A

TRAINING REPORT
ON

Find Dream Homes

Submitted by:
Name:
Vishal Singla(111225)
Varun
Breja(111229)
Raja !am"hir(1115#1)
D$%&ARA'(ON
We, hereby declare that the report of the project entitled )Find Dream Home* has not
been presented as a part of any other academic work to get our degree or certificate except
N(' +uru,shera for the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of
omputer !ngineering"

A-,no.ledgemen
+ee/ a.a0 1rom /eo/le .ho r0 o "elile 0our am"iions2 Small /eo/le al.a0s do
ha3 "u he reall0 grea ma,e 0ou 1eel ha 0ou oo3 -an "e-ome grea2
We take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks and deep gratitude to all
those people who extended their wholehearted co#operation and ha$e helped us in
completing this project successfully"
We are highly indebted and graceful to 4r2 Heman(5roje- &eader) for his
strict super$ision, constant encouragement, inspiration and guidance, which ensure the
worthiness of our work" Working under him was an enriching experience" We express our
sincere thanks to our senior of software de$elopment department for their encouragement
and $aluable suggestion"
We would also like to thank our parents % project mate for guiding and
encouraging us throughout the duration of the project"
&n all we found a congenial work en$ironment in Du-a and this completion of the
project will mark a new beginning for us in the coming days"
(N'ROD6%'(ON
's a part of our summer training , during the period of (ay )* ,)+,- to .une ,+,)+,- "We
ha$e successfully completed our training from /ucat , 0aridabad "1ur training was based
on the 1bject 1riented language ,.a$a and other ad$anced technologies such as Ser$lets
and .a$a Ser$er 2ages" /uring that period we did a project titled 30&N/ /4!'(
51(!S6"
5ere is a brief introduction to .a$a"
H(S'OR7 OF 8AVA
2erhaps the microprocessor re$olution7s most important contribution to date is that it made
possible the de$elopment of personal computers, which now number in the hundreds of
millions worldwide" 2ersonal computers ha$e had a profound impact on people and the
way organi8ations conduct and manage their business"
(any people belie$e that the next major area in which microprocessors will ha$e a
profound impact is in intelligent consumer#electronic de$ices" 4ecogni8ing this, Sun
(icrosystems funded an internal corporate research project code#named 9reen in ,**,"
:he project resulted in the de$elopment of a # and ;;#based language that its creator,
.ames 9osling, called 1ak after an oak tree outside his window at Sun" &t was later
disco$ered that there already was a computer language called 1ak" When a group of Sun
people $isited a local coffee place, the name .a$a was suggested, and it stuck"
:he 9reen project ran into some difficulties" :he marketplace for intelligent consumer#
electronic de$ices was not de$eloping as quickly as Sun had anticipated" Worse yet,
a major contract for which Sun competed was awarded to another company" So the project
was in danger of being canceled" By sheer good fortune, the World Wide Web exploded in
popularity in ,**-, and Sun people saw the immediate potential of using .a$a to create
Web
pages with so#called dynamic content" :his breathed new life into the project"
Sun formally announced .a$a at a major conference in (ay ,**<" 1rdinarily, an e$ent
like this would not ha$e generated much attention" 5owe$er, .a$a generated immediate
interest in the business community because of the phenomenal interest in the World Wide
Web" .a$a is now used to create Web pages with dynamic and interacti$e content, to
de$elop large#scale enterprise applications, to enhance the functionality of World Wide
Web ser$ers =the computers that pro$ide the content we see in our Web browsers>, to
pro$ide applications for consumer de$ices =such as cell phones, pagers and personal digital
assistants> and for many other purposes"
ABO6' 'H$ &AN!6A!$
.a$a is a particularly attracti$e first programming language" 't the .a$a1ne? trade
show in .une )++,, it was announced that .a$a is now a required part of the programming
languages curriculum in <@A of BS colleges and uni$ersities" 'lso, CDA of BS colleges
and uni$ersities offer .a$a courses" .a$a is attracti$e to high schools as well" &n )++-, the
ollege Board will standardi8e on .a$a for 'd$anced 2lacement computer science courses"
.a$a has e$ol$ed rapidly into the large#scale applications arena" .a$a is no longer a
language
used simply to make World Wide Web pages 3come ali$e"6 .a$a has become the preferred
language for meeting many organi8ations7 programming needs"
0or many years, languages like and ;; appealed to uni$ersities because of their
portability" &ntroductory courses could be offered in these languages on any
hardwareEoperating
system combination, as long as a E;; compiler was a$ailable" 5owe$er, the
programming world has become more complex and more demanding" :oday, users want
applications with graphical user interfaces =9B&s>" :hey want applications that use

multimedia capabilities such as graphics, images, animation, audio and $ideo" :hey want
applications that can run on the &nternet and the World Wide Web and communicate with
applications" :hey want applications that can take ad$antage of the flexibility
impro$ements of multithreading =which enables programmers to specify that se$eral
acti$ities should occur in parallel>" :hey want applications with richer file processing
than is pro$ided by or ;;" :hey want applications that are not limited to the desktop or
e$en to some local computer network, but can integrate &nternet components and remote
databases as well" :hey want applications that can be written quickly and correctly in a
manner that takes ad$antage of prebuilt software components" :hey want easy access to a
growing uni$erse of reusable software components" 2rogrammers want all these benefits in
a truly portable manner, so that applications will run without modification on a $ariety of
platforms =i"e", different types of computers running different operating systems>" .a$a
offers all these benefits to the programming community"
%ON'$N'S
S"N" :itle
," &ntroduction
'bout :he 2roject
)" 1rgani8ation 1$er$iew
-" System 'nalysis
-", Scope 1f &n$estigation
-") 2roblems 0aced
-"- 2roposed System
-"F"," 0easibility Study
-"F")" :echnical 0easibility
-"F"-" !conomic 0easibility
-"F"F" Beha$ioural 0easibility
F" &ntroduction
F"," Gogical /esign
F")" 2hysical /esign
F"-" (odule /esign
F"F" &nput /esign
F"<" 1utput /esign
F"@" /ata 0low /iagram
