Signals and Systems

1
California State University, Bakersfield
Hani Mehrpouyan
1
,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
California State University, Bakersfield
Lecture 20 (Error Probability)
February 20
th
, 2013
1
Some of the lectures notes here reproduced are taken from course textbooks: Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications B. Sklar. Communication Systems Engineering, J. G. Proakis and M
Salehi, and Lecture Notes for Digital Communication, Queens University, Canada, S. Yousefi.
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Outline
Error Rate for M-PSK
Differential Encoding and Differential PSK (DPSK):
Error Probability for Coherent PSK
Error Probability for DPSK
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Error Rate for M-PSK
For binary case (M = 2), we have already obtained both bit and
symbol error rates (BPAM):
To extend the results for the M-ary case, we will consider two
general methods of detection (demodulation) each with own
level of complexity and performance:
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Error Rate for M-PSK
Coherent or Phase-Coherent detection: This method of detection
requires that the received signal r(t) and the correlating
waveforms in the demodulator ({
n
(t)}
N
n=1
) be perfectly
synchronized with each other in time/carrier phase.
Non-coherent detection: otherwise.
In practice, due to propagation delays in the medium as well as
non-idealities in the local oscillators in Tx and Rx, the phase of
cos(2f
c
t) (carrier phase) generated in the Rx might not be
locked to that of r(t) (i.e., phase of Tx oscillator).
There are a number of techniques to cause the carrier to be
phase-locked to the received signal.
One remedy is to use a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL). A PLL will lock
the phase of the Rx to that of Tx. We do not discuss the PLL
techniques/circuits in this course.
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Error Rate for M-PSK
Other alternative to the use of PLL circuits:
transmit a replica of the carrier signal with the
information signal, e.g., in the AM case (we add a
strong carrier replica to the DSB-SC signal to
construct an AM signal).
This carrier component is referred to as the pilot
signal. The pilot signal can be filtered from the
received signal and be used for coherent
demodulation.
What is the price to pay here?
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Differential Encoding and Differential
PSK (DPSK):
Differential encoding is another method to combat ambiguities
in the phase of the received signal.
This is a modulation scheme with memory.
In PSK: we adopt a phase for a given block of information (bits).
In DPSK: we alter the carrier phase with respect to the previous
(thus, differential) signaling interval (block of information).
To show this very simple concept, let us compare QPSK and
DQPSK:
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DPSK
In QPSK
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DPSK
In DQPSK:
Di-bit 00 from the source shift the phase by 0
o
Di-bit 01 from the source shift the phase by 90
o
Di-bit 11 from the source shift the phase by 180
o
Di-bit 10 from the source shift the phase by 270
o
Assume we have the binary sequence 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 to
transmit.
As the schemes are both quaternary, we need to parse the date
into di-bits.
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DPSK
The transmitted signal s(t) is obtained by varying the phase of a
carrier according to the mappings discussed for QPSK and DQPSK
That is, the
information is
really stored in the
phase difference of
two successive
signaling intervals.
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DPSK
Implication: system will not be sensitive to phase ambiguities as
long they are stationary.
Consider a phase jitter of degrees stationary over a few
successive intervals. Then, if the perceived phases are:
Through differential detection:
which is the correct phase for the 2nd signaling interval.
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Error Probability for Coherent PSK
For the coherent case, all the
arguments used in the
introduction of demodulation
and detection are valid:
The demodulator is perfectly
in synchronization with the
received signal and the
observation vector r has the
Gaussian PDF presented
before.
The detector will implement
an appropriate detection
using r (say MED, for
equiprobable set in AWGN).
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Error Probability for Coherent PSK
For an equiprobable case, MED involves simple Voronoi regions.
Considering the perpendicular bisectors of lines joining the
neighboring signal points in an M-PSK signal set, the decision
regions turn out to be wedges with tips or apices at the origin.
D
1
is the decision region for s
1
(t): a wedge with a 2/M rad angle.
Then, using the geometry of the constellation and Voronoi
regions, the error rate
will simplify to:
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Error Probability for Coherent PSK
Comparison of symbol error rates for M-ary PSK (P
M
= P
s
(e)):
We will show later that the
case of QPSK is an easier one
where we can find closed-form
expressions for the probability
of error.
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Error Probability for DPSK
Using the differential phase modulation and demodulation
discussed, we have the following DPSK demodulator:
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Error Probability for DPSK
Coherent PSK naturally performs better than the simpler DPSK
variant.
Comparison of BPSK and DBPSK: we do not discuss the
derivations of error probability for the differential PSK here. For
the binary case, the error rate is given by:
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