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Turn ro Iasr page tor answers!! ^.... ... - ^.... ... - ^.... ... - ^.... ... - A very warm welcome to the Fourth Edition of Engineering 1alk. Editorial team feel proud that we have come along for almost one year and we can't really help saying that time really does fly. We strongly feel that without everyone's support and contribution we would not have come this far.
Aow glancing into our fourth edition, it seeks to reflect many interesting articles covering wide variety of subjects related to extreme engineering. Engineering 1alk team would like to express thankfulness to the authors of the articles for contributing their experience and sharing their valuable knowledge through their articles.
With this in mind lets start exploring the new horizons of this knowledge resource.
Happy Reading Editorial 1eam . . -. .,.... . . -. .,.... . . -. .,.... . . -. .,.... "OenIus azen't anythIng noze than eIegant connon sense." -]osh BIIIIngs Artiole on Uuotile iron material Artiole on Uuotile iron material Artiole on Uuotile iron material Artiole on Uuotile iron material with wide range of variety in with wide range of variety in with wide range of variety in with wide range of variety in piping joints for u0 sewer piping joints for u0 sewer piping joints for u0 sewer piping joints for u0 sewer applioation applioation applioation applioation 3 33 3 Uistillation : ow 1o 3peoify & Uistillation : ow 1o 3peoify & Uistillation : ow 1o 3peoify & Uistillation : ow 1o 3peoify & lnstall Cartridge 1rays lnstall Cartridge 1rays lnstall Cartridge 1rays lnstall Cartridge 1rays 5 55 5 air Pin eat Lxohangers air Pin eat Lxohangers air Pin eat Lxohangers air Pin eat Lxohangers 7 77 7 Column Column Column Column- -- -Reboiler Analysis Reboiler Analysis Reboiler Analysis Reboiler Analysis 9 99 9 Bio Bio Bio Bio- -- -Uiesel: An Alternate Uiesel: An Alternate Uiesel: An Alternate Uiesel: An Alternate Renewable luel Renewable luel Renewable luel Renewable luel 11 11 11 11 Lnergy Lffioient Uistribution Lnergy Lffioient Uistribution Lnergy Lffioient Uistribution Lnergy Lffioient Uistribution 1ransformer 1ransformer 1ransformer 1ransformer 16 16 16 16 An Applioation to Lstimate Con- An Applioation to Lstimate Con- An Applioation to Lstimate Con- An Applioation to Lstimate Con- orete uantities in Balanoe of orete uantities in Balanoe of orete uantities in Balanoe of orete uantities in Balanoe of Plant 3truotures for lossil Plant 3truotures for lossil Plant 3truotures for lossil Plant 3truotures for lossil Power Plants Power Plants Power Plants Power Plants 17 17 17 17 Uetailed leasibility Report Uetailed leasibility Report Uetailed leasibility Report Uetailed leasibility Report - -- - lor lor lor lor PCL, Bhatinda PCL, Bhatinda PCL, Bhatinda PCL, Bhatinda 14 14 14 14 Ioic 0overed Ioic 0overed 31ANUARU3 l0R UuC1lLL lR0N 31ANUARU3 l0R UuC1lLL lR0N 31ANUARU3 l0R UuC1lLL lR0N 31ANUARU3 l0R UuC1lLL lR0N MA1LRlAL3 MA1LRlAL3 MA1LRlAL3 MA1LRlAL3
A31M (Amerioan 3ooiety for 1esting and A31M (Amerioan 3ooiety for 1esting and A31M (Amerioan 3ooiety for 1esting and A31M (Amerioan 3ooiety for 1esting and Materials) 3td # Materials) 3td # Materials) 3td # Materials) 3td #
A31M A 746 3tandard 3peoifioation for Uuotile lron 0ravity 3ewer Pipe
AwwA (Amerioan water works Assooiation) AwwA (Amerioan water works Assooiation) AwwA (Amerioan water works Assooiation) AwwA (Amerioan water works Assooiation) 3td # 3td # 3td # 3td #
AwwA C110/A21.10 Uuot i l e- l r on and 0ray-lron littings, 3 in. 1hrough 48 in. (76 mm 1hrough 1219 mm), for water AwwA C111/A21.11 Rubber gasket joints for duotile iron pressure pipes & fittings. AwwA C151/A21.51 Uuot i l e- l r on Pipe, Centrifugally Cast, for water AwwA C600 lnstallation prooedure for duotile iron joints.
lN1R0UuC1l0N lN1R0UuC1l0N lN1R0UuC1l0N lN1R0UuC1l0N 0enerally this duotile iron pipes are utilized in general utility servioes in u0 applioations like sewer systems / waste water systems. lollowing's are the few advantages for duotile iron material applioation. 1here is a muoh wider variety for joints available for duotile iron pipe than any other piping material, providing greater flexibility & versatility in piping design & installation to aooommodate the partioular oondition at the job site. 1hese joints are time proven to be strong, dependable & bottle tight. Uurability, ease of installation & availability of std fittings with wider range of joints duotile iron material proven to be oost oompetitive & material of ohoioe for waste water & sewer applioations. Requires less support and provides greater flow area oompared with pipe made from other materials. Long servioe life without any failure & infiltration. 1he physioal properties of Uuotile lron pipe do not ohange with time, therefore, oorrosion (both external and internal) is the main faotor that oan affeot the struotural integrity of the pipe. owever it should be overoome with Cement-mortar linings & ooating. igher strength of Uuotile lron pipe permits a wide variety of design applioations in u0 sewer systems.
UL3l0N l310R BLlN UL3l0N l310R BLlN UL3l0N l310R BLlN UL3l0N l310R BLlNU UuC1lLL lR0N U UuC1lLL lR0N U UuC1lLL lR0N U UuC1lLL lR0N PlPL3 & ll11lN03 10lN13 PlPL3 & ll11lN03 10lN13 PlPL3 & ll11lN03 10lN13 PlPL3 & ll11lN03 10lN13 About 550 years ago the first oast iron pipe were made with flanged joint using lead or leather gaskets. ln 1785 1he bell & spigot joint was developed whioh was assembled by oaulking yarn or braided hemp into the base of annular bell oavity & then pouring molten lead into the remaining spaoe of the bell. ln 1937 a Roll-on joint was developed, the assembly of this joint involved a oompressed rubber gasket rolled under a restriotion ring, followed by a oaulked square-braided jute. 1he remainder of the joint was paoked with the bituminous oompound.
10UA'3 UL3l0N 3CLNA 10UA'3 UL3l0N 3CLNA 10UA'3 UL3l0N 3CLNA 10UA'3 UL3l0N 3CLNARl0 l0R UuC1lLL Rl0 l0R UuC1lLL Rl0 l0R UuC1lLL Rl0 l0R UuC1lLL lR0N PlPL3 & ll11lN03 10lN13 lR0N PlPL3 & ll11lN03 10lN13 lR0N PlPL3 & ll11lN03 10lN13 lR0N PlPL3 & ll11lN03 10lN13 ln today's design the Push-on joints (i.e. p u s h - o n s o o k e t n s p i g o t joint) ,Meohanioal joints & llanged joints are most prominent in use.
(A) Push (A) Push (A) Push (A) Push- -- -on joint (i.e. push on joint (i.e. push on joint (i.e. push on joint (i.e. push- -- -on sooket n on sooket n on sooket n on sooket n spigot joint) : spigot joint) : spigot joint) : spigot joint) : lt is the most popular, quiokest & easiest to assemble joint for duotile iron pipe & fittings in under ground applioation. 1his joint oonsists a single rubber gasket plaoed (integrally oast) in a groove inside a sooket at the bell end of the pipe (pipe having bell end that is sooket end & spigot end that is plain end, & this spigot/ plain end inserted into sooket end). Now after lubrioating (normally soapy water or any other piping lubrioant used) the bell end of pipe aooording to standard the beveled / plain end of the pipe is pushed past the gasket, oompressing it and forming a pressure tight & dependable seal joint. Applioation of this joint is very simple & fast and also it oan be assembled under wet trenoh or even under water. ere in figure typioal push on joints are shown with rubber gasket integrally oast into the bell end of the pipe & beveled end is pushed past the gasket. 1he two type of push-on joint are 1yton type & lastite type. they differ in somewhat oonfiguration of groove only.
(B) Meohanioal joint : (B) Meohanioal joint : (B) Meohanioal joint : (B) Meohanioal joint : 1he meohanioal joint uses the basio prinoipal of stuffing box & gland. 1his joint has four parts as shown in figure : A flange oast with a bell end. A rubber gasket that fits in the bell sooket. A gland or a follower ring to oompress the gasket. A tee head bolts and nuts for tighten the joint. 1his joint assembly is labor intensive but very simple & required only one tool (i.e. ordinary ratohet wrenoh) for tighten the bolts. 1his joint mainly use with fittings rather than pipes. Not e : Push- on j oi nt i s more eoonomioal , faster to install, more trouble free joint than meohanioal joint.
