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R
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Technology and Solutions
Protection and Substation Automation
Topic:
BREAKER
FAILURE
PROTECTION
APPLICATION
BASICS
BASICS
ABB

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Topic Objectives
r Fault condition in a power grid
r Protection zones
r System behavior in case of breaker failure situation
r BFP solutions
r BFP application
Objectives
ABB

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B
u
s
b
a
r
Busbar
L
i
n
e
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r

-
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
BB
Fault Condition in a Power Grid
Protection zones
G
ABB

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B
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b
a
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Fault Condition in a Power Grid
Busbar Fault
G
ABB

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Fault Condition in a Power Grid
Busbar Fault
G
- cleared
ABB

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R
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Fault Condition in a Power Grid
Busbar Fault
G
- Breaker Failure - solution
trip command to all
surrounding CBs by
a remote tripping
command
a tripping command via
the intertripping system
ABB

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B
B

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L
i
n
e
Fault Condition in a Power Grid
Line Fault
G
ABB

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Fault Condition in a Power Grid
Line Fault
G
- cleared
ABB

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R
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Fault Condition in a Power Grid
Line Fault
G
- Breaker Failure - solution
trip command to all
surrounding CBs by
a remote tripping
command
a tripping command via
the intertripping system
ABB

A
B
B

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1
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T
r
a
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s
f
o
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m
e
r
Fault Condition in a Power Grid
Transformer or Generator - Transformer Fault
G
ABB

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Fault Condition in a Power Grid
G
Transformer or Generator - Transformer Fault - cleared
ABB

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Transformer or Generator - Transformer Fault
Fault Condition in a Power Grid
G
- Breaker Failure - solution
trip command to all
surrounding CBs by
a remote tripping
command
a tripping command via
the intertripping system
ABB

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B

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R
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How is it possible to
detect a non operating
circuit breaker (= Circuit
Breaker Failure)
???
Breaker Failure Protection Solutions
ABB

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1. supervision of the feeder current (with
an overcurrent criteria) after a tripping
command
OR
2. supervision of the CB auxiliary contacts
after a tripping command
OR
3. supervision of the feeder current (with
the BBP measurement algorithm) after a
tripping command (only applicable if
the BFP is installed in the BBP system)
- BBP unbalancing
Breaker Failure Protection Solutions
ABB

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B

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feeder
current
t ~ higher than the highest possible CB
opening time + arc extinguish time
Breaker Failure Protection Solutions
solution 1:
t2
~120 ms
re-trip to
faulty CB
(coil 1 & 2)
trip to the
surrounding
CBs by
intertripping &
remote tripping
CB opening
coil
trip to CB from
protection device
BFP
t1
~120 ms
&
I >
the trip from the protection
device is called Starting BFP
!!!
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CB closed
t ~ higher than the highest possible CB
opening time + arc extinguish time
Breaker Failure Protection Solutions
solution 2:
t2
~120 ms
re-trip to
faulty CB
(coil 1 & 2)
trip to the
surrounding
CBs by
intertripping &
remote tripping
CB opening
coil
trip to CB from
protection device
t1
~120 ms
&
BFP
the trip from the protection
device is called Starting BFP
!!!
ABB

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B

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Breaker Failure Protection Solutions
solution 3:
re-trip to faulty CB
(coil 1 & 2) &
remote trip
inter-
tripping
CB opening
coil
trip to CB from
protection device x
BFP
CB x
t1
~120 ms
t2
~120 ms
BBP
BFP
CB y
CB x
CB y
trip to CB from
protection device y
&
B
F
P

l
o
g
i
c
feeder
current
BFP logic
I = 0
IF

I

=

I
F
ABB

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R
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An advanced BFP (& BBP)
system offers all 3 solutions
!!!
Which solution must be used
for which application
???
Breaker Failure Protection Solutions
ABB

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R
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Breaker Failure Protection Solutions
standard BFP application (most common used)
for line, transformer, generator, generator- transformer, reactors and
coupler CBs
for all voltage levels and switchgear configurations
overcurrent settable independently for all feeders (depending on the
minimum feeder short current)
operation independent on the CB auxiliary contacts (aux. contacts are
a week part of the protection chain)
for single, double and three phase auto- reclosure (tripping), (phase
segregated starting inputs)
for detection of evolving faults (phase segregated timers for t1)
remote tripping signal settable after timer 1 or timer 2
advanced trip- redirection functionality in case of CB SF6
underpressure condition
not applicable for very low fault currents (e.g. generator
reverse power function) -> solution 2
Application & features of solution 1:
ABB

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Breaker Failure Protection Solutions
solution 1:
re-trip to
faulty CB
(coil 1 & 2)
trip to the
surrounding
CBs by
intertripping
IR
Start R
&
I >
1
t1
IS
Start S
&
I >
1
t1
IT
Start T
&
I >
1
t1
Start R S T
1
t2
remote
tripping
Trip
Redirection
set t1 & t2
to 10ms
ABB

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advanced trip redirection functionality
remote tripping
settable after t1
or t2
phase segregated timers for the
detection of evolving faults
p
h
a
s
e

s
e
g
r
e
g
a
t
e
d

s
t
a
r
t
i
n
g

i
n
p
u
t
s

f
o
r

s
i
n
g
l
e

a
n
d

d
o
u
b
l
e

p
o
l
e

a
u
t
o

r
e
c
l
o
s
u
r
e

Breaker Failure Protection Solutions
solution 1:
re-trip to
faulty CB
(coil 1 & 2)
trip to the
surrounding
CBs by
intertripping
IR
Start R
&
I >
1
t1
IS
Start S
&
I >
1
t1
IT
Start T
&
I >
1
t1
Start R S T
1
t2
remote
tripping
Trip
Redirection
set t1 & t2
to 10ms
ABB