F"D" /atabase /esign
F"C" 4elation /atabase (anagement system =4/B(S>
F"*" :able Structure
<" Software !n$ironment
<","Software and 5ardware 4equirement
<")"5ardware Specifications
<"-"Software Specifications
<"F"ode /etails
<"<"oding Standards
<"@"Naming on$ention
<"D"Gabels and comments
<"C"Sample codes
@" :esting &ntroduction
@"," :est 2lans
@","," Bnit :esting
@",")" &ntegration :esting
@","-" Halidation :esting or System :esting
@","F" 1utput :esting or Bser 'cceptance :esting
D" &mplementation
D","&mplementation 2rocedures
D","," Bser :raining
D",")" :raining 1n :he 'pplication Software
D","-"1perational /ocument
D","F" System (aintenance
C" Screen Shots
*" onclusion
,+" Scope 0or 0uture !nhancement
,," Bibliography
ABS'RA%'
&ndia is booming as an economy with annual growth of CA o$er a year" :his phenomenal
growth has attracted lots of (N7s all o$er the world to open their operations in &ndia"
:hus, &nfrastructure is one area on which the eyes of all the business personnel are set"
Since /elhi is the national apital of &ndia, therefore these in$estment are attracted towards
the /elhi and N4= National apital 4egion>, which includes 9urgaon, Noida, 0aridabad,
9ha8iabad" :hus, we ha$e decided to create a web portal which can inform the people that
which are the properties areas which can be brought" &t also gi$es a chance to the sellers to
ad$ertise their property on the net" &f any user who wants to buy the property in /elhi or
N4 can browse on our web portal and enjoy the facilities of the information"
:hus we can summari8ed the operations of our site as following
," 2eople can Search the property based in their area of interest"
)" 2eople can ad$ertise their properties"
-" 2eople can consult with the 'rchitect
F" 2eople can search the buyers without e$en ad$ertising
<" :hey can browse through the different (aps"
@" 'rchitects can ad$ertise them interpedently
D" 2eople can look around the $arious projects of builders"
C" Buyers can ad$ertise them"
*" 2eople can get 2roperty alerts about the property news of their city"
(N'ROD6%'(ON
Web 'pplications are programs that can be executed either on a web ser$er for server side
scripting or in a web browser for client side scripting. &n addition, web applications can
support online commercial transaction popularly known as e#commerce" 1ur web portal,
FindDreamHomes2-om is an ad$ertising site which will be accessed through browser of a
web application"
' Web application can either be
, "Static
)" /ynamic
Sai- 9e" A//li-aions
:hese applications contain pure 5:(G code" :hus, they can only gi$e a particular output
rather than being flexible at run time" :hus, these applications lose their edger o$er
stronger /ynamic web applications, which can be quite flexible according to their inputs"
D0nami- 9e" A//li-aions
' dynamic web application can ha$e either client side scripting or ser$er side scripting or
both" client side scripting enables you to de$elop Web pages that can dynamically respond
to user input without ha$ing to interact with the web ser$er" !xamples of client side
scripting are JavaScript and VBScript.
Ser$er side scripting web applications pro$ide /ynamic content to users based on the
information stored in a remote location, such as a backend /atabase" &t includes code
written in ser$er side scripting languages such as java Server Pages (JSP)
. ' ser$er side script is executed on the web ser$er" When browser request for an 5:(G
page containing a ser$er side script, the web ser$er to which the request is sent and then
sends the result to the browser" 0or example, if a web page is to display the current time of
the system in which the web site is hosted then you need to use the ser$er side scripting"
Since we will be using dynamic web applications in our web portal we will be using .S2
technology which is a ser$er side scripting"
O"je-i:e;
&ndia is booming as an economy with annual growth of CA o$er a year" :his phenomenal
growth has attracted lots of (N7s all o$er the world to open their operations in &ndia"
:hus, &nfrastructure is one area on which the eyes of all the business personnel are set"
Since /elhi is the national apital of &ndia, therefore these in$estment are attracted towards
the /elhi and N4= National apital 4egion>, which includes 9urgaon, Noida, 0aridabad,
9ha8iabad" :hus, we ha$e decided to create a web portal which can inform the people that
which are the properties areas which can be brought" &t also gi$es a chance to the sellers to
ad$ertise their property on the net" &f any user who wants to buy the property in /elhi or
N4 can browse on our web portal and enjoy the facilities of the information"
(oreo$er after so much recession in almost e$ery field now again the economic conditions
in world and also in &ndia is rising with the rise in the salaries of the indi$idual or the
family"
's e$ery person has desire to own his own property for his own family and for their future
generations" So keeping in $iew of that we ha$e created a W!BS&:! so called
0&N//4!'(51(!S"1( where any person can find the property of their will"
S-o/e;
:he scope of any project defines how it can be used in future and what functions we can
perform using that project" Scope of any project will also clarify the idea of that what a
project is of about" :hus it is the scope of a project which determines the only goal for that
project"
:he basis for de$elopment of any new system is recognition or identification of a need for
impro$ing an information system or procedure"
:his project which is a Web 2ortal will gi$e an o$er$iew how a website related to the
property business will work and what we can find related to our interest on a website like
this"
With the demand in the speed of the work with which it must be carried out in e$ery
prospect of society and thus aiming at making ease in work flow, more and more work is
being carried on the internet" :hus, to help the society in fulfilling one of their dreams
ha$ing a good property according to their budget, the scope of this web portal is aimed at
that"
:he key aspects of this web portal are:#
Iou can choose property at your liked site"
Iou can choose architect as per your needs"
Re<uiremen Anal0sis
4equirement 'nalysis is a preliminary study and e$aluation of an acti$ity such as a
business to identify its desired objecti$es" &t is the process used to elicit needs and resource
constraints and to translate these into a $iable operation"
&n this section, we will look at two basic steps of 4equirement 'nalysis of