(C) llanged joint : (C) llanged joint : (C) llanged joint : (C) llanged joint : lt is normal a flange to flange oonneotion joint. here flange is oast at both end of the pipe & fittings. 3ee the figure for flanged joint.
As above mention, these are the most prominent & wide usage of joints in duotile iron pipes. other than this there are some speoial designed joints are also there for speoifio applioation as & when required.
(A) Restrained push (A) Restrained push (A) Restrained push (A) Restrained push- -- -on gasket joint: on gasket joint: on gasket joint: on gasket joint: 1his joint oonsists a speoial patented gasket that oontain high strength stainless steel elements spaoe around the gasket that develops a dependable gripping aotion with wedge. Beoause of this wedging design the foroe between the spigot/plain end & the bell/sooket end of the pipe is essentially oonstant at any given pressure thrust regardless of the tightness or looseness of the joint. "No nattez how gzeat youz wozds nay be, you wIII be judged by youz actIons." -Anonynous Artiole on Uuotile lron Material with wide Range of variety in Piping 1oints for u0 Artiole on Uuotile lron Material with wide Range of variety in Piping 1oints for u0 Artiole on Uuotile lron Material with wide Range of variety in Piping 1oints for u0 Artiole on Uuotile lron Material with wide Range of variety in Piping 1oints for u0 3ewer Applioation 3ewer Applioation 3ewer Applioation 3ewer Applioation Contributed by: Nirav v 3hah, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: Nirav v 3hah, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: Nirav v 3hah, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: Nirav v 3hah, L1C, Baroda cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK APkIl 2000 PA0 3 Vo|ame 1, Issae 4 1his oonfiguration as shown in the figure. 1his speoial type of gaskets are available for both 1yton & fastite push-on joints. they have been in same basio shape as the regular gasket. so they oan be uses in any standard push-on joints also where in field adaptable restrained is desired.
(B) 3peoially designed Push (B) 3peoially designed Push (B) 3peoially designed Push (B) 3peoially designed Push- -- -on restrained on restrained on restrained on restrained joints: joints: joints: joints: 1his joint oonsists a push-on gasket & speoially bell end design in oonjunotion with their restraint meohanisms. 1his type of joint is assembled by making a standard push-on joint assembly and then inserting the flex ring, split ring or a ring segments (depending on design), extending the joint to remove any slaok in the looking meohanism. (different arrangements are as shown in figure). 1he speoial push 1he speoial push 1he speoial push 1he speoial push- -- -on gasket use in this design on gasket use in this design on gasket use in this design on gasket use in this design might not be interohangeable with standard might not be interohangeable with standard might not be interohangeable with standard might not be interohangeable with standard push push push push- -- -on gaskets. on gaskets. on gaskets. on gaskets.
(C) Meohanioal restrained joints: (C) Meohanioal restrained joints: (C) Meohanioal restrained joints: (C) Meohanioal restrained joints: 1his joints offer a method of providing joint restraint with a standard meohanioal joint sooket of a pipes & fittings. (different arrangements are as shown in figure). 1he tee bolts for this joints are not standard length. speoial long length tee bolts are required for this joints.
(U) Ball & sooket joints: (U) Ball & sooket joints: (U) Ball & sooket joints: (U) Ball & sooket joints: Uuotile iron pipe with ball & sooket joints are the extremely tough with heavy wall thiokness. 1his duotile iron pipe is boltless joint. they oonsist of a preoision maohined ball that fits into a maohined sooket , a rubber gasket is provide a pressure tight seal and a retainer ring provides a longitudinal restraint. (different arrangements are as shown in figure).
(L) 0rooved & shouldered joints: (L) 0rooved & shouldered joints: (L) 0rooved & shouldered joints: (L) 0rooved & shouldered joints: 0rooved joints: 0rooved joints: 0rooved joints: 0rooved joints: 1he grooved joint uses a bolted, segmental, olamp type meohanioal ooupling having a housing that enoloses a u-shaped rubber gasket. 1he housing looks the pipe ends together and oompressed the gasket against the outside of the pipe ends. 1he ends of the pipe are maohine groove to aooept the housing.
3houldered joints: 3houldered joints: 3houldered joints: 3houldered joints: 1he shouldered joints is similar to grooved joints exoept that the pipe ends are shouldered instead of grooved.
3o, these are the variety of piping joints in duotile iron material.
LlMl1A1l0N 0l UuC1lL LlMl1A1l0N 0l UuC1lL LlMl1A1l0N 0l UuC1lL LlMl1A1l0N 0l UuC1lLL lR0N PlPlN0 L lR0N PlPlN0 L lR0N PlPlN0 L lR0N PlPlN0 At last one question/doubt oomes in mind that is even though duotile iron material having wide variety of joints and also having no of advantages in usage of u0 sewer applioations, it is not most oommonly used material in refineries applioation. 1here are oertain limitations of duotile iron piping as follows whioh olear the above mentioned doubt. Uuotile iron pipes are usually made by Centrifugal oasting prooess and Cast pipes in refineries are not very popular. Many of the refineries do not prefer Uuotile iron pipes for u/0 servioe mainly beoause it has lower allowable tensile and bending stresses as oompared to Carbon 3teel pipes. when piping subjeoted to oombined loading oondition (i.e. internal pressure & external loading oondition/soil pressure), duotile iron pipes behaves as a flexible oonduit and it needs to designed separately with higher thiokness to withstand oombined loading oondition.
C0NCLu3l0N C0NCLu3l0N C0NCLu3l0N C0NCLu3l0N 3o, there is a muoh wider variety for joints available for duotile iron pipes & fittings than any other piping material for u0 applioations. Also duotile iron proves to be very oost effeotive as oompared to oarbon steel piping. "It Is easIez to pzepaze and pzevent than to zepaIz and zepent." - Anonynous Artiole on Uuotile lron Material with wide Range of variety in Piping 1oints for u0 Artiole on Uuotile lron Material with wide Range of variety in Piping 1oints for u0 Artiole on Uuotile lron Material with wide Range of variety in Piping 1oints for u0 Artiole on Uuotile lron Material with wide Range of variety in Piping 1oints for u0 3ewer Applioation 3ewer Applioation 3ewer Applioation 3ewer Applioation Contributed by: Nirav v 3hah, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: Nirav v 3hah, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: Nirav v 3hah, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: Nirav v 3hah, L1C, Baroda cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK APkIl 2000 PA0 4 Vo|ame 1, Issae 4 ., -. ., -. ., -. ., -. A young executive with poor self-esteem was pro- moted but he couldn't rec- oncile himself to his new office and position. There was a knock at his door. To show how important and busy he was, he picked up the phone and then asked the visitor to come in. As the man waited for the executive, the executive kept talking on the phone, nodding and saying, "No problem, I can handle that." After a few minutes he hung up and asked the visitor what he could do for him. The man replied, "Sir, I'm here to connect your phone." lN1R0UuC1l0N lN1R0UuC1l0N lN1R0UuC1l0N lN1R0UuC1l0N ln any prooess industry the mass transfer is one of the main prooess aotivity-taking plaoes in the Column (Mass transfer equipment). Lffioienoy of the mass transfer prooess is dependents on the interfaoe oontaot between two immisoible phases (0as-Liquid or Liquid-Liquid). 1rays are the means for providing the neoessary oontaot area for the interfaoing. 1rays are used for Uistillation, Abortion, Lxtraotion, 3tripping, for reaotion distillation eto lor the small diameter oolumns, it is diffioult to enter in the oolumn to inspeot, lnstalled & maintain the 1rays / lnternals due to the less spaoe available. Cartridge trays oan be the perfeot hardware solution for distillation oolumns that are less than 3 feet (900mm) in diameter and have a unique need for trays. Paoking is usually the preferred ohoioe for small-diameter oolumns, but there are several oiroumstanoes in whioh trays are advantageous. Lxamples inolude fouling systems, oertain foaming systems, high- pressure applioations and systems that require high effioienoy and a large turndown. All of these oan be aooommodated with various tray designs installed muoh faster than traditional ring- supported trays. 0n the other hand, oartridge trays are less simple than traditional trays. And the key to suooess with them lies in understanding how oartridge trays are oonfigured, speoified and installed. A33LMBL 0l C0MP0NLN13 A33LMBL 0l C0MP0NLN13 A33LMBL 0l C0MP0NLN13 A33LMBL 0l C0MP0NLN13 Cartridge trays oonsist of eight to ten trays preassembled in a bundle. 1he trays themselves oan be of any type: sieve, valve, bubble oap or other. 1he tray deoks are oonneoted together by at least five tie- rods that run the length of the bundle. 3paoer rods are inserted over the tie -rods to ensure the oorreot tray spaoing. 1he bundle is bolted at the ends to make oomplete unit, whioh is inserted into the oolumn through a body flange. 1he bundles are bolted together as they are installed, so that all the trays in a seotion of oolumn are oonneoted together. ln order to prevent the uplift of the bundle, hold down arrangement is provided by fixing the top tray at the flange. 1he bundles rest on support olips welded to the shell at the bottom of a given oolumn seotion. 1he downoomers are envelope-style, and are integral to the tray deok. 1he trays are sealed to the oolumn wall by oiroumferential gaskets. ligure 1 shows a bundle of proprietary oartridge trays. ligure 2 shows the oonneotion between the bundles in more detail. 1he tie-rods have threaded oonneotions on both ends. A braoket plus double nuts are used to join the tie-rods together. 1he overall height of the braoket and nuts is set to give the proper tray spaoing for the trays at the interfaoe between the bundles.
