw sN-øp-
∂-h-cm-Wv ˛ aI-\v X-s‚ ]-Ww am{Xw
bm-Mv jmMvv
a-Xn-sb-∂v A-h¿-°-dn-bmw.Po-hn-X-Øn-
te-°v £-Wn-°m-\m-bn Xm≥ A-h-fp-
sS A-cn-In-te-°v Xn-cn-®v h-cm-sa-∂v
kmthm hm-°p-\¬-Ip-∂p. (]-s£ A-
h-fp-sS hn-em-kw hm-ßm≥ kmthm a-
d-∂pw t]m-bn)
No-™p Xp-Sßn-b i-hw kw-kv-
I- c n- ° m≥ t]m- e o- k n- s ‚ \n¿- t ±- i -
Øm¬ kmthm \n¿-_-‘n-X-\m-hp∂p.
Nn-Xm-`-kv-a-hp-am-bn H-cp t]m-eo-kp-
Imc-s‚ k-lm-b-tØm-sS en-bp-hn-s‚
ho-S-t\z-jn-®v bm-{X-Xp-S¿-∂p. A-h-km-
\w ho-Sv I-s≠-Øp∂p.
A-t∏m-tg°pw en-bp-hn-s‚ Ip-
Spw- _ w ho- S v D- t ]- £ n- ® v v A- h n- s S
\n∂pw t]m-bv-°v-gn-™n-cp∂p. X-I¿-
∂p In-S-∂ hm-Xn¬-]m-fn-bn-se-gpXn-b
]pXn-b hn-em-khpw tX-Sn bm-{X Xp-S-
cp-∂ km-thm-bn¬ kn\n-a A-h-km-
\n-°p∂p.
bmw-Mv jm-Mv kw-hn-[m-\w sN-
bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂ Cu kn-\n-a-°v 2007se
Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]pcw IFFK bn¬ t{]-£-
I-cp-sS h≥ kzo-I-c-W-am-Wv e-`n-®-Xv.
ih-sØ tIm-ew sI-´n-®v lmkyw DXv-
∏mZn-∏n-°p-∂ \n-ch-[n kn-\n-a-Iƒ a-
e-bm-f-Øn-e-S-°-ap-≠v ({`m-¥∑m-cpw \-
Ωp-sS kn-\n-a-bv-°v lm-ky-Øn-\p-≈
kzm-`mhn-I I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-fm-Wt√m !)
sK‰nwMv tlm-an¬ bm-Mv jmMvv km-
thm-bnepw en-bp-hnepw Iq-Sn Po-hn-X-
Øn- s ‚bpw km- a q- l ym- h - ÿ - I - f p-
sSbpw k-¶o¿-ÆXI-sf I-dp-Ø lm-
ky-Øn-eq-sS A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv.
H-cp a-\p-jy≥ kp-lr-Øn-s\ Np-
a∂vv \-S∂p-t]m-hp-tºmƒ ssI \o-
´o´pw \n¿-Øm-sX t]m-b \n-ch-[n hm-
l-\-߃ , a-e-bn-Sn-®n-en-s\ Xp-S¿-∂v
h-gn-b-S™vv tdm-Un¬ \n-c-\n-c-bm-bn
\n¿-Øn-bn-´n-cn-°p-∂ H-cp cw-K-ap-≠v
Cu kn-\n-a-bn¬.. A-hsc-sbm-s° I-
S∂p-sIm-≠v en-bp-hn-s\ Np-a-en-se-Sp-
Øvv \S-∂p t]m-hp-∂ kmthm ˛ {]-
Ir-Xn-bp-sS ta¬ a-\p-jy-\pw b-{¥-
߃-°pw D-≈ \n- m-cam-b A-[n-Im-
c-ß-sf-bpw, A-l-¶m-c-sØbpw hf-
sc kq-£v -a-am-bn ]-cn-l-kn-°p-∂p-≠v .
s^{_p-hcn 2009 33