5ro/er0 Boom"
:he two steps are:
&dentification of Need
2reliminary &n$estigation
(deni1i-aion O1 Need
:he basis for de$elopment of any new system is recognition or identification of a need for
impro$ing an information system or procedure"

!$ery project begins with a 2roject Statement from customer, where he gi$es the basic
idea of what he wants or how he sees what the problem is % what they belie$e where the
solution liesJ Second aspect is our=as &: executi$e or de$eloper> thinking about the need of
client % third aspect is the real problem which lies somewhere between first % second
aspect"

Web 'pplications are programs that can be executed either on a web ser$er for
Server side scripting or in a web browser for client side scripting. &n addition, web
'pplications can support online commercial transaction popularly known as e#commerce"
1ur web portal, 0&N//4!'(51(!S"1( is an ad$ertising site which will be accessed
through browser is an example of a web application"
5reliminar0 (n:esigaion
:he need leads to a 2reliminary &n$estigation or sur$ey" :he 2reliminary &n$estigation or
sur$ey is used to determine whether an alternati$e system can sol$e the problem or not" &t
entails looking into the duplication of efforts, bottlenecks, inefficient existing procedures,
or whether parts of existing system would be fit for computeri8ation"
&n seeking an appropriate solution to the problem, considerations that must be obser$ed
include
!xisting 'pplication or System,
'nticipated hanges in en$ironment,
!xpected Gifetime of solution, and
:ime, cost, budget, benefit tradeoffs, and making boundaries
"
'll this is called S12&N9 10 241.!:K and also includes:#
/efining 2roject responsibilities"
/i$iding responsibilities indi$idual tasks"
/etermining how much geographical area will be in$ol$ed"
9et estimated number of people who will use your application"
Bnderstanding how quickly client wants the application implemented"
"
5lanning
:he planning of any project depicts and con$eys in which order from core to the final
processing of the project is carried out" :he final expected result shows that the project is
successfully planned"
Software project managers take the o$erall responsibility of steering a project to success"
:his surely is a $ery ha8y job description" But, it is $ery difficult to objecti$ely describe the
job responsibilities of a project manager"
/i$ing the whole project in modules and separately functioning on them finally results in
the ease and successful implementation of the work to be carried out"
1ne of the major part is the study of feasibility study" :he feasibility study consists of
:echnical , !conomical , Beha$ioral"
&n the 0&N//4!'(51(!S"1( the planning is carried out by di$iding the whole
functioning in $arious working modules"
WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE
Work breakdown structure is used to decompose a gi$en task set recursi$ely into small
acti$ities" WBS pro$ides a notation for representing the major tasks needed to be carried
out in order to sol$e a problem" :he root of the tree is labeled by the problem name" !ach
node of the tree is broken down into smaller acti$ities that are made the children of the
node" !ach acti$ity is recursi$ely decomposed into smaller sub#acti$ities until at the leaf
le$elK the acti$ities require approx" two weeks to de$elop" &f a task is broken down into a
large number of $ery small acti$ities, these can be distributed to a large number of
engineers" &f the acti$ity ordering permits, the solutions to these can be carried out
independently" :hus, it becomes possible to de$elop the product faster"
:he following figure represents the WBS of application software:
5$R' %HAR'
'pplication software
4equirements
specification
/esign ode /ocument
/atabase part 9raphical user
interface part
/atabase part 9raphical user
interface part
:est
2!4: shows precedence relationships among the tasks and $arious stages of a project" By the
helps of 2!4: chart, a project manager can identify the acti$ities and the amount of time they
require, show their interrelationships, specify their sequence, and ha$e a meant of monitoring
progress on the project" 2!4: makes use of tasks" Gike milestone charts, it shows
achie$ements" :hese achie$ements howe$er are not task achie$ements" :hey are terminal
achie$ements, called !H!N:S"
:he circles represent the beginning or completion of a task" :he nodes at the network =also
referred as e$ents > establish the relationship among the different acti$ities of the project"
:he rules are a$ailable for construction networks:
," !ach acti$ity is represented by one and only one arrow in the network"
)" !ach action must be identifying by two distinct nodes"
:his is the table of L'cti$ity7 and it7s estimated time
4odules;
!$ery work happening around the globe is basically carried out into subsequent parts"
Where each and e$ery subsequent module is based on one another" :hus keeping in $iew
that, the work carried out in this web portal is di$ided into "
(odule , : Sign Bp for 2romoter
:he major work which is carried out in this module is that, 5ere a new user registers itself
to become a member and utili8e the features of a Web 2ortal" :he credentials filled by the
user are as follows:
Name
Bsername
2assword
'ddress etc"
(odule ): Signup for Builder
Some of the credentials are:
Name
Bsername
2assword
Builder 2rofile etc
(odule -: 4esidential 2roperty 2rofile
Some of the credentials are:
2roperty /etails
2roperty 2rice
2roperty Specification
(odule F: 2ayment options
Some of the credentials are:
'd$ertisement 2ackage"
'd$ertisement 2ayment"
2ayment through cheque"
2ayment through credit card"
(odule <: 2roperty &nfo
Some of the credentials are:
2roperty /etails
2roperty 2rice
2roperty specification"

(odule <: (aps
:he major parts included in this are:
4esidential maps"
(aps according to $astu"
ommercial 2roperties"
5ere you can see the maps of any kind of property of your choice"
Feasi"ili0 Sud0
Feasi"ili0 Sud0 is a test of the system proposal according to its workability, impact on
the organi8ation, ability to meet user needs, and effecti$e use of resources" &t focuses on
three major questions:
What are the user7s demonstrable needs and how does the proposed system meet
them"
What resources are a$ailable for proposed systemsJ &s the problem worth sol$ingJ
What are the likely impacts of the proposed system on the organi8ationJ 5ow well
does it fit within the organi8ation7s (&S planJ