lN31ALLA1l0N 0l CAR1RlU0L lN31ALLA1l0N 0l CAR1RlU0L lN31ALLA1l0N 0l CAR1RlU0L lN31ALLA1l0N 0l CAR1RlU0L Although oartridge trays oan be installed rapidly, the installation prooedure requires speoial oare-in faot, it diotates a need for partioular attention to details during the earlier design and fabrioation phases of the projeot. Uuring installation, eaoh bundle is inserted into the oolumn through the top body flange, so the area above the oolumn must be free. lirst, the bundle that oontains the bottom trays is lifted with a orane above the body flange. 1he proper orientation is established, and then the bundle is lowered into the oolumn. 1ust before the last (uppermost) trays of the first bundle (whioh will beoome the lowest bundle within the oolumn) go into the oolumn, wooden blooks are inserted under that tray. 1he bundle is disoonneoted from the orane, and the partially inserted bundle rests on the wooden blooks. 1hen the next bundle is lifted, its orientation is established, and that bundle is bolted to the partially inserted one. 1he wooden blooks are removed, and the joined bundles are then lowered into the oolumn. 1ust before the last tray goes in, the wooden blooks are again inserted. 1his prooess is repeated for as many bundles as neoessary. As the trays are lowered into the oolumn, oreating the seal with the inside of the oolumn wall. 1he trays eventually rest on support olips at the bottom of the oolumn. 1he bundles will be inserted into the oolumn under the power of their own weight, the gaskets will seal properly, the trays will rest properly on the support olips, and all equipment will mate up at the designated plaoes. "8uccess Is the abIIIty to go Izon one IaIIuze to anothez wIthout Ioss oI EnthusIasn" - Anonynous Uistillation : ow 1o 3peoify & lnstall Cartridge 1rays Uistillation : ow 1o 3peoify & lnstall Cartridge 1rays Uistillation : ow 1o 3peoify & lnstall Cartridge 1rays Uistillation : ow 1o 3peoify & lnstall Cartridge 1rays Contributed by: Krishna Uesai, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: Krishna Uesai, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: Krishna Uesai, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: Krishna Uesai, L1C, Baroda cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK APkIl 2000 PA0 5 Vo|ame 1, Issae 4 ligure 1. Cartridge unit of trays ligure 1. Cartridge unit of trays ligure 1. Cartridge unit of trays ligure 1. Cartridge unit of trays ligure 2. Conneotion between bundles ligure 2. Conneotion between bundles ligure 2. Conneotion between bundles ligure 2. Conneotion between bundles 1he following are some of the tips will help to ensure oorreot installation of oartridge unit.
0PLRA1l0N & MAlN1AlNANCL 0PLRA1l0N & MAlN1AlNANCL 0PLRA1l0N & MAlN1AlNANCL 0PLRA1l0N & MAlN1AlNANCL 1hink of oartridge trays as being akin to a pre-fabrioated house. 1hey must endure shipping and installation without losing their struotural integrity. 1he tray spaoing and overall bundle length should not ohange even when they are shipped over bumpy roads and lifted by oranes in their shipping orates. 3peoifying heavy-duty hardware and tray deoks helps to make the bundles more rigid and less prone to ooming loose during shipment and installation. lt is preferred to have tie-rods of -in. (13-mm) diameter, and in., sohedule 80 spaoer pipes, whioh results in very tight fit between the two, and gives the bundle more rigidity. 1en-gage tray deoks are speoified for the same reason. 1he gasket design is very important, and extra thought should be given to it during the design phase of a trays. 1ray performanoe will suffer greatly if the gasket seal loosens over time. Uuring the design stage, it is preferred that, the gaskets are attaohed to the tray deok by a olamp ring and bolts. lt is a good idea to request a heavy-duty olamp ring, and to oheok the design to ensure plenty of bolting. lor oost- effeotiveness, the gaskets and olamp ring are usually out into six or eight pieoes. 1o avoid the possibility of leaks, it is very important that the resulting six to eight gasket junotures do not align with the olamp ring junotures.
1RA / 10wLR lN1LRlACL 1RA / 10wLR lN1LRlACL 1RA / 10wLR lN1LRlACL 1RA / 10wLR lN1LRlACL Uuring the design phase of trays, oonsider how the other tower hardware will mate up with the trays. lt is important to make allowanoes for slight imperfeotions in the elevation & orientation of the bundle. lor instanoe, you would not want a reflux pipe, a feed pipe, or thermo wells to have to mate up to a very olose toleranoe. 1he bundles may rotate slightly during installation, or the height of the bundle may be off by some amount.
Making these allowanoes is espeoially important if you need to divide the oolumn in to more than one seotion and to have more than one set of tray support olips. lor example, if, flashing feed devioe is to be welded to the tower shell, the bundles oould not be inserted over this devioe so the tower has to be divided in to two seotions. An extra set of body flange was required below the devioe. 1he lower trays were inserted through the lower body flange and supported by the set of support olips in the bottom of the tower. 1he upper trays inserted through the upper body flange and supported by the supported olips above the flashing feed devioe. 1he downoomer from the tray in the upper seotion was required to mate of with trays in lower seotions of the oolumn. Lnsure that, there is adequate downoomer olearanoe at this interfaoe is important.
1he other thing to oonsider in design is the importanoe of manways aooess to all sets of tray support olips to ensure proper resting of bundle on olips and the ability to repair if neoessary, as it is oritioal to the levelness of the trays. 1he arrangement is shown in the figure 3.
R0uNUNL33 0l 1L C0LuMN 3LLL R0uNUNL33 0l 1L C0LuMN 3LLL R0uNUNL33 0l 1L C0LuMN 3LLL R0uNUNL33 0l 1L C0LuMN 3LLL 1he roundness of the oolumn shell is really the most important aspeot of the oartridge tray installation. 1he tray must seal to the tower shell with the gasket, or they won't work. 0n the other hand, if the tower shell is too tight, and the trays get stuok, it is not advisable to apply great amount of foroe to avoid the damaging of trays. 1he most oommon problem during the fabrioation is related to welding, wherever signifioant welding takes plaoe on the tower, there is a tendenoy for the metal to pull in, resulting in a tight spot. welds to attaoh large nozzle, lifting lugs, support olips are the main oulprits. "8uccess Is when skIII neets oppoztunIty. FaIIuze Is when Iantasy neets zeaIIty." -BzokIns Uistillation : ow 1o 3peoify & lnstall Cartridge 1rays Uistillation : ow 1o 3peoify & lnstall Cartridge 1rays Uistillation : ow 1o 3peoify & lnstall Cartridge 1rays Uistillation : ow 1o 3peoify & lnstall Cartridge 1rays Contributed by: Krishna Uesai, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: Krishna Uesai, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: Krishna Uesai, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: Krishna Uesai, L1C, Baroda cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK APkIl 2000 PA0 0 Vo|ame 1, Issae 4 ligure 3 ligure 3 ligure 3 ligure 3 9 1 2 6 8 5 4 3 1 7 1 6 2 4 5 8 6 2 3 4 7 3 9 1 8 2 9 7 4 5 9 5 6 3 7 8 .,. .,. .,. .,. TMG EOiTOMiML TGM
1. 1itesh Sheth from L1C, Baroda 2. Shaunak Bhatt from L&1- S&L, Baroda 3. Anirban Pandit from L&1 Engineering, Baroda 4. C. Manoj from L1C, Mumbai 5. Darshan Shah from L1C, Baroda . Devendra Parab, L&1 En- gineering, Mumbai 7. Sanjay S. Shenoy from Mid and Downstream In- ternational 8. Pradeep 1hakur from L&1 Engineering, Faridabad 9. Pradumna from L&1-Culf 1. Ravi Prakash from L&1- Jaldel
lN1R0UuC1l0N lN1R0UuC1l0N lN1R0UuC1l0N lN1R0UuC1l0N ln Refinery & Petroohemioal Complex eat Lxohangers plays very important role by exohanging heat energy. 3hell & 1ube eat exohanger is very oommonly used in Refinery & Petroohemioal applioation. air Pin eat Lxohanger is a type of 3 & 1 eat Lxohanger. 3imple oonfiguration of air Pin eat Lxohanger is shown in lig. 1.
APPLlCA1l0N: APPLlCA1l0N: APPLlCA1l0N: APPLlCA1l0N: air pin eat Lxohangers oan be used as an alternative to shell & tube exohangers under following oonditions, Uuty < 500 kw Low llow rates Large 1emperature oross Uiameter of shell & tube heat exohanger is 8" (200 mm) or less. lor the oonditions listed above a oonventional shell & tube heat exohanger beoomes uneoonomioal as large number of small diameter shells in series is required to provide adequate velooities and near oounter-ourrent flow to aohieve desired performanoe.
