PUBLI C I NTERNATI ONAL LAW

Nature of Publ i c Internati onal Law

Public International Law
Law that deals with the conduct of States and I nternati onal
orani !ati ons" their rel ati ons with each other and in certain circu#stances" their
rel ati ons with $ersons" natural or % uri di cal
&I STOR'
Ancient International Law o(erned e)chane of di$lo#atic e#issaries" $eace
treaties" etc* in the world of ancient Ro#ans and earlier* The $roressi(e rule of +US
,ENTI U- seen as a l aw .co##on to al l #an/ beca#e the law of the (ast Ro#an
E#$ire*
-odern International Law bean wi th the bi rth of nati on0states i n the
-edi e(al Ae* ,o(ernin $rinci$le was deri(ed fro# Ro#an l aw or Canon Law
whi ch drew fro# natural l aw* &uo ,roti us consi dered father of #odern
I nternati onal l aw* What he called .LAW O1 T&E NATI ONS/ was l ater i (en the
na#e .I NTERNATI ONAL LAW/ b2 +ere#2 Bentha#

The $ositi(ist a$$roach reinter$reted International Law not on a basis of
conce$ts deri(ed fro# reason but rather on basi s of what actual l 2 ha$$ened i n
the confl i ct between states* With the e#erence of nation of so(ereint2 ca#e the
(iew of law as co##ands bac3ed u$ b2 threats of sanction* In this (iew" International
law no law because not fro# co##and of so(erein*
Sinificant #ilestones in de(elo$#ent of international law4
5*6 Peace of .West$hal ia 7endin 89 2ear war6 established a treat2 based
fra#ewor3 for $eace coo$eration* 7it was at this ti#e that PACTO SUNT
SER:AN;A arose6
<*6 Conress of :i etna# 7endin Na$oleonic wars6 created a s2ste# of
#ultilateral $olitical and econo#ic coo$eration*
8*6 Co(enant of the Leaue of Nati ons 7includin the Treat2 of :ersailles
endin WW56 created the Per#anent Court of International +ustice*
=*6 1oundi n of UN i n after#ath of WW<* Shift of $ower awa2 fro# Euro$e
and beinnin of trul2 uni(ersal institution* Uni(ersali!ation ad(anced b2
decoloni!ation which resulted in e)$ansion of #e#bershi$ of UN* New states"
carr2in a leac2 of bitterness aainst colonial $owers" beca#e #e#bers*
>*6 Col d war $eri od succeeded in #aintainin $eace throuh balancin of <
su$er $owers*
5
?*6 ;i ssol uti on of So(i et Uni on resul ti n i n end of Col d War with re0
e#erence of International relations based on #ulti$le sources of $ower and not
#ainl2 ideolo2*
&U,O ,ROTI US 7;e %ure Belli Ac Pacis Libri Tes6
International $ractices" custo#s" rules and treaties $roliferated to the $oint of
co#$le)it2* Se(eral scholars souht to co#$ile the# all into orani!ed treatises* The
#ost i #$ortant of these was &uo ,roti us whose treati se ;e % ure Bel l i Ac
Paci s Li bri Tes i s consi dered the starti n $oi nt for #odern i nternati onal
l aw* Before &uo ,rotius" #ost Euro$ean thin3ers treated law as so#ethin
inde$endent of #an3ind" with its own e)istence* So#e laws were in(ented b2 #en but
ulti#atel2 the2 reflected the essential natural law* ,rotius was no different" e)ce$t in
one i#$ortant res$ect* Unli3e the earlier" thin3ers" who belie(ed that the natural law
was i#$osed b2 a debt" ,rotius bel i e(ed that the natural l aw ca#e fro# an
essenti al uni (ersal reason" co##on to al l #en*
This rationalist $ers$ecti(e enabled ,rotius to $osit se(eral rational $rinci$les
underl2in law* Law was not i #$osed fro# abo(e" but rather deri (ed fro#
$ri nci $l es* 1oundation $rinci$le i ncl uded the an)i ous the $ro#i ses #ust be
3e$t" and that har#i n another re@ui res a si tuati on* These < $rinci$les ha(e
ser(ed as the basis for #uch of subse@uent international law* A$art fro# natural0 law
$rinci$les" ,roti us al so deal t with i nternati onal custo# or (ol untar2 l aw*
,rotius e#$hasi !ed the i #$ortance of actual $racti ces" custo#s and
treati es0 what .i s/ done0 as o$$osed to nor#ati (e rul es of what .ouht to
be/ done* This $ositi(ist a$$roach to international law strenthens o(er ti#e* As
nations beca#e the $redo#inant for# of state in Euro$e " and their #an0#ade laws
beca#e #ore i#$ortant than reliious doctrines and $hiloso$hies" the law of what .is/
si#ilarl2 beca#e #ore i#$ortant than the law of what .ouht to be/*
;if f erence between Publ i c I nternati onal Law and Conf l i cts of Law
Public International Law Conflicts of Law
As to NATURE Internati onal
It is a l aw of a so(erei n
o(er those sub% ected to
hi s wa2
Transactions of states
$ri(ate
-uni ci $al or Nati onal
E)ce$t when e#bodied in a
treat2 or con(ention"
beco#es international in
character* It i s a l aw" not
a abo(e" but between"
so(erei n states and i s
<
Part of Pol iti cal Law
theref ore" a WEAAER
LAW
Part of Ci (i l Law
As to RE-E;I ESB
SETTLE-ENT
International -odes of
Settle#ent
Li3e Neotiati ons" and
arbitrati on" re$ri sal s
and e(en war
Local or -unici$al Tribunals
throuh l ocal
ad#i ni strati (e and
%udi ci al $rocesses
As to SOURCE ;eri(ed fro# such sources
as i nternati onal custo#s"
i nternati onal
con(enti ons and the
eneral $ri nci $l es of l aw
Consists #ainl2 fro# the
l aw #a3i n authori t2 of
each state
As to PARTI ES Internati onal Enti ti es
A$$lies to relations states
INTER SE and other
international $ersons
Pri (ate Persons
Reulates the relations of
indi(iduals whether of the
sa#e nationalit2 or not
As to EN1ORCE-ENT Internati onal Sancti ons Sheri ffB Pol i ce
Res$onsi bi l i t2 for
(i ol ati on
Infractions are usuall2
collecti(e in the sense that it
attaches di rectl 2 to the
state and not its
nati onal s
,enerall2" entails onl2
indi(idual res$onsibilit2
Reulates the $ol iti cal
i ntercourse of nati ons
wi th each other or
concerns @uesti ons of
ri hts between nati ons
Reulates the co#i t2 of
states i n i (i n eff ect i n
one to the #uni ci $al
l aws of another rel ati n
to $ri (ate $ersons or
concerns the ri hts of
$ersons wi thi n the
terri tor2 and do#i ni on
of one state or nations b2
reason of acts" $ri(ate or
$ublic" done within the
do#inion of another" and
which is based on the broad
eneral $rinci$le that one
countr2 will res$ect and i(e
effect to the laws of another
so far as can be done
consistentl2 with its own
interests*
8
5* The LAWS of PEACE
a* ,o(erns the nor#al rel ati ons of states
b* &u#an Ri hts Law
<* The LAWS of WAR
a* When war brea3s out between or so#e of the#
b* I nternati onal &u#ani tari an Law
c* Laws of Ar#ed Confl i cts
8* The LAWS of NEUTRALI T'
a* Those not i n(ol (ed i n the war" howe(er" thei r rel ati (es with the
bel l i erents" or those i n(ol (ed i n the war" are o(erned b2 the
l aws of neutral i t2
T&E SOURCES O1 I NTERNATI ONAL LAW
In the absence of a centrali!ed leislati(e" e)ecuti(e and %udicial structure" there
is no sinle bod2 able to leislate and there is no s2ste# of courts with co#$ulsi(e
$ower to decide what the law is nor is there a centrali!ed re$ositor2 of international
law* Thus" thereCs a $roble# of findin out where the law is* Ne(ertheless" International
Law e)ists and there are sources where the law can be found*
< CLASSI1ICATIONS4
5* 1or#al Sources4
a* The (ari ous $rocesses b2 whi ch rul es co#e i nto e)i stence 7e**
leislation" treat2 #a3in and %udicial decision #a3in and the $ractice of
states6
<* -ateri al Sources4
a* The substance and content of the obl i ati on* The2 identif2 what
the obliations are* Al so ref erred to as .e(i dence/ of
I nternati onal Law 7e** state $ractice" UN resolutions" treaties" %udicial
decisions and writins of %urists6
The doctri ne of sources l a2 down condi ti ons f or (eri f 2i n and ascertai ni n
the e)i stence of l eal $ri nci $l es* The conditions are obser(abl e
#anif estati ons of the .wil l s/ of the states as re(ealed in the $rocesses b2 which
nor#s are for#ed 7treat2 and state $ractice acce$ted as law*6 The $rocess of
(erif i cati on i s i nducti (e and $osi ti (i sti c*
PRI-AR' SOURCES
=
5* I nternati onal Treati es and Con(enti ons
a* Are (ol untaril 2 entered i nto b2 states and enca$sul ates
e)$ress obl i ati ons entered i nto"
<* I nternati onal Custo#s
a* These are the consi stent $racti ce of states ado$ted o(er
se(eral 2ears
b* Is usual l 2 i n(o3ed where there are no treati es that e)i st to
co(er a $arti cul ar i ssue or situati on*
c* A custo# need not be worldwide as it can be l i #i ted to a rei on
onl 2
8* ,eneral Pri nci $l es of Internati onal Law
a* These are the acce$ted $ri nci $l es of l aw under #a% or l eal
s2ste#s
i* e** al l states created e@ual
SUBSI;IAR' SOURCES
=* ;eci si ons of Courts
a* ;ecisions of the International Court of +ustice and other international
Tribunals are i(en weiht* ;eci si ons of #uni ci $al or do#esti c
courts are i (en l esser wei ht e)ce$t if the2 $ertai n to
$recedent0setti n cases such as the PODUETE &ABANA CASE
>* Teachi ns of Publ i ci sts
a* The court shall a$$l2 .the teachins of the #ost hihl2 @ualified
$ublicists of the (arious nations* As subsidiar2 #eans for the
deter#ination of rules of law/
i* Publ i ci st4 l earned Writers
BASES O1 I NTERNATI ONAL LAW
5* The Law of Nature School
a* Belie(es that International law is based on the rul es of conduct
di sco(erabl e b2 e(er2 i ndi (i dual i n hi s own consci ence and
thouh the a$$l i cati on of ri ht reason
b* As he is bound to obser(e these rules without need of a for#al or e)ternal
$rescri$tion" so too is the state" which is co#$osed of indi(iduals*
<* Positi (i st School
a* &olds that international law is based on the consent of states" and
on such consent onl2*
b* The consent is e)$ressed i n the case of con(enti onal l aw"
i #$l i ed i n the case of custo#ar2 l aw" and $resu#ed i n the case
of the eneral $ri nci $l es of l aw
8* The Ecl ecti c or ,roti an School
a* Re$resents a co#$ro#ise between the first < schools of thouht and
sub#its that i nternati onal l aw i s bi ndi n $artl 2 because i t i s
>
ood and ri ht and $artl 2 because states ha(e areed to be
bound b2 it
b* This a$$ears to be the #ost wi del 2 acce$ted
1UNCTI ONS O1 I NTERNATI ONAL LAW
The Princi$al 1unctions are4
5* To $ro#ote i nternati onal $eace and securi t2
<* To f oster fri endl 2 rel ati ons a#on nations and to di scourae the use of
f orce in the solution of differences a#on the#
8* To $ro(ide for the orderl 2 reul ati on of the conduct of states i n thei r
#utual deal i ns
=* To i nsure i nternati onal coo$erati on in the $ursuit of certain co##on
$ur$oses of an econo#ic" social" cultural or hu#anitarian character*
BASES O1 APPL'I N, I NTERNATI ONAL LAW I N LOCAL +URI S;I CTI ON
;octri ne of I ncor$orati on
International laws are ado$ted as $art of a stateCs #uni ci $al l aw" b2 a
eneral $ro(ision or clause usual l 2 i n i ts Consti tuti on*
Sec* <" Arti cl e <" 5EFG Consti tuti on
The Phi l i $$i nes renounces war as an i nstru#ent of nati onal $ol i c2"
ado$ts the eneral l 2 acce$ted $ri nci $l es of i nternati onal l aw as $art of the
l aw of the l and and adheres to the $ol i c2 of $eace" e@ual it2" % usti ce"
freedo#" coo$erati on" and a#it2 wi th al l nati ons
CASE4 SECRETAR' O1 +USTI CE (s* LANTI ON
1acts4 A $ossible conflict between the US0RP E)tradition Treat2 and Phili$$ine Law
Issue4 WON under the ;octrine of Incor$oration" International Law $re(ails o(er
-unici$al Law
&EL;4
No" under the doctrine of Incor$oration" rules of international law for# $art of the law
of the land and other leislati(e action is needed to #a3e such rules a$$licable in the
do#estic s$here
The doctri ne of i ncor$orati on i s a$$l i ed whene(er l ocal courts are
conf ronted wi th si tuati ons i n whi ch there a$$ears to be a confl i ct between
a rul e of i nternati onal l aw and the $ro(i si ons of the l ocal stateCs
consti tuti onBstatute*
?