:he objecti$e of the feasibility study is not to sol$e the problem but to acquire a sense of its
scope" :he proposed system should satisfy the technical, and operational or beha$ioral
feasibility"
'e-hni-al Feasi"ili0
:echnical feasibility determines the hardware and software a$ailability and capability, for
the implementation"
Software
:he 0ind/ream5omes"com is a web application that uses j)ee that is easily a$ailable"
Hardware
:his web application does not require any special hardware" :he existing machines or
computer systems will ser$e the cause"
:he resources being used in pre$ious infrastructure are utili8ed in best way % if some
technology (igration is needed then &mpact 1f :echnology (igration is analy8ed"
2roperty Boom web application is thus :echnically 0easible"
$%ONO4(% F$AS(B&('7
!conomic feasibility studies the in$estments and benefits" &t accesses the impro$ement in
$alue of the information and determines the return on in$estment" :he key is to minimi8e
:otal ost of 1wnership =:1> % maximi8e 4eturn 1n &n$estment =41&>"
(n:esmens
Since no new hardware is required, the existing network resources and computers are being
utili8ed, no major in$estments are required" :he software are easily a$ailable at moderate
prices, the in$estment is small"
Reurns
Gess resources required
&ncreased efficiency and speed"
5ro/er0 Boom is thus economically $iable"
Beha:ioral Feasi"ili0
Beha$ioral feasibility examines whether the system will perform as desired in terms of time
and results" &t also determines whether or not the users are ready to use the system"
5er1orman-e
:he property boom web application performs the required function of pro$iding best
property deals to the customer on the internet
6ser A--e/an-e
Since 2roperty boom web application enables the users to buy or sell their property with
the help of this easy to use web portal , it is be liked by the users" Simple and /escripti$e
9B& will also help in capturing users7 attention"
FindDreamHomes2-om .e" a//li-aion is thus beha$iorally effecti$e
521 SOF'9AR$ AND HARD9AR$ S5$%(F(%A'(ON
52121 Hard.are S/e-i1i-aion
2rocessor : 2entium &&&E'(/ M2
4'( : ,)C (B
5ard disk : )+ 9B
0// : ,"FF(B
(onitor : ,F inch
(ouse : - Button scroll
/ /ri$e : <) M
Neyboard : ,+C keys
52122 So1.are S/e-i1i-aion
1perating System : Windows )+++Exp
Ganguages : ja$a )=!.B)"+, ./B, .S2, Ser$let, .a$a (ail>
0ront !nd : 5:(G, .a$aScript
2latform : .)!!
Web Ser$ers : Web GogicC",E:omcat <"+
Backend : (S 'ccess
Browser 2rogram : &nternet explorerE(o8illa 0ireworks
D$S(!N
D$S(!N 4$'HODO&O!7
Software /esign encompasses the set of principles, concepts and practices that led to the
de$elopment of a high quality system or product ":he goal of design is to produce a model
that exhibits firmness, commodity and delight" 1nce the requirements ha$e been analy8ed
and modeled, software design sets the stage for construction of the software" !ach of the
elements of the analysis model pro$ides information for a complete specification of design"
(nrodu-ion o S0sem Design
:he system design deals with externally obser$able characteristics of a software product"
:hey include:
," /ata 0low /iagram"
)" /ata /ictionary or 4epresentation of /ata Source"
:he design of an information system produces the detail that states will meet the
requirements identified during system analysis" System specialists often refer to this stage
as G19&'G /!S&9N in contrast to the process of de$eloping program software, which is
referred to as 25IS&'G /!S&9N"
Systems 'nalysis begins the design process by identifying reports and other outputs the
system will produce" :hen the specific data on each are pinpointed" Bsually designers
sketch the former displays as they expect it to appear when the system is complete" :his
may be done on a paper or on a computer displays, using one of the automated system
design tools a$ailable" :he systems design also describes the data items and calculation
procedures are written in details" /esigners select file structures and storage de$ices,
magnetic disc, magnetic tape, or e$en paper files" :he procedures they write tell how to
process the data and produce the output" :he documents containing the design specification
portray the design in man#different ways Ocharts, tables and specific symbols" :he detailed
information is passed on to the programming staff so that software de$eloped can begin"
/esigners are responsible for pro$iding programming with complete and clearly outlined
software specifications" 's programming starts designers are a$ailable to answer questions,
clearly fu88y areas and handle problems that confront the programmers when using the
design specification"
&n brief we can say that analysis specifies what the system should do" Basically, we analy8e
the facts and decide whether to make a new system, modify or upgrade the new system to
the system work we want"
:here are many types of systems i"e" 2hysical or 'bstract System, 1pen or losed System,
/eterministic or 2robabilistic System and (an (ade &nformation Systems" 'n information
system is the basis for interaction between the user and the 'nalysis" &t determines the
nature of relationship among the decision makers" &nformation may be defined as a asset of
de$ices, procedures and operating system designed around user based criteria information
an communicate it to the user for planning "
O6'56' D$S(!N
omputer output is the most important and direct source of information to the user
!fficient, intelligible output design should impro$e the systemPs relationships with the user
and help in decision making" ' major form of output is a hard copy from the printer"
2rintouts should be designed around the output requirements of the user" :he output
de$ices to consider depend on factors such as compatibility of the de$ice with the system,
response time requirements, expected print quality, and number of copies needed"
(N56' D$S(!N
&n accurate input data is the most common cause of errors in data processing" !rrors
entered by data entry operators can be controlled by input design" &nput design is a process
of con$erting user#originated inputs to a computer based format" 'fter input data are
identified, appropriate input media are selected for processing and the analyst must decide
how input is entered and the speed of data capture" :he fastest method is online data entry,
which requires a 4: screen for display and predefined userPs options that standardi8e data
capture and pro$ide $isual $erification" The entire input screen is shown with data in
input design section.