C0N31RuC1l0N: C0N31RuC1l0N: C0N31RuC1l0N: C0N31RuC1l0N: A hairpin heat exohanger oan be desoribed as a single-pass shell-and-tube unit that has been folded in half to give it a hairpin appearanoe. lt is olassified based on oonstruotion as follows, Uouble Pipe eat Lxohanger Multitube eat Lxohanger Uouble Pipe eat Lxohanger: 1he basio double-pipe oonstruotion oonsists of a single pipe or tube, plaoed oonoentrioally inside a larger pipe or tube (0uter shell) as shown in lig. 2. At front end, olosure is provided with tube side inlet oonneotions. 1hese olosures use independent tube-side and shell-side gasketing that prevent inter stream leakage. 1he olosure arrangement is also provided with external split ring that looks the tube element to the shell. At rear end two inner tubes are joined together by a welded on u-bend, while the two outer shells are joined together by a dished head and a flanged joint as shown in lig. 2. 1he depth of dished head is sized to allow free axial thermal movement of inner tubes & bend within the shell.
MuL1l1uBL LA1 LXCA MuL1l1uBL LA1 LXCA MuL1l1uBL LA1 LXCA MuL1l1uBL LA1 LXCAN0LR: N0LR: N0LR: N0LR: ln Multitube heat exohanger there is a bundle of u-tubes as shown in lig. 3, instead of a single inner tube as double pipe. Laoh leg of the u-bundle has its own tubesheet and design permits free thermal movement of the bundle and its withdrawal from the shell. 1he front end and rear end oonstruotion of Multitube heat exohanger is similar to that of double pipe. Plain tubes are supported by segmental baffles inside shell. air Pin heat exohanger is supported by moveable support braokets. 1hese braokets are provided with slotted holes for anohor bolts whioh allow for shell expansion and oontraotion.
PR0CL33 BLNLll13: PR0CL33 BLNLll13: PR0CL33 BLNLll13: PR0CL33 BLNLll13: air pin heat exohanger has tube-side & shell-side fluids running oounterourrent to eaoh other. 1rue oounterourrent flow is an effioient flow arrangement beoause the temperature differenoe between the two streams is maximized. Another benefit offered by oounterourrent flow is the ability to attain oloser temperature approaohes and aooommodate a temperature oross using a single hairpin seotion. Long radius u-bends takes oare of thermal expansion in the tubes henoe el i mi nat i ng the requi rement of expansion bellows.
MAlN1LNANCL 0l AlR PlN LA1 MAlN1LNANCL 0l AlR PlN LA1 MAlN1LNANCL 0l AlR PlN LA1 MAlN1LNANCL 0l AlR PlN LA1 LXCAN0LR3: LXCAN0LR3: LXCAN0LR3: LXCAN0LR3: air pin heat exohangers are very easy to dismantle and maintenanoe oan be performed easily during plant shutdown. 3peoially designed olosure arrangement permits the tubeside oonneotions to be removed. 1hese enable the inner tube or tube bundle & bend to be removed as a unit from the shells, from the rear end, after first removing the rear end assembly.
UL1AlL3 0l 31ANUARU uNl13: UL1AlL3 0l 31ANUARU uNl13: UL1AlL3 0l 31ANUARU uNl13: UL1AlL3 0l 31ANUARU uNl13: As the dimensions of the oomponents tend to be small, air pin heat exohangers are readily designed for high-pressure servioes, and units are available for pressures well in aooess of those enoountered in shell & tube heat exohanger design. air pin heat exohanger also provides the advantages of standardization and modular oonstruotion.
Although there is no international standard for air Pin eat Lxohangers, a system developed by Brown lintube" has aohieved some reoognition aoross the globe. Aooording to them these units are available in nominal shell size of 3" to 30". "PeopIe begIn to becone successIuI the nInute they decIde to be." PhIIIp Czosby air Pin eat Lxohangers air Pin eat Lxohangers air Pin eat Lxohangers air Pin eat Lxohangers Contributed by: Mr. Uhiren 1rivedi & Mr. Purav Uesai, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: Mr. Uhiren 1rivedi & Mr. Purav Uesai, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: Mr. Uhiren 1rivedi & Mr. Purav Uesai, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: Mr. Uhiren 1rivedi & Mr. Purav Uesai, L1C, Baroda cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK APkIl 2000 PA0 7 Vo|ame 1, Issae 4 ligure. 1 ligure. 1 ligure. 1 ligure. 1 ligure. 2 ligure. 2 ligure. 2 ligure. 2 air Pin eat Lxohangers are used for temperature range of -200 C to 700 C and up to pressure of 350 bars. lt oan withstand pressure upto 680 bars with speoial designs. Based on the servioe, the unit is available with Bare tubes, linned tubes & 1wisted tubes oonstruotion.
llNNLU 1uBL C0N31RuC llNNLU 1uBL C0N31RuC llNNLU 1uBL C0N31RuC llNNLU 1uBL C0N31RuC1l0N 1l0N 1l0N 1l0N lt is used when one of the heat transfer ooeffioient is about one-half, or less, of the other. 1ypioal examples being high- visoosity liquid, or a gas, with water or oondensing steam as other fluid.
1wl31LU 1uBL C0N31Ru 1wl31LU 1uBL C0N31Ru 1wl31LU 1uBL C0N31Ru 1wl31LU 1uBL C0N31RuC1l0N C1l0N C1l0N C1l0N lt is used when tubeside fluid is visoous (> 1 op). lt eliminates dead spaoes on shellside and inoreases turbulenoe on both sides. "Don't pIay In soneone eIse's unIvezse. DeIIne youz own." -Donny Deutsch air Pin eat Lxohangers air Pin eat Lxohangers air Pin eat Lxohangers air Pin eat Lxohangers Contributed by: Mr. Uhiren 1rivedi & Mr. Purav Uesai, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: Mr. Uhiren 1rivedi & Mr. Purav Uesai, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: Mr. Uhiren 1rivedi & Mr. Purav Uesai, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: Mr. Uhiren 1rivedi & Mr. Purav Uesai, L1C, Baroda cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK APkIl 2000 PA0 8 Vo|ame 1, Issae 4 ligure 3 ligure 3 ligure 3 ligure 3 .. .. .. .. ^.... ^.... ^.... ^.... Teacher to Pappu : "Where were U born?"
Pappu : In Tiruvananthapuram.
Teacher: SpeII it?
Pappu: (after thinking) WeII.. I think I was born in GOA. ligure 4 ligure 4 ligure 4 ligure 4 vertioal reboilers (shell & 1ube eat exohanger) are widely used in Petroohemioal industry. 1he thermosyphon Reboiler is most oommonly used. lor that piping engineer need to oonduot stress analysis, but in oolumn reboiler analysis find diffioulty to pass the system in nozzle loads beoause of piping engineer not able to provide flexibility to piping oonneoted to the reboiler and oolumn by adding elbows due to prooess oonstraints. ln this oase the only way out is to play with support to pass the system.
ln the Column reboiler 3ystem depending upon supporting there are two types
1) Reboiler supported from oolumn itself. 2) Reboiler supported from independent struoture
1) Reboiler supported from oolumn itself. 1) Reboiler supported from oolumn itself. 1) Reboiler supported from oolumn itself. 1) Reboiler supported from oolumn itself. when the reboiler not muoh heavy and oolumn oan take the weight of the reboiler then this system is adopted. 1he main advantage of this system is not requirement of independent struoture for supporting reboiler.
2) Reboiler supported from independent 2) Reboiler supported from independent 2) Reboiler supported from independent 2) Reboiler supported from independent struoture. struoture. struoture. struoture. when it is not possible to mount a reboiler on oolumn due to its heavy weight, and oolumn is not oapable for taking these loads, then there required independent struoture for supporting reboiler. lig 1.1 shows typioal arrangement for this type. owever in oolumn- reboiler system heavy nozzle loads ooming on to nozzle are due to UlllLRLN1lAL LXPAN3l0N between oolumn and reboiler. 1he differential expansion results due the following differenoes between the oolumn and reboiler. Lquipment 3upport to nozzle height. 1emperature of equipments at normal operation, design, start-up / 3hutdown / emergenoy oonditions. Material of oonstruotion of equipment. 3o, there are two methods for reduoing nozzle loads. By reduoing differential expansion by proper supporting. By adopting spring supports instead of rigid support for Reboiler. ln first oase we oan support the oolumn suoh that differential expansion will be minimized this oan be aohieved by supporting the Reboiler near skirt elevation.
UlllLRLN1lAL LXPAN3l0N UlllLRLN1lAL LXPAN3l0N UlllLRLN1lAL LXPAN3l0N UlllLRLN1lAL LXPAN3l0N A typioal 1hermosyphon type reboiler with independent struoture for supporting is shown in lig 1.1.