1i rst" eff orts shoul d first be e)erted to har#oni !e the#" so as to i (e
eff ect to both* This is because it is $resu#ed that #unici$al law was enacted with
$ro$er reard for the enerall2 acce$ted $rinci$les of international law in obser(ance
of the incor$oration clause*
&owe(er" if the conflict is irreconcilable and a choice has to be #ade between a
rule of international law and #unici$al law" % uri s$rudence di ctates that the
#uni ci $al courts shoul d u$hol d #uni ci $al l aw*
This is because such courts are orans of #unici$al law and are accordinl2 bound b2 it
in all circu#stances* The fact that international law was #ade $art of the law of the land
does not $ertain to or i#$l2 the $ri#ac2 of international law o(er nationalB#unici$al
law in the #unici$al s$here*
The doctrine of incor$oration" as a$$lied in #ost countries" decrees that rules of
international law are i(en e@ual standin with but are not su$erior to" national
leislati(e enact#ents*
In case of conflict" the courts shoul d har#oni !e both l aws first and if
there e)i sts an una(oi dabl e contradi cti on between the#" the $ri nci $l e of
LEH POSTERI OR ;ERO,AT PRI ORI 0a treat2 #a2 re$eal a statute and a
statute #a2 re$eal a treat20 wil l a$$l 2* But if these laws are f ound i n confl i ct
with the Constituti on" these l aws #ust be stri c3en out as i n(al i d*
In states where the constitution is the hihest law of the law of the land" such as
in ours" both statutes and treati es #a2 be i n(al i dated if the2 are i n conf l i ct
with the constituti on*
Su$re#e Court has the $ower to i n(al i date a treat2*
Secti on >" Par <7a6" Arti cl e F" 5EFG Consti tuti on4
Sec* >* The Su$re#e Court shall ha(e the followin $owers4
7<6 Re(i ew" re(i se" #odi f 2" or aff ir# or a$$eal or certi orari " as the law
or the Rules of Court #a2 $ro(ide" fi nal % ude#ents and orders of l ower courts
i n4
7a6 Al l cases i n whi ch the constituti onal i t2 or (al i di t2 of an2 treat2"
i nternati onal or e)ecuti (e aree#ent" law" $residential decree" $rocla#ation"
order" instruction" ordinance" or reulations in @uestion*
;octri ne Of Transf or#ati on
Re@ui res the enact#ent b2 the l ei sl ati (e bod2 of such international law
$rinci$les as are souht to be $art of #unici$al law*
G
Sof t Law (s* &ard* Law
Sof t l aw #eans co##i t#ents #ade b2 neoti ati n $arti es that are not
l eal l 2 bi ndi n*
&ard l aw #eans bi ndi n l aws* To constitute law" a rule" instru#ent or
decision #ust be authoritati(e and $rescri$ti(e* I n i nternati onal l aw" hard
l aw i ncl udes sel f 0e)ecuti n treati es or i nternati onal aree#ents" as
wel l as custo#ar2 l aws* These instru#ents result in leall2 enforceable
co##it#ents for countries 7states6 and other international sub%ects
T&EORI ES ;E1I NI N, RELATI ONS&I P O1 I NTERNATI ONAL LAW WI T&
;O-ESTI C LAW
Theor2 of -oni s#
International law and do#estic law are one leal s2ste#" but i nternati onal l aw
i s su$eri or to the ;o#esti c Law
It $ro$oses that i nternati onal l aw cannot be l i #i ted b2 a StateCs
Consti tuti on* If a conflict e)ists between a ;o#estic Law and International
Law" it is international Law which should $re(ail*
Theor2 of ;ual i s#
I nternati onal Law and ;o#esti c Law are di sti nct and se$arate* The
a$$l i cati on of i nternati onal l aw i s l i #i ted b2 the ;o#esti c Law or the
StateCs Consti tuti on* It would a$$ear that the Phi l i $$i nes i s a dual i st state*
SUB+ECTS O1 I NTERNATI ONAL LAW
The Sub% ects and Ob% ects of Internati onal Law
A sub%ect of international law is an entit2 wi th ca$aci t2 of $ossessi n
i nternati onal ri hts and duti es and of bri ni n i nternati onal cl ai #s* This
entit2 is said to be an international $erson or one ha(in an international $ersonalit2"
on the basis of custo#ar2 or eneral international law* 7-aallona" 5F05E6*
A sub%ect of Public International Law is an entit2 di rectl 2 $ossessed of ri hts
and obl i ati ons i n the i nternati onal l eal order" e* * a so(erei n state"
such as the Phil i $$i nes* 7Paras" =86*
An ob%ect of Public International Law" on the other hand" is #erel2 indi rectl 2
(ested wi th ri hts and obl i ati ons i n the i nternati onal s$here" e** a 1ili$ino
$ri(ate citi!en is enerall2 rearded not as a sub%ect but an ob%ect of Public
International Law because" while he is entitled to certain rihts which other states ouht
to res$ect" he usual l 2 has no recourse e)ce$t to course hi s ri e(ances
throuh the Re$ubl i c of the Phil i $$i nes and i ts di $l o#ati c off i cers * 7id*6*
F
SUB+ECTS4
5* State
A rou$ of $eo$l e" l i (i n toether i n a fi )ed terri tor2" orani !ed for
$ol i ti cal ends under an i nde$endent o(ern#ent " and ca$abl e of enteri n
i nto i nternati onal rel ati ons with other states*
Ele#ents4 7PT0,S6
a* Peo$l e
b* Territor2
c* ,o(ern#ent
d* Inde$endence or So(erei nt2
;octri ne of Acts of State
E(er2 so(erei n state i s bound to res$ect the i nde$endence of e(er2
other so(erei n state" and the courts of one countr2" wi l l not si t i n
% ude#ent on the acts of the o(ern#ent of another done wi th i n i ts own
territor2*
<* Col oni es and ;e$endenci es
1ro# the (iew$oint of international law" the2 are consi dered as $art and $arcel
of the $arent state throuh whi ch al l its e)ternal rel ati ons are transacted
with other states*
a* Col on2
A de$endent $ol i ti cal co##uni t2 consistin of a nu#ber of citi!ens of the
sa#e countr2 who ha(e #irated therefro# to i nhabi t i n another countr2" but
re#ai n sub% ect to the #other state
b* ;e$endenc2
A territor2 di sti nct fro# the countr2 whi ch the su$re#e so(erei n
$ower resi des but bel ons ri htful l 2 to i t and sub% ect to the l aws and
reul ati ons whi ch the so(erei n #a2 $rescri be
8* -andates and Trust Terri tori es
There are non0sel f o(erni n territori es which ha(e been $l aced under
i nternati onal su$er(i si on to insure their $olitical" econo#ic" social and educational
ad(ance#ent*
=* The :ati can
In 5E<F" Ital2 and :atican concluded the Lateran Treat2 . for the $ur$ose of
assuri n to the &ol 2 See absol ute and (i si bl e i nde$endence and of
uaranteei n to it absol ute and i ndi s$utabl e so(erei nt2 i n the fi el d of
i nternati onal rel ati ons/
CASE4 The &ol 2 See (s* Rosari o" +r* ;ec* 8" 5EE=
E
The Lateran Treat2 established the statehood of the :atican Cit2 Ifor the
$ur$ose of assurin to the &ol2 See absolute and (isible inde$endence and of
uaranteein to it indis$utable so(ereint2 also in the field of international relationsI
In (iew of the wordins of the Lateran Treat2" it is difficult to deter#ine whether
the statehood is (ested in the &ol2 See or in the :atican Cit2* So#e writers e(en
suested that the treat2 created two international $ersons J the &ol2 See and :atican
Cit2 7Salona and 'a$" su$ra" 8G6*
The :atican Cit2 fits into none of the established cateories of states" and the
attribution to it of Iso(ereint2I #ust be #ade in a sense different fro# that in which it
is a$$lied to other states*
The :ati can Ci t2 re$resents an entit2 orani !ed not f or $ol iti cal but
f or eccl esi asti cal $ur$oses and i nternati onal ob% ects*
;es$ite its si!e and ob%ect" the :ati can Ci t2 has an i nde$endent
o(ern#ent of i ts own" wi th the Po$e" who i s al so head of the Ro#an
Cathol i c Church" as the &ol 2 See or &ead of State" in confor#it2 with its
traditions" and the de#ands of its #ission in the world* Indeed" the world0wide interests
and acti(ities of the :atican Cit2 are such as to #a3e it in a sense an Iinternational
stateI
One authorit2 wrote that the reconition of the :atican Cit2 as a state has
sinificant i#$lication J that it is $ossible for an2 entit2 $ursuin ob%ects essentiall2
different fro# those $ursued b2 states to be in(ested with international $ersonalit2*
I nas#uch as the Po$e $ref ers to conduct f orei n rel ati ons and enter
i nto transacti ons as the &ol 2 See and not i n the na#e of the :ati can Ci t2 "
one can conclude that in the Po$eKs own (iew" it is the &ol 2 See that i s the
i nternati onal $erson*
The Re$ubl i c of the Phi l i $$i nes has accorded the &ol 2 See the
status of a forei n so(erei n* The &ol2 See" throuh its A#bassador" the Pa$al
Nuncio" has had di$lo#atic re$resentations with the Phili$$ine o(ern#ent si nce
5E>G 7Rollo" $* FG6* This a$$ears to be the uni(ersal $ractice in international relations*
Pri nci $l es4
Arti cl e 857a6 of 5E?5 :i enna Con(enti on on ;i $l o#ati c Rel ati ons
In Article 85 7a6 of the 5E?5 :ienna con(ention on ;i$lo#atic Relations" a
di$lo#atic en(o2 is ranted i ##uni t2 fro# the ci (il and ad#i ni strati (e
% uri sdi cti on of the recei(in state o(er an2 real action relatin to $ri (ate
59
i ##o(abl e $ro$ert2 si tuated i n the territor2 of the recei (i n state
which the en(o2 holds in behalf of the sendin state for the $ur$oses of the
#ission*
Arti cl es <90<< of 5E?5 :i enna Con(enti on on ;i $l o#ati c Rel ati ons
Lateran Treat2
75E<E6 Pact of #utual reconition between Ital2 and the :atican" sined in the
Lateran Palace" Ro#e* The :ati can areed to reconi !e the state of
Ital 2" with Ro#e as i ts ca$ital " i n e)chane for for#al establ i sh#ent
of Ro#an Cathol i ci s# as the state rel i i on of Ital 2" institution of
reliious instruction in the $ublic schools" the banni n of di (orce" and
reconiti on of $a$al so(erei nt2 o(er :ati can Ci t2 and the co#$l ete
i nde$endence of the $o$e* A second concordat i n 5EF> ended
Cathol i ci s#K s status as the state rel i i on and di sconti nued
co#$ul sor2 rel i i ous educati on*
>* The Uni ted Nati ons 75E< Nati ons6
International orani!ation created at San 1ransi sco Conf erence held in the
US fro# A$ril <> to +une <?" 5E=>* UN succeeded the Leaue of Nations and is
o(erned b2 a charter that ca#e into force on October <=" 5E=>
Off i ci al Lanuaes of UN4 71RESCA6
1rench
Russian
Enlish
S$anish
Chinese
Arabic
Pri nci $al Pur$oses of UN4
5* -aintain i nternati onal Peace and Securit2
<* ;e(elo$ fri endl 2 rel ati ons a#on nati ons
8* Achie(e i nternati onal coo$erati on
=* Centre for har#oni !i n acti ons of nati ons for attai n#ent of these
co##on oal s
Structure of the UN4
a* ,eneral Asse#bl 2
Central oran which al l #e#bers are re$resented
<B8 (ote re@ui red
Carl os P* Ro#ul o ser(ed as the Presi dent of the =
th
sessi on of
,eneral Asse#bl 2
55
1uncti ons4 7S0BC;E6
i* Su$er(isor2
ii* Budetar2
iii* Constituent
i(* ;eliberati(e
(* Electi(e
b* Securi t2 Counci l
Oran res$onsi bl e f or the #ai ntenance of $eace and securit2 L
underta3es $re(enti(e and enforce#ent actions
-e#bershi$4
5* Per#anent -e#bers 71RUCU6
China
UA
1rance
Russia
USA
<* Non0Per#anent -e#bers
>0 fro# Afri can and Asi an States
<0 fro# Lati n A#eri can States
<0 fro# Western Euro$ean and Other States
50fro# Eastern Euro$ean States
c* Econo#i c and Soci al Counci l
E)erts ef f ort towards hi her standards of l i (i n sol uti ons of
international econo#ic" social health and related $roble#s" uni(ersal res$ect for
and obser(ance of hu#an rihts and funda#ental freedo#s
d* Trusteeshi $ Council
Oran chared with the ad#i ni strati on of the I nternati onal Trusteeshi $
S2ste# 7i dl e Council 6
e* The Secretari at
Chi ef ad#i ni strati (e oran of the UN
Current Secretar2 ,eneral7as of <95<60 Ban Ai 0-oon of South
Aorea7F
th
6
Secretaries0,eneral ser(e for fi (e02ear ter#s that can be renewed
i ndef i nitel 2
f* I nternati onal Court of +usti ce
+udi ci al oran of UNL world court o(erned b2 the statute which is
anne)ed to and #ade $art of the UN charter
5<
Court is co#$osed of 5> %udes" who are el ected for ter#s of of fi ce
of ni ne 2ears b2 the United Nati ons ,eneral Asse#bl 2 and the
Securi t2 Counci l *
El ecti on e(er2 8 2ears
Peace $alace in &aue" Netherl ands
-ust $ossess the @ual if i cati ons re@ui red i n thei r res$ecti (e
countri es f or a$$oi nt#ent to the hihest %udicial offices
Ce!ar Ben!on of SC el ected to the I C+
?* Bel l i erent Co##uni t2
The2 are rou$ of rebel s under an orani!ed ci(il o(ern#ent who
ha(e ta3en u$ ar#s aai nst l eiti #ate o(ern#ent* When
reconi !ed" considered as a se$arate state f or $ur$oses of conf l i ct and
entitl e to al l the ri hts and sub% ected to al l the obl i ati ons of a ful l
$l eded bel l i erent under the l aws of war*
G* I nternati onal Ad#i ni strati (e Bodi es
Certain ad#i ni strati (e bodi es created b2 aree#ent a#on states
#a2 be (ested with international $ersonalit2 when < conditions concur4
a* Their $ur$ose are #ai nl 2 non0$ol i ti cal
b* The2 are autono#ous and not sub% ect to the control of an2 state
i* E)a#$les4
5* International Labour Orani!ation
<* 1ood and Aricultural Orani!ation
8* Worl d &eal th Orani !ati on
CASE4 SOUT&EAST ASI AN 1I S&ERI ES ;E:ELOP-ENT CENTER0
ADUACULTURE ;EPART-ENT7SEA1;EC0AD;6 " (s* NATI ONAL LABOR
RELATI ONS CO--I SSI ON
Southeast Asian 1isheries ;e(elo$#ent Center0A@ua Culture ;e$art#ent is a
de$art#ent of SEA1;" an international institution for#ed b2 an international aree#ent
of Southeast Asian countries* Pri(ate $etitioner sent a letter to $ri(ate res$ondent"
infor#in hi# of his ter#ination due to financial restraints of the de$art#ent* Latter
was infor#ed that he was oin to recei(e se$aration $a2* U$on failure of $etitioner to
i(e se$aration $a2" $ri(ate res$ondent La!aa filed a co#$laint with the Labor Arbiter"
which decided in fa(or of $ri(ate res$ondent a#idst contention of $etitioner that Labor
Arbiter doesnCt ha(e %urisdiction o(er the#* NLRC affir#ed the decision of Labor
Arbiter*
Issue4 WON SEA1EC0 AC; is i##une fro# suit owin to its international character
58
&eld4 'ES" bei n an i ntero(ern#ental orani !ati on" SEA1;EC i ncl udi n its
;e$art#ents 7AD;6" en% o2s functi onal i nde$endence and freedo# fro#
control of the state i n whose territor2 its off i ce i s l ocated*
One of the basi c i ##uniti es of an i nternati onal orani !ati on i s i ##uni t2
fro# l ocal % uri sdi cti on" i *e" that it is i##une fro# the leal writs and $rocesses
issued b2 the tribunals of the countr2 where it is found* The ob(ious reason for this is
that the sub%ection of such an orani!ation to the authorit2 of the local courts would
afford a con(enient #ediu# thru which the host o(ern#ent #a2 i nterf ere i n
thei r o$erati ons or e(en i nfl uence or control its $ol i ci es and deci si ons of
the orani !ati onL besides" such sub%ection to local %urisdiction would i#$air the
ca$acit2 of such bod2 to dischare its res$onsibilities i#$artiall2 on behalf of its
#e#ber0states
F* I ndi (i dual s
Onl2 as an ob% ect of i nternati onal l aw who can act onl 2 throuh the
i nstru#ental i t2 of hi s own state i n #atters i n(ol (i n other states
T&E CONCEPT O1 STATE
ELE-ENTS O1 T&E STATE4
5* Peo$l e
It refers to the hu#an bei ns l i (i n wi thi n i ts terri tor2* The2 should be of
both se)es and sufficient in nu#ber to #aintain and $er$etuate the#sel(es
Indi(iduals of different races" lanuaes and reliion (er2 often actuall2 fro#
one $eo$le that is to sa2" the $eo$le of one state
Citi!ens" Nationals" Sub%ects
<* Territor2
It is the fi)ed $orti on of the surf ace i n the earth i n whi ch the $eo$l e
of the state resi de
A defined territor2 is necessar2 for %urisdictional reasons and in order to
$ro(ide for the needs of the inhabitants
o As a $ractical Re@uire#ent4
It shoul d be bi enouh to be sel f 0 suf fi ci ent and
s#al l enouh to be easil 2 ad#i ni stered and
def ended
The Terrestri al or Land ;o#ai n
It refers to the land #ass on whi ch the i nhabi tants l i (e*
5=
-odes of Ac@uirin Land Territor2
5* ;i sco(er2 and Occu$ati on
Oriinal #ode b2 which territor2 not bel oni n to an2 state or TERRA
NULLI US is $laced under the so(ereint2 of the disco(erin state
Need not be uninhabited $ro(ided that it can be established that the nati(es
are not sufficientl2 ci(ili!ed and can be considered $ossessin not rihts of
so(ereint2 but onl2 rihts of habitation
o Re@ui si tes f or a (al i d di sco(er2 and occu$ati on
Possessi on
Ad#i ni strati on
I nchoate Titl e of ;i sco(er2
It is ac@ui red b2 the cl ai #ant state $endi n co#$l iance wi th
the second re@ui re#ent whi ch i s ad#i ni strati on
<* Prescri $ti on
Conti nuous and uni nterru$ted $ossessi on o(er a l on $eri od of
ti #e" %ust li3e in ci(il law*
In international law" howe(er" there is no rul e of thu#b as to the l enth
of ti #e needed f or ac@ui si ti on of terri tor2 throuh $rescri $ti on
,rotius ;octri ne if I ##e#ori al Prescri $ti on4
Uni nterru$ted $ossessi on oi n be2ond #e#or2
8* Cessi on7 b2 treat26
Territor2 is transf erred fro# 5 state to another b2 aree#ent
between the# 7sale" donation" barterB e)chane and testa#entar2
dis$osition6
=* Sub% uati on
&a(in been $re(i ousl 2 con@uered or occu$i ed i n the courses of
war of the ene#2" i s f or#al l 2 anne)ed to it at the end of the war"
con@uer alone inchoate riht since it is the for#al act of anne)ation that
co#$le#ents ac@uisition*
>* Accreti on
Based on Accessi o Cedot Pri nci $ol i acco#$l i shed throuh both
natural or arti fi ci al $rocesses as b2 the radual and i #$erce$ti bl e
de$osi t of soil on the coasts of the countr2 throuh the action of the
water or b2 recla#ation $ro%ects*
Loss of Terri tor2 7SPRECC0;6
5>
a6 ;erel i cti on
o Ph2sical withdrawal
o Abandon#ent
b6 Cessi on0 aree#ent between states
c6 Con@uest
d6 Erosi on or other natural causes
e6 Prescri $ti on
f6 Sub% uati on
6 Re(ol uti on
;octri ne of Eff ecti (e Occu$ati on
Under this doctrine" di sco(er2 of terra nul l i us i s not enouh to ac@ui re
titl e to the di sco(ered terri tor2
The Internal Waters
Al so cal l ed as Nati onal or I nl and" are those f ound i n the bodi es of
water withi n the l and #ass and the waters in ulfs and ba2s u$ to the $oint where
the territorial waters bein*
The -ari ti #e or 1l u(i al ;o#ai n
This consi sts of the bodi es of water wi thi n the l and #ass and the
waters ad% acent to the coasts of a state to a s$eci fi ed l i #it * Included In the
#ariti#e and flu(ial do#ain are the landloc3ed la3es" ri(ers" #an#ade canals" the
waters in certain ulfs" ba2s and straits" and the territorial sea*
Archi $el ao ;octri ne
The waters around" between and connecti n the i sl ands of the
archi $el ao" reardl ess of thei r breadth and di #ensi ons" for# $art of the
internal waters of the Phili$$ines 7<
nd
sentence" Article 5" 5EFG Constitution6
To deter#ine the territorial owners
Archi $el aoM Pel us whi ch ref er to the i sl ands" a sea studded wi th
#an2 i sl and
o Ainds4
Coastal 0 si tuated cl ose to a #ai nl and and #a2 be
considered a $art thereof
E)a#$le4 Lofien islands" Norwa2
-i d0ocean0 si tuated i n the ocean or such di stance
ari si n fro# the coasts of f ri # l and
E)a#$le4 Phili$$ines
5?