DA'A F&O9 D(A!RA4;
/ata flow diagram is graphical tool used to describe and analy8e the mo$ement of data
through system O manual or automated# including the process, stores of data and delays in
the system" /ata flow diagrams are the central tool and the basis from which other
components are de$eloped" :he transformation of data from input to output through
process may be described logically and independently of the physical components
associated with the system" :hey are termed logical data flow diagrams"
4.2.3 Data Flow Diagram
/ata flow diagrams =/0/> are part of a structured model in the de$elopment of software"
:hey are a graphical technique that depicts information flow and the transforms that are
applied as data mo$e from input to output" Basically, the function of /0/s is to show the
user a graphical analysis of a software system" &t is like a flowchart, except /0/s show the
flow of data throughout the system"
:he rectangle represents an external entity" :he external entity is a producer or
consumer of information that resides outside the bounds of the system to be
modeled"
:he circle =process> is a transformer of information that resides within the bounds
of the system" :he line with an arrow =data item> is a single item, or a collection of
data items" :he arrow head represents the directions of the data"
:he 2arallel line =data store> represents a repository of data that is to be stored for
use by one or more processesK maybe as simple as a buffer or a queue or as
sophisticated as a relational database"
$ R D(A!RA4
Users
Type
User ID
Mobile
Phone
Name
Passwor
!o"ali#y
E$mail
Ci#y
Aress
Proper#y
Transa"#ion
Ci#y
Area
!o"ali#y
Aress
Type
Des"rip#ion
Ca#e%ory
Proper#y ID &loors
&ea#'res
A%e
Ba#hroom
&'rnishin%
Beroom
Ownership
#ype
(
N
(
Owns
A
Owns
Proper#y ID

$R Diagram
Paymen#
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51(!
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Gist a property
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'esing
So1.are 'esing is the process of exercising or e$aluating a system or system components
by manual or automated means to $erify that it satisfies specified requirements" &t is the
process of executing a program or systems with the intent of finding errors"
&n software life cycle the earlier the errors are disco$ered and remo$ed, the lower is the
cost of their remo$al" Software testing is itself an expensi$e acti$ity, yet launching of
software without testing may lead to cost potentially much higher than that of testing"
!ffecti$e software testing will contribute to the deli$ery of higher quality software
products, more effecti$e users, and lower maintenance costs, more accurate and reliable
results" 5ence, software testing is necessary and important acti$ity of software
de$elopment life process"
'es -ase can be defined as a set of test inputs, execution conditions, and expected results
de$eloped for a particular objecti$e, such as to exercise a particular program path or to
$erify compliance with a specific requirement" /uring testing, we compare the obser$ed
output with expected output to know the outcome of a test case" &f expected and obser$ed
outputs are different, then, there is a failure and it must be recorded properly on order to
identify the cause of failure" &f both are same, then, there is no failure and program beha$ed
in the expected manner"
:he test case designer7s main objecti$e is to identify good test cases" ' good test case has a
high probability of finding an error" &t should be 3best of breed6, not redundant and should
be neither too simple nor too complex" :he set of test cases is called a test suite"
'esing Sraegies;
9hie Bo= 'esing;
White box testing, also called as sru-ural esing is a software testing technique
in which we deri$e test cases from an examination of program7s logic" Bnlike black
box testing that uses the program specification to examine outputsK white box
testing is based on specific knowledge of the source code to define the test cases
and to examine outputs"
Bsing white box testing methods, the software engineer can deri$e test cases that
=i> guarantee that all independent paths within a module ha$e been exercised at
least once,
=ii> exercise all logical decisions of their true and false sides,
=iii> execute all loops at their boundaries and within their operational bounds,
=i$> exercise internal data structures to ensure their $alidity
When we look in to the program, examine the code and watch it as it runs" :his
acti$ity is dynamic and is about testing a running program, therefore it is called
dynamic white box testing" &f we want to test the program without running it,
meaning thereby examining and re$iewing it, then it is called static white box
testing"
Bla-, Bo= 'esing ;
Black box testing, also called as 1un-ional esing, focuses on the functional
requirements of the software" :hat is black box testing enables the software engineer to
deri$e set of input conditions that will fully exercise all functional requirements for a
program" &t in$ol$es only obser$ation of the output for certain input $alues" :here is no
attempt to analy8e the code, which produces the output" :esting is conducted without
knowledge of software implementation i"e" the system is treated as a black box hence it is
called as black box testing"
Black box testing attempts to find errors in the following categories
=i> incorrect or missing functions
=ii> interface errors
=iii> errors in data structures or external data base access
=i$> beha$ior or performance errors
=$> initiali8ation and termination errors
Bnlike white box testing, which is performed early in the testing process, black box testing
tends to be applied during later stages of testing" :here are a number of techniques that can
be used to design test cases which ha$e been found to be $ery successful in detecting
errors"
6ni 'esing ;Bnit testing is the process of taking a module and running it in isolation
from rest of the software product by using prepared test cases and comparing the actual
results with the results predicted by the specification and design of the module" ' unit test
is the lowest le$el of testing and is normally done by the de$eloper himself" Bnit tests are
performed for classes, blocks and ser$ice packages" Bnit testing is normally considered as
an adjunct to the coding step" 'fter source le$el code has been de$eloped, re$iewed and
$erified for correspondence to component le$el design, unit test case design begins"
Bsually white box testing approaches are used for unit testing and the steps can be
conducted in parallel for multiple modules"
(negraion 'esing ; Software integration testing combines or integrates components of
the software system and tests the resulting configuration to determine if it works as
required and expected" 1ne specific target of integration testing is the interface" &ntegration
testing can be either incremental or non incremental" &ncremental testing is performed by
testing a small part of the system and then incrementally adding components to the
configuration, performing specific tests on each increment" Non incremental testing
in$ol$es assembling all components of the system and then testing them all at once"
&ncremental testing has pro$en to be a more successful approach" :wo main strategies are
used to integrate a system incrementally: top#down and bottom#up" 'o/>do.n esing is
the process of integrating the system under test, progressi$ely, from top to bottom, using
simulations of low#le$el components =called stubs) during testing to complete the system"
:his is in contrast to "oom>u/ esing, in which the system under test is built up
progressi$ely, from bottom to top, using software dri$ers to simulate top#le$el components
during testing"
S0sem 'esing ; :he testing that is conducted on the complete integrated products and
solutions to e$aluate system compliance with specified requirements on functional and non
