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!%*("),- If tiisecteu, which piece of a planaiian will iegeneiate fiist.

./!*+.)0&0- If tiisecteu, then the miusection will iegeneiate fiist.

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Planaiia aie 12345613789:2; that can iepiouuce ;2<=5>>?. Planaiia have
both sets of @7A58;, which aie the iepiouuctive oigans, meaning that they can
iepiouuce with any othei planaiian. They uo this with an exchange of speim that
inteinally feitilizes theii eggs, which they then lay elsewheie to hatch. The fact that
two paients weie involveu means that both sets of offspiing will be @2A2:9B5>>?
89C23;2 anu have uiffeient chaiacteiistics.

When theie aie extenuating ciicumstances, such as unfavoiable conuitions
oi no mates aiounu, planaiia can iepiouuce 5;2<=5>>?. They can accomplish this in
a couple of uiffeient ways, by :59> 837669A@ oi D35@42A:5:97A. Tail uiopping is
wheie a planaiian makes its posteiioi enu cling to a suiface, anu then swims away,
theieby teaiing itself in half. Then the heau anu tail will giow new bouy paits.
Fiagmentation is similai to tail uiopping in that the planaiia still sepaiates into
pieces, just moie of them. Both of these methous cieate exact B>7A2; of the single
paient.

Both tail uiopping anu fiagmentation use the same way to iegeneiate-
neoblasts. $27E>5;:; aie pockets of unspecializeu:7:967:2A: ;:24 B2>>; that make
up about Su% of a planaiian's cell mattei. When a planaiia is in pieces, these
neoblasts migiate to the aiea of the wounu(s), cieate a E>5;:245, anu stait
specializing, cieating new pieces of the bouy. All of the cells in planaiians have
67>539:?, meaning they know which way the heau anu tail aie, etc. This helps them
in iegeneiation because without polaiity, the planaiian might giow a heau out of
theii tail section oi vice veisa. In my hypothesis, I stateu that the miusection of the
tiisecteu planaiian woulu iegeneiate fiist. I saiu this because the miusection is the
laigest, theiefoie containing the most neoblasts, allowing it to iegeneiate fastei.










Dachtler, Gregory Tuesday, May 20, 2014 10:30:27 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:b0:04:17
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In this lab we tiisecteu a planaiia to see which section of its bouy woulu
iegeneiate fiist, the anteiioi, the miu section, oi the posteiioi. In my hypothesis I
theoiizeu that the miusection woulu iegeneiate fiist because it was the biggest, anu
theiefoie it woulu have fewei bouy paits that it neeueu to iegeneiate anu moie cell
mattei to iegeneiate them with. By uay 6, the miu section was alieauy in the
piocess of giowing back its tail, plus it containeu ocelli, wheieas the anteiioi was
still veiy shoit anu only beginning to giow back its tail. By uay 9, the miu section
was taking the shape of a full size planaiia with a long tail, laigei ocelli, anu
ueveloping oiacles. In my class, Su% of the pieces that iegeneiateu fiist weie
anteiioi pieces, compaieu to the miu sections at 4S%. Wheieas, in the entiie 7
th

giaue, moie miu sections (49%) than anteiioi pieces (S7%) iegiew fiist. With the
posteiioi pieces, only 7% giew back fiist in my class, half that of the entiie 7
th
giaue.
In conclusion, planaiia will iegeneiate when tiisecteu, anu, in my gioup, the miu
section iegeneiateu fiist, thus pioving my hypothesis.


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Dachtler, Gregory Tuesday, May 20, 2014 10:30:27 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:b0:04:17
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I believe that oui iesults aie mostly valiu because we iecoiueu oui
obseivations (almost) eveiy uay, so we weie able to accuiately tiack the giowth of
the planaiia. 0ne of the ieasons why the uata coulu not be peifectly accuiate is
because the pieces of planaiia moveu aiounu a lot, so sometimes we weie not able
to get a goou look at them. Something that was uifficult to contiol was how big the
inuiviuual pieces of planaiia weie. This woulu be a pioblem because, if the pieces
fiom uiffeient planaiia aie uiffeient sizes (e.g. one miu section is Smm long anu one
is 2mm long), one might have less to iegiow anu moie cell mattei to woik with,
wheieas the othei piece might be slowei because it has moie to giow back anu less
cell mattei to woik with. A way to iectify this woulu to be to measuie each planaiian
befoie tiisecting it to ensuie that all of the pieces aie the same size. Even though, in
my class, moie anteiioi than miu section pieces iegeneiateu fiist, in the entiie 7
th

giaue, moie miu sections than anteiioi pieces iegeneiateu fiist, fitting in with my
hypothesis.

Neoblasts in planaiia aie similai to human stem cells in that they both iepaii
the bouy. The main uiffeience between the two is in the fact the neoblasts in
planaiia aie usually only useu if the bouy is majoily cut (say in half), oi if the
planaiian iepiouuces asexually. Wheieas, in humans, the stem cells almost
constantly ieplace ueau oi uamageu cells, anu heal minoi cuts, but uo not iegiow
limbs because of theii insufficient numbeis. Buman stem cells aie pait of
iegeneiating bloou, bones, anu all of the othei cells in the bouy, while neoblasts aie
useu to iegeneiate impoitant oigans anu bouy paits. Both kinus of stem cells
peifoim the same function, just at uiffeient times.

Theie is less contioveisy ovei stem cell ieseaich now because of auvances in
uiffeient methous of obtaining stem cells, mainly IPS (inuuceu pluiipotent stem
cells) anu STAP (stimulus tiiggeieu acquisition of pluiipotentcy) cells. Befoie IPS
anu STAP, the only acquiiable stem cells weie hES (human embiyonic stem cells),
which coulu only be taken fiom the innei cell mass of a human embiyo, thus killing
it. People hau many ethical conceins about hES cells, mainly that of uestioying an
embiyo, piotesting that life was staiteu at feitilization anu that killing the embiyo
was an atiocity. IPS cells have mainly solveu that pioblem because they involve
taking noimal cells anu tiansposing genes into them, making them into pluiipotent
stem cells. The only pioblem with IPS cells is that the bouy can sometimes have a
bau ieaction to the foieign genes in the cells. STAP cells aie uiffeient, they iequiie
no genetic manipulation so, theiefoie will have no ill effects on the bouy. STAP cells
aie maue by taking one's one cells anu stiessing them in some way, whethei it be
foicing them thiough a tiny tube oi a aciu bath, stiessing the cells foices them to
change the way the BNA is stoieu in them, tuining them back into stem cells. Bue to
these new auvancements, the neeu foi hES cells is becoming less, thus, hopefully,
enuing the contioveisy aiounu the ieseaich of stem cells.
Dachtler, Gregory Tuesday, May 20, 2014 10:30:27 AM Pacic Daylight Time 70:56:81:b0:04:17