United Nati ons Con(enti on on the Laws of the Sea 7UNCLOS6
Unif or# breadth of 59 #i l es f or the terri torial sea" a conti uous
!one of 5F #i l es f ro# the outer l i #i ts of the territori al sea" and
econo#i c !one or $atri #oni al sea e)tendi n <99 #i l es fro# the
l ow0 water #ar3 of the coastal
8 international Conferences ha(e been called to for#ulate a new law of the
seas*
The conference ha(e dealt with such contro(ersial #atters a the breadth of
the territorial seas" use of straits for international na(iation" continental
shelf" conce$t of an e)clusi(e econo#ic !one" freedo# of the hih seas"
status of archi$elaos and rei#e of islands*
o 5
st
conference4 held in 5E>?0>F at ,ene(a Swit!erland
o <
nd
Conference4 held in 5E?9 at ,ene(a Swit!erland
o 8
rd
conference4 held in 5EG9 b2 the UN which resulted in the
ado$tion of a new con(enti on of the Law of the Sea and
beca#e ef f ecti (e on4 No(e#ber 5?" 5EE=" sined in +a#aica"
55E out of 5>9 conference0states
Strai ht Basel i ne -ethod
;rawn connecti ons sel ected $oi nts on the coast wi thout a$$reci abl e
de$arture fro# the eneral sha$e of the coast
Thal we ;octri ne
1or boundar2 ri (ers" in the absence of an aree#ent between the ri$arian
states" the boundar2 l i ne i s l ai d on the #i ddl e of the #ai n na(i abl e
channel *
-i ddl e of the Bri de ;octri ne
Where there i s a bri de o(er a boundar2 ri (er" the boundar2 l i ne i s
the #i ddl e or center of the bri de*
Ba2s and ,ul f s
o A ba2 is a wel l 0#ar3ed i ndenti on i n the coast the area of whi ch
at l east i s as l are or l arer than" that of the se#i 0 ci rcl e
whose di a#eter i s a l i ne drawn across i ts #outh* Also referred to
as the % uri di cal ba2
Strai t
5G
o Narrow $assaewa2s connecti n two bodi es of water * If the
distance between the < o$$osite coast is not #ore than si) #iles" the2
are considered internal*
Canal s
Territori al Sea
The bel t of the sea l ocated between the coast and i nternal waters of the
coastal state on the one hand and the hi h seas on the other" e)tendi n
u$ to 5< nauti cal #i l es fro# the l ow water #ar3 or in case of archi$elaic state"
fro# the baseline*
Phi l i $$i ne Terri tori al Sea
Based on hi stori c ri hts or titl e or as it i s often cal l ed the
treat2 l i #i ts theor2
o 8 #i l e l i #it rul e
;octri ne of Ri ht of I nnocent Passae
-eans na(i ati on throuh the terri rori al seas of a state f or the
$ur$ose of tra(ersi n that seas wi thout enteri n i nternal waters or of
$roceedi n to i nternal waters" or #a3in for the hih seas fro# internal waters" as
l on as it i s not $re% udi ci al to the $eace" $ubl i c ood order or securit2 of
the coastal state*
A$$l i cabl e onl 2 on $assae on terri torial sea and not to internal
waters* Point of $assae is i#$ortant
I n(ol untar2 entrance #a2 be due to the f ol l owi n4
5* Lac3 of $ro(i si ons
<* Unseaworthi ness of the (essel
8* I ncre#ent weather
=* Other cases of force #a% eure li3e $ursuit of $irates
Territori al sea (s* I nternal waters of the Phi l i $$i nes
Territorial sea N hi h seas u$ to 5< nauti cal #i l es
Internal waters0 al l waters i nternal such as canal s
CASE4 Portual (s* Indi a
It was co##on round between the Parties that durin the British and $ost0
British $eriods the $assae of $ri(ate $ersons and ci(il officials had not been sub%ect to
an2 restrictions be2ond routine control* -erchandise other than ar#s and a##unition
had also $assed freel2 sub%ect onl2" at certain ti#es" to custo#s reulations and such
reulation and control as were necessitated b2 considerations of securit2 or re(enue*
5F
The Court theref ore concl uded that" wi th reard to $ri (ate $ersons" ci (i l
off i ci al s and oods i n eneral there had e)i sted a constant and uni f or#
$racti ce al l owi n free $assae between ;a#an and the encl a(es" it was" i n
(i ew of al l the ci rcu#stances of the case" sati sf i ed that that $racti ce had
been acce$ted as l aw b2 the Parti es and had i (en ri se to a ri ht and a
correl ati (e obl i ati on*
As reards ar#ed f orces" ar#ed $ol i ce and ar#s and a##uni ti on"
the $osi ti on was di ff erent*
As reards ar#s and a##unition" the Treat2 of 5FGF and rules fra#ed under the Indian
Ar#s Act of 5FGF $rohibited the i#$ortation of ar#s" a##unition or #ilitar2 stores
fro# Portuuese India and its e)$ort to Portuuese India without a s$ecial licence*
Subse@uent $racti ce showed that thi s $ro(i si on a$$l i ed to transi t between
;a#an and the encl a(es*
The findin of the Court that the $ractice established between the Parties had
re@uired for the $assae of ar#ed forces" ar#ed $olice and ar#s and a##unition the
$er#ission of the British or Indian authorities rendered it unnecessar2 for the Court to
deter#ine whether or not" in the absence of the $ractice that actuall2 $re(ailed" eneral
international custo# or eneral $rinci$les of law reconi!ed b2 ci(ili!ed nations" which
had also been in(o3ed b2 Portual" could ha(e been relied u$on b2 Portual in su$$ort
of its clai# to a riht of $assae in res$ect of these cateories* The Court was dealin
with a concrete case ha(in s$ecial features4 historicall2 the case went bac3 to a $eriod
when" and related to a reion in which" the relations between neihbourin States were
not reulated b2 $recisel2 for#ulated rules but were o(erned larel2 b2 $ractice4
findin a $ractice clearl2 established between two States" which was acce$ted b2 the
Parties as o(ernin the relations between the#" the Court #ust attribute decisi(e
effect to that $ractice* The Court was" therefore" of the (iew that no riht of $assae in
fa(our of Portual in(ol(in a correlati(e obliation on India had been established in
res$ect of ar#ed forces" ar#ed $olice and ar#s and a##unition*
The Court found that the e(ents which had occurred in ;adra on <50<< +ul2
5E>= and which had resulted in the o(erthrow of Portuuese authorit2 in that encla(e
had created tension in the surroundin Indian district" ha(in reard to that tension" the
Court was of the (iew that IndiaKs refusal of $assae was co(ered b2 its $ower of
reulation and control of the riht of $assae of Portual*
Conti uous Oone
This ref ers to the waters be2ond the terri torial seas but not i n e)cess
of 5< #i l es fro# the outer l i #i ts of the terri torial sea o(er which the coastal
state e)ercises a $rotecti(e %urisdiction to $re(ent the $unish infrine#ents of its
custo#s" fiscal i##iration or sanitar2 reulations 75EF< Con(ention on the Sea6
E)cl usi (e Econo#i c Oone
5E
It is that e)$anse of the sea e)tendi n <99 nauti cal #i l es fro# the
coast or basel i nes of the state o(er which it asserts e)clusi(e %urisdiction and
ownershi$ o(er all li(in and non0li(in resources found therein*
Contiuous E)clusi(e Econo#ic Oone
5< nauti cal #i l es f ro# territori al sea <99 nauti cal #il es fro# the basel i ne
Not a territor2 but state #a2 e)erci se
l i #i ted % uri sdi cti on o(er it to $re(ent
i nfri ne#ent of custo#s" fi scal
i ##i rati on or sanitar2 reul ati ons
E)cl usi (e f or econo#i c
Conti nental Shel f
It i s the seabed and subsoi l of the sub#ari ne areas that e)tend
be2ond its terri torial sea throuhout the natural $rol onati on of i ts l and
territor2 to the outer ede of the conti nental #ari n" or to a distance of <99
nautical #iles fro# the baselines fro# which the breadth of the territorial sea is
#easured where the outer ede of the continental #arin does not e)tend u$ to that
distance 7Art* G?" $ar*5" UNCLOS6
&i h Seas
It i s treated as RES CO--UNES or RE NULLI US" and thus" are not
territor2 of a $arti cul ar state* These are the waters which do not constitute the
i nternal waters" archi $el ai c waters" terri tori al sea and e)cl usi (e econo#i c
!one of a state* The2 are be2ond the %urisdiction and so(erein rihts of States*
Res Nullius
Res Co##unes
1reedo# of Na(iation
1l a State 1l a Na(i ati on
Refers to the authori t2 under whi ch a
countr2 e)erci ses reul ator2 control
o(er co##erci al (essel s whi ch i s
rei stered under i ts fl a
A (essel whi ch i s rei stered i n a
f orei n countr2 for con(eni ence
The fl a i s di ff erent fro# the
nati onal i t2 of the owner
T&E P&I LI PPI NE TERRI TOR'
Phi l i $$i ne Basel i ne Laws
5* Nor#al Basel i ne -ethod
a* ;rawn fro# the low water #ar3 of the coast" to the breadth clai#ed"
f ol l owi n i ts si nuousness and cur(atures but e)cl udi n the
i nternal waters i n the ba2s and ul f s
<* Strai ht Basel i ne -ethod
<9
a* +oi ni n a$$ro$ri ate $oi nts #a2 be e#$l o2ed i n drawi n the
basel i ne fro# whi ch the breadth of the terri tori al seas i s
#easured* 7Art* G UNCLOS6
Baseline Law
5E?5 RA* G9=?
>==?0 o(erla$$in !one on -ala2sia
E><<0 The2 ceded to own so#e islands which are not suitable for econo#ic
!one
To#as Cl o#a
o A 1ili$ino ad(enturer and fishin #anate who disco(ered Aala2aan
Island
o 5E>? Clo#a declared se$arate o(ern#ent fro# the Phili$$ines
o Clo#a sold it to the Phili$$ines durin the -arcos Rei #e f or P5
onl 2
Treat2 of Pari s
o 1or P<9-" S$ai n sol d the Phil i $$i nes to US on ;ece#ber 59"
5FEF
Treat2 of Washi nton
o 1or P599A f or the ac@ui si ti on of the i sl ands not i ncl uded i n
the Treat2 of Pari s No(* G" 5E99
US0 Bri tai n
o +anuar2 <" 5E89 for the Ac@ui si ti on of the i sl ands i n the South
7Sul u" tawi 0tawi 6
-arcos Issued P; 5E>? creati n 3al a2aan as a $ro(i nce of Pal awan
Treat2 of Anne)ati on
o -a3in the &awaii $art of the US
8* ,o(ern#ent
;efined as the aenc2 throuh whi ch the wil l of the state i s
f or#ul ated" real i !ed and e)$ressed*
In International law" it is the i nstru#ental i t2 that re$resents the state i n
i ts deal i ns wi th other i nternati onal $ersons* The state can assert rihts" and is
held res$onsible" throuh its o(ern#ent*
;e +ure0 A o(ern#ent i n accordance of the l aw
;e 1acto0 A o(ern#ent not i n accordance wi th the l aw
1OR-S O1 ,O:ERN-ENT
A for# of ,o(ern#ent" or for# of state of o(ernance" refers to the set of
$ol i ti cal i nstituti ons b2 whi ch a o(ern#ent of a state i s orani !ed i n
order to e)ert its $owers o(er a house i n the conress bod2 $ol i ti c*
S2non2#s include .rei#e t2$e/ and .s2ste# of o(ern#ent/*
5* ;e#ocrac2 7Rul ed b2 -a% orit26
<5
It is best described b2 Abraha# Lincoln as a for# of o(ern#ent that i s of
the $eo$l e" b2 the $eo$l e and for the $eo$l e* It is a for# of o(ern#ent" which
al l ows $eo$l e to choose the re$resentati (es a#onst the#sel (es who are
i (en the ri hts to f or# the o(ern#ent * A de#ocrac2 usual l 2 has a standard
Consti tuti on that confers certain rihts of freedo# and e)$ression 7and #an2 other
rihts6 to its citi!ens and e)$ects certain duties fro# the# and a unifor# law to o(ern
the entire nation*
;i rect or Pure ;e#ocrac2
One in which the wil l of the State i s f or#ul ated or e)$ressed di rectl 2
and i ##edi atel 2 throuh the $eo$l e i n a #ass #eeti n or $ri #ar2
asse#bl 2*
I ndi rect" Re$resentati (e or Re$ubl i can ;e#ocrac2
One in which the wil l of the state i s for#ul ated and e)$ressed throuh
the aenc2 of a rel ati (el 2 s#al l and sel ect bod2 of $ersons chosen b2 the
$eo$le to act as their re$resentati(es*
<* Ari stocrac2
One in which $ol iti cal $ower i s e)erci sed b2 a f ew $ri (il eed cl ass
8* -onarch2
-onarchies are one of the oldest $olitical s2ste# 3nown" de(elo$in fro# tribal
structure with one $erson the absolute ruler
-onarch2 i#$lies rule or the $ower of o(ern#ent in the hands of a indi(idual
who has inherited the role and e)$ects to be@ueath it to the descendants* Currentl2
there e)ist 85 #onarchs reinin o(er => e)tant so(erein #onarchies in the world" 5?