functional aspects is called as system testing" System testing concerns testing the entire
system or the application as such" :his takes an end O user $iew of the system and the test
cases perform typical end O user actions" System testing is done after unit and integration
testing phases" &t in$ol$es both functional and non functional testing of the product"
Fun-ional esing; 5elps in $erifying what the system is supposed to do" &t aids in testing
the product7s features or functionality" &t has only two results O requirements met or not
met" 0unctional testing normally depends on the product and not on the en$ironment" &t
requires in O depth customer, product as well as domain knowledge to de$elop different test
cases and find critical defects" &t is performed in all phases of testing i"e" unit, integration
and system testing"
Non 1un-ional esing; &t is performed to $erify the quality factors such as reliability,
scalability, performance, scalability etc" :hese quality factors are also called non O
functional requirements" &t requires a large amount of resources and the results are different
for different configurations and resources" &t is a $ery complex method as large amount of
data needs to be collected and analy8ed" :he focus point is to qualify the product" &t is not a
defect finding exercise"
A--e/an-e 'esing; &t is normally performed by the organi8ation ordering the system and
it is the final check by the ordered" :his is often also the $alidation of the system" :he
system is now tested in its real en$ironment" :his type of testing is often called al/ha
esing" :he tests may range from ad hoc tests to well planned systematic series of tests"
:his test can be done for a longer time when the system is working in the en$ironment for
which it has been de$eloped" When the testing has been done, the decision is made as to
whether the product is to be accepted or not" &f there is no specific ordered, for example in
the case of a compiler product, "ea esing is often used" :his means that the product is
tested by specially selected customers who use the system and report the faults they detect"
Beta# testing is done before the product is shipped and is form of pre O release"
TEST STRATEGY
5ow we plan to co$er the product so as to de$elop an adequate assessment of quality"
good test strategy is:
Specific
2ractical
.ustified
D$F(N(N! A '$S' S'RA'$!7
' solid testing strategy pro$ides the framework necessary to implement your testing
methodology" ' separate strategy should be de$eloped for each system being de$eloped
taking into account the de$elopment methodology being used and the specific application
architecture" :he heart of any testing strategy is the master testing strategy document" &t
aggregates all the information from the requirements, system design and acceptance criteria
into a detailed plan for testing" ' detailed master strategy should co$er the following:
5roje- S-o/e 4estate the business objecti$e of the application and define the scope of the
testing" :he statement should be a list of acti$ities that will be in scope or out of scope" '
sample list would include:
QGist of software to be tested
Q Software configurations to be tested
Q /ocumentation to be $alidated
Q 5ardware to be tested
'es O"je-i:es 'he system under test should be measured by its compliance to the
requirements and the user acceptance criteria" !ach requirement and acceptance criteria
must be mapped to specific test plans that $alidate and measure the expected results for
each test being performed" :he objecti$es should be listed in order of importance and
weighted by 4isk"
Feaures and Fun-ions o "e 'esed !$ery feature and function must be listed for test
inclusion or exclusion, along with a description of the exceptions" Some features may not
be testable due to a lack of hardware or lack of control etc" :he list should be grouped by
functional area to add clarity" :he following is a basic list of functional areas: Backup and
reco$ery, Workflow, &nterface design, &nstallation 2rocedures =users, operational,
installation> , 4equirements and design ,(essaging Notifications , !rror handling ,System
exceptions and third#party application faults
Di11eren Sages O1 'esing
$=i
$=e-ue he ess
5re/are he es en:ironmen
&og he De1e-s
Deermine i1 he es -ases
ha:e /assed he esing
sing
Resol:e
he De1e-s in
es -ases
Resol:e
he de1e-s
in -ode
1es
No
:est
!xecution
:est
2lanning
5lan he esing A-i:iies
Design and de:elo/ es -ases
Re:ie. he es -ases
DA'ABAS$ D$S(!N
' database is an organi8ed mechanism that has the capability of storing information
through which a user can retrie$e stored information in an effecti$e and efficient manner"
:he data is the purpose of any database and must be protected"
:he database design is a two le$el process" &n the first step, user requirements are
gathered together and a database is designed which will meet these requirements as clearly
as possible" :his step is called &nformation Ge$el /esign and it is taken independent of any
indi$idual /B(S"
&n the second step, this &nformation le$el design is transferred into a design for the
specific /B(S that will be used to implement the system in question" :his step is called
2hysical Ge$el /esign, concerned with the characteristics of the specific /B(S that will
be used" ' database design runs parallel with the system design"
:he organi8ation of the data in the database is aimed to achie$e the following two
major objecti$es"
Data Integrity
Data independence
Normali8ation is the process of decomposing the attributes in an application, which
results in a set of tables with $ery simple structure" :he purpose of normali8ation is to
make tables as simple as possible"
Normali8ation is carried out in this system for the following reasons"
:o structure the data so that there is no repetition of data , this helps in
sa$ing"
:o permit simple retrie$al of data in response to query and report request"
:o simplify the maintenance of the data through updates, insertions,
/eletions"
:o reduce the need to restructure or reorgani8e data which new application
4equirements arise"

?2@21 R$&A'(ONA& DA'ABAS$ 4ANA!$4$N' S7S'$4 (RDB4S);
' relational model represents the database as a collection of relations" !ach relation
resembles a table of $alues or file of records" &n formal relational model terminology, a row
is called a tuple, a column header is called an attribute and the table is called a relation" '
relational database consists of a collection of tables, each of which is assigned a unique
name" ' row in a tale represents a set of related $alues"
R$&A'(ONS3 DO4A(NS A A''R(B6'$S;
' table is a relation" :he rows in a table are called tuples" ' tuple is an ordered set of n
elements" olumns are referred to as attributes" 4elationships ha$e been set between e$ery
table in the database" :his ensures both 4eferential and !ntity 4elationship &ntegrity" '
domain / is a set of atomic $alues" ' common method of specifying a domain is to specify
a data type from which the data $alues forming the domain are drawn" &t is also useful to
specify a name for the domain to help in interpreting its $alues" !$ery $alue in a relation is
atomic, that is not decomposable"
R$&A'(ONSH(5S;
Table relationships are established using Key. The two main keys of prime
importance are Primary Key & Foreign Key. Entity Integrity and eferential Integrity
elationships can be established with these keys.
Entity Integrity enforces that no Primary Key can ha!e null !alues.
eferential Integrity enforces that no Primary Key can ha!e null !alues.
eferential Integrity for each distinct Foreign Key !alue" there must e#ist a
matching Primary Key !alue in the same domain. $ther key are %uper Key and
&andidate Keys.
elationships ha!e been set between e!ery table in the database. This ensures
both eferential and Entity elationship Integrity.