As N4- Prooess fluid inlet / Column N3- Prooess fluid outlet. / Column 11- Prooess fluid inlet / Reboiler 12- Prooess fluid outlet. / Reboiler 1hen for Nozzle N4 vertioal Nozzle movement given by o = N x e1 (Considering oolumn Lxpansion) r = M x e2 (Considering Reboiler Lxpansion)
where, e1-unit thermal expansion at respeotive metal temp. for oolumn. e2-unit thermal expansion at respeotive metal temp. for reboiler. M- Uistanoe between nozzle N4 and reboiler lug. N- Uistanoe between nozzle N4 and oolumn skirt elevation.
1hen, Uifferential Lxpansion given by- UlllLRLN1lAL LXPAN3l0N = the
algebraio differenoe between o and r, 0nly one parameter i.e. the elevation of Reboiler support oan be varied by a piping engineer. varying this dimension one oan make sure that the differential expansion between the direot ooupled nozzles is kept to the minimum for all the possible oonditions. 1he 1humb rule proposed here is as follows 1he oolumn and reboiler nozzles are flexible and oan generally absorb the differential expansion suoh that exoessive stresses are not introduoed in the nozzle and supports. 1he limits for the differential are: 2 mm differential expansion during normal operating oonditions. 3 mm differential expansion during desi gn and st ar t - up/shut - down oonditions. 1he nozzle should not be reinforoed beyond that required for pressure oontainment, sinoe nozzle flexibility is required to aooommodate differential vertioal expansions. lf permitted di fferent i al s exoeed t he above mentioned limits, reboiler should to be mounted on spring. 1he support and nozzles to be designed for 10 exoess out of balanoe weight loads in empty and full oases in oase the reboiler is mounted on springs. lor oaloulation of the system in CAL3AR, the stiffness of nozzles shall be feed in to stress model. 1he loading oaloulated by stress analysis shall be submitted to vendor for load oonfirmation. 1he loading will be normally higher than that aohieved by the springs. Majority of the times finite element analysis will be required to approve the loads. 1he loading information should be made available to vendor only after the oaloulations are made. 1ill suoh time the nozzle loading for the nozzle in question to be kept under hold. 3inoe this will be a hold up point piping group to give priority to this arrangement. 1he solid support design has the following advantages: 1his is a more stable arrangement - 1he ohanoe of the imbalanoe due to spring arrangement is avoided, vibrations if any in the system will be dampened. Better oontrol over the system oan be aohieved as guiding of reboiler is simpler and easier with slots in the supporting lug. Cost savings as the springs and the related maintenanoe is avoided. "AIn Ioz the top. Theze Is pIenty oI zoon theze. It Is aInost IoneIy theze!" -8anueI InsuII Column Column Column Column- -- -Reboiler Analysis Reboiler Analysis Reboiler Analysis Reboiler Analysis Contributed by: arshvardhan Khatkole, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: arshvardhan Khatkole, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: arshvardhan Khatkole, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: arshvardhan Khatkole, L1C, Baroda cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK APkIl 2000 PA0 0 Vo|ame 1, Issae 4 ligure 1 ligure 1 ligure 1 ligure 1 Lase of ereotion and testing. when it is not possible to reduoe nozzle loads by applying Rigid support for the reboiler or the differential expansion is more than 2 mm in operating and 3 mm in Uesign oonditions there is only way for reduoing nozzle loads is by providing springs support for reboiler. lig 1.2 shows spring mounted Reboiler. ln this depending upon the no of supporting lug we oan use same no of spring as well, generally this oan be 3 or 4. 1hen theoretioally oold load for the spring is Cold load for eaoh spring = Avg. load of Reboiler in water filled and empty load / No. of springs (1 .1) 3pring setting has been done at the average load of water filled and empty loads. lurther the loading has been adjusted to a small extent (up to 5 towards the operating weight) to get favorable results, as this does not inolude weight of pipe, pipe fittings. And depending upon differential expansion ohoose spring rate. But, this arrangement having it's own problems the main problem faoed by piping engineer to pass s/m, is passing nozzle loads in both operating and design oondition when there is huge differenoe between reboiler empty and operating weight. 1able 1.1 shows reboiler L-5116 s/m with it's Uesign parameters. ear we see that differenoe between Reboiler Lmpty and 0perating weight is 41 KN, that means if we seleot spring on the Lmpty weight ( 91 KN) or operating weight ( 132 KN ) in both oases we are exerting 41 KN extra load on Nozzle N4 ( Refer fig 1.1 ) but that is not aooeptable. lor this we have to seleot spring on average of 91 KN and 132 KN i.e. 111.5 KN
3o from formula 1.1 theoretioal oold load for the 4 no. of spring is of 111.5 / 4 = 27.875 KN
enoe, designing the spring on Avg. load of Reboiler in water filled and empty load. lf the nozzle loads are still higher then adopt teohnique that spring to be looked before emptying Reboiler. 1hat means spring will be aoted only at operating oondition and not at empty oondition of Reboiler.
Patient Pappu: Can I start from tomorrow because tonight is FinaI lt is well known faot that 0il Reserves on earth are not going to be replenished. 1he energy orisis is going higher and higher. Many soientists and Researoh institutes are trying to find out a solution for this problem. 0ne of the solution is found in erbs i.e. Bio- diesel
wA1 l3 Bl0 wA1 l3 Bl0 wA1 l3 Bl0 wA1 l3 Bl0- -- -UlL3LL? UlL3LL? UlL3LL? UlL3LL? Bio-Uiesel is the name for a variety of ester based oxygenated fuels made from oertain edible and non-edible oils like 3oya, 3unflower, Palm, 1atropha, Pongamia (Karanj), Mahua eto. Pure Bio-Uiesel is Biodegradable, Non-1oxio and essentially free from sulfur and aromatios. lt is a renewable resouroe based on oil orop that are grown eaoh year. lt oan be produoed domestioally, reduoing our oountry's dependenoe on imported oil, thus huge savings on imports. lt requires no engine modifioations or ohanges in fuel handling and delivery systems. Bio-Uiesel also provides signifioant lubrioity improvement over petroleum diesel fuel. Most of the vegetable oils and animals fats oontain triglyoerides, whioh on simple prooessing give fatty aoid esters, oalled 'Bio-Uiesel'. 1he ohemioal reaotion involving a lower aloohol (Lthanol or Methanol), produoing 0lyoerin as a oo- produot, is oalled trans-esterifioation. 1atropha Curoas (vana Lrand or 1angli Lrandi or Ratan 1yot) has been found to be most suitable for this purpose beoause of its advantages over any other speoies. 1atropha Curoas, is a drought-resistant perennial plant whioh grows almost anywhere- in marginal/ poor soil even on gravelly, sandy and saline soils. lt oan thrive on the poorest stony soil. lt oan grow even in the orevioes of rooks. MANulAC1uRlN0 0l Bl0 MANulAC1uRlN0 0l Bl0 MANulAC1uRlN0 0l Bl0 MANulAC1uRlN0 0l Bl0- -- -UlL3LL lR0M UlL3LL lR0M UlL3LL lR0M UlL3LL lR0M 1 ar r opha ouroas 1 ar r opha ouroas 1 ar r opha ouroas 1 ar r opha ouroas ( RA1AN1 01) : ( RA1AN1 01) : ( RA1AN1 01) : ( RA1AN1 01) : LX1RAC1l0N, 1RAN3L31LRlllCA1l0N, LX1RAC1l0N, 1RAN3L31LRlllCA1l0N, LX1RAC1l0N, 1RAN3L31LRlllCA1l0N, LX1RAC1l0N, 1RAN3L31LRlllCA1l0N, PR0CL33 C0N1R0L, uALl1 C0N1R0L PR0CL33 C0N1R0L, uALl1 C0N1R0L PR0CL33 C0N1R0L, uALl1 C0N1R0L PR0CL33 C0N1R0L, uALl1 C0N1R0L ANU uALl1 A33uRANCL ANU uALl1 A33uRANCL ANU uALl1 A33uRANCL ANU uALl1 A33uRANCL
lntroduotion: lntroduotion: lntroduotion: lntroduotion: Raw material for bio-diesel from 1arropha ouroas (Ratanjyot) is the seed of the plant, whioh has upto 38 fatty aoids as glyoerol esters. 1he main fatty aoids are Palmitio aoid, steario aoid, oleio aoid, linoleio aoid and lenolenio aoid.
3peoifioation for Raw Material: 3peoifioation for Raw Material: 3peoifioation for Raw Material: 3peoifioation for Raw Material: loreign matter: Not more than 2.0 1otal ash : Not more than 6.0 Aoid insoluble ash: Not more than 0.3 Lthanol soluble extraotive: Not less than 25.0 water soluble extraotive: Not less than 7.0 Loss on drying: Not more than 11.0 But limits may be matter of in house speoifioation
Adulterants/ substitutes Adulterants/ substitutes Adulterants/ substitutes Adulterants/ substitutes: 3eeds of 1. g|anou||fera and l|o|nus oommun|s are oommonly used to adulterate the seeds of 1. ouroas. owever, the seeds of 1. ouroas are bigger .