of which are Co##onwealth Real#s that for#all2 reconi!e Dueen Eli!abeth II as their
head of state and Prince Charles as heir*
Ainds of -onarch24
Absol ute #onarch20 one in which the rul er b2 di (i ne ri ht
Li #i ted #onarch20 one in which the rul er rul es i n accordance
with the constituti on
=* Presi denti al
One in which the state #a3es the e)ecuti (e constituti onal l 2
i nde$endent of the l ei sl ature as reards hi s $ol i ci es and acts
>* Parl i a#entar2
One in which the state conf ers u$on the l ei sl ature the $ower to
ter#i nate the tenure of off i ce of the real e)ecuti (e
?* Unitar2
One in which the control of nati onal and l ocal i s e)erci sed b2 the
central or nati onal o(ern#ent
<<
G* 1ederal
One in which the $owers of o(ern#ent are di (i ded between < sets of
orans" one f or nati onal affai rs and the other f or l ocal affairs*
The $ol i ti cs of the Phil i $$i nes ta3es $lace in an orani !ed fra#ewor3 of
$resi denti al " re$resentati (e and de#ocrati c re$ubl i c whereb2 the
$resi dent i s both the head of state and the head of o(ern#ent
withi n a $l urif or# #ul ti $art2 s2ste#* This s2ste# re(ol(es around 8
branches4 the leislati(e branch 7law0#a3in bod26" the e)ecuti(e branch 7law0
enforcin bod26 and the %udicial branch 7the law0 inter$retin bod26*
E)ecuti(e $ower is e)ercised b2 the o(ern#ent under the leadershi$ of the
$resident
Leislati(e $ower is (ested both the o(ern#ent and the < cha#ber conress0
The Senate 7the u$$er cha#ber6 and the &ouse of Re$resentati(e 7the lower
cha#ber
+udicial $ower is (ested in the courts with the Su$re#e Court of the Phili$$ines
as the hihest %udicial bod2
;es$oti s#
It is the for# of rul e wherei n a si nl e l eader rul ers the enti re
$o$ul ati on and al l hi s or her sub% ects are consi dered to be hi s or her
sl a(es* The Pharaoh of E2$t is an e)a#$le of this sort of rule* In case of conte#$orar2
contention" the ter# i#$lies t2rannical rule*
;i ctatorshi $
I#$lies rule b2 an i ndi (i dual who has co#$l ete $ower o(er the countr2*
Althouh there ha(e been se(eral definitions of dictatorshi$" broadl2 all the (arious
t2$es and for#s of dictatorshi$ tend to e)hi bi t total itari an characteri sti cs* When
the $ower of the o(ern#ent does not co#e fro# the $eo$le" is unli#ited and tends to
e)$and their sco$e of $owers to control e(er2 as$ect of $eo$leCs life" the for# can be
ter#ed a dictatorshi$*
Ol i arch2 7Rul e b2 1ew6
It is the for# of o(ern#ent where a s#al l rou$ has the $ower to o(ern
or rul e* Ari stotl e had coi ned the ter# ol i arch2 as s2non2# f or rul e b2 the
ri ch 7which is 3nown as $lutocrac26 oliarch2 now si#$l2 refers to rul e of the
$ri (il eed few*
Pl utocrac2
Ref ers to f or# of o(ern#ent" whi ch i s run b2 the ri ch* A $lutocrac2 is
a for# of o(ern#ent" which is controlled b2 a rou$ of e)tre#el2 wealth2 indi(iduals*
In toda2Cs world #an2 $olitical anal2st arue there are still so#e situations in which
<8
$ri(ate cor$orations and wealth2 indi(iduals ha(e a stron hold o(er the o(ern#ent"
which can be s2non2#ous with $lutocrac2
Co##uni st ,o(ern#ent
It is a for# of ,o(ern#ent in which the state i s o(erned b2 a one0$art2
s2ste#* This for# of o(ern#ent wor3s on the l i nes of -ar)i s#0 Leni ni s#* Thus"
the state and the co##unist $art2 clai# to act i n accordance to the wi shes of
the wor3i n cl ass or the $easantr2* Althouh a co##unist o(ern#ent clai#s to
i#$le#ent de#ocratic dictatorshi$ of the $roletariat" it tends to incline towards the
abolition of the state and i#$le#entation of co##unis#*
RECO,NI TI ON
;efinition
It is an act b2 which a state ac3nowl edes the e)i stence of another
state" o(ern#ent or bel l i erent co##unit2 and i ndi cates wil l i nness to
deal wi th the entit2 as such under the rules of international law*
;OCTRI NES ON RECO,NI TI ON O1 ,O:ERN-ENT
5* Wil sonB Tobar ;octri ne
Precl udes reconi ti on of o(ern#ent establ i shed b2 re(ol uti on" ci (i l
war" cou$ dCQtat or other f or#s of i nternal (i ol ence unti l the2 freel 2
el ected re$resentati (e of the $eo$l e ha(e orani !ed a constituti onal
o(ern#ent
<* Estrada ;octri ne
;eal i n or not deal i n with the o(ern#ent establ i shed throuh
$ol i ti cal u$hea(al i s not a % ude#ent on the l eiti #ac2 of the sai d
o(ern#ent 7-e)i can -i ni ster ,enaro Estrada6
8* Sti #son ;octri ne
Precludes reconition of an2 o(ern#ent established as a resul t of e)ternal
aressi on 7US Sec of State &enr2 Lewis Sti#son6
E11ECTS O1 RECO,NI TI ON O1 A STATE OR ,O:ERN-ENT
5* ;i $l o#ati c rel ati ons
<* Ri ht to sue i n courts of reconi!in state
8* Ri ht to $ossessi on of $ro$erti es of $redecessor on the reconi!in
state
=* Al l acts of the reconi !ed state or o(ern#ent are (al i dated
retroacti (el 2L $re(entin the reconi!in state fro# $assin u$on their lealit2
in its own courts* 7Act of State ;octrine6
PRACTI CAL CRI TERI A 1OR RECO,NITI ON O1 A ,O:ERN-ENT
5* it has control of the ad#i ni strati (e #achi ner2 of the state with
$o$ul ar ac@ui escenceL and
<* It is wi l l i n and abl e to co#$l 2 wi th its i nternati onal obl i ati ons
<=
AI N;S O1 RECO,NI TI ON O1 ,O:ERN-ENT
;e +ure Reconi ti on ;e 1acto Reconi ti on
Rel ati (el 2 $er#anent Pro(i si onal 7durati on of ar#ed
strul e6
:ests titl e to $ro$erti es of
o(ern#ent abroad
;oes NOT (est ti tl e to $ro$erti es of
o(ern#ent abroad
Bri ns about ful l di $l o#ati c rel ati ons Li #i ted to certai n %uri di cal rel ati ons
=* So(erei nt2
Su$re#e and uncontrol l abl e $ower i nherent i n a State b2 which that
State is o(erned*
The o(ern#ent $ossesses ful l control o(er i ts own aff ai rs wi thi n a
territori al eora$hi c area or l i #i t
CASE4 North cotabato (s* ,RP r no* 5F8>E5
1ACTS4 The -e#orandu# of Aree#ent on the Ancestral ;o#ain 7-OA0A;6 brouht
about b2 the ,o(ern#ent of the re$ublic of the Phili$$ines 7,RP6 and the -oro Isla#ic
Liberation 1ront 7-IL16 as an as$ect of Tri$oli Aree#ent of Peace in <995 is scheduled
to be sined in Auala Lu#$ur" -ala2sia*
This aree#ent was $etitioned b2 the Pro(ince of North Cotabato for -anda#us and
Prohibition with Pra2er for the Issuance of Writ of Preli#inar2 In%unction and Te#$orar2
Restrainin Order* The aree#ent #entions IBansa#oro +uridical Entit2I 7B+E6 to
which it rants the authorit2 and %urisdiction o(er the Ancestral ;o#ain and Ancestral
Lands of the Bansa#oroL authorit2 and %urisdiction o(er all natural resources within
internal waters* The aree#ent is co#$osed of two local statutes4 the oranic act for
autono#ous reion in -usli# -indanao and the Indienous Peo$leCs Rihts Act 7IPRA6*
I SSUE4 Whether or not the ,RP (iolated the Constitutional and statutor2 $ro(isions on
$ublic consultation and the riht to infor#ation when the2 neotiated and initiated the
-OA0A; and Whether or not the -OA0A; brouht b2 the ,RP and -IL1 is
constitutional
&EL;4,RP (i ol ated the Consti tuti onal and statutor2 $ro(i si ons on $ubl i c
consul tati on and the ri ht to i nf or#ati on when the2 neotiated and
i ni tiated the -OA0A; and it are unconsti tuti onal because it i s contrar2 to
l aw and the $ro(i si ons of the consti tuti on thereof *
REASONI N,4 The ,RP is re@ui red b2 thi s l aw to carr2 out $ubl i c
consul tati ons on both nati onal and l ocal l e(el s to buil d consensus f or
$eace aenda and $rocess and the #obi l i !ati on and faci l i tati on of
$eo$l eCs $arti ci $ati on i n the $eace $rocess*
<>
Sec* G* The riht of $eo$le on #atters of $ublic concern shall be reconi!ed" access to
official records and to docu#ents and $a$ers $ertainin to official acts" transactions" or
decisions" as well as to o(ern#ent research data used as basis for $olic2 de(elo$#ent
shall be afforded the citi!en" sub%ect to such li#itations as #a2 be $ro(ided b2 law*
Article II
Sec* <F* Sub%ect to reasonable conditions $rescribed b2 law " that state ado$ts and
i#$le#ents a $olic2 of full $ublic disclosure of all its transactions in(ol(in $ublic
interest*
L,C 75EE56" .re@uire all national aencies and officers to conduct $eriodic
consultations* No $ro%ect or $rora# be i#$le#ented unless such consultations are
co#$lied with and a$$ro(al #us be obtained*/
ARTICLE H:II 7A-EN;-ENTS OR RE:ISIONS6
Section 5* An2 a#end#ent to" or re(ision of" this Constitution #a2 be $ro$osed b24
5* The Conress" u$on a (ote of three0fourths of all its -e#bersL or
<* A constitutional con(ention*
Section =* An2 a#end#ent to" or re(ision of" this Constitution under Section 5 hereof
shall be (alid when ratified b2 a #a%orit2 of the (otes cast in a $lebiscite which shall be
held not earlier than si)t2 da2s nor later than ninet2 da2s after the a$$ro(al of such
a#end#ent or re(ision*
-OA0A; states that all $ro(isions thereof which cannot be reconciled with the $resent
constitution and laws .shall co#e into force u$on sinin of a co#$rehensi(e co#$act
and u$on effectin the necessar2 chanes to the leal fra#ewor3*/ The $residentCs
authorit2 is li#ited to $ro$osin constitutional a#end#ents* She cannot uarantee to
an2 third $art2 that the re@uired a#end#ents will e(entuall2 be $ut in $lace nor e(en
be sub#itted to a $lebiscite* -OA0A; itself $resents the need to a#end therein*
AI N;S O1 SO:EREI ,NT'4
1. I nternal N Su$re#e Authorit2 of a state wi thi n its terri tor2 7Pol i ce
Power6
2. E)ternal 0 ;oes not ha(e an2 force i n forei n territor2
D4 Is So(erein absoluteR
A4 In do#estic s$here0 'ESS
In International s$here0 NOS
CASE4 Tanada (s Anara" <G< SCRA 5F" -a2 <" 5EEG
<?
While so(ereint2 has traditionall2 been dee#ed absolute and all0enco#$assin on the
do#estic le(el" it is howe(er sub%ect to restrictions and li#itations (oluntaril2 areed to
b2 the Phili$$ines" e)$ressl2 or i#$liedl2" as a #e#ber of the fa#il2 of nations
B2 the doctrine of incor$oration" the countr2 is bound b2 enerall2 acce$ted $rinci$les
of international law" which are considered to be auto#aticall2 $art of our own laws*
One of the ol dest and #ost funda#ental rul es i n i nternati onal l aw i s $acta
sunt ser(anda J i nternati onal aree#ents #ust be $erf or#ed i n ood
faith*
IA treat2 enae#ent is not a #ere #oral obliation but creates a leall2 bindin
obliation on the $arties * * * A state which has contracted (alid international obliations
is bound to #a3e in its leislations such #odifications as #a2 be necessar2 to ensure
the fulfill#ent of the obliations underta3en*I
B2 their (oluntar2 act" nations #a2 surrender so#e as$ects of their state $ower in
e)chane for reater benefits ranted b2 or deri(ed fro# a con(ention or $act* After all"
states" li3e indi(iduals" li(e with coe@uals" and in $ursuit of #utuall2 co(enanted
ob%ecti(es and benefits" the2 also co##onl2 aree to li#it the e)ercise of their
otherwise absolute rihts*
The so(erei nt2 of a state theref ore cannot i n fact and i n real i t2 be
consi dered absol ute* Certai n restri cti ons enter i nto the $i cture4 756
l i #i tati ons i #$osed b2 the (er2 nature of #e#bershi $ i n the fa#i l 2 of
nati ons and 7<6 l i #i tati ons i #$osed b2 treat2 sti $ul ati ons* As a$tl2 $ut b2
+ohn 1* Aenned2" IToda2" no nation can build its destin2 alone* The ae of self0sufficient
nationalis# is o(er*
Thus" when the Phil i $$i nes % oi ned the Uni ted Nati ons as one of its >5
charter #e#bers" i t consented to restri ct i ts so(erei n ri hts under the
Iconce$t of so(erei nt2 as auto0l i #i tati on* I

The Phili$$ines has effecti(el2 areed to li#it the e)ercise of its so(erein $owers of
ta)ation" e#inent do#ain and $olice $ower* The underl2in consideration in this $artial
surrender of so(ereint2 is the reci$rocal co##it#ent of the other contractin states in
rantin the sa#e $ri(ilee and i##unities to the Phili$$ines" its officials and its
citi!ens*
The $oint is that" as shown b2 the foreoin treaties" a $orti on of so(erei nt2 #a2
be wai (ed wi thout (i ol ati n the Consti tuti on" based on the rati onal e that
the Phil i $$i nes Iado$ts the eneral l 2 acce$ted $ri nci $l es of i nternati onal
l aw as $art of the l aw of the l and and adheres to the $ol i c2 of * * *
coo$erati on and a#i t2 wi th al l nati ons* I
E11ECT O1 C&AN,E O1 SO:EREI ,NT'
The effect is that the $ol i ti cal l aws of the for#er so(erei n are not
#erel 2 sus$ended but abandoned* As the2 reulate the relations between the
ruler and the rules" these laws fall to the round i$so facto unless the2 are retained or
re0enacted b2 $ositi(e act of the so(erein*
<G
Non0 $ol i ti cal l aw" b2 contrast" conti nues i n o$erati on" for the reason
also that the2 reulate $ri(ate relations onl2" unless the2 are chaned b2 the new
so(erein or are contrar2 to its institutions*
RECO,NI TI ON O1 STATES
Theori es on Reconiti on of States
1. ;ecl arator2 School
a. -erel 2 affi r#s an e)i sti n fact li3e the $ossession b2 the state of the
essential ele#ents
b. ;i screti onar2 and $ol i ti cal
2. Consti tuti (e School
a. It i s the act of reconi ti on that consti tutes the enti t2 i nto an
i nternati onal $erson
b. Co#$ul sor2 and l eal
c. -a2 be co#$el l ed once the el e#ents of a state are
establ i shed
BELLI ,ERANC'
The status of $arti es l eal l 2 at war 7 e*i* between nations or if in ci(il war"
o(ern#ent treats other as so(erein $ower6
Eff ects of bel l i erenc2 4 relations of warrin $arties deter#ined b2 l aws of
war" ranti n of bel l i erenc2 ri hts* Neutral nati ons abstai n fro# ta3i n
si des*
CON;ITI ONS RECO,NI TI ON O1 BELLI ,ERENC'
5* There #ust be an orani !ed ci (il o(ern#ent di recti n the rebel f orcesL
<* The rebels #ust occu$2 a substanti al $orti on of the territor2 of the
stateL
8* The conf l i ct bet ween t he l ei t i #at e o( er n#ent and t he
r ebel s #us t be serious" #a3in the outco#e uncertainL and
=* The rebel s #ust be wi l l i n and abl e to obser(e the l aws of war *
E11ECTS O1 RECO,NI TI ON O1 BELLI ,ERENC'
5* Res$onsibilit2 for the acts of rebel s resul ti n to i n@ui r2 to nati onal s of
reconi !i n state shal l be shi fted to rebel o(ern#ent
<* The l eiti #ate o(ern#ent reconi !i n the rebel s as bel l i erents
shal l obser(e l aws or custo#s of war i n conducti n hostil iti es
8* Thi rd states reconi !i n bel l i erenc2 shoul d #ai ntai n neutral i t2
Reconi ti on i s onl 2 $ro(i si onal and onl 2 f or $ur$oses of hostil iti es
The Pri nci $l e of State Conti nuit2
<F
It #eans that the l eal e)i stence of a state conti nues notwi thstandi n
chanes in the si!e of its $o$ulation or territor2 or in the for# or leadershi$ of its
o(ern#ent as l on as the f our essential el e#ents of statehood are
retai ned*
Creati on of New State 7RP0USA0A6
I* B2 Re(olution 7Phili$$ines6
II* B2 $eaceful ac@uisition of inde$endence7-ala2sia6
III* B2 unification of Se(eral 7Ital26
I:* B2 Secession 7Banladesh 6
:* B2 Aree#ent 7Netherlands6
:I* B2 attain#ent of Ci(ili!ation 7+a$an6
E)ti ncti on of the State 7;A;0-APE6
I* O(erthrow of o(ern#ent resultin to anarch2 7'uosla(ia6
II* E#iration on #asses of its $o$ulation 7Ti#bu3tu6
III* Anne)ation 7:ietna#6
I:* -erer or Unification 7,er#an26
:* ;is#e#ber#ent 7'uosla(ia6
:I* ;issolution
:II* Partial Loss of Inde$endence 7&awaii6
1UN;A-ENTAL RI ,&TS O1 STATES
5* Ri ht to E)i stence and Sel f 0;ef ense
a* -ost co#$rehensi(e as all the rihts of state flow fro# it
b* State #a2 ta3e #easures includin the use of force as #a2 be necessar2
to counteract an2 daner to its e)istence
Aressi on
The use of ar#ed f orce b2 a state aai nst the so(erei nt2" terri torial
i nteri t2 or $ol i ti cal i nde$endence of another State or i n an2 other #anner
