Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar

Department of Electrical Engineering

EE 333 Electrical Machines and Power Electronics Lab. B. Tech.: Electrical, Sem. : VI

EXPERIMENT 5: 1. Circuit Model using Open Circuit and Short Circuit tests on a Single Phase
Transformer.2. Parallel operation of Transformers

AIM
1. To conduct open circuit and Short Circuit tests on a single phase transformer and hence
determine the equivalent circuit parameters. Also to determine from the Equivalent
Circuit, the percentage efficiency and regulation at any given load.
2. To perform Parallel operation of two similar transformer and understand their load
sharing characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sr.
No.
Apparatus Type Specification Quantity
1.
2.
3.
4
5.
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Wattmeter
Autotransformer
MI
MI
LPF
UPF

(0-5 )A
(0-300) V
(5A, 300V)
(5A,150V)
(0-220 ) V
1
1
1
1
1

THEORY
I. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
The equivalent circuit of the transformer is as shown in the figure. It consists of two
circuits (i) magnetizing circuit Consisting of R
0
and X
0
., (ii) Working circuit consisting
of R
01,
X
01
and load Z
L.

The above four quantities namely of R
01,
X
01
R
0
and X
0
are known as Parameters or
Constants of the Transformer. R
o
and X
o
can be found out with the help of OPEN
CIRCUIT (or) NO Load test and R
01
, and X
01
by short circuit test. Once we know these
quantities, the performance of the transformer such as efficiency, regulation, can be
found out at any desired load and power factor
II. Open circuit Test
As the name implies the secondary is left open. Primary is given with rated normal
voltage. With normal voltage normal flux will be set up in the core. Hence normal iron
loss will occur. As the primary current is small (usually 2 to 10% of the rated current)
Copper loss will be negligibly small in primary and Nil in secondary (it being open).
Hence power consumed under open circuit is practically core loss and the same for all
the loads.
W = V
1
I
0
COS
0
; COS
0
= W/V
0
I
0

I

= I
0
SIN
0
I
=
I
0
COS
0

X
0
= V
1
/ I

; R
0
= V
1
/ I

III. Short Circuit test
This method is used for determining the following;
1. Equivalent Impedance ( Z
01
, or Z
02
) Leakage Reactance X
01
, X
02
) and total resistance (
R
01
, R
02

) of the Transformer is referred in which the measuring instruments are
placed.
2. Copper loss at full load (at any desired load) . This loss is used in calculating the
efficiency of the transformer.
3. Knowing Z
01 or
Z
02
the total voltage drop in the transformer as referred to primary or
secondary can be calculated and hence regulation of the transformer is determined.
Now the rated full load current is made to flow in the circuit by applying a small
percentage of normal voltage by means of an auto transformer. Because of this core
losses are very small with the result the wattmeter represents full load copper loss for
the whole transformer.
If V
SC
is the voltage required to circulate the load currents then,

Z
01
= V
SC
/ I
1
also W
Sc
= I
1
2
R
01
and hence R
01
= W
SC
/ I
1
2


X
01
=

01
2

01
2

Subsequently it is evident that copper loss depends on current and iron loss on voltage.
Hence total transformer loss depends on volt ampere and not on phase angle between
the current and voltage.
FORMULAE

% Regulation =

1
{
01

01
}

1


% Efficiency =
()x x 1000
()x x1000 +

+
2

Where is the ratio of actual to rated value.

THEORY(PARALLEL OPERATION)
For supplying the load on excess of the rating of an existing transformer, a second transformer
T
2
may be connected in parallel with an existing transformer T
1
. It is seen that the primary
windings are connected to the supply bus and the secondary windings are connected to the
load. In connecting two or more than two transformer in parallel, it is essential that terminals
of similar polarities are joined to the same bus bars. There are certain definite conditions
which must be satisfied in order to avoid any local circulating of the current and to ensure that
the transformer share the common load is proportional to their KVA ratings. The conditions
are,
i. Primary windings of the transformers should be suitable for the supply system voltage
and frequency.
ii. The Transformers should be connected properly with regards to their polarity.
iii. The transformers should be having the same R/X ratio. The % impedance should be
equal in magnitude.
iv. The voltage readings of both primaries and secondarys should be identical.
v. The transformers having different KVA ratings, the equivalent impedances should be
inversely proportional to the individual KVA rating if circulating currents are to be
avoided.
FORMULAE
If I
t1
and I
t2
are the theoretical values of the current drawn by the transformers T
1
and T
2
in

amperes and if I
L
is the load current in amperes then,
I
t1
= I
L
(Z
2
/ (Z
1
+Z
2
) A
I
t2
=

