Doktorandenvortrag

Slide 1
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Gentlemen,

I welcome you to my first presentation

of a series of presentations to follow
about a special type or radar.

It is a combination of two main features

the bistatic and polarimetric Radar.

In short terms bistatic simply means

that transmitter and receiver are
physically separated.

Polarimetric means that the oscilation

plane of a propagating electromagnetic
wave is used for gaing information
form an object to be detected.

Today, in this presentation

we will concentrate on the system
and realisation principles.

In the foregoing and preparations of

this presentation, I made a patent search
to investigate the state of the art at
the german patent office in Munich.

For the term 'bistatic radar',

I found a total of 58 applications, which
is a rather moderate number.

For the combination of polarimetric

bistatic radar there was no application found.

In the communication area, the

acivitiy in radio networks and bluetooth
became apparent.

Especially for today, I have selected two

applications, one which has been lately
disclosed from German Space center and a
more sophisticated application
from l'etat francais, which is quite
recent and very attractive.

Interesstingly, there are only a few

patent families, and applications lack to
show a specific stragedy or features
like net patents which used in other areas.

Furthermore, I found that the applications

in this technological field appear to be
very intuitive on the one hand and
have a high informational and educational
value on the other.

Also, it seems that scientists are not

used to write patent disclosures, although
in some aspect they have to be more clearly.

So, if anybody has some questions

about this field, I might be able
to answer them.

Slide 2
-------
Now, lets take a look on the overview
on this presentation.

%First, note that these slides are

%made or should be made
%selfexplanatory and illustrative
%so

Starting the circle from History,

we will first regard a conventional
monostatic radar, its measurement
sequence and polarimetric capabilites.

Next, a bistatic arrangement will

be considered in view of the scattering matrix.

Then, considerations towards

full polarimetric measurment will close
the circle.

Slide 3
-------

From the evolution there are some anmials which

are a good example for the radar concept
realized in nature, in the sense of echo-location
or even using polarimetric information from sunlight.

In the nasciturus days (a nasciturus is an unborn

child) of radar, experiments, especially reflexion
measurments from solid objects where conducted
using spark gaps in the last quarter of the 19th
century following the forcast of electromagnetic waves.

As a pioneer, Tesla formulated the bistatic idea

for detection of objects.

In the 1930, the bistatic concept was developed

and in the preparation of world war II, propagation
effects and its influene in performance were
discovered, and the interaction of charged
particles.
Slide 4
-------

During and after the war, bistatic systems

vanished, partly due to technical advancement

Now, what is most interesting in the bistatic quarter,

is the socalled revival which is a revival
every twenty years.

Today, radar has entered commercial applications

and might play an important role in the anti-terror
campain. Also, base station of wireless communication
networks can be used as illuminators.

On the right hand, you see an application using

two monostatic radars which track the trajectory
of an helicopter.

Slide 5
-------

In the upper portion of the figure,

you see a transmit branch and
in the lower portion, you see the receive
branch.

The signal to be used is generated by an intelligent

synthesizer which consists of a DSP with wave table
and is capable of generating several kinds of
synthesis, like pulse code modulation, pulswidth
modulation, two state phase shifted keying, a
pseudo noise sequence or any numerical oscillation
from a function table.

The signal is made complex, filtered, the quadrature

is formed, it is summed and than shifted into the
operation frequency range by using a ring modulator
mixing a signal from a local oscillator as carrier.

After final filtering and signal condition

the signal is amplified by a high power amplifier,
and than, the antenna is fed to radiate the signal
and illuminate the target.

When the scattered signal is received, it passed

through a limiter, is amplified, conditioned and
down-shifted into the intermediate frequency range.

After some sample/hold blocks, the scattered

signal can be processed and displayed.

Slide 6
-------

In this conventional
monostatic arrangements we
have to adress three components
which may limit system performance.

The first problem is

that we have only one
channel and one antenna,
where we can only transmit and
receive in a time divison
multiplex manner.

The second problem

is the circulator which has
very essential impact on the
system behaviour

And the third problem

that is the protection
circuit which has to
prevent the reception circuit
from blowing, because

we have extremely
different power levels

In consequence polarimetric
operation is possible but
very limited.

An advantage of the monostatic

system is that the transmission
and the reception angle
are equal, and geometry is
easier to understand.

Slide 7
-------

Now, let's take a look on an operation

cycle.

In this example I have divided

the complete cycle in roughly ten parts.

We start with a transmission burst which

may be a chirp or the like.

After some settling time for the system

there is a receiving window.

And next, there is a dead time.

In this pulse repetition cycle,

the effictive reception time is about 60 %

of an operation cycle.

Thus, for fast moving objects the measurment

might be still sufficient,
but for polarimetric measurments,
it takes quite a lot time to step
several polarisations.

Thus, there must be a buffer memory and so on.

Slide 8
-------
For improving the latter arrangment to be
capable for polarimetric measurments

we can provide a two antenna system which

is alternatively switched.

For a complete cycle, the total duration

of 1000 T was assumed, because the system
standing behind the arrangment, e.g. a
signal processor has around 1000 clock cycles
for computation.

The sequence is horizontal sending

receiving horizontal and then vertical
and the same for vertical sending.

Because of the settling and switching times,

there is approximately 600 T free time,
which can be used for computation,

but the effective polarization active

sensing time is only 0,4 per cycle.

slide 10
--------

Thus, a bistatic system could be taken

into account to overcome this limitations.

This arrangent differs from the monostatic

one before in that we have

two antennas, no circulator, no limiter.

These antennas may be also differently designed.

Now our intelligent waveform syntesizer

can be used more advantageously,

and on the receiver side I

alternatively provided a digital
demodulation circuit, which does all
the demodulation in the intermediate frequency
range by using a band with sampling
and no anti aliasing filter.

Note that we can now transmit and receive

with high power or low noise, respectively.

Slide 11
--------

Now, we come to one of the central

aspects of a bistatic system,
the so called bistatic triangle.

In the upper figure we have the

baseline, the transmitter on the
left and the receiver on the right.

The spacing or distance is L

Now we have the object elevated

in the sky which moves on a socalled
isorange contour.

This is a path or trajectory following

an ellipse.

An ellipse is an elongated circle,

a sliced cylinder.
Remeber lisajous' figures

using an oscilloscope with

horizontal and vertical input,

where we input a parameter

curve using

to orthogonal signals with

different amplitude.

The ellipse is the geometrical

location for which the sum
of the distances from the two
fixed points is constant
and equal to the major
axis of the ellipse.

In this recursive definition

we have the fixed points
as our transmitter and
receiver.

Therefore, as long our

target moves on this isorange
contour, the distance
characteristics of the object
are equal.

When moving along said contour

the bistatic angle, which is
an very important property
is changing.

Now, for the operation.

The transmitter illuminates

the object and the interaction
of the object with the radiation
is received.

Therefore the time

to travel can be differently,
and is the sum of the
transmitter-to-object
and the object-to-receiver distance.

Although the presentation has been

described with reference to preferred examples
workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes
may be made in form and detail without departing from
the scope of the patents.

For example, all of the various functions and

circuitry described herein
can be implemented in any appropriate circuitry
including software, ASICs, special logic techniques, or
even analog implementations.