MANulAC1uRlN0 0l Bl0 UlL3LL MANulAC1uRlN0 0l Bl0 UlL3LL MANulAC1uRlN0 0l Bl0 UlL3LL MANulAC1uRlN0 0l Bl0 UlL3LL Lxtraotion: Lxtraotion: Lxtraotion: Lxtraotion: 1he seeds (passing the speoifioation) are passed through 0il - Press, where the orude oil is oolleoted for transesterifioation prooess.
1ransesterifioation: 1ransesterifioation: 1ransesterifioation: 1ransesterifioation: 1ransesterifioation is a prooess of exohanging the alkoxy group of an ester oompound by an another aloohol where reaotion is oatalyzed by aoid or base. InteIIectuaIs soIve pzobIens, genIuses pzevent then. -AIbezt EInsteIn Bio Bio Bio Bio- -- -Uiesel: An Alternate Renewable luel Uiesel: An Alternate Renewable luel Uiesel: An Alternate Renewable luel Uiesel: An Alternate Renewable luel Contributed by: vishnukumar Pamnani, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: vishnukumar Pamnani, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: vishnukumar Pamnani, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: vishnukumar Pamnani, L1C, Baroda cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK APkIl 2000 PA0 11 Vo|ame 1, Issae 4 Catalytio Reaotor Catalytio Reaotor Catalytio Reaotor Catalytio Reaotor Ratanjyot or 1atropha fruits Ratanjyot or 1atropha fruits Ratanjyot or 1atropha fruits Ratanjyot or 1atropha fruits NLLU3 0l 1RAN3L31LRl NLLU3 0l 1RAN3L31LRl NLLU3 0l 1RAN3L31LRl NLLU3 0l 1RAN3L31LRlllCA1l0N llCA1l0N llCA1l0N llCA1l0N 1atropha Cuoas oil has following oharaoteristios:- igh visoosity Poor volatility Polymerization in oombustion ohamber leading to deposit luel line and filter ologging Polymerization of triglyoerides in lube oil 3o, the easiest way to make it fuel grade is 1ransesterifioation prooess. 1ransesterifioation prooess. 1ransesterifioation prooess. 1ransesterifioation prooess.
AUvAN1A0L3 lR0M AUvAN1A0L3 lR0M AUvAN1A0L3 lR0M AUvAN1A0L3 lR0M 1RAN3L31LRlllCA1l0N 1RAN3L31LRlllCA1l0N 1RAN3L31LRlllCA1l0N 1RAN3L31LRlllCA1l0N Bio-diesel is non-toxio and biodegradable. lt reduoes the emission of harmful pollutants from diesel engine (80 less C02 and 100 less 3ulphur dioxide). lt has a high oetane number than diesel. Cetane number is a measure of fuel's ignition quality. 1he high oetane number of bio-diesel oontributes to easy oold starting and low idle noise. lt inoreases the life of diesel engine as it is more lubrioating. Bio-diesel replaoes the exhaust order of engine with a more pleasant smell.
uALl1 C0N1R0L uALl1 C0N1R0L uALl1 C0N1R0L uALl1 C0N1R0L 1he key quality oontrol issues involves oomplete (or nearly oomplete) removal of aloohol, oatalyst, water, soap, glyoerin and un-reaoted or partially reaoted triglyoerides. lailing to remove these oauses bio-diesel to fail in one or more fuel standards. . . . 1he presenoe free fatty aoids (llA) i nt erfere i n t ransest eri fi oat i on, deaotivating the basio oatalysts.
uALl1 A33uRANCL uALl1 A33uRANCL uALl1 A33uRANCL uALl1 A33uRANCL Bio-diesel is reoognized world wide as an alternative fuel and qualities for mandatory programmes in both the Luropean union and u3A. 0f the many required tests produoers use the test method LN 14105 and or A31M U6584 as the most oritioal Pass/fail" tests of bio-diesel. 1hese oritioal tests are often the first run. lf the fuel does not pass, re- work or blending is done before further testing.
A31M U6585 method, Presenoe of glyoerin in fuel oan oause ologged fuel system, injeotor deposits, filter plugging and built up in the vehioles fuel tanks. 1herefore low level of free and total glyoerin are oritioal to speoifioation of bio-diesel. igh levels of free and total glyoerin are oaused by improper or low oonversion of oil or fat into the desired mono- methyl-esters. 1he bio diesel assay for free and total glyoerin is outlined in A31M U6584 (Amerioan 3ooiety for 1esting and Material ), whioh provides method for quantitative determination of free and total glyoerin in 100 bio diesel fuel(B100 methyl ester) by high temperature gas ohromatography after silylating the sample with N-methyl-N- (tri methyl si l yl ) tri fl uoroaoetami de (M31lA). An example of the 0C analysis of bio-diesel following A31M U6584 methodology is as indioated in the figure: Chromatographio oonditions as Chromatographio oonditions as Chromatographio oonditions as Chromatographio oonditions as per A31M U6584 method, per A31M U6584 method, per A31M U6584 method, per A31M U6584 method,
0C Column : 1-5, 12 m x 0.32 mm l.U. x 0.1 mm df, (3upeloo, Cat. No. 25002) Pre-oolumn : 1-5 pre-oolumn, 6 m x 0.53 mm l.U. x 0.1 mm df (3upeloo, Cat. No. 25004) 0ven : 50C, 15C/min. to 180 C, 7C/min. to 230C, 30C/min. to 380C, hold 10 min. Ueteotor : llU, 380o Carrier gas : ydrogen, 3 ml/minimum 50C lnjeotion : 1 mL, oool-on-oolumn 3ample : 12 mg
C0MMLRClAL Bl0 C0MMLRClAL Bl0 C0MMLRClAL Bl0 C0MMLRClAL Bl0- -- -UlL3L UlL3L UlL3L UlL3LL PLAN13 lN L PLAN13 lN L PLAN13 lN L PLAN13 lN lNUlA lNUlA lNUlA lNUlA 1inna 0ils & Chemioals Ltd. (10CL), whioh has M/s. Aroher Uaniels Midland Co. (AUM) of u3A as a majority equity partner, are setting up a 50 tonnes per day Biodiesel plant in Latur in Maharashtra. 1his plant will run on the patented CU-Prooess developed In the zace oI IIIe, theze aze onIy thzee optIons; Lead, FoIIow oz Oet out oI the way. -Anonynous Bio Bio Bio Bio- -- -Uiesel: An Alternate Renewable luel Uiesel: An Alternate Renewable luel Uiesel: An Alternate Renewable luel Uiesel: An Alternate Renewable luel Contributed by: vishnukumar Pamnani, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: vishnukumar Pamnani, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: vishnukumar Pamnani, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: vishnukumar Pamnani, L1C, Baroda cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK APkIl 2000 PA0 12 Vo|ame 1, Issae 4 Mixer Reaotor Mixer Reaotor Mixer Reaotor Mixer Reaotor ( (( (1ransesterifioation proo- 1ransesterifioation proo- 1ransesterifioation proo- 1ransesterifioation proo- ess takes plaoe ess takes plaoe ess takes plaoe ess takes plaoe) )) ) washing 1ank washing 1ank washing 1ank washing 1ank 3etting 1ank 3etting 1ank 3etting 1ank 3etting 1ank by AUM and produoe high quality Bio- Uiesel of Luropean Norms (LN 14214). lnstallation of 1inna's Bio-diesel plant will give oonfidenoe to all the farmers and of 1atropha as they will have a ready buyer of 1atropha seeds. 1inna is working with farmer groups to promote oultivation of 1atropha. 1inna is also in the prooess to put large plantations of 1atropha in Maharashtra and other states of the oountry. Nursery raising of 1atropha is being undertaken to develop high oil yielding varieties of 1atropha, these saplings are being distributed to the farmers for plantation. 1inna is the best positioned player whioh has oomplete expertise for making Bio-Uiesel business a suooess. A wIse nan wIII nake noze oppoztunItIes than he IInds. -FzancIs Bacon Bio Bio Bio Bio- -- -Uiesel: An Alternate Renewable luel Uiesel: An Alternate Renewable luel Uiesel: An Alternate Renewable luel Uiesel: An Alternate Renewable luel Contributed by: vishnukumar Pamnani, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: vishnukumar Pamnani, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: vishnukumar Pamnani, L1C, Baroda Contributed by: vishnukumar Pamnani, L1C, Baroda cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK APkIl 2000 PA0 13 Vo|ame 1, Issae 4 50 tones per day bio 50 tones per day bio 50 tones per day bio 50 tones per day bio- -- -diesel plant of 10CL installed in Latoor (Maharashtra) diesel plant of 10CL installed in Latoor (Maharashtra) diesel plant of 10CL installed in Latoor (Maharashtra) diesel plant of 10CL installed in Latoor (Maharashtra)
1. A printer consists of 3 main parts: the case, the jammed paper tray and the blinking red light.
2. To Err is human, to for- give is not a Company pol- icy.
3. Don't be surprised if you find mistakes in this issue of magazine. We print something for everyone. And some people are al- ways looking for mistakes.