i nconsi stent wi th the Charter of the United Nati ons as set out in this definition
ACTS O1 A,RESSI ON
I* In(asion or attac3 of a state
II* Bo#bard#ent of state
III* Bloc3ade of $orts or coasts
I:* Use of ar#ed forces within a state in contra(ention to an2 aree#ent
:* Action of state in allowin its territor2 for an act of aression aainst a third
state
:I* Sendin of ar#ed rou$s or #ercenaries which carr2 an act of ar#ed force
aainst another state
REDUI SITE 1OR PROPER EHERCI SE O1 RI ,&T O1 SEL10;E1ENSE
a* Ar#ed attac3
<E
b* Sel f 0def ensi (e acti on ta3en b2 the attac3ed state #ust be re$orted
i ##edi atel 2 to the Securi t2 Counci l
c* Such action shall not i n an2 wa2 aff ect the ri ht of the Securit2 Counci l
to ta3e at an2 ti#e action as it dee#s necessar2 to #aintain or restore
international $eace and securit2
Col l ecti (e Sel f 0 ;ef ense
Ri ht of state to co#e to the def ense of a state whose situati on
#eets the conditi on of l eiti #ate i ndi (i dual sel f 0def ense under the UN
Charter
Abate#ent ;octri ne
When condi ti ons i n the territor2 of a nei hbouri n state #i ht resul t
i n anarch2 or di sorder and the authoriti es of the state are unabl e to
restore order and $re(ents s$innin o(er the territor2 of another the l atter has
the dut2 to i nter(ene e(en b2 ar#ed f orce to restore order i n the border
and to end the chaos*
<* Ri ht of So(erei nt2 and Inde$endence
So(erei nt2
It is the total i t2 of the $owers" l eal co#$etence" and $ri (i l ees
ari si n fro# custo#ar2 i nternati onal l aw" and not de$endent on the consent of
another state*
I nde$endence
-eans freedo# f ro# control b2 other state or rou$ of state and not
freedo# f ro# the restri cti ons that are bi ndi n on al l states for#i n the
fa#i l 2 of nati onsL carries with it b2 necessar2 i#$lication the correlati(e dut2 if non0
inter(ention
I nter(enti on
An act b2 which a state i nterf eres wi th the do#esti c or f orei n affai rs
of another state throuh the e#$l o2#ent of f orce or threat whi ch #a2 be
$h2si cal " $ol i ti cal or econo#i c*
W&EN I NTER:ENTI ON SANCTI ONE;4
5* As an act of sel f 0def ense
<* When decreed b2 the Securit2 Council as a $re(enti(e or enforce#ent
action for the #aintenance of international $eace and securit2
8* When such action is areed u$on i n a treat2
=* When re@uested fro# fel l ow states or fro# the UN b2 the $arti es to a
di s$ute or a state beset b2 rebel l i on
;rao ;octri ne
89
I nter(enti on not al l owed for the $ur$ose of #a3i n a state $a2 i ts
$ubl i c debts
8* Ri ht of E@ual it2
E(er2 state i s entitl ed to the sa#e $rotecti on and res$ect as are
a(ail abl e to other states under the rul es of i nternati onal l aw*
;octri ne of State I ##uni t2
As a conse@uence of the i nde$endence" territori al su$re#ac2 and
e@ual it2" a state en% o2s i ##unit2 fro# the e)erci se of % uri sdi cti on
7leislati(e" e)ecuti(e or %uridical6 b2 another state" unless it has i(en consent" wai(es
its i##unit2" or (oluntaril2 sub#itted to the %urisdiction of the court concerned*
T&E STATE I S ;EE-E; TO &A:E WAI :E; ITS I --UNI T'4
A* When it i (es consent at the ti #e the $roceedi n i s i nsti tuted
B* When it ta3es ste$s rel ati n to the #eri ts of the cases bef ore i n(o3i n
i ##unit2
C* When b2 treat2 or contract i t had $re(i ousl 2 i (en consent
;* When b2 l aw or reul ati on i n f orce at the ti #e co#$l ai nt arose i t has
i ndi cated that i t wi l l consent to the i nstituti on of the $roceedi ns
=* Ri ht to Territori al Interi t2 and +uri sdi cti on
The territor2 of a state usual l 2 consi sts of the terrestri al do#ai n"
#ari ti #e and fl u(ial do#ai n and the aeri al do#ai n
>* Ri ht of Leati on
It is the ri ht of the state to #ai ntai n di $l o#ati c rel ati ons with other
states* The ri ht to send di $l o#ati c re$resentati (es i s 3nown as the
acti (e ri ht of l eati on* The ri ht to recei (e di $l o#ati c re$resentati (es
i s 3nown as the $assi (e ri ht of l eati on*
A,ENTS O1 ;I PLO-ATI C I NTERCOURSE
5* &ead of state
E#bodi#ent of and re$resents" the so(ereint2 of the state
En%o2s the riht to s$ecial $rotection for his $h2sical safet2 and the $reser(ation
of his honour and re$utation
&is @uarters" archi(es" $ro$ert2 and #eans of trans$ortation are in(iolate
Princi$le of E)traterritorialit2
<* 1orei n Secretar2 or -i ni ster
8* -e#bers of ;i $l o#ati c Ser(i ce
=* S$eci al ;i $l o#ati c Aents a$$oi nted b2 &ead of the State
>* En(o2s Cere#oni al
1UNCTI ONS O1 ;I PLO-ATI C -I SSI ONS
85
5* Re$resenti n sendi n state in recei(in state
<* Protecti n in recei(in state i nterests of sendi n estate and its
nati onal s
8* Neotiati n with o(ern#ent of recei (i n state
=* Pro#oti n fri endl 2 rel ati ons between sendin and recei(in states and
de(elo$in their econo#ic" cultural and scientific relations
>* Ascertai ni n b2 al l recei (i n state and re$orti n thereon to
o(ern#ent of sendi n state
?* IN so#e cases" re$resenti n fri endl 2 o(ern#ents at thei r re@uest
Areati on
Process i n a$$oi nt#ent of di $l o#ati c en(o2 where state resort to an
i nf or#al i n@ui r27en@uir26 as to the acce$tabilit2 of a $articular en(o2" to which the
recei(in state res$onds with an infor#al confor#it2 7aree#ent6
Letre ;e Creance 7Letter of Credence6
With the na#e" ran3" and eneral character of hi s #i ssi on" and a
re@uest for a fa(ourabl e rece$ti on and ful l credence
AI N;S O1 CONSULS
CONSULES -I SSI CONSULES ELECTI
Prof essi onal or career consul s who
are re@ui red to de(ote thei r ful l ti #e
to di schare thei r duti es
Perf or# consul ar functi ons onl 2 i n
addi ti on to thei r reul ar cal l i ns
Nati onal s of sendi n state -a2 or not be nati onal s of the
sendi n state
Ran3s
5* Consul0 eneral0 heads se(eral consular districts" or one e)ce$tionall2 lare
consular districts
<* Consul0 ta3es chare of a s#all district or town $ort
8* :ice0 consul0 assists the consul
=* Consular aent0 usuall2 entrusted
PRI :ELE,ES AN; I --UNI TI ES ACCOR;E; TO ;I PLO-ATI C EN:O'
5* In(iolabilit2 of their corres$ondence" archi(es and other docu#ents
<* 1reedo# of #o(e#ent and tra(el
8* I##unit2 fro# %urisdiction for acts $erfor#ed in official ca$acit2
=* E)e#$tion fro# certain ta)es and custo#s duties
I##unities and $ri(ilees are also a(ailable to #e#bers of the consular
$ost their fa#ilies and their $ri(ate staff
Wai(er of i##unities #a2 be b2 the a$$ointin state
CASE4 Lian (s* Peo$l e" 8<8 SCRA ?>< 7<9996
8<
1ACTS4 Petitioner is an econo#ist for A;B who was chared b2 the -etro$olitan Trial
Court of -andalu2on cit2 for alleedl2 utterin defa#ator2 words aainst her fellow
wor3er with two counts of ra(e oral defa#ation* -eTC %ude then recei(ed an office of
$rotocol fro# the ;e$art#ent of 1orein Affairs" statin that $etitioner is co(ered b2
i##unit2 fro# leal $rocess under section => of the aree#ent bet A;B and the
o(ern#ent* -eTC %ude" without notice" dis#issed the two cri#inal cases* Prosecution
filed writ of #anda#us and certiorari and ordered the -eTC to enforce the warrant of
arrest*
ISSUES4 Whether or not the $etitioner is co(ered b2 i##unit2 under the aree#ent and
that no $reli#inar2 in(estiation was held before the cri#inal cases were filed in court*
RULIN,4 &e i s not co(ered b2 i ##uni t2 because the co##i ssi on of a cri #e
i s $art of the $erf or#ance of offi ci al dut2* Courts cannot bl i ndl 2 adhere
and ta3e on its face the co##uni cati on f ro# the ;1A that a certai n $erson
i s co(ered b2 i ##uni t2* That a $erson is co(ered b2 i##unit2 is $reli#inar2* ;ue
$rocess is riht of the accused as #uch as the $rosecution*
Sl anderi n a $erson i s not co(ered b2 the aree#ent because our l aws do
not al l ow the co##i ssi on of a cri #e such as def a#ati on i n the na#e of
off i ci al dut2* Under :i enna con(enti on on ;i $l o#ati c Rel ati ons"
co##i ssi on of a cri #e i s not $art of off i ci al dut2*
On the contention that there was no $reli#inar2 in(estiation conducted" suffice it to
sa2 that $reli#inar2 in(estiation is not a #atter of riht in cases coni!able b2 the
-eTC such as the one at bar* Bein $urel2 a statutor2 riht" $reli#inar2 in(estiation
#a2 be in(o3ed onl2 when s$ecificall2 ranted b2 law* The rule on cri#inal $rocedure is
clear than no $reli#inar2 in(estiation is re@uired in cases fallin within the %urisdiction
of the -eTC* Besides" the absence of $reli#inar2 in(estiation does not affect the
courtCs %urisdiction nor does it i#$air the (alidit2 of the infor#ation or otherwise render
it
defecti(e*
E)traterri torial i t2
A$$l i es onl 2 to PERSONS and is based on treat2 or con(ention credited
because of rise of nationalis# and so(erein e@ualit2 of states*
E)terri torial i t2
E)ce$ti on of the PERSONS AN; PROPERT' fro# l ocal %uri sdi cti on on
basi s of i nternati onal custo#s*
Treat2
An i nternati onal aree#ent concl uded between states i n written
f or# and o(erned b2 i nternati onal l aw whether e#bodi ed i n a si nl e
88
i nstru#ent or i n two or #ore rel ated i nstru#ents* 7art* < :ienna Con(ention on
the Law of Treaties" 5E?E6
Tai wan cannot enter i nto a treat2
REDUI SITES O1 A :ALI ; TREAT'
5* Entered i nto b2 $arti es ha(i n treat20#a3i n ca$aci t2
<* Throuh their authori !ed orans or re$resentati (es
8* Wi thout attendance of duress" fraud" #i sta3e" or other (i ces of
consent
=* Lawful sub% ect #atter and ob% ect
>* Ratifi cati on i n accordance with thei r res$ecti (e consti tuti onal
$rocesses
CASE4 Ba2an (s Oa#ora ,* R* No* 58F>G9 Oct* 59" <999
A treat2" as defined b2 the :ienna Con(ention on the Law of Treaties" is .an
i nternati onal i nstru#ent concl uded between States i n wri tten f or# and
o(erned b2 i nternati onal l aw" whether e#bodi ed i n a si nl e i nstru#ent or
i n two or #ore rel ated i nstru#ents" and whate(er its $arti cul ar
desi nati on* /
Secti on <>" Arti cl e H:III " whi ch s$eci fi cal l 2 deal s wi th treati es
i n(ol (i n forei n #i l itar2 bases" troo$s or facil iti es" shoul d a$$l 2 i n the
i nstant case*
The 5EFG Phili$$ine Constitution contains two $ro(isions re@uirin the
concurrence of the Senate on treaties or international aree#ents* Sec* <5 Art* :II"
which res$ondent in(o3es reads4 .No treat2 or i nternati onal aree#ent shal l be
(al i d and eff ecti (e unl ess concurred i n b2 at l east <B8 of al l the -e#bers
of the Senate* Sec* <> Art* H:III $ro(ides4 .After the e)$iration in 5EE5 of the
Aree#ent between the RP and the US concernin -ilitar2 Bases" forein #ilitar2
bases" troo$s or facilities shall not be allowed in the Phili$$ines e)ce$t under a treat2
dul2 concurred in and when the Conress so re@uires" ratified b2 a #a%orit2 of (otes
cast b2 the $eo$le in a national referendu# held for that $ur$ose" and reconi!ed as a
treat2 b2 the Senate b2 the other contractin state/*

The first cited $ro(ision a$$lies to an2 for# of treaties and international
aree#ents in eneral with a wide (ariet2 of sub%ect #atter* All treaties and
international aree#ents entered into b2 the Phili$$ines" reardless of sub%ect #atter"
co(erae or $articular desination re@uires the concurrence of the Senate to be (alid
and effecti(e*

In contrast" the second cited $ro(ision a$$lies to treaties which in(ol(e $resence
of forein #ilitar2 bases" troo$s and facilities in the Phili$$ines* Both constitutional
$ro(isions share so#e co##on round* The fact that the President referred the :1A to
the Senate under Sec* <5 Art* :II" and that Senate e)tended its concurrence under the
sa#e $ro(ision is i##aterial*
8=
D4 :1A0concurred in b2 our senate but not b2 the US Senate
A4 :1A stil l bi ndi n on i tsB i s stil l a bi ndi n treat2 because it i s not our
busi ness to dwel l i nto the do#esti c l aw of the other contracti n $art2L we
are sati sf i ed wi th the SenatorCs $ronounce#ent that the US wil l reconi !e
i t*
Attentant Cl ause
Assassi nati on of head of the State or an2 #e#ber of his fa#il2 is not
rearded as $ol iti cal off ence f or $ur$ose of e)traditi on* Also a$$lies to
enocide
STEPS I N TREAT' -AAI N, PROCESS
5* Neotiati on
;iscussion of the $ro(isions of the $ro$osed treat2" underta3en b2 the
re$resentati(es of the contractin $arties who are $ro(ided with credentials 3nown as
full $owers of PLENIS POU:IORS
<* Si nature
Pri#aril2 intended as a #eans of authenticatin the instru#ent and s2#boli!in
the ood faith of the contractin $arties*
Practice Aternat
Arrane#ent under which each neotiator i s al l owed to si n first on the
co$2 of the treat2 whi ch he wi l l bri n ho#e to hi s own countr2" the $ur$ose
bei n to $reser(e the f or#al a$$earance of e@ual i t2 a#on the
contracti n states and to a(oi d del i cate @uesti ons of $recedence a#on
si natori es*
8* Ratifi cati on
Act b2 which the state for#all2 acce$ts the $ro(isions of the treat2 concluded b2 its
re$resentati(es*
=* E)chane of I nstru#ents of rati fi cati ons
>* Rei strati on with the UN
Concordat
A treat2 or aree#ent between eccl esi asti cal and ci (il $owers to reul ate
the rel ati ons between the church and the state in those #atters which" in so#e
res$ect are under the %urisdiction of both*
;OCTRI NES I N TREATI ES
+us Coens
8>
A % us coens or $ere#$tor2 i s a nor# whi ch States cannot deroate
or de(i ate fro# i n thei r aree#ents* It is a #andator2 nor# and stands on a
hiher cateor2 than a %us dis$oti(u# nor# which States can set aside or #odif2 b2
aree#ent
A fiduciar2 Theor2 of +us Coens NE(an +* Criddle and E(an 1o) ;ecent
CASE4 I sabel ita :i nu2a (s* E)ecuti (e Secretar2 Ro#ul o
&eld4
Certain t2$es of cases often ha(e been found to $resent $olitical @uestions* One
such cateor2 in(ol(es @uestions of forein relations* It i s wel l 0establ i shed that
ITtUhe conduct of the f orei n rel ati ons of our o(ern#ent i s co##i tted b2
the Constituti on to the e)ecuti (e and l ei sl ati (e00K the $ol iti cal K 00
de$art#ents of the o(ern#ent" and the $ro$ri et2 of what #a2 be done i n
the e)erci se of thi s $ol i ti cal $ower i s not sub% ect to % udi ci al i n@ui r2 or
deci si on* I The US Su$re#e Court has further cautioned that decisions relatin to
forein $olic2 are delicate" co#$le)" and in(ol(e lare ele#ents of $ro$hec2* The2 are
and should be underta3en onl2 b2 those directl2 res$onsible to the $eo$le whose
welfare the2 ad(ance or i#$eril* The2 are decisions of a 3ind for which the +udiciar2 has
neither a$titude" facilities nor res$onsibilit2*
Pacta Sunt Ser(anda
It si #$l 2 #eans that treati es #ust be obser(ed i n ood fai th des$ite
hardshi $ on the contracti n state" such as conf l i cts between the treat2
and i ts consti tuti ons or $re% udi ce to the nati onal i nterst as a resul t of the
o$erati on of the treat2*
As a eneral rule" a $art2 #ust co#$l2 with the $ro(isions of a treat2 and cannot
inore or #odif2 it without the consent of the other sinator2* Willful disreard or
(iolation of treaties without %ust cause is frowned u$on b2 the societ2 of nations*
Cl ausul a Rebus Si c Stanti bus
1. It a$$lies onl2 to treaties of i ndef i nite durati on
2. The (i tal chane cl ai #ed as % uri sdi cti on f or the di sconti nuance of
the treat2 #ust ha(e been unf oreseen or unf oreseeabl e and #ust
not ha(e been caused b2 the $art2 i n(o3i n the doctri ne
3. The doctri ne #ust be i n(o3ed wi thi n a reasonbal e ti #e fro# the
occurrence of the chane asserted*
4. The doctri ne cannot o$erate retroacti (el 2 u$on the $ro(i si ons of
the treat2 e)ecuted $ri or to the chane i n ci rcu#stance 7Salona
and 'a$" 8596
CASE4 1i sheri es % uri sdi cti on Case0 UA (s* I cel and
8?
