1

MEEC -520
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
(LAB MANUAL)
Optical Communication Lab
Course Code: MEEC - 520


Master of Technology
Second Semester
(2013-14)


AL-FALAH UNIVERSITY
DHAUJ, FARIDABAD,HARYANA

Submitted by: Submitted To:
M.Tech (1st Semester-E&C)
Roll No-MTE-13-
Regn No13-AFED-


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MEEC -520
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
INDEX



S.No. Experiments Date Remarks Signature
of Faculty
1
To Study the Optical devices.


2

To Study Characteristics of Optical Fiber
Transmitter


3
To Study Characteristics of Optical Fiber
LED.

4

To Set Up an Analog link using on
Optical Fiber.

5
To Study Fiber Optical Voice Link


6
To Study Losses in Optical Fiber.


7
To Measure Na of Optical Fiber.


8

To Set Up Digital Link Using Optical
Fiber

9

To Study Pulse Width Modulation &
Demodulation.










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MEEC -520

EXPERIMENT NO. :- 1
Aim :- To study optical devices.
Apparatus Required: - Experimental kit, FO-1304, connecting wires, optical Fiber.

Block Diagram:-


















BASIC OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
PPM & PWM
PWM
DEMODULATION
PPM TO PWM
CONVERTER
SIGNAL
GENERATOR
AMPLIFIER
AUDIO
PRE-AMPLIFIER
AUDIO
AMPLIFIER
TRANSMITTER
CLOCK CKT. LPF
RS
232
RS
232
TRANSMITTER RECEIVER
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MEEC -520
.
Theory: - The Purpose of fiber optics trainer kit is to provide the various fiber optics and digital
communication techniques. The experimental kit FO-1304 consists of various blocks as in figure-1
showing its block diagram.
Signal Generators.
Amplifiers.
Transmitters.
Pulse width modulation.
Pulse position / Frequency modulation.
Audio amplifier.
TTL detector circuit.
Photo diode detector circuit & Signal conducting unit.
PWM and PPM demodulation.
Plastic fiber optics transmitter diode.
SFH 450v and SFH 756v.
Plastic connector housing.
Plastic fiber optics photo diode detector and housing SFH 450v &SFH 551v.

Signal Generator: - For generating sine wave, square wave, square wave signal generator is in
built.

Amplifier:- For amplifying the signal generated by signal generator the amplifier input and
output is provided in kit.

Transmitter:-The transmitter input port is provided to input the signal of amplifier or directly
the signal of generator. Jumper setting is shown in the jumper setting diagram.

PWM &PPM Modulation:- The PWM &PPM modulated signal for output is provided by
PWM/PPM output port.

TTL Detector circuit :- The TTL Detecting signal is given through TTL output.



Photo detector &Signal conditioning unit:-

The optical signal is detected using photo diode and then the signal is amplified signal
conditioning unit
PWM AND PPM demodulation: - this section of kit is the receiver section in which PPM\PWM
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MEEC -520
Demodulation input are provide

PHOTODIODE detector and housing: - the two photodiodes at the receiving section
Are SFH 250V and SFH 551V the plastic fiber optic photodiode detector is attached with plastic
connects housing.

Plastic fiber transmitter diode and housing:- the two transmitter diodes SFH 450V and SFH 551V
that are a housed in plastic connector housing .


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MEEC -520






PRECAUTION:-
1 cutoff the ends of the cable with sharp knife to obtain a precise 90 angle for perfect matching.
2 switch off the power supply while making connections.
3 do not remove the cap of the connector, only slightly unscrew the cap and then adjust fiber.





RESULT:-
The optical device is studied successfully.





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MEEC -520
QUESTIONS (Experiment 1):

Q1. What is the frequency range for optical communication system?



Q2. Which optical communication device is used for optical reception?

.......

Q3. Describe Graded Index Multimode fiber?

.

Q4. Which material is used for the fabrication of green LED?
..

Q5. What is the light coupling efficiency of LED to Optical Fiber?


Q6. In what parameter the core and cladding material differ?
.
















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MEEC -520
EXPERIMENT NO: 2
AIM: - To study the fiber optical transmitter.