4. Saving is the best thing. Especially when your par- ents have done it for you.
5. I believe we should all pay our tax with a smile. I tried - but they wanted cash.
6. The road to success.... is always under construc- tion.
7. Someday is not a day of the week.
8. It's not hard to meet ex- penses, they are every- where.
9. The trouble with being punctual is that no one is there to appreciate it.
10. If you can't convince them, confuse them.
... . ..... ... . ..... ... . ..... ... . .....
PCL is a lortune 500 oompany, with an annual turnover of over Rs 1,03,837 Crores ($ 25,142 Millions) during l 2007- 08, 16 Refining & Marketing share in lndia and a strong market infrastruoture. Corresponding annual turnover figures for l 2006-07 were: Rs 91,448 orores ($20,892 Million).
1he Corporation operates 2 major refineries produoing a wide variety of petroleum fuels & speoialties, one in Mumbai (west Coast) of 5.5 Million Metrio 1onnes Per Annum (MM1PA) oapaoity and the other in vishakapatnam, (Last Coast) with a oapaoity of 7.5 MM1PA. PCL holds an equity stake of 16.95 in Mangalore Refinery & Petroohemioals Limited, a state- of-the-art refinery at Mangalore with a oapaoity of 9 MM1PA. ln addition, PCL is progressing towards setting up of a refinery in the state of Punjab in the joint seotor with M/s Mittal Lnergy Limited. 1his joint venture oompany is known as PCL Mittal Lnergy Limited (MLL) and the refinery shall be known as 0uru 0obind 3ingh Refinery Limited (003R).
PCL's Produots Lvaouation Projeot (003RPLP) group was entrusted the job of evaouation and distribution of the finished marketable produots from 0uru 0obind 3ingh Refinery (003R), Raman Mandi to northern and western regions of the oountry. 3inoe pipeline transportation is most suitable for bulk movement of liquid oonsignment over long distanoe, Pipeline mode of transportation was oonsidered most favorable.
PCL had the job of preparation of the Uetailed leasibility reports for two proposed pipeline projeots and feasibility study on an existing pipeline: UlR for Raman Mandi-Bathinda pipeline. UlR for Reverse Pumping in existing Mundra Uelhi pipeline.
L&1-0uLl bagged this preparation of UlR projeot. L&1-0uLl rose to the oooasion and oompleted the job in reoord time, way ahead of the stipulated sohedule. 1he draft report of the first UlR was submitted 2 weeks ahead of sohedule and the seoond UlR was submitted 1 week ahead of the sohedule against the two months stipulated time. 1he oompany won aooolades from the Client for the high
quality deliverables. 1he final oopies of the UlRs were also submitted to the olient 2
weeks prior to the due date.
1he soope of the above UlRs / projeot is elaborated in the following paragraphs.
UlR l0R RAMAN MANUl UlR l0R RAMAN MANUl UlR l0R RAMAN MANUl UlR l0R RAMAN MANUl - -- - BA1lNUA BA1lNUA BA1lNUA BA1lNUA PlPLLlNL (UlR PlPLLlNL (UlR PlPLLlNL (UlR PlPLLlNL (UlR- -- -l) l) l) l) A Multi produot pipeline shall be laid from 003R, Raman Mandi to PCL's existing depot in Bathinda (approximately 30 kms) with a future provision to extend the pipeline from Bathinda to 3angrur (approximately 86 kms). 1he projeot requirement is to transport 0.929 MM1PA of white P0L produots namely LuR0 - lll M3, LuR0 - lll 3U and 3uperior Kerosene 0il (3K0) in the ear 2011-12 (Phase-l) and 1.375 MM1PA in the ear 2021-22 (Phase-ll) from 003R to PCL's existing depot at Bathinda.
Pipeline from Raman Mandi to Bathinda and the 3tations are designed for the projeoted throughput of 1.375 MM1PA (Phase - ll). owever, the pump/driver is designed suoh that presently it shall oater to the requirement of Phase-l throughput of Bathinda alone. 3paoe provision shall be made for additional pumps to be installed at a later date to oater the requirement of Phase - ll throughput for the volumes upto 3angrur.
Batohing being a very oritioal aspeot for transportation of multiple produots in a pipeline has a major role to play in the leasibility analysis. 1he objeotive of batoh analysis is to determine the most praotioal batoh sizing and sequenoing, lnterfaoe optimization and determination of gross storage requirements for the produots. 1he following doouments were provided by PCL for oompletion of the study. Approved 0ptimization 3tudy Approved Uesign basis Preliminary Layouts Preliminary P&lUs
Kerosene 0il (3K0), Aviation 1urbine luel (A1l) and NAP1A in the ear 2011-12 (Phase-l) and 4.71 MM1PA of the produots in the ear 2021-22 (Phase-ll) from 003R to PCL's existing terminal at Bahadurgarh. Batohing being a very oritioal aspeot for transportation of multiple produots in a pipeline has a major role to play in the leasibility analysis. 1he objeotive of batoh analysis is to determine the most praotioal batoh sizing and sequenoing, l n t e r f a o e o p t i mi z a t i o n a n d determi nat i on of gross storage requirements for the produots.
L&1-0uLl's soope of work for UlR-l and UlR-ll broadly oovered following:
l. linalization of design basis. ll. 0ptimization of pipeline system for eoonomioal operation. lll. Cal oul at i on of bat oh si zes, requirement of gross volume storage at 3tations. lv. Basi o Pr ooess desi gn and preparation of hydraulio gradient for the seleoted option. l t i nvol ves pr epar at i on of Preliminary P&lUs, datasheets, equipment list, broad equipment speoifioations, Prooess desoription and 0perat i ng and Cont rol Philosophy v. Basio Lngineering involves the aotivities presented as under: li nal i z at i on of l i ne pi pe speoifioations and seleotion of suitable oorrosion ooating system and M10 estimation for oosting purposes. Basi o pumpi ng requirement oonfiguration. Preliminary Plot Plans/Lquipment Layouts. Preparation of basio eleotrioal soheme, 3LUs & Load list, CP system. Basio soheme for optioal fiber based 1eleoom system, CC1v & video oonferenoing system. 3CAUA & APP3 phi l osophy oovering leak deteotion eto. lnstrumentation & Control system philosophy. 3ize of various Civil 3truotures, fire fighting soheme. "Ozowth begIns when we stazt to accept ouz own weaknesses" -]ean VanIez Uetailed leasibility Report Uetailed leasibility Report Uetailed leasibility Report Uetailed leasibility Report - -- - lor PCL, Bhatinda lor PCL, Bhatinda lor PCL, Bhatinda lor PCL, Bhatinda Contributed by: 1uhi 0arg, L&1 Contributed by: 1uhi 0arg, L&1 Contributed by: 1uhi 0arg, L&1 Contributed by: 1uhi 0arg, L&1- -- -0ulf Limited 0ulf Limited 0ulf Limited 0ulf Limited cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK APkIl 2000 PA0 14 Vo|ame 1, Issae 4 v. Projeot implementation philosophy & sohedule. vl. Uetailed oost estimates for both oapital/operating oosts. 003R proposes expansion of the refinery from 9 MM1PA to 18 MM1PA in future years and therefore keeping that in mind, the pipeline with assooiated faoilities was designed. 1he profile attaohed below shows the looation of the future lntermediate pumping station whioh shall oater to 18 MM1PA throughput requirements. UlR l0R RLvLR3L PuMP UlR l0R RLvLR3L PuMP UlR l0R RLvLR3L PuMP UlR l0R RLvLR3L PuMPlN0 lN LXl31lN0 lN0 lN LXl31lN0 lN0 lN LXl31lN0 lN0 lN LXl31lN0 MuNURA ULLl PlPLLlN MuNURA ULLl PlPLLlN MuNURA ULLl PlPLLlN MuNURA ULLl PlPLLlNL (UlR L (UlR L (UlR L (UlR- -- -lll) lll) lll) lll)
1here is an existing 1054 kms pipeline from Mundra to Uelhi with pump stations at Mundra, Palanpur, 3antalpur, Awa, Ajmer and 1aipur. 1he tap-offs are at Rewari, 1aipur, Ajmer and Palanpur. 1he projeot requirement is to meet the demands at Rewari, 1aipur, Ajmer and Palanpur totally to 2.83 MM1PA of white P0L produots namely LuR0 - lll M3, LuR0 - lv M3, LuR0 - lll 3U, LuR0 - lv 3U and 3uperior Kerosene 0il (3K0) by reverse pumping from Bahadurgarh to Mundra. 1he possibility of bidireotional pumping either partly or fully, from Mundra & Bahadurgarh was also studied. lor this UlR, the feasibility of reverse pumping was even more restrioted by the batohing studies and permissible oontamination level sinoe the produot demands were low and they had to be transported over long distanoes. After having analyzed all the possible options, the most viable answer whioh was a oombination of both forward and reverse pumping was ohosen. L10's soope of work for UlR-lll broadly oovered following: 3tudy of various alternative soenarios of r e v e r s e / f o r wa r d p u mp i n g & oorresponding Batoh sizes/sequenoe and thereby establishing suitability, maximum attainable throughput. Caloulation of batoh sizes, requirement of gross volume storage at terminals and additional area requirements. Basio prooess design. Basio Lngineering whioh is inolusive of the following
Bas i o pumpi ng r equi r ement / oonfiguration. Preliminary Plot Plans / Lquipment layouts for Bahadurgarh 3tation. Preparation of basio eleotrioal soheme, 3LUs & Load list. lnstrumentation and Control system philosophy. 3ize of various Civil 3truotures. M10 for oosting purpose.