Iceland clai#s that its aree#ent with the UA not to e)tend its fishereies
%urisdiction was no loner bindin due to funda#ental chane of circu#stances
&eld4
1or this to be a round for in(o3in the ter#ination of a treat2" it should ha(e
resulted in a radical transfor#ation of the e)tent of the obliations still to be $erfor#ed*
The chane #ust ha(e i ncreased the burden of the obl i ati ons to be
e)ecuted to the e)tent of renderi n the $erf or#ance so#ethi n essenti al l 2
di ff erent f ro# that ori i nal l 2 underta3en*
This is not the case here" Iceland cannot (alidl2 in(o3e Rebus Sic Stantibus in
clai#in the ter#ination of the treat2*
-ost 1a(ored Nati on Cl ause
Pl ede #ade b2 a contracti n $art2 to a treat2 to rant to other
$art2 treat#ent not l ess fa(orabl e than that whi ch had been i (en or #a2
be ranted to the #ost fa(ored a#on $arti es*
TER-I NATI ON O1 TREATI ES
1. E)$iration of ter#
2. Acco#$lish#ent of $ur$ose
3. I#$ossibilit2 of $erfor#ance
4. Loss of sub%ect #atter
5. ;esuetude
o ;esistance of $arties b2 e)$ress #utual consent or e)ercise of riht of
renunciation when allowed*
6. E)tinction of one $artiesL if treat2 is bi$artner
7. No(ation
8. Occurrence of (ital chane of circu#stance
9. Outbrea3 of war
10. :oidance of treat2 because of4
a. ;efect in constitution
b. :iolation of its $ro(ision b2 one $art2
c. Inco#$atibilit2 with International law
11. A$$lication of the doctrine of the Rebus Sic Stantibus
12. The doctrine of +us Coens 7or the e#erence of a new $ree#$tor2 nor# of
eneral international law which renders (oid an2 e)istin treat2 conflictin with
such nor#6
Protocol de Cl oture
An instru#ent which records the windin u$ of the $roceedins of a di$lo#atic
conference and usuall2 includes a re$roduction of the contents of treaties" con(entions"
8G
reco##endations and other acts areed u$on and sined b2 the $leni$otentiaries
attendin the conference* It i s not the treat2 and does not re@ui re the
concurrence of the senate* 7Tanada (s* Anara6
NATI ONALI T' AN; STATELESSNESS
Nati onal i t2
-e#bershi $ on a $ol iti cal co##uni t2 wi th al l i ts conco#i tant ri hts
and obl i ati ons* It i s the ti e that bi nds the i ndi (i dual to hi s state fro#
whi ch he can cl ai # $rotecti on and whose l aw he i s obl i ed to obe2
Ci ti !enshi $
-e#bershi $ i n a $ol i ti cal co##unit2 whi ch i s $ersonal and #ore or
l ess $er#anent i n character
;octri ne of Eff ecti (e Nati onal it2
E)$ressed in Art* > of the &aue Con(ention of 5E89 on the Conflict of
Nationalit2 Laws that a $erson ha(in #ore than one nationalit2 shall be treated as if he
had onl2 one0 either the nationalit2 of the countr2 in which he is habituall2 and
$rinci$all2 resident or the nationalit2 of the countr2 with chich the circu#stances he
a$$ears to be in face #ost closel2 connected*
CASE4 1ri (al do (* Co#el ec
That Notteboh# case is not rele(ant to the $etition before us because it dealt
with a conflict between the nationalit2 laws of two states as decided b2 a third state* No
third state is in(ol(ed in the case at barL in fact" e(en the United States is not acti(el2
clai#in 1ri(aldo as its national* The sole @uestion $resented to us is whether or not
1ri(aldo is a citi!en of the Phili$$ines under our own laws" reardless of other
nationalit2 laws* We can decide this @uestion alone as so(erein of our own territor2"
confor#abl2 to Section 5 of the said Con(ention $ro(idin that Iit is for each State to
deter#ine under its law who are its nationals*I
Statel essness
Condition or statues of an indi(idual who is born without an2 nati onal i t2 or
who l oses hi s nati onal it2 without retai ni n or ac@ui ri n another
;e +ure Statel essness
It is where the e)i sts no reconi !ed state in res$ect of which the sub%ect has
a leall2 #eritorious basis to clai# nationalit2
;e 1acto Statel essness
8F
It is where the sub%ect #a2 ha(e a l eal l 2 #eri tori ous cl ai # but i s
$recl uded fro# asserti n it because of $ractical considerations such as cost"
circu#stances of ci(il disorder" or the fear of $ersecution
ALI ENS
;efinition
It is a $erson in a countr2 who is not a ci ti !en of the countr2
Treat#ent of Al i ens
1lowin fro# its riht to e)istence and as an attribute of so(ereint2" no state
i s under obl i ati on to ad#i t al i ens* The state can deter#ine in what cases and
under what conditions it #a2 ad#it aliens*
1. The state has the Ri ht to EHPEL al i ens fro# its territor2 throuh4
a. ;e$ortati on
E)$ulsion of alien considered undesirable b2 the local
state" usuall2 not necessaril2 to his own state
b. Reconducti on
1orcible con(e2in of aliens bac3 to their ho#e state
without an2 for#alities
2. The al i en #ust acce$t the i nsti tuti ons of l ocal states as he fi nds
the#*
;octri ne of State Res$onsi bil it2
State #a2 be hel d l iabl e f or i n% uri es and da#aes sustai ned b2 the
al i en while in the territor2 of the state $ro(ided4
1. The act or o#ission constitutes an i nternati onal del i n@uenc2
2. The act or o#ission is di rectl 2 or i ndi rectl 2 i #$utabl e to the state
3. I n%ur2 to the cl ai #ant state i ndi rectl 2 because of da#ae to its
nati onal
Cal (o Cl ause
It is a sti $ul ati on b2 (i rtue of whi ch an al i en wai (es or restri cts hi s
ri ht to a$$eal to i ts own state i n connecti on with an2 cl ai # ari si n fro# a
contract wi th forei n state and li#its hi#self to the re#edies a(ailable under the
law of the state*
;rao ;octri ne
In 5E9<" ,reat Britiain" Ital2 and ,er#an2 established a bloac3ade aainst
:ene!uela in order to enforce certain contractual and other clai#s aainst it" leadin
1orein -inister +ose -aria ;rao of Arentina to for#ulate the doctrine that . a
$ubl i c debt cannot i (e ri se to the ri ht of ar#ed i nter(enti on/*
8E
This $rinci$le was later ado$ted in the Second &aue Conference" but sub%ect to
the @ualitfication that the debtor state shoul d not ref use or nel ect to re$l 2
to an off er of arbi trati on or after acce$ti n the off er" $re(ent an2
co#$ro#i se fro# bei n u$on" or after the arbitrati on" fai l to sub#i t to the
award* Thi s @ual if i cati on i s 3nown as the PORTER RESOLUTI ON
Ref uees
A $erson who" owi n to a wel l 0founded fear of bei n $ersecuted f or
treasons of race" rel i i on" nati onal it2" #e#bershi $ of a $arti cul ar soci al
rou$ or $ol i ti cal o$i ni on" i s outsi de the countr2 of hi s nati onal it2" and is
unable or win to such fear" is unwillin to a(ail hi#self of the $rotection of that
countr2L or who" not ha(in a nationalit2 and bein outside the countr2 of his for#er"
habitual residence" i s unabl e or owi n to such f ear" i s unwil l i n to return to
i t* 7Con(ention Relatin to the Status of Refuees" Art*5 a7<6 6*
Non0 ref oul #ent
Prohi bits state to return or e)$el a ref uee to the terri tor2 where he
esca$ed because hi s l if e or f reedo# i s threatened* The State is under
obliation to rant te#$orar2 as2l u#* 7Refuee Con(ention of 5E>56
Ri ht of As2l u#
Refue in another state* E(er2 forein state can be at least a $ro(isional as2lu#
for an2 indi(idual" who bein $ersecuted in his ho#e State" oes to another state" in the
absence of an2 international treat2 sti$ulatin the contrar2" no state is" b2 international
laws" oblied to refuse ad#ission into its territor2 to such a fuiti(e or in case he has
been ad#itted" to e)$el hi# or deli(er hi# u$ to the $rosecutin state*
The riht of as2lu# is not a riht $ossessed b2 an alien to de#and that a state
$rotect hi# and rant hi# as2lu#* At $resent" i t i s %ust a PRI :I LE,E ranted b2 a
state to al l ow an al i en esca$i n fro# $ersecuti on of hi s countr2 f or
$ol i ti cal reasons to re#ai n and to rant hi # as2l u#*
;i $l o#ati c As2l u#
Refuee in another state for $ol iti cal of f ense" daner to l if e or no
assurance of due $rocess
E)traditi on
The re#o(al of an accused fro# the Phil i $$i nes wi th the ob% ect of
$l aci n hi # at the di s$osal of f orei n authori ti es to enabl e the re@uesti n
state or o(ern#ent to hol d hi # i n connecti on wi th an2 cri #i nal
i n(esti ati on di rected aai nst hi # or the e)ecuti on of a $enal t2 i #$osed
=9
on hi # under the $enal or cri #i nal l aw of the re@uesti n state or
o(ern#ent 7P*;* 59?E" Sec < 7a66*
S$eci al t2 and ;oubl e cri #i nal it24
Re@uire#ents for the e)ercise of e)tradition4
5 The Princi$le of s$ecialit2 re@uires that the re@uestin state #ust s$ecif2 the
cri#e under the e)tradition treat2 for which the fuiti(e or accused is souht"
and that he is to be tried onl2 for the offense s$ecified in the treat2*
< The $rinci$le of double cri#inalit2 re@uires that an offense #ust be $unishable
under the law of both the e)traditin state and the re@uestin state for the
accused to be e)tradited*
,ENERAL PRI NCI PLES I N EHTRA;I TI ON
5 Basis4 a TREAT' based on consent of the $arti es
< PRI NCI PLE O1 SPECI ALT'
A fuiti(e who is e)tradited #a2 be tried onl2 for the cri#e s$ecified in the
re@uest for e)tradition and included in the list of offenses in the treat2
Non0 Li st T2$e of Treat2
o Offenses $unishable under the laws of both states b2 i#$rison#ent
of 5 2ear or #ore are included a#on the e)traditable
offenses7l ess than 5 2ear" canCt e)tradite6
8 An2 $erson #a2 be e)tradited" he NEE; NOT BE A CI TI OEN O1 T&E
;E-AN;I N, STATE
= Pol i ti cal and Rel i i ous off enders are ,ENERALL' NOT SUB+ECT to
e)traditi on
> IN the absence of s$ecial aree#ent" offense #ust ha(e been co##itted within
the TERRI TOR' OR A,AI NST T&E I NTEREST O1 T&E ;E-AN;I N,
STATE*
CASE4 Wri ht (s* CA
Australia and the ,o(ern#ent of the Phili$$ines in the su$$ression of cri#e"
entered into a Treat2 of E)tradition on the Gth of -arch 5EFF* The said treat2 was
ratified in accordance with the $ro(isions of Section <5" Article :II of the 5EFG
Constitution in a Resolution ado$ted b2 the Senate on Se$te#ber 59" 5EE9 and
beca#e effecti(e 89 da2s after both States notified each other in writin that the
res$ecti(e re@uire#ents for the entr2 into force of the Treat2 ha(e been co#$lied with*
Petitioner contends that the $ro(ision of the Treat2 i(in retroacti(e effect to the
e)tradition treat2 a#ounts to an e) $ost facto law which (iolates Section <5 of Article :I
of the Constitution*
ISSUE4 Can an e)tradition treat2 be a$$lied retroacti(el2R
=5
&EL;4
'ES" A$$l 2i n the consti tuti onal $ri nci $l e" the Court has hel d that
the $rohi bi ti on a$$l i es onl 2 to cri #i nal l ei sl ati on whi ch aff ects the
substanti al ri hts of the accused* This bein so" there is no absolutel2 no #erit in
$etitionerKs contention that the rulin of the lower court sustainin the Treat2Ks
retroacti(e a$$lication with res$ect to offenses co##itted $rior to the Treat2Ks co#in
into force and effect" (iolates the Constitutional $rohibition aainst e) $ost facto laws*
As the Court of A$$eals correctl2 concluded" the Treat2 i s nei ther a $i ece of
cri #i nal l ei sl ati on nor a cri #i nal $rocedural statute* It #erel 2 $ro(i des
f or the e)traditi on of $ersons wanted for $rosecuti on of an off ense or a
cri #e whi ch off ense or cri #e was al read2 co##i tted or consu##ated at
the ti #e the treat2 was ratif i ed*
CASE4 USA (s* Puranan
The ul ti #ate $ur$ose of e)tradi ti on $roceedi ns i n court i s onl 2 to
deter#i ne whether the e)traditi on re@uest co#$l i es wi th the E)traditi on
Treat2" and whether the $erson souht i s e)traditabl e*
The $roceedins are intended #erel2 to assist the re@uestin state in brinin the
accused 00 or the fuiti(e who has illeall2 esca$ed 00 bac3 to its territor2" so that the
cri#inal $rocess #a2 $roceed therein*
B2 enterin into an e)tradition treat2" the Phili$$ines is dee#ed to ha(e re$osed its
trust in the reliabilit2 or soundness of the leal and %udicial s2ste# of its treat2 $artner"
as well as in the abilit2 and the willinness of the latter to rant basic rihts to the
accused in the $endin cri#inal case therein*
E)traditi on $roceedi ns are not e@ui (al ent to a cri #i nal case i n whi ch
uil t or i nnocence i s deter#i ned* Conse@uentl2" an e)traditi on case i s not
one i n whi ch the consti tuti onal ri hts of the accused are necessari l 2
a(ail abl e* It is #ore a3in" if at all" to a courtCs re@uest to $olice authorities for the
arrest of the accused who is at lare or has esca$ed detention or %u#$ed bail* &a(in
once esca$ed the %urisdiction of the re@uestin state" the reasonable $ri#a facie
$resu#$tion is that the $erson would esca$e aain if i(en the o$$ortunit2*
,eneral Rul e4
Pros$ecti (e e)tradi tees not enti tl ed to noti ce and heari n bef ore
warrants for thei r arrest can be i ssued to the ri ht to bail and $ro(i si onal
l i bert2 whi l e the e)tradi ti on $roceedi ns are $endi n
E)ce$ti on4
5* Once bail is ranted" he will not be fl i ht ri s3 or daner to co##unit2
<* There e)i st s$eci al " hu#anitarian" and co#$el l i n ci rcu#stances
Pri nci $l es on E)tradi ti on4
5* No State is oblied to to e)tradite unless there is a treat2
=<
<* ;ifferences in leal s2ste# can be an obstacle to inter$retation of what the
cri#e is
8* Reliious and $olitical offenses are not e)traditable
Procedure is nor#all2 throuh di$lo#atic channels 7how e)tradition rules can be
b2$assed4 US (s* Al(are!0 -achainL how due $rocess re@uire#ents wor3 in an
e)tradition case4 Secretar2 of +ustice (s* LantionL USA (s* Puranan and Cres$o6
CASE4 &on Aon (* Ol al i a ,* R* No* 5>8?G>
1acts4
The Phili$$ines and &on Aon sined an .Aree#ent for the Surrender of Accused
and Con(icted Persons*/
Pri(ate res$ondent -uVo! was chared before the &on Aon Court* ;e$art#ent of
+ustice 7;O+6 recei(ed fro# the &on Aon ;e$art#ent of +ustice a re@uest for the
$ro(isional arrest of $ri(ate res$ondent
-uVo!* The ;O+ then forwarded the re@uest to the National Bureau of In(estiation
7NBI6 which" in turn" filed with the RTC of -anila" Branch 5E an a$$lication for the
$ro(isional arrest of $ri(ate res$ondent* The NBI aents arrested and detained hi#*
-uVo! filed a $etition for bail which was denied b2 +ude Bernardo" +r* holdin that
there is no Phili$$ine law rantin bail in e)tradition cases and that $ri(ate res$ondent
is a hih .fliht ris3*/ After +ude Bernardo" +r* inhibited hi#self fro# further hearin the
case" it was then raffled off to Branch F $resided b2 res$ondent %ude* Pri(ate
res$ondent filed a #otion for reconsideration of the Order den2in his a$$lication for
bail and this was ranted b2 res$ondent %ude*

ISSUE Whether or not the trial court co##itted ra(e abuse of discretion a#ountin to
lac3 or e)cess of %urisdiction in allowin $ri(ate res$ondent to bailR
&EL;
No" the trial court did not co##it ra(e abuse of discretion a#ountin to lac3
or e)cess of %urisdiction in allowin $ri(ate res$ondent to bail*
Accordinl2" althouh the ti #e0honored $ri nci $l e of $acta sunt
ser(anda de#ands that the Phil i $$i nes honor its obl i ati ons under the
E)traditi on Treat2 i t entered i nto with the &on Aon S$eci al
Ad#i ni strati (e Rei on it does not necessaril 2 #ean that i n 3ee$i n with i ts
treat2 obl i ati ons" the Phi l i $$i nes shoul d di #i ni sh a $otenti al e)tradi teeCs
ri hts to l if e" l i bert2" and due $rocess uaranteed b2 the Constituti on*
-ore so" where these rihts are uaranteed" not onl2 b2 our Constitution" but also b2
international con(entions" $articularl2 the Uni(ersal ;eclaration of &u#an Rihts" to
which the Phili$$ines is a $art2*