I
L
(Z
1
/ (Z
1
+Z
2
) A

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
NO LOAD TEST
V
2
5
0

V

A
C

S
u
p
p
l
y
A
V
M
L
C V
Auto
Xmer
1 Phase
Xmer


SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
V
2
5
0

V

A
C

S
u
p
p
l
y
A
V
M
L
C V
Auto
Xmer
1 Phase
Xmer
A

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
R
O1 X
O1
E
1=
E
2
'
I
2
' I
1
R
O
X
O V
2
' V
1


CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (For Parallel operation)
V
A
V
A
V
A
2
5
0

V

A
C

S
u
p
p
l
y
T1
T2
Load
IT1
IT2
IL
VT






Short Circuit Test to measure Impedances
V
2
5
0

V

A
C

S
u
p
p
l
y
A
A V
T1
Auto
Transformer


PROCEDURE (OC and SC Tests)
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
The connections are given as per circuit diagram. Keeping the secondary at no load the
rated primary voltage is applied. The readings of the ammeter voltmeter and watt meter
are recorded. From these values the magnetising branch parameters R
0
X
0
of the
equivalent circuit are calculated using the above equations.
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
The Circuit is made as per drawing shown. Keeping the secondary winding shorted, the
voltage applied to the winding is adjusted using the auto transformer such that the current
thro the winding does not exceed rated primary current. The corresponding Voltmeter and
wattmeter readings are taken. From these values R
01
, X
01
of the transformer are
calculated.
The efficiency and Regulation are calculated for different load fraction and the graph is
plotted.
TABULATION
Efficiency
Sr.
No
Load
Factor
X
Iron
Loss
X
2

Cu
loss
in
W
Total
Losses
in
W
OUTPUT
Power in
W
%
Load
KVA
INPUT
Power in W
% Efficiency
UPF
0.8
pf
UPF
0.8
pf
UPF
0.8
pf
1


2


3

4


5


Regulation
PF =
COS
X = 1.25 X=1.00 X=0.75 X = 1.25 X=1.00 X=0.75
Lag Lag Lag Lag Lag Lag
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0

MODEL GRAPH
0
Pf
(Lag)
%
Regulation
Pf
(Lead)

Regulation
0
% Load KVA
%

E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
U
P
F
0
.
8

L
a
g

Efficiency

PROCEDURE (Parallel Operation)
1. Actual Load Sharing operation with parallel connection
The Connections are made as per circuit diagram. The SPST switch is kept Open and
supply side DPST switch is closed. The voltage across SPST is seen. If the Voltmeter
reads Zero, it indicates that the polarities of the secondarys are correct and the SPST is
closed. Now the transformers are ready for taking the load. The load side DPST is closed
and by varying the load values of the current I
1
and I
2
and I
L
are noted. The secondary
terminal voltage V
T
is also noted and tabulated.
2. Short Circuit test to find Impedances Z
1
and Z
2

The Connections are made for conducting short circuit test using an auto transformer. A
reduced voltage is applied gradually till the rated current is flowing in the primary
circuit. Readings of the voltmeter and ammeter are recorded. The Impedance is
calculated using the procedure mentioned above. This procedure is repeated for
Transformer 2 also.
3. Comparison with Load Sharing
Using the Impedance values Z1 and Z
2
the theoretical values of I
t1
and I
t2
are calculated
and compared with actual values.

TABULATION (Short Circuit test)
Transformer V
SC
in volts I
1
in A Z



Load sharing and Comparison
I
L in
A I
t1 in
A I
t2 in
A V
T in
v Theoretical values
I
t1 in
A I
t2 in
A



RESULT AND INFERENCE