NOR4A&(BA'(ON;
's the name implies, it denoted putting things in the normal form" :he application
de$eloper $ia normali8ation tries to achie$e a sensible organi8ation of data into proper
tables and columns and where names can be easily correlated to the data by the user"
Normali8ation eliminates repeating groups at data and thereby a$oids data redundancy
which pro$es to be a great burden on the computer resources" :hese includes:
'ormali(e the data.
&hoose proper names for the tables and columns.
&hoose the proper name for the data.
Firs Normal Form:
:he 0irst Normal 0orm states that the domain of an attribute must include only
atomic $alues and that the $alue of any attribute in a tuple must be a single $alue from the
domain of that attribute" &n other words ,N0 disallows 3relations within relations6 or
3relations as attribute $alues within tuples6" :he only attribute $alues permitted by ,N0 are
single atomic or indi$isible $alues"
:he first step is to put the data into 0irst Normal 0orm" :his can be donor by
mo$ing data into separate tables where the data is of similar type in each table" !ach table
is gi$en a 2rimary Ney or 0oreign Ney as per requirement of the project" &n this we form
new relations for each nonatomic attribute or nested relation" :his eliminated repeating
groups of data"
' relation is said to be in first normal form if only if it satisfies the constraints that
contain the primary key only"
Se-ond Normal Form:
'ccording to Second Normal 0orm, for relations where primary key contains
multiple attributes, no nonkey attribute should be functionally dependent on a part of the
primary key"
&n this we decompose and setup a new relation for each partial key with its dependent
attributes" (ake sure to keep a relation with the original primary key and any attributes that
are fully functionally dependent on it" :his step helps in taking out data that is only
dependant on apart of the key"
' relation is said to be in second normal form if and only if it satisfies all the first
normal form conditions for the primary key and e$ery non#primary key attributes of the
relation is fully dependent on its primary key alone"
'hird Normal Form:
'ccording to :hird Normal 0orm, 4elation should not ha$e a nonkey attribute
functionally determined by another nonkey attribute or by a set of nonkey attributes" :hat
is, there should be no transiti$e dependency on the primary key"
&n this we decompose and set up relation that includes the nonkey attributes that
functionally determines other nonkey attributes" :his step is taken to get rid of anything
that does not depend entirely on the 2rimary Ney"
' relation is said to be in third normal form if only if it is in second normal form
and more o$er the non key attributes of the relation should not be depend on other non key
attribute"
'AB&$S S'R6%'6R$
'a"le Name; ADS
Fieldname Daa '0/e &engh +e0
)D*ID :ext ,+
DE%&IPTI$' :ext )++ #
$$+% Number Gong &nteger
)E) Number Gong &nteger
&*ID :ext -
,$&*ID :ext F
P$-*ID :ext F
PI&E Number
F.I Number
& Number
T/PE*ID :ext
+$0I,E :ext
TE,*'$ :ext
PE%$' :ext
E*ID :ext
%T)T.% Number
%1)I'2 Number
I+)2E Number
P)%%ED Number
:able Name: 'G!4:S
Fieldname Daa '0/e &engh +e0
AL_ID :ext )+
NAME :ext )< #
GENDER Number
EMAIL :ext
TEL :ext
MOBILE :ext
JOB :ext
BDAY /ateE:ime
CITY :ext
COUNTRY Number
DESCRIPTION :ext
STATUS Number
PASSED Number
:able Name: &:I
Fieldname Daa '0/e &engh +e0
R&/ :ext - 2rimary key
&:I :ext )+ #
:able Name: 01491:
Fieldname Daa '0/e &engh +e0
BS!4N'(! :ext ,+
4!'G!S:':! :ext <+ #
/':!1N /ateE:ime
2'SS!/ Number Gong &nteger
:able Name: G1':&1N
Fieldname Daa '0/e &engh +e0
G1R&/ :ext F 2rimary
G1':&1N :ext )+ #
&:I :ext -
:able Name: New
Fieldname Daa '0/e &engh +e0
G1R&/ :ext F 2rimary
G1':&1N :ext )+ #
&:I :ext -
:able Name: 241.!:
Fieldname Daa '0/e &engh +e0
241.R&/ :ext F 2rimary
241.!: :ext -+ #
R&/ :ext -
:able Name: 4!'GR!S:':!
Fieldname Daa '0/e &engh +e0
4!R&/ :ext F
4!RN'(! :ext )+ #
:!GRN1 :ext -
0'MRN1 :ext
(1B&G! :ext
2!4S1N :ext
!('&G :ext
W!BS&:! :ext
BS!4N'(! :ext 2rimary
2'SSW14/ :ext
&('9! Number
2'SS!/ Number
:able Name: :I2!