We should not" therefore" de$ri(e an e)traditee of his riht to a$$l2 for bail"
$ro(ided that a certain standard for the rant is satisfactoril2 #et* In his Se$arate
O$inion in Puranan" then Associate +ustice" now Chief +ustice Re2nato S* Puno"
$ro$osed that a new standard which he ter#ed .clear and con(incin e(idence/
should be used in rantin bail in e)tradition cases* Accordin to hi#" this standard
=8
should be lower than $roof be2ond reasonable doubt but hiher than $re$onderance
of e(idence* The $otential e)traditee #ust $ro(e b2 .clear and con(incin e(idence/
that he is not a fliht ris3 and will abide with all the orders and $rocesses of the
e)tradition court* In this case" there is no showin that $ri(ate res$ondent $resented
e(idence to show that he is not a fliht ris3* Conse@uentl2" this case should be
re#anded to the trial court to deter#ine whether $ri(ate res$ondent #a2 be ranted
bail on the basis of .clear and con(incin e(idence*
W&ERE1ORE" we ;IS-ISS the $etition* This case is RE-AN;E; to the trial court to
deter#ine whether $ri(ate res$ondent is entitled to bail on the basis of .clear and
con(incin e(idence*/ If not" the trial court should order the cancellation of his bail
bond and his i##ediate detentionL and thereafter" conduct the e)tradition $roceedins
with dis$atch*
Constitutional Pro(ision on bail a$$lies onl2 in cri#inal $roceedin" not to
e)tradition
Cri #i nal Proceedi ns4 E)traditi on $roceedi ns4
01ul l bl own trial 0Su##ar2 i n nature
0$roof be2ond reasonabl e doubt 0 al l ow ad#i ssi on of e(i dence i n a
l ess stri nent standard
0%ud#ent beco#es e)ecutor2 u$on
bei n f i nal
0the Presi dent has di screti on
rendered e(en thouh the court
dee#s i t $ro$er e)tradi tabl e*
In e)tradition $roceedins" it is not necessar2 that there be a $rior hearin before
the accused is arrested* Al l that i s necessar2 for the e)tradi te to be arrested i s
a $ri #a faci e fi ndi n b2 the % ude that the $etiti on for e)traditi on and its
su$$orti n docu#ents that
5 The2 are suff i ci ent i n for# and substance
< the2 show co#$l i ance wi th the e)traditi on treat2 and l aw"
8 $erson souht i s e)tradi tabl e*
SETTLE-ENT O1 INTERNATIONAL ;I SPUTES
International ;is$ute
A dis$ute e)ists when one state clai#s that another state should beha(e in a
certain #anner and that clai# is re%ected b2 the latter*
It is an actual disaree#ent between states reardin the conduct to be ta3en b2
one of the# for the $rotection or (indication of the interests of the other*
==
PACI1IC or A-ICABLE -ET&O;S O1 SETTLIN, ;ISPUTES
5* Neotiation
o ,enerall2 the 5
st
ste$ ta3en in the settle#ent of international dis$utes" it
is nothin #ore than the discussion b2 the $arties the#sel(es of their
res$ecti (e cl ai #s and countercl ai #s wi th a (i ew to thei r %ust
and orderl 2 ad% ust#ent*
o Process b2 which State settle their differences throuh an e)chane of
(iews between di$lo#atic aencies*
<* En@uir2
o Act b2 which the facts #aterial to the dis$ute are ascertained" established
and clarified b2 an i#$artial fact findin bod2 towards the ad%ust#ent or
resolution of a dis$ute
8* Tender of ,ood Offices
o -ethod b2 which a 8
rd
$art2 atte#$ts to brin the dis$utin states
toether in order that the2 #a2 be able to discuss the issues in
contention
o This is usuall2 e#$lo2ed when the $rotaonists are no loner .on
s$ea3in ter#s/" that is" when the2 ha(e ser(ed di$lo#atic relations or
ha(e actuall2 co##enced hostilities*
=* -ediation
o A 8
rd
$art2 does not #erel2 $ro(ide the o$$ortunit2 for the antaonists to
neotiate but also acti(el2 $artici$ates in their discussions in order to
reconcile their conflictin clai#s*
o Offers a solutionL ood offices #erel2 brin $arties toether*
>* Conciliation
o Acti(e $artici$ation of a 8
rd
$art2" whose ser(ices are solicited b2 the
dis$utants" in the effort to settle the conflictL but the conciliatorCs
reco##endations are not bindin* 7Shuttle di$lo#ac20 bac3 and forth to
the $art26
?* Arbitration
o The solution of a dis$ute b2 an i#$artial 8
rd
$art2 usuall2 a tribunal
created b2 the $arties the#sel(es under a charter 3nown as a
co#$ro#ise
G* +udicial Settle#ent
o Si#ilar to arbitration in the nature of the $roceedins and in the bindin
character of the award
o +udicial bod2 is $re0e)istin
o +urisdiction in %udicial settle#ent is usuall2 co#$ulsor2" and the law
a$$lied b2 the %udicial tribunal is inde$endent of the will of the $arties
o +udicial settle#ent of the international dis$utes is now loded in the IC+
7International Court of +ustice6
=>
F* Resort to international 7reional6 Orani!ations
o The $arties #a2" of their own (olition" or at the instance of the
orani!ation itself" assu#e the obliation of the settlin the dis$ute*
&OSTILE -ET&O;S
Where the $acific #ethods of settle#ent ha(e failed" states so#eti#es find it
necessar2 to resort to hostile #ethods" which #a2 be se(erance of di$lo#atic relations"
retorsion" re$risal or inter(ention
5* Se(erance of ;i$lo#atic Relations
<* Retorsion
a* Retaliation where acts co#$lained of do not constitute leal round of
offense but are rather in the nature of unfriendl2 acts done in $ursuance
of a leiti#ate state interest but indirectl2 hurtful to other states*
b* Unfriendl2" but lawful" coerci(e acts done in retaliation for unlawful
treat#ent and acts of discri#ination of another state
i*e* the le(2 of hih discri#inator2 tariffs on oods co#in fro# the
other state
8* Re$risal
a* Unlawful acts ta3en b2 one state in retaliation for reci$rocal unlawful acts
of another state*
b* Pur$ose4 to brin the offendin state to ter#s
c* These acts are essentiall2 forcible and are ta3en onl2 b2 stron states with
sufficient $ower to bac3 u$ their de#ands*
1OR- O1 REPRI SALS4
5* 1ree!in of the assets of the nationals of the other state
<* E#baro
a* The forcible detention or se@uestration of the (essels and othe $ro$ert2
of the offendin state
8* Pacific Bloc3ade
a* The $re(ention of entr2 to or e)it fro# the $arts of the offendin state of
#eans of co##unication and trans$ortation
NOTE4 this could (iolate the UN Charter
=* Non0 Intercourse
a* Sus$ension of all intercourse with the offendin state" $articularl2 in
#atters of trade and co##erce
>* Bo2cott
=?
a* Concerted sus$ension of co##ercial relations with the offendin state"
with $articular reference to a refusal to $urchase oods*
WAR
The l aw of War
Ar#ed contention between $ublic forcer of states or other bellierent
co##unities i#$l2in e#$lo2#ent of force between $arties for the $ur$ose of
i#$osin their res$ecti(e de#ands u$on each other*
The Phili$$ine renounces war as an instru#ent of national $olic2* 7Art* < 7<6
5EFG Consti6
-a2 e)ist e(en without the use of force" as when one state for#all2 refuses to be
o(erned b2 the 3inds of $eace in its relations with another state e(en if actual hostiles
ha(e not ta3en $lace between the#*
SANCTI ONS O1 T&E LAW O1 WAR
The co##onl2 acce$ted sanctions of the laws of war are the followin4
5* Protest loded b2 one bellieerent" usuall2 acco#$anied or followed b2 an
a$$eal to world o$inion" aainst unlawful acts of war co##itted b2 the other
bellierent*
<* Re$aration for da#aes caused b2 the defeated bellierent*
8* Punish#ent of war cri#inals
Re$risal are often #entioned as a =
th
sanction" but it is doubtful if the2
can be %ustified under the UN Charter as the2 are essentiall2 unlawful acts
ta3en b2 one state for the also illeal acts of the other bellierent*
CO--ENCE-ENT O1 WAR4
5* With the declaration of war 7&aue Con(ention of 5E9G6
<* With the re%ection of an ulti#atu# 7&aue Con(ention6
8* With the co##ission of an act of force rearded b2 one of the bellierent as an
act of war*
TER-I NATI ON O1 WAR4
5* Si#$le cessation of utilities
o Usuall2" the $rinci$le of the uti $assidetis" with res$ect to $ro$erl2 and
territor2 $ossessed b2 the bellierents" is a$$lied*
<* Conclusion of neated treat2 of $eace
8* Unilateral declaration b2 the (ictor
=G
o ;efeat of one of the bellierents followed b2 a dictated treat2 of $eace" or
anne)ation of con@uered territor2
+us Postl i #i n2
Riht of Postli#inu# is the riht b2 which .$ersons or thins ta3en b2 the ene#2
are restored to the for#er state on co#in actuall2 into the $ower of the nation to
which the2 belon/
+us Postl i #i nu# al so si nif i es the rei nstate#ent of the authorit2 of
the di s$l aced o(ern#ent once control of the ene#2 i s l ost o(er the
territor2 aff ected* Thus u$on the end of a bellierent occu$ation" the laws of the re0
established o(ern#ent are re(i(ed and all the illeal acts of the bellierent occu$ant"
as well as its lawful acts of a $olitical character" are in(alidated*
Postli#inu# is the re(i(al or re(ersion to the old laws and so(ereint2 of territor2
which has been under bellierent occu$ant is lost o(er territor2 affected*
Uti Possi deti s .As 'ou Possess/
Allows retention of $ro$ert2 or territor2 in the bellierentCs actual $ossession at
the cessation of the hostilities*
E11ECTS O1 T&E OUTBREAA O1 WAR
5* The laws of $eace cease to reulate the relations of the bellierents and are
su$erseded b2 the laws of warL
<* ;i$lo#atic and consular relations between the bellierents are ter#inated" and
their res$ecti(e re$resentati(es are allowed to return to their own countriesL
8* Treaties of $olitical nature" such as treaties of alliance" are auto#aticall2
concelled" but those which are $recisel2 intended to o$erate durin war" such as
one reulatin the conduct of hostilities are acti(ated*
=* Ene#2 $ublic $ro$ert2 found in the territor2 of other bellierent at the outbrea3
of the hostilities is" with certain e)ce$tions" sub%ect to confiscation* Ene#2
$ro(ate $ro$ert2 #a2 be se@uestered" sub%ect to return or rei#burse#ent after
the war in accordance with the treat2 of $eace*
Co#batants
Those who enae directl2 or indirectl2 in the hostilities
CO-BATANTS -A' BE4
5* Non0 $ri(ileed
a* Li3e s$ies" who" under false $retense tr2 to obtain (ital infor#ation fro#
the ene#2 ran3s and who" when cauht" are not considered $risoners of
war*
=F
b* Pri(ileed co#batants0 #ilitar2
<* Non0 co#batants
a* Those who do not enae in co#bat" such as wo#en and children
b* Also includes #edical $ersonnel and cha$lains
8* Prisoners of War
a* An2 $erson ca$tured or interned b2 a bellierent $ower durin war* In the
strictest sense it is a$$lied onl2 to #e#bers of reularl2 orani!ed ar#ed
forces" but b2 broader definition it has also included uerrillas" ci(ilians
who ta3e u$ ar#s aainst an ene#2 o$enl2" or non0co#batants
associated with a #ilitar2 force
NEUTRALIT'
Neutral i t2
It is the condition of a state that does not ta3e $art" directl2 or indirectl2" in a war
between other states*
If reconi!ed b2 the bellierents" this condition i(es rise to rihts and
obliations between the# and the neutral state in their #utual relations
Neutral i !ati on
It is the result of a treat2 wherein the conditions of the status are areed u$on b2
the neutrali!ed state and the other sinatories*
NEUTRALIT' NEUTRALIOATION
;e$endent" on attitude of neutral state"
which is free to %oin either of bellierents
an2 ti#e it sees fit*
Results of treat2 wherein duration and other
conditions are areed u$on b2 neutrali!ed
state and other states*
,o(erned b2 laws of nations ,o(erned b2 neutrali!ation b2 aree#ent
Obtains onl2 durin war Intended to o$erate in ti#es of $eace and
war
Onl2 states #a2 beco#e neutral -a2 a$$l2 to $ortions of the territor2 of the
state
e** islands" ri(ers and canals
+a$an0 Neutrali!ed b2 ,er#an
Swit!erland0 neutral state world war <
;UTI ES O1 A NEUTRAL STATE
5* Abstention
=E
a* To abstain fro# ta3in $art in the hostilities and fro# i(in assistance to
either bellierent
<* Pre(ention
a* To $re(ent its territor2 fro# bein used b2 the bellierents in the conduct
of hostilitiesL
8* Ac@uiescence
a* To ac@uiescence in certain restrictions and li#itations that the
bellierents #a2 find necessar2 to i#$ose" es$eciall2 in connection with
international co##erce
The Neutral i t2 Act of 5GE=
-ade it illeal for an A#erican to wae war aainst an2 countr2 at $eace with the
United States*
The act also forbade forein war (essels to outfit in A#erican waters and set a
three #ile territorial li#it at sea
.If an2 $erson shall within the territor2 or %urisdiction of the United States bein
or set on foot or $ro(ide or $re$are the #eans for an2 #ilitar2 e)$edition or
enter$rise***aainst the territor2 or do#inions of an2 forein $rince or state of
who# the United States was at $eace that $erson would be uilt2 of a
#isde#eanour/
Bl oc3ade
A bloc3ade is an effort to cut off food" su$$lies" war #aterial or co##unications
fro# a $articular area b2 force" either in $art or totall2*
Close $atrol of the hostile $orts" in order to $re(ent na(al forces fro# $uttin to
sea" is also referred to as a bloc3ade* When a coastal cities or fortresses were besieed
fro# the landward side" the besieers would often bloc3ade the seaward side as well*
-ost recentl2" bloc3ades ha(e so#eti#es included cuttin off electronic
co##unications b2 %a##in radio sinals and se(erin undersea cables*
Pri !e
Pri !e is a ter# used in ad#iralt2 law to refer to e@ui$#ent" (ehicles" (essels"
and caro ca$tured durin ar#ed conflict* The #ost co##on use of $ri!e in this
sense is the ca$ture of an ene#2 shi$ and its caro as a $ri!e of war*
In the $ast" it was co##on that the ca$turin force would be allotted a share of
the worth of the ca$tured $ri!e* Nations often ranted letters of #ar@ue which
would entitle $ri(ate $arties to ca$ture ene#2 $ro$ert2" usuall2 shi$s*
>9
Once the shi$ was secured on friendl2 territor2" it would be #ade the sub%ect of
a $ri!e case" an in re# $roceedin in which the court deter#ined the status of
the conde#ned $ro$ert2 and the #anner in which it was to be dis$osed of*
Pri !e Court
A $ri!e court is a court 7or e(en a sinle indi(idual" such as an a#bassador or
consul6 authori!ed to consider whether or not a shi$ has been lawfull2 ca$tured
or sei!ed in ti#e of war or under the ter#s of the sei!in shi$Ks letters of #ar@ue
and re$risal*
A $ri!e court #a2 order the sale or destruction of the sei!ed shi$" and the
distribution of an2 $roceeds to the ca$tain and crew of the sei!in shi$* A $ri!e
court #a2 also order the return of a sei!ed shi$ to its owners if the sei!ure was
unlawful" such as if sei!ed fro# a countr2 which had $roclai#ed its neutralit2*
CONTRABAN;
Contraband is ene#2 oods carried b2 (essels of neutral nations durin warti#e
that #a2 be confiscated b2 a bellierent $ower and thus $rohibited fro# deli(er2 to the
ene#2*
Traditionall2" contraband is classified into two cateories" absolute contraband
and conditional contraband* The for#er
Absol ute contraband
Cateor2 includes ar#s" #unitions" and (arious #aterials" such as
che#icals and certain t2$es of #achiner2 that #a2 be used directl2 to
wae war or be con(erted into instru#ents of war*
Condi ti onal contraband
1or#erl2 3nown as occasional contraband" consists of such #aterials as
$ro(isions and li(estoc3 feed* Caro of this 3ind" while $resu#abl2
innocent in character" is sub%ect to sei!ure if" in the o$inion of the
bellierent nation that sei!es the#" the su$$lies are destined for the
ar#ed forces of the ene#2 rather than for ci(ilian use and consu#$tion*
In for#er aree#ents a#on nations" certain other co##odities"
includin soa$" $a$er" cloc3s" aricultural #achiner2 and %ewelr2" ha(e