APPARATUS REQIRED: - Experimental kit


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MEEC -520

THEORY:-The fiber optic transmitter are typically composed of a Signal Generator, Amplifier,
Transmitter Section, Driver circuitry, Optical source

SIGNAL GENERATOR:- The signal generator provides the sine wave ,square wave signal as an
analog signal input .It may be inbuilt.

AMPLIFIER:-The amplifier section is used to amplify the analog input signal such as sine wave or
square wave signal.

TRANSMITTER:-This transmitter section provides the various jumper setting for the 2
combination of photo detector and transmitter diode as:- for SFH 450V and SFH 250V shown in
figure and for SFH 750V and SFH 250V shown in figure. These jumpers are used for multiple
power supply.

DRIVER CIRCUITRY: - For driving the transmitter diodes this section provides the driving
circuitry. This is attached with the jumper in the transmitter section for multiple power supply.
PRECAUTION:-
1. Cut-off ends of cable with sharp knife to obtain 90 angle.
2. Switch off the power supply while making connections.
3. Do not remove the cap of connectors, just slightly unscrew the cap and adjust fiber carefully.
RESULT: - The optical transmitter is studied successfully.
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MEEC -520
QUESTIONS (Experiment 2):

Q1. Name the optical modulation used for optical transmission?
..
Q2. What is WDM?

Q3. Give two advantages of WDM.

.
Q4. Give two types of WDM.

.
Q5. Why we need driver circuitry in optical transmission?

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MEEC -520
EXPERIMENT NO: - 3
AIM: - To study the characteristic of fiber optic LED.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: - Experimental kit connecting wires.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:


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THEORY: - In optical fiber comm
n
. System, electrical signal is first converted in to optical signal.
With the help of e/o conversion device as LED. After this optical signal is transmitted through
optical fiber, it is retrieved in its original electrical form with the help of o/e conversion device as
photo detector.
Different technology employed in chip fabrication lead to significant variation in parameters
for the various emitter diodes. All the emitters distinguish themselves in offering high output
power coupled into the plastic fiber. Data sheets for LEDs usually specific electrical and optical
characteristics, out of which are important peak wavelength of emissions, conversion efficiency
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MEEC -520
optical rise and fall times which put the limitation on operating frequency, max forward current
through LED and typical forward voltage across LED.

PROCEDURE:
1. Slightly unscrew the cap of IR LED SFH 450 V from kit. Once the cap is loosened insert fiber
carefully, tighten the cap by screwing it back.
2. Make the jumper setting as in figure.
3. Connect the signal between the amp. Input and ground port in kit.
4. Switch on the power supply and measure the variation in the current with the changing
voltages.
5. Draw the characteristics of LED.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Cut off the ends of the cable with sharp knife to obtain a precise 90 degree angle.
2. Switch off the power supply while making the connections.
3. Do not remove the cap completely, just unscrew it and adjust fiber carefully.
RESULT: Hence we have successfully studied LED characteristics.
QUESTIONS (Experiment 3):
1. What is the relation between input current and output optical power?

...
Q2. What is indirect band gap semiconductor?

.
Q3. Name various LED driver circuit.

Q4. The LED characteristics graph between ..&.?
Q5. Name the different materials used for the fabrication of LED?

..
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MEEC -520
Experiment No.-4
To set up an analog link using optical fiber
AIM: To set up an analog link using optical fiber.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Experimental kit- FO-1304, CRO, BNC connector, connecting wires,
optical fiber.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:


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MEEC -520

THEORY: Fiber optic links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog link signals.
Basically a fiber optic link contains 3 main elements-a transmitter, an optical fiber and a
receiver.
The transmitter module takes the input signal in electrical form and then transforms it into
optical (light) energy containing the same information. The optical fiber is the medium which
carries this energy to the receiver. At the receiver light is converted back into electrical form
with the same pattern as originally fed to the transmitter.
PROCEDURE:
1. Slightly unscrew the cap of IR LED SFH 450 V from kit. Once the cap is loosened insert the
fiber into the cap and assure that the fiber is properly fixed, now tighten the cap by
screwing it back.
2. Make the jumper connections as shown in jumper block diagram. Connect power supply
cables with proper polarity to kit. While connecting this ensure that the power supply is off.
3. Connect the signal generator between the amp. Input and ground ports in kit or on board
sine wave output to amp. Input to feed the analog signal.
4. .Keep the signal generator in sine wave mode and select the frequency of with amplitude of
or if on board sine wave adjust voltage accordingly.
5. Switch on the power supply and signal generator if used.
6. Check the output signal f amp. , it should be same as that of applied input signal.
7. Now rotate the optical power control below power supply connector in kit as desired. This
ensures min. current flow through LED.
8. Connect the other end of fiber to detector SFH 250V in kit very carefully as per the step 1.
9. Observe the output signal from the detector output port on CRO by adjusting optical power
control and such that it reproduces same transmitted signal.
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PRECAUTIONS:
1. Cut off the ends of the cable with sharp knife to obtain a precise 90 degree angle.
2. Switch off the power supply while making the connections.
3. Do not remove the cap completely, just unscrew it and adjust fiber carefully.
RESULT: The analog link using optical fiber is successfully set.
QUESTIONS (Experiment 4):
Q1. What is optical Analog modulation?

...
Q2. Is wireless optical link possible? How?

Q3. Why optical fiber cable is preferred for establishing long distance communication?

Q4. Name two optical communication impairments?

Q5. Explain the cone of Acceptance.

.
Q6. How communication is effected by the length of the fiber.

......



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MEEC -520
EXPERIMENT NO:- 5
AIM: To set up fiber optic voice link.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Experimental kit- FO-1304, CRO, BNC connectors (CRO probes) , connecting
wires, optical fiber, 20 MHz dual channel oscilloscope, microphone, speaker set.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

THEORY: Fiber optic link for voice signal can be easily generated as for simple analog signal. Basically a
fiber optic link contains 3 main elements-a transmitter, an optical fiber and a receiver.
The transmitter module takes the input signal in electrical form and then transforms it into optical(light)
energy containing the same information. The optical fiber is the medium which carries this energy to
the receiver. At the receiver light is converted back into electrical form with the same pattern as
originally fed to the transmitter.
Here the microphone is used to input the voice signal to electrical components and the speakers at Tx
and are used to get the output of voice signal.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the microphone provided with the kit to the socket marked MICJACK in the audio pre
amp. Section of kit.
2. Connect speakers provide with the kit to the source socket marked SPEAKERJACK in the audio
amp. Section of kit.
3. Now in simple analog link, remove the signal generator output from amp. Input port and apply
MIC output from MIC output port in the kit.
4. Similarly connect output of photo detector from post detector output to the post audio input.
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MEEC -520
5. Adjust optical power control port and voice control to set up fiber optic audio link.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Cut off the ends of the cable with sharp knife to obtain a precise 90 degree angle.
2. Switch off the power supply while making the connections.
3. Do not remove the cap completely, just unscrew it and adjust fiber carefully.
RESULT: The voice link using optical fiber is successfully setup.
QUESTIONS (Experiment 5):
Q1. What is the frequency range of human voice?
..
Q2. What is total internal reflection in optical fiber?

..
Q3. Name the different losses in optical fiber.

.
Q4. What is Pulse broadening?

Q5. Different types of bending lose in optical fiber?

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MEEC -520
EXPERIMENT NO: - 6
AIM: - To Study the losses in optical fiber
APPARTUS REQUIRED: - Experimental kit connecting wires, 20MHZ dual trace CRO fiber cable ,CRO
probes BNC connector.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:


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MEEC -520

THEORY: - Optical fiber is available in different variety of material .these material are usually selected by
to king in to as count their absorption characteristics for different wavelength of the light. In case of
optical fiber; since the signal is transmitted in the form of light which is completely different in nature as
that of electrons, one has to consider the insertion of matter with the radiation to study the losses in
fiber. Losses are introduced in fiber due to various reasons.
As light propagates from one end of fiber to reflected back or some other direction from the Impurity
particular present in the material contributing to the loss of the signal at the other end of the fiber . In
general, terms its known as propagation loss. Plastics fibers have higher loss of the order of 180
db/km. whenever the condition for angle of incidence of the incident light is isolated the loss are
introduced due to refraction of light. This occurs when fiber is subjected to the bending lower the radius
of curvature more is the loss. Another loss is due to the coupling of fiber at LED and photo detector
ends.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Make jumper connections as shown in jumper block diag. connect the power supply cables with
polarity kit .while connecting this; ensure that power supply is off.
2. Connect the signal generator between the AMP input and GND port or SINE WAVE output to
AMP input to feed the analog signal to the preamplifier.
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MEEC -520
3. Keep the signal generator in sine wave mode or adjust voltage level if on board SINEWAVE
output is used ,keep switch above power connectors at upper position,
4. Switch ON the power supply and check the output signal of the preamplifier at the AMP output.
It should be same as that of the applied input signal.
5. Now rotate the optical power control put to ensure minimum current flow through LED.
6. Short the AMP o/p and TX o/p.
7. Connect the other end of the fiber to detector SFH 250v very carefully as per step 1.
8. Observe the output signal from detector at AC output port on CRO. Adjust optical power control
to get the reproduction of the original transmitted signal. Also adjust the amplitude of received
signal as that of the transmitted one. Mark this amplitude level as V1.
9. Now adjust the optical fiber without disturbing any of previous settings, measure the amplitude
level at the receiver side again, this is less than the previous one. Mark this as V2.
10. If is the attenuation of the fiber then we have
P1/P2=V1/V2=exp[-(I1+I2)]
Where is Nepers/Meter
I1 is fiber length for V1
I2 is fiber length for V2
This is the wavelength of 950 nm. To get the for 660nm wavelength proceed as follows.
11. Make use of SFH 756V and SFH 250V to perform this experiment.
12. Make the jumper setting as shown in the jumper block diagram.
13. Repeat steps 1 to 11 replacing SFH 450V by SFH 756V.
Compare the values of and find out the wavelength which has less attenuation in fiber.

Measurement of bending losses:
1. Repeat all the steps 1 to 9 as above.
2. Bend the fiber in a loop. Measure the amplitude of the received signal.
3. Keep reducing the diameter to about 2cm and take corresponding output voltage reading.
4. Plot a graph of the received signal amplitude v/s the loop diameter.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Cut off the ends of the cable with sharp knife to obtain a precise 90 degree angle.
2. Switch off the power supply while making the connections.
3. Do not remove the cap completely, just unscrew it and adjust fiber carefully.
RESULT: The losses of fiber are studied carefully.

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MEEC -520
QUESTIONS (Experiment 6):
Q1. What is Rayleighs scattering?

..
Q2. What is the reason for Mie scattering?

Q3. What is material dispersion?

Q4. What is wave guide dispersion?

Q5. What are the causes of absorption?
.










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MEEC -520
EXPERIMENT NO -7
AIM: Measurement of Numerical aperture of fiber.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Experimental kit fiber link FO-1304, fiber cable, fiber holding fixture, ruler.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:


THEORY: N.A. refers to the maximum angle at which the light on the fiber cable end is total internally
reflected and is transmitted properly along the fiber. The cone formed by the rotation of this angle along
the axis of the fiber is cone acceptance of the fiber. The light ray should strike the refracted out of fiber
cone. By the relation of numerical aperture and refractive indices as
Q max= sin
-1 (
n1
2
-n2
2
)
1/2
=sin
-1
(NA)
This is the formula that relates the acceptance angle (Qmax) and NA of the fiber.
PROCEDURE:
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MEEC -520
1. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH 756V. Do not remove the cap from the connector. Once the
cap is loosened, insert the fiber in to the cap and assure that fiber is properly fixed , Now tighten
the cap by screwing it back.
2. Now short the jumper as shown in jumper block diagram. Remove jumper caps of JP7 and JP8.
3. Connect the power cord to the kit and switch on power supply. Keep switch near power
connection at lower position.
4. Apply square output signal to BUF input and short BUF output to transmitter input.
5. Insert the other end of fiber to the NA measurement figure. Hold the white sheet facing the
fiber. Adjust the fiber such that its cut face is perpendicular to the axis of the fiber.
6. Keep the distance of about 10mm between the fiber tip and the screen. Gently tighten the
screw and thus fix the fiber in the place.
7. Now observe the illuminated circular path of the light on the screen.
8. Measure exactly the distance d and also vertical and horizontal diameter MR and PN indicated in
figure.
9. Mean radius is calculated using the formula
r= (MR+PN)/4
10. Find the NA of the fiber using the formula
NA= sin (Qmax) =r/(d
2
+r
2
)
1/2