Fieldname Daa '0/e &engh +e0
:I2!R&/ Harchar - 2rimary key
:I2! Harchar -+ #
%OD$ D$'A(&S
:he purpose of code is to facilitate the identification, retrie$al of the items and
information" ' code is an oriented collection of symbols design to pro$ide unique
identification of an entry or attribute" ode is built with manually exclusi$e features" odes
in all cases specify object which are physical or on performance characteristics" :hey are
used to gi$e optimal distraction and other information" odes are used for identifying,
accessing, storing and matching records" :he codes insure that only one $alue of the code
with a single meaning is correctly applied to gi$e entity or attribute as described in $arious
ways" ode can also be design in a manner easily understood and applied by the user"
<")", 1/&N9 S:'N/'4/S
:he standard used in the de$elopment of the system is (icrosoft 2rogramming standards" it
includes naming con$ersions of $ariables, constants and objects, standardi8ed formats or
labelling and commenting code, spacing, formatting and indenting"
<")") N'(&N9 1NH!N:&1N
lasses7 names and interface names will start with capital letter" :he function names will
start with small letters and the first letter of each word in the function name will be in
capital letter"
<")"- G'B!GS 'N/ 1((!N:S
Sufficient labels and comments are included in the description of it for the benefits if the
de$eloper and other programmers who might examine it later"
User Interface
0or all the entry screen frames are used which will show the type of the user who is
currently logged in and the menus"
Standard actions are used for standard actions"
Same font is related properties are used for similar screens"
:he method of implementation and the time scale to be adopted are found out initially"
Next the system is tested properly and the users are trained in the new procedures"
52C SA45&$S %OD$S
(45&$4$N'A'(ON
&mplementation is the stage of the project where the theoretical
design is turned into a working system" &t can be considered to be the most crucial stage in
achie$ing a successful new system gaining the users confidence that the new system will
work and will be effecti$e and accurate" &t is primarily concerned with user training and
documentation" on$ersion usually takes place about the same time the user is being
trained or later" &mplementation simply means con$ening a new system design into
operation, which is the process of con$erting a new re$ised system design into an
operational one"
&mplementation is the stage of the project where the theoretical design is tuned into
a working system" 't this stage the main work load, the greatest uphea$al and the major
impact on the existing system shifts to the user department" &f the implementation is not
carefully planned and controlled it can create chaos and confusion"
&mplementation includes all those acti$ities that take place to con$ert from the
existing system to the new system" :he new system may be a totally new, replacing an
existing manual or automated system or it may be a modification to an existing system"
2roper implementation is essential to pro$ide a reliable system to meet organi8ation
requirements" :he process of putting the de$eloped system in actual use is called system
implementation" :his includes all those acti$ities that take place to con$ert from the old
system to the new system" :he system can be implemented only after through testing is
done and if it is found to be working according to the specifications" :he system personnel
check the feasibility of the system" :he more complex the system being implemented, the
more in$ol$ed will be the system analysis and design effort required to implement the three
main aspects: education and training, system testing and changeo$er" :he implementation
state in$ol$es the following tasks:
&areful planning.
In!estigation of system and constraints.
Design of methods to achie!e the changeo!er.
Training of the staff in the changeo!er phase.
@21 (m/lemenaion 5ro-edures
&mplementation of software refers to the final installation of the package in its real
en$ironment, to the satisfaction of the intended uses and the operation of the system" &n
many organi8ations someone who will not be operating it, will commission the software
de$elopment project" &n the initial stage people doubt about the software but we ha$e to
ensure that the resistance does not build up, as one has to make sure that
The acti!e user must be aware of the benefits of using the new system.
Their confidence in the software is built up.
Proper guidance is imparted to the user so that he is comfortable in using
the application.
Before going ahead and $iewing the system, the user must know that for $iewing
the result, the ser$er program should be running in the ser$er" &f the ser$er object is not up
running on the ser$er, the actual process won7t take place"
@2121 6ser 'raining
Bser training is designed to prepare the user for testing and con$erting the system"
:o achie$e the objecti$e and benefits expected from computer based system, it is essential
for the people who will be in$ol$ed to be confident of their role in the new system" 's
system becomes more complex, the need for training is more important" By user training
the user comes to know how to enter data, respond to error messages, interrogate the
database and call up routine that will produce reports and perform other necessary
functions"
@2122 'raining on he A//li-aion So1.are
'fter pro$iding the necessary basic training on computer awareness the user will
ha$e to be trained on the new application software" :his will gi$e the underlying
philosophy of the use of the new system such as the screen flow, screen design type of help
on the screen, type of errors while entering the data, the corresponding $alidation check at
each entry and the ways to correct the date entered"
&t should then co$er information needed by the specific userE group to use the
system or part of the system while imparting the training of the program on the application"
:his training may be different across different user groups and across different le$els of
hierarchy"
@212C O/eraional Do-umen
1nce the implementation plan is decided, it is essential that the user of the system is
made familiar and comfortable with the en$ironment" !ducation in$ol$es right atmosphere
and moti$ating the user" ' documentation pro$iding the whole operations of the system is
being de$eloped in such a way that the user can work with it in well consistent way" :he
system is de$eloped user friendly so that the user can work the system from the tips gi$en
in the application itself" Bseful tip and guidance is gi$en inside the application itself to help
the user" Bsers ha$e to be made aware that what can be achie$ed with the new system and
how it increases the performance of the system" :he user of the system should be gi$en a
general idea of the system before he uses the system"
@212? S0sem 4ainenan-e
(aintenance is the enigma of system de$elopment" :he maintenance phase of the software
cycle is the time in which a software product performs useful work" 'fter a system is
successfully implemented, it should be maintained in a proper manner" System
maintenance is an important aspect in the software de$elopment life cycle" :he need for
system maintenance is for it to make adaptable to the changes in the system en$ironment"
Software maintenance is of course, far more than S0inding (istakesS" (aintenance may be
defined by describing four acti$ities that are undertaken after a program is released for
use"
921 S-o/e 1or Fuure $nhan-emen
&n future we can able to add more modules in this project 92#
/esk" &n the proposed system the user is pro$ided with a choice of data screen, which
are similar in formats to the source documents" /ata entry errors can be minimi8ed
through $alidity checks" 'fter the $erification only the data are placed in the permanent
database" :he software can be de$eloped further to include a lot of modules because the
proposed system is de$eloped on the $iew of future, for example we should de$elop the
system as a database independent using ./B so we can connect it to any other
database" Now the proposed system is based on 2 and intranet but in the future if we
need to con$ert it into internet then we need to change the front end only because we are
de$eloping this on the basis of 112 technology and most of the business logic7s are
bounded in the class files and module like reusable components"

1D2 B(B(&O!RA5H7
BOO+S;
&harles 1ampfed 345556 7Instant -a!a %er!er Pages8 .ni!ersity of Toronto
1erbert %childt 345556 7-a!a &omplete eference8 Tata +c2raw 1ill
-ohn 9ukowski 345556 7+astering -a!a48 0P0 Publications
-amie -aworsky 7-4EE 0ible8 Techmedia
%tefen Denninger 7Enterprise -a!a 0eans:4.;8 )uthor8s Press
Ian %omer!ille 7%oftware engineering8
a<ee! mall 7%oftware engineering8
Elmasri 'a!athe 7Fundamentals of database systems8

ON&(N$ R$F$R$N%$;
www.theser!erside.com
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