been classified as non0contraband" althouh these distinctions ha(e
$ro(ed #eaninless in $ractice*
;octri ne of Ul ti #ate ;esti nati on
Idea that shi$#ents and shi$s oin into the confederac2 or an2 other $lace in
eneral that was under a bloc3ade could be sei!ed
>5
;octri ne of Ul ti #ate Consu#$ti on
,oods intended for ci(ilian use which #a2 ulti#atel2 find their wa2 and be
consu#ed b2 bellierent forces" #a2 be sei!ed on the wa2*
Ri ht of Anar2
Bellierent #a2 u$on $a2#ent of %ust co#$ensation" sei!e" use or destro2" in
case of urent necessit2 for $ur$oses of offense or defense neutral $ro$ert2 found in its
territor2" in ene#2 territor2 or on hih seas*
Ri ht of :i sitati on
This is the riht of bellierent (essels and aircraft to interce$t and ins$ect
neutral #erchant (essels on the hih seas for the $ur$ose of deter#inin if the2 are in
an2 wa2 connected with the hostilities*
e** carr2in contraband" atte#$tin to breach a bloac3ade" or enae in
unneutral ser(ice" in fa(our of the other bellierent
In ti#e of war" there are relations between the bellierents that are not strictl2 hostile
5* 1la of Truce
a* It is a white fla carried b2 an indi(idual authori!ed b2 one bellierent to
enter into co##unications with the other
<* Parle#entaric
a* Bearer of fla
b* Entitled of in(iolabilit2 as lon as he does no ta3e ad(antae of his
$ri(ileed $osition to co##it an act of treacher2
8* Cartels
a* Aree#ent to reulate intercourse durin war on such #atters as $ostal
and telera$hic co##unication" the rece$tion of flas of truce and the
e)chane of $risoners
b* Cartel Shi$0 :essel sailin under a safe0conduct for the $ur$ose of
carr2in e)chaned $risoner of war
=* Pass$ort
a* Written $er#ission i(en b2 the bellierent o(ern#ent on its authori!ed
aent to the sub%ects of the ene#2 state to tra(el enerall2 in bellierent
territor2
>* Safe0Conduct
a* A $ass i(en to an ene#2 sub%ect or an ene#2 (essel allowin $assae
between defined $oints
i* ,i(en b2 the bellierent o(ern#ent or the co##ander of the are
within which it is effecti(e
?* Safe uard
><
a* Protection ranted b2 a co##and officer either to ene#2 $ersons or
$ro$ert2 within his co##and e)tre#e #easure to fulfil their result
G* License to trade
a* Per#ission i(en b2 the co#$etent authorit2 to indi(iduals to carr2 on
AHI S POWER
o Also 3nown as the a)is alliance" a)is nations" a)is countires" a)is
o Bean in 5E8? with treaties of friendshi$ between ,er#an2 and Ital2 and
between ,er#an2 and +a$an
o Tribunal Pact 7,er#an2" Ital2 and +a$an6
ALLI ES
o O$$osed the a)is $ower durin WW<
o The2 beca#e in(ol(ed in WW< either because the2 had alread2 been in(aded"
were directl2 threatened with in(asion b2 the a)is or because the2 were
concerned that the a)is $owers to control the world
RI ,&T O1 PRI SONERS O1 WAR
5* Infor#ation to be e)tracted
<* Sei!ure of reliious articles
8* Pro$er burial
=* If wounded" #ust be re$atriated
>* Sei!ure of $ersonal belonin
<> cri#es considered as ,enocide
I NTERNATI ONAL CRI -I NAL COURT 7not $art of UN6
I nternati onal Cri #i nal Court 7I CC6 I nternati onal Court of +usti ce 7I C+6
it is a cri#inal tribunal
has cri#inal %urisdiction to
$rosecute indi(iduals
it $rosecutes indi(iduals for
enocide" cri#es aainst hu#anit2"
war cri#es and the cri#es of
aression
it is inde$endent of the United
nations
it is a ci(il tribunal
does not ha(e cri#inal %urisdiction
o(er indi(iduals
it is a ci(il tribunal that deals
$ri#aril2 with dis$utes between
States
it is a $rinci$al oran of the United
Nations
>8
o A $er#anent tribunal to $rosecute indi(iduals for enocide" cri#es aainst
hu#anit2" war cri#es" and the cri#e of aression 7althouh it cannot" until at
least <95G" e)ercise %urisdiction o(er the cri#e of aression6*
o foundin treat20 the Ro#e Statute of the I nternati onal Cri #i nal Court
on +ul2 5G" 5EEF
o Entered into force on +ul2 5" <99<
o As of +ul2 <95<" 5<5 states are states $arties to the Statute of the Court
o The law of treaties oblies these states to refrain fro# .acts which would defeat
the ob%ect and $ur$ose/ of the treat2 until the2 declare the2 do not intend to
beco#e a $art2 to the treat2*
o USA" C&INA and RUSSIA not #e#bers
o UN can refer a case to ICC
o ICC in &aue" Netherlands
o Lanuae4 Enlish and 1rench
The Ro#e Statute
The Ro#e Statute established the ICC which .shall ha(e the $ower to e)ercise
its %urisdiction o(er $ersons for the #ost serious cri#es of international concern ) ) )
and shall be co#$le#entar2 to the national cri#inal %urisdictions*/ 7Article I" Ro#e
Statute6 Its %urisdiction co(ers the followin cri#es4
5* ,enocideL
<* Cri#es aainst hu#anit2L
8* War cri#esL and
=* Cri#e of aression* 7Article >" Ro#e Statute6
,eneral Pri nci $l es4
5* Nullu# cri #en sine lee 7E) $ost 1acto law6
<* Nullu# $oena sine lee 7(oid for (aueness6
8* ;ouble +eo$ard2
=* Non0retroacti(it2
>* Princi$le of Su$erior Res$onsibilit2Ja su$erior is held liable for failure to $re(ent
subordinates fro# co##ittin unlawful acts" in (iew of his co##and and control o(er
the# and liable as well for their cri#es
?* -ens reaJ#aterial ele#ents of a cri#e #ust be co##itted with intent and
3nowlede
No trial in absentia
No reser(ations
Penalties4 I#$rison#entJ#a) of 89 2earsL no death $enalt2
Princi$le of Co#$le#entarit2Jthe ICC shall be co#$le#entar2 to national
cri#inal %urisdictions of states* It i(es $ri#ac2 o(er the dut2 of e(er2 State to
e)ercise its cri#inal %urisdiction o(er those res$onsible for international cri#es*
>=
The Statute was o$ened for sinature b2 all States in Ro#e on +ul2 5G" 5EFF and
had re#ained o$en for sinature until ;ece#ber 85" <999 at the UN &ead@uarters in
New 'or3* The Phili$$ines sined the Statute on ;ece#ber <F" <999 throuh Chare
dC Affairs Enri@ue A* -analo of the Phili$$ine -ission to the UN* Its $ro(isions" howe(er"
re@uire that it be sub%ect to ratification" acce$tance or a$$ro(al of the sinator2 states*
7Article <>" Ro#e Statute6
+uri sdi cti on
5* It will not act as if a case is in(estiated or $rosecuted b2 a national %uridical
s2ste# unless the national $roceedins are not enuine i*e* if for#al
$roceedins were underta3en surel2 to shield a $erson fro# cri#inal
res$onsibilit2
<* Onl2 tries those accused of reatest cri#es
a* It obser(es the hihest standards of fairness and due $rocess
8* Co#$le#entar2 to national courts which #eans that the court will onl2 act when
countries the#sel(es are unable or unwillin to in(estiate or $rosecute*
= OR,ANS
Asse#bl2 of $arties
o Co#$osed of all #e#bers
o 5<5 #e#ber" Phili$$ines a #e#ber as of <955
o Established a TRUST 1UN; for the benefit of (icti#s of cri#es within the
%urisdiction of the court and the fa#ilies of these (icti#s
5* Presi denc2
a* 5 of the +udes
b* Son san &2un
o Res$onsible for the o(erall ad#inistration of the courts
o E)ce$tion4
Office of the $rosecutor
S$ecific function assined to $residenc2 in accordance with the
statute
o Co#$osed of 8 %udes of the court
Elected to the Presidenct b2 their fellow %udes
Ter# of office4 8 2ears
<* +udi ci al ;i (i si on
a* 5F %udes
b* E 2ears ter# of office" no re0election
c* 8 ;i(isions
d* Dualifications
Su$re#e Court Dualification
Ad(ance deree in -*B*A*
>>
Orani!ed into the followin4
Pre0trial ;i(ision
Trial ;i(ision
A$$eal ;i(ision
+udes of each di(ision sit in cha#bers which are res$onsible for conduct of the
$roceedins of the court at different staes
Assin#ent of %udes to di(ision is #ade on the basis of the nature of the
funtions each di(isions $erfor#s and the @ualifications and e)$erience of the
%ude
;one in a #anner ensurin that a ;i(ision benefits fro# an a$$ro$riate
co#bination of e)$erience in cri#inal law and $rocedure and international law*
8* Off i ce of the Prosecutor
Res$onsible for recei(in referals and an2 substantiated infor#ation on cri#es
within the %urisdiction of the court" for e)a#inin the# and for conductin
in(estiations and $rosecutions before the court
&eaded b24 1atou Bensouda
Elected b2 the state $arties
Ter# of Office4 E 2ears
Assisted b2 de$ut2 $rosecutor
o In chare of the $rosecution di(ision of the office of the $rosecutor
=* Rei str2
a* Res$onsible for the non0%udicial as$ects of the ad#inistration and ser(in
of the court
&eaded b24 Reistrar
Princi$al ad#inistrati(e officer of the court
E)ercises his function under the authorit2 of the $res of the court
Elected b2 the %udes
Ter#4 > 2ears
Current4 Sil(ana Arbia
Who can Ini ti ate $roceedi nsR
Proceedins before the ICC #a2 be initiated b2 a state $art2" the $rosecutor or
the UN Securit2 Council
The %urisdiction of the ICC is based on .co#$le#entarit2/ which allows national
courts the fir# o$$ortunit2 to in(estiate or $rosecute
+ust warB Bel l u# sustu#
>?
A war was oriinall2 acce$ted as leiti#ate #eans of co#$ulsion" $ro(ided"
accordin to so#e writers" that it was a reaction to an international delict
Outl awr2 of War
All #e#bers are called u$on to abstain fro# the use of force in the solution of
international differences and to sse to it that e(en non0#e#bers co#$l2 with its
declared $rinci$les . so far as #a2 be necessar2 for the #aintenance of
international $eace and securit2/
Conduct of the &ostil iti es
8 basic $rinci$les underlie the rules of warfare
5* Princi$le of -ilitar2 Necessit2
a* The bellierents #a2" sub%ect to the other < $rinci$les" e#$lo2 an2
a#ount of force to co#$el the co#$lete sub#ission of the ene#2 with
the least $ossible loss on li(es" ti#e and #one2
i*e* bo#bin of Naasa3i and &iroshi#a
<* Princi$le of &u#anit2
a* Prohibits the use of an2 #easure that is not absolutel2 necessar2 for the
$ur$oses of the war
i* i*e* $oisonin of wells and wea$ons" e)$andin bullets and
as$h2)iatin ases
ii* Ene#2 (essel sun30 either bellierent #ust see to the safet2 of the
$ersons on board
iii* Wounded and sic30 #ust be hu#anel2 treated without distinction
of nationalit2 b2 the bellierent in whose $ower the2 are
8* Princi$le of Chi(alr2
a* Basis of such rules that re@uire the bellierents to i(e $ro$er warnin
before launchin a bo#bard#ent
Re$ubl i c Act No* EF>5" the new .Phi l i $$i ne Act on Cri #es Aai nst
Internati onal &u#ani tari an Law" ,enoci de" and Other Cri #es Aai nst
&u#ani t2/
Sined into law on 55 ;ece#ber <99E"
The #ost i #$ortant features of R* A* No* EF>5 #i ht be outl i ned as f ol l ows4
;efinin and $enali!in war cri#es" enocide" and other cri#es aainst
hu#anit2*
>G
A$$licabilit2 to all indi(idual $er$etrators" whether state aents or non0state
actors 7unli3e the Anti0Torture Act which is li#ited to state0aent $er$etrators6*
A$$l2in certain international cri#inal law $rinci$les of irrele(ance of official
ca$acit2 7for i##unities6" res$onsibilit2 of su$eriors 7i*e* co##and
res$onsibilit26" unlawful su$erior orders" and non0$rescri$tion" a#on others*
Institutin a for# of uni(ersal %urisdiction" albeit @ualified*
Pro(idin for international standards for $rotection of (icti#s and witnesses" as
well as re$arations to the for#er*
E)$ress a$$licabilit2 of international law" includin of s$ecific international
treaties*
Pro(idin for the desination of s$ecial courts" $rosecutors and in(estiators"
and their effecti(e trainin in hu#an rihts" I&L and international cri#inal law*
No re@uire#ent of i#$le#entin rules and reulations 7unli3e the Anti0Torture
Act6
Basicall2" war cri#es are serious (iolations of the $rotection that should be
accorded to ci(ilians or non0co#batants durin ar#ed conflict" as well as serious
(iolations of the established li#itations on the #ethods and #eans of warfare" for the
benefit also of the co#batants*
.attac3 di rected aai nst an2 ci (il ian $o$ul ati on/
An .attac3 directed aainst an2 ci(ilian $o$ulation/ is defined TSec* 87e6U under
R*A* No* EF>5 as .a course of conduct in(ol(in the #ulti$le co##ission of acts
referred to in Section ? of this Act aainst an2 ci(ilian $o$ulation" $ursuant to or in
furtherance of a State or orani!ational $olic2 to co##it such attac3*/ Note .#ulti$le
co##ission of acts referred to/ and .$ursuant to or in furtherance of a State or
orani!ational $olic2*/ The latter clearl2 indicates that this could be $er$etrated b2 a
non0state ar#ed rou$* And the attac3 #ust be .wides$read or TNOT andU s2ste#atic/
to #a3e this a cri#e aainst hu#anit2* As alread2 indicated earl2 on abo(e" so#ethin
li3e the .-auindanao -assacre/ J in(ol(in #ulti$le willful 3illin as $art of a
s2ste#atic $re0$lanned attac3 directed b2 A#$atuan clan leaders 7who were also
$ublic officials6 aainst a rou$ of ci(ilians led b2 ri(al -anudadatu clan #e#bers N
can be characteri!ed as a cri#e aainst hu#anit2*
R*A* No* EF>5 @uite sinificantl2 $ro(ides for co##and res$onsibilit2 as an
o$erati(e $rinci$le of cri#inal liabilit2 for the first ti#e on the le(el of a national statute
throuh a $ro(ision on res$onsibilit2 of su$eriors TSec* 59U" thus4 .a su$erior shall be
cri#inall2 res$onsible as a $rinci$le for such cri#es co##itted b2 subordinates under
hisBher effecti(e co##and and control" or effecti(e authorit2 and control as the case
#a2 be" as a result of hisBher failure to $ro$erl2 e)ercise control o(er such
subordinates" where4
>F
7a6 The su$erior either 3new or" owin to the circu#stances at the ti#e" should ha(e
3nown that the subordinates were co##ittin or about to co##it such cri#esL and
7b6 The su$erior failed to ta3e all necessar2 and reasonable #easures within hisBher
$ower to $re(ent or re$ress their co##ission or to sub#it the #atter to the co#$etent
authorities for in(estiation and $rosecution*/
A$$l i cabi l i t2 of Internati onal Law
R*A* No* EF>5 $ro(ides that in its a$$lication and inter$retation" Phili$$ine courts shall
be uided b2 the followin international law sources TSec* 5>U4
7a6 The 5E=F ,enocide Con(entionL
7b6 The 5E=E ,ene(a Con(entions I0I:" their 5EGG Additional Protocols I and II and
their <99> Additional Protocol IIIL
7c6 The 5E>= &aue Con(ention for the Protection of Cultural Pro$ert2 in the E(ent of
Ar#ed Conflict" its 1irst Protocol and its 5EEE Second ProtocolL
7d6 The 5EFE Con(ention on the Rihts of the Child and its <999 O$tional Protocol on
the In(ol(e#ent of Children in Ar#ed ConflictL
7e6 The rules and $rinci$les of custo#ar2 international lawL
7f6 The %udicial decisions of international courts and tribunalsL
76 Rele(ant and a$$licable international hu#an rihts instru#entsL
7h6 Other rele(ant international treaties and con(entions ratified or acceded to b2 the
Re$ublic of the Phili$$inesL and
7i6 Teachins of the #ost hihl2 @ualified $ublicists and authoritati(e co##entaries on
the foreoin sources as subsidiar2 #eans for the deter#ination of rules of
international law*
S$eci al Courts" Prosecutors" I n(esti ators" and Trai ni n
Under R*A* No* EF>5 TSec* 5FU" the Reional Trial Courts shall ha(e oriinal and
e)clusi(e %urisdiction o(er the international cri#es $unishable under this Act* The
Su$re#e Court shall desinate s$ecial courts to tr2 cases in(ol(in cri#es $unishable
under this Act* 1or these cases" the Co##ission on &u#an Rihts" the ;e$art#ent of
+ustice" the Phili$$ine National Police or other concerned law enforce#ent aencies
shall desinate $rosecutors and in(estiators to in(estiate as the case #a2 be* +ust as
sinificant" the State shall ensure that %udes" $rosecutors and in(estiators" es$eciall2
those desinated for $ur$oses of this Act" recei(e effecti(e trainin in hu#an rihts"
international hu#anitarian law and international cri#inal law*
>E