Where Qmax is the maximum angle at which the incident light is properly transmitted through
the fiber.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Cut off the ends of the cable with sharp knife to obtain a precise 90 degree angle.
2. Switch off the power supply while making the connections.
3. Do not remove the cap completely, just unscrew it and adjust fiber carefully.
RESULT: numerical aperture is observed carefully.









QUESTIONS (Experiment 7):
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MEEC -520
Q1. Describe numerical aperture?

Q2. What is refractive index difference?

Q3. What is critical angle?

...
Q4. Give the relation between critical angle and cone of acceptance?

..
Q5. Describe Snells law.

...












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MEEC -520
EXPERIMENT NO-8
AIM: To setup the digital link using the optical fiber.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Experimental kit FO-1304, fiber cable, dual trace oscilloscope, CRO probes.
BLOCK DIARGRAM:


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MEEC -520

THEORY:
Fiber optic link can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals. Basically a fiber optic link
contains three main elements- a transmitter, an optical fiber and a receiver.
The transmitter module takes the input signal in electrical form and then transforms it into optical(light)
energy containing the same information. The optical fiber is the medium which carries this energy to
the receiver. At the receiver light is converted back into electrical form with the same pattern as
originally fed to the transmitter.
The analog signal(the electrical signal) is in the form that has to be converted to digital so at transmitter
ADC is used and at receiver DAC is used to convert the information from analog to digital and vice-versa.
PROCEDURE:
1. Slightly unscrew the cap of IR LED SFH 450V. Do not remove the cap from the connector.Once
the cap is loosened ,insert the fiber in to the cap and assure that fiber is properly fixed , Now
tighten the cap by screwing it back.
2. Now short the jumper as shown in jumper block diagram.
3. Connect the power supply to the main supply. Keep switch near power connection at lower
position.
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4. Give the TTL signal from the function generator between BUF output and GND terminal of the
kit. It should be same as that of input signal.
5. Short BUF output and transmitter input ports with the help of shortening link provided.
6. Connect the fiber to detector very carefully.
7. Observe the signal on CRO at TTL output port. The transmitter and receiver signal are same
except of a slight delay in received signal.
8. Repeat all the steps for SFH 756V and change the jumper setting as per jumper diagram.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Cut off the ends of the cable with sharp knife to obtain a precise 90 degree angle.
2. Switch off the power supply while making the connections.
3. Do not remove the cap completely, just unscrew it and adjust fiber carefully.
RESULT: The digital link using optical fiber is setup successfully.
QUESTIONS (Experiment 8):
Q1. What is BER?

..
Q2. What you mean by digital communication?

Q3. Name the modulation schemes used in digital communication?

Q4. Which modulation scheme is better for optical communication?

.
Q5. Define baud?

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MEEC -520
EXPERIMENT NO -9
AIM: Study of pulse width modulation and demodulation using optical fiber.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Experimental kit FO-1304, fiber cable, dual trace oscilloscope, CRO probes.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:


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MEEC -520

THEORY: PWM controls the variation of duty cycle of the square wave according to the input
modulating signal. The amplitude variation of the modulating signal is reflected into on period variation
of square wave. Hence it is also called as technique of V-T conversion.
The circuit consists of op-amp having unity gain, non-inverting amplifier as level shifter. When there is
no signal, the output of the amplifier simply follows the voltage at inverting input terminal, with
inverted polarity for the PWM part. Now put the input signal to non-inverting terminal over the
regulating PWM. This consist of one fixed frequency oscillator whose frequency is decided by timing
register Rt and capacitor Ct. the regulation is simply by formula-
F= 1.18/(Rt * Ct)
Where F is in kHz.
Rt in k and Ct in F.
In pulse width demodulation during the on time of PWM signal one counter is enabled. At the end of
one time counter a particular count, which directly corresponds to the amplitude of input signal. Then
this count is fed to a DAC. The output of DAC corresponds to the amplitude of the input signal. Thus
train of varying pulse width gives varying current values and DAC gives output which is proportional to
amplitude of input signal. Thus at the output we get the originally modulating signal.
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PROCEDURE:
1. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH 756V. Do not remove the cap from the connector. Once the
cap is loosened, insert the fiber in to the cap and assure that fiber is properly fixed , Now tighten
the cap by screwing it back.
2. Connect the power supply to mains, keep it off.
3. Make the jumper setting as in jumper block diagram.
4. Connect the signal generator between PWM input and GND.
5. Keep the signal generator in sine wave with given frequency and amplitude.
6. Switch on power supply. Keep switch near power connector at lower position.
7. Observe PWM signal at PWM output port. Vary the width of square wave but keep it low.
8. Short the PWM output and BUF output to Tx input.
9. Connect the fiber to detector SFH 551V with step 1.
10. Connect the other end of fiber to detector SFH 551 carefully as per step 1.
11. Observe the Rx signal over fiber at TTL output. It should be exactly similar to the signal available
at output port, short TTL output to DEMOD input (PWM).
12. Vary the frequency of input signal and observe the demodulated sine wave at DEMOD signal
port.
13. Short the DEMOD signal to filter and observe output of filter.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Cut off the ends of the cable with sharp knife to obtain a precise 90 degree angle.
2. Switch off the power supply while making the connections.
3. Do not remove the cap completely, just unscrew it and adjust fiber carefully.


RESULT: The PWM modulation and demodulation is studied successfully.








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QUESTIONS (Experiment 9):

Q1. What is PWM?

Q2. Which parameter of pulse changes in PWM?

Q3. Differentiate PWM and PPM.

Q4. Differentiate WDM and PWM.

..
Q5. Give two disadvantages of PWM.

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EXPERIMENT NO.10
AIM: To study pulse position modulation and demodulation.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Experimental kit FO-1304, fiber cable, dual trace oscilloscope, CRO probes.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:



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THEORY: The position of TTL pulse is changed on time scale according to the variation of input
modulating signal amplitude. In the PWM signal, the pulse duration is changing and this change the
pulse duration causes for the delay of triggering. So the signal input modulating signal must be
converted into the pulse width modulated form before applying to pulse modulator. The pulse positions
are directly proportional to the instantaneous values of modulating signal.
In the pulse position demodulation the PPM signal is ORed with pulse generated by the rising edge of
pulse width modulated signal. The output of the OR gate is fed to the CLK input of Flip-Flop. Thus flip
flop act as a stable multivibrator giving out high output for the duration between rising edge of PWM
signal and PPM signal. Now the PPM signal is exactly same as that of PWM signal, then it is demodulated
using PWM demodulation as in earlier experiment.
PROCEDURE:
1. Slightly unscrew the cap of LED SFH 756V. Do not remove the cap from the connector.Once the
cap is loosened ,insert the fiber in to the cap and assure that fiber is properly fixed , Now tighten
the cap by screwing it back.
2. Connect the power supply to mains, keep it off.
3. Make the jumper setting as in jumper block diagram.
4. Connect the signal generator between PWM input and GND.
5. Keep the signal generator in sine wave with given frequency and amplitude.
6. Switch on power supply, observe PPM signal at PPM output port variation with shifted position
on time scale but the amplitude and width of pulses are same.
7. Short the PPM output with BUF input and BUF output with Tx input.
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8. Connect the other end of fiber to detector SFH 551 carefully as per step 1.
9. Observe the Rx signal over fiber at TTL output. It should be exactly similar to the signal available
at PPM output port.
10. Connect this TTL output to the DEMOD output port to filter input(PPM).
11. Vary the input frequency and observe demodulated signal at DEMOD output port. Connect
DEMOD output port to filter and observe output at filter output which is same as input signal.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Cut off the ends of the cable with sharp knife to obtain a precise 90 degree angle.
2. Switch off the power supply while making the connections.
3. Do not remove the cap completely, just unscrew it and adjust fiber carefully.
RESULT: PPM modulation and demodulation is studied successfully.