Projeot implementation philosophy & sohedule. Uetailed oost estimates for both oapital/ operating oosts as well as oost estimation to asoertain the oost for proposed modifioations/operations. "I'n IookIng Ioz a Iot oI nen wIth an InIInIte capacIty Ioz not knowIng what cannot be done" -Henzy Fozd Uetailed leasibility Report Uetailed leasibility Report Uetailed leasibility Report Uetailed leasibility Report - -- - lor PCL, Bhatinda lor PCL, Bhatinda lor PCL, Bhatinda lor PCL, Bhatinda Contributed by: 1uhi 0arg, L&1 Contributed by: 1uhi 0arg, L&1 Contributed by: 1uhi 0arg, L&1 Contributed by: 1uhi 0arg, L&1- -- -0ulf Limited 0ulf Limited 0ulf Limited 0ulf Limited cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK APkIl 2000 PA0 15 Vo|ame 1, Issae 4 .. . -. .. . -. .. . -. .. . -. 1. The first city in the world to have a population of more than one million was Rome
2. About 190 billion emails are sent daily - more than 2 million per second - by 1.2 billion email senders. About 70% (133 billion emails) are spam and viruses. There are about 1.4 billion registered email addresses.
3. Neil Armstrong stepped on the moon with his left foot first.
4. Henry Ford forgot to put reverse gear in the first car he made.
5. The average age of Forbes's 400 wealthiest indi- viduals is 63
6. The oldest inhabited city is Damascus, Syria
7. 80% of millionaires drive second-hand cars.
8. If California was a coun- try, it would be the 5th larg- est economy in the world.
9. Tourism is the world's biggest industry, affecting 240 million jobs.
10. There are 92 known cases of nuclear bombs lost at sea. 1ransformers are the key oomponents in every Lleotrioal distribution network. 1he effioienoy of modern power transformers is in exoess of 97 to 98. owever this figure means that upto 3 peroent of the total Lleotrioal power generated is wasted in 1ransformer. ln this environmentally oonsoious era, anything that oan be done to reduoe them even 1 has potential to deliver huge savings. 1he latest development is to use amorphous oore for 1ransformer whioh oan have signifioant impaot on the losses. 1he oore losses or iron losses reduoe by 70 oompared to oonventional transformers (CR00).
1he oore of the oonventional transformer is made up of staoks of silioon steel laminations with an almost uniform orystalline struoture. ln transformer with amorphous oores, a ribbon of steel is wound, usually into a reotangular toroid shape to form oore. Although the material used for the oore is still a form of silioon steel, it is made in suoh a way that it has no regular orystalline struoture and henoe name amorphous, whioh means no struoture. 1his metal resembles with glass and also referred as 0lass Metal".
1he non-orystalline struoture and random arrangement of atoms give low field magnetization whioh in turns reduoes ysteresis losses and high eleotrioal resistivity whioh suppresses the eddy ourrent. As suoh oore losses of amorphous metal alloys are reduoed to by 42 per oent and magnetizing ourrent by 53 per oent. use of amorphous steel lowers ysteresis whioh means that less energy is wasted in magnetizing and demagnetizing it during eaoh oyole and also lowers the eddy ourrent losses. Amorphous strips are four times harder than CR00 steel.
Amorphous oore transformers are available upto 1500 kvA in lndia. 1he usual objeotion to prefer amorphous oore transformer is that it is approximately 20- 30 oostlier than oonventional transformers. ln reoent years, silioon steel used in oonventional transformer has inoreased in prioe muoh more rapidly than the amorphous materials, so the prioe differenoe between two types is now beoome small. 1he oomparative ohart between oonventional transformer oore (CR00) and amorphous oore transformers for some of the rating are given in the following table. 3ignifioant energy saving oan be aohieved over the transformer life oyole of 20 to 25 years. Amorphous oore 1ransformer opens a oost-effeotive route for aohieving savings whioh may seems in peroentage terms, but whioh in terms of kwh of energy and tonnes of C02 saved per year are truly enormous.
By replaoing a oonventional 500kvA transformer with new energy effioient amorphous oore transformer, the no load power oonsumption was reduoed by 70 due to reduotion in oore loss.
Annual energy saving aohieved by implementing this projeot was around Rs 0.5 millions. 1he total investment for new amorphous metal oore transformer was around Rs 0.4 millions, whioh will be paid baok in 96 month. "Youz Iutuze depends on nany thIngs but nostIy on you" -Fzank Tygez Lnergy Lffioient Uistribution 1ransformer Lnergy Lffioient Uistribution 1ransformer Lnergy Lffioient Uistribution 1ransformer Lnergy Lffioient Uistribution 1ransformer Contributed by: Anand Balasubramanian, L&1 Contributed by: Anand Balasubramanian, L&1 Contributed by: Anand Balasubramanian, L&1 Contributed by: Anand Balasubramanian, L&1- -- -3&L, Baroda 3&L, Baroda 3&L, Baroda 3&L, Baroda cK6|KttR|K6 cK6|KttR|K6 cK6|KttR|K6 cK6|KttR|K6 cK6|KttR|K6 cK6|KttR|K6 cK6|KttR|K6 cK6|KttR|K6 TALK TALK TALK TALK TALK TALK TALK TALK APkIl 2000 PA0 10 Vo|ame 1, Issae 4 Rating Rating Rating Rating (kvA) (kvA) (kvA) (kvA) No Load Loss (w) No Load Loss (w) No Load Loss (w) No Load Loss (w) Load loss (w) Load loss (w) Load loss (w) Load loss (w) Lffioienoy () Lffioienoy () Lffioienoy () Lffioienoy () Amor- Amor- Amor- Amor- phous phous phous phous CR00 CR00 CR00 CR00 Amor- Amor- Amor- Amor- phous phous phous phous CR00 CR00 CR00 CR00 Amor- Amor- Amor- Amor- phous phous phous phous CR00 CR00 CR00 CR00 250 180 570 3200 4000 98.7 98.2 500 250 900 4800 6550 99 98.53 630 200 1000 5200 8000 99.1 98.54 730 365 1250 6050 9000 99.2 98.65 1000 450 1500 7650 11800 99.2 98.68
lN1R0UuC1l0N lN1R0UuC1l0N lN1R0UuC1l0N lN1R0UuC1l0N Power plant design and system planning requires oonsideration of both engineering design and eoonomios. Cost effeotive power plant design is imperative for an engineering design firm. 0rganizations having the ability and reputation for designing reliable, low-oost power plants and systems are sought in the inoreasingly oompetitive environment. ln the present study, the Balanoe of Plant-B0P buildings are oovered beoause they are required in eaoh and every power plant and possess many similarities. 1he variations of these buildings are limited to known faotors whioh oan be generalized. 1he design parameters for suoh known similarities and variations oan be analyzed and a database of different quantities oan be oreated. ln order to aooelerate the work and perform quiok analysis and design, a visual basio applioation for M3-Lxoel has been developed. using this applioation, the building oould be modeled with minimum effort, thus saving time, whioh oould otherwise be required for modeling of building. 1he saved effort oan be utilized to optimize the building. ln the present work, the results of design are developed graphioally.
BulLUlN0 C0Nll0uRA1l BulLUlN0 C0Nll0uRA1l BulLUlN0 C0Nll0uRA1l BulLUlN0 C0Nll0uRA1l0N 0N 0N 0N Buildings in B0P area of power plants are generally single storey and are designed as reinforoed oonorete moment resisting framed struotures. 1he lig. 1 shows the 3-U view and the framing plan of the building oovered under the present study. 1he slab is provided at roof level while the beams are provided at the plinth, lintel and roof level. 1he external walls are usually 230 mm thiok briok masonry with plastering and painting. 1he parapets are also standard in most of the plants. 1he loading on suoh buildings will be 1. Uead load of the building = 3elf weight of building oomponents. 2. Roof Live 3. water proofing 4. Larthquake load is lumped at plinth level due to briok wall weight and at roof level due to dead load. 1he variables for B0P buildings are mentioned in 1able 1. usi ng t hese var i abl es, many oombinations of buildings are derived whioh represents most variety of B0P buildings. 1hese buildings are designed and the output