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B

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R
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Breaker Failure Protection Solutions
applicable for very low fault currents (e.g. generator reverse power
function)
remote tripping signal settable after timer 1 or timer 2
advanced trip- redirection functionality in case of CB SF6
underpressure condition
very good addition to solution 1
no overcurrent (fault current) supervision
the starting signal must be switch off by the CB OFF aux. contact to
prevent an unwanted trip
operation dependent on the CB auxiliary contacts (aux. contacts are a
week part of the protection chain)
not applicable for single and double phase auto- reclosure (tripping)
not applicable for detection of evolving faults
Application & features of solution 2:
ABB

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B

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Breaker Failure Protection Solutions
solution 2 in addition to solution 1:
re-trip to
faulty CB
(coil 1 & 2)
trip to the
surrounding
CBs by
intertripping
IR
Start R
&
I >
1
t1
IS
Start S
&
I >
1
t1
IT
Start T
&
I >
1
t1
External
Start BFP
t1
Start R S T
1
t2
remote
tripping
Trip
Redirection
set t1 & t2
to 10ms
ABB

A
B
B

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c
u
r
r
e
n
t

i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t

s
t
a
r
t
i
n
g

i
n
p
u
t
Breaker Failure Protection Solutions
solution 2 in addition to solution 1:
re-trip to
faulty CB
(coil 1 & 2)
trip to the
surrounding
CBs by
intertripping
IR
Start R
&
I >
1
t1
IS
Start S
&
I >
1
t1
IT
Start T
&
I >
1
t1
External
Start BFP
t1
Start R S T
1
t2
remote
tripping
Trip
Redirection
set t1 & t2
to 10ms
ABB

A
B
B

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Breaker Failure Protection Solutions
applicable as basic BBP coupler functionality for the detection of faults
between coupler CB and CT (coupler function - CB reclaim time)
not applicable for line, transformer, generator, generator- transformer,
reactors feeders in HV systems
overcurrent (fault current) supervision depending on the BBP
differential current setting (high short current required)
functionality depending on the BBP
not applicable for single and double phase auto- reclosure (tripping)
not applicable for detection of evolving faults
the starting signal must be switch off by the CB OFF aux. contact to
prevent an unwanted trip to the CB after timer 1
operation dependent on the CB auxiliary contacts (aux. contacts are a
week part of the protection chain)
no trip- redirection functionality in case of CB SF6 underpressure
condition
remote tripping signal fixed to timer 1
Application & features of solution 3:
ABB

A
B
B

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c
o
u
p
l
e
r

f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
Breaker Failure Protection Solutions
Coupler function:
CB opening
coil
Input
Current
signal
CB open
1
t
1
CT
bypass
C
B

r
e
c
l
a
i
m

t
i
m
e

~
1
2
0

m
s
IF
trip BBP
Zone 1
inter-
tripping
Zone 2
B
B
P
Z
o
n
e

2
I = 0

I

=

I
F
Zone 2
Zone 1
&
ABB

A
B
B

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7
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Breaker Failure Protection Application
Transformer, Transformer- Generator, Reactor feeder and coupler:
G
IR
Start R
&
I >
1
t1
IS
Start S
&
I >
1
t1
IT
Start T
&
I >
1
t1
External
Start BFP
t1
1
Trip
Redirection
set t1 & t2
to 10ms
BFP
CBx
CBx
G/T
Prot.

I

T

&

I

G

(
8
7
T

&

8
7
G
)

R
e
v
e
r
s
e

P
o
w
e
r

(
3
2
)
Start R S T
3 Phase trip
CB closed
aux. contacts
ABB

A
B
B

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8
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Start R S T 3 Phase trip
Start R
Start S
Start T
single
Phase trip
Breaker Failure Protection Application
Line feeder with single phase auto reclosure:
IR
&
I >
1
t1
IS
&
I >
1
t1
IT
&
I >
1
t1
External
Start BFP
t1
1
Trip
Redirection
set t1 & t2
to 10ms
BFP
CBx
CBx
Line
Prot.
O
C

(
5
1
)
Z
<

&

D
E
F

(
2
1

&

6
7
N
)
AR
Syn
ABB

A
B
B

S
w
i
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a
n
d
L
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.
-
2
9
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C
B

i
s

b
l
o
c
k
e
d

s
i
n
c
e

S
F
6

g
a
s

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

t
o

e
x
t
i
n
g
u
i
s
h

t
h
e

a
r
c

i
s

t
o

l
o
w

Start R S T 3 Phase trip
Start R
Start S
Start T
single
Phase trip
Breaker Failure Protection Application
Trip Redirection in case of CB SF6 Underpressure :
IR
&
I >
1
t1
IS
&
I >
1
t1
IT
&
I >
1
t1
External
Start BFP
t1
1
Trip
Redirection
set t1 & t2
to 10ms
BFP
CBx
CBx
Line
Prot.
O
C

(
5
1
)
Z
<

&

D
E
F

(
2
1

&

6
7
N
)
AR
Syn
ABB

A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d
L
t
d
.
-
3
0
B
F
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_
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a
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s

/

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0
3
-
0
4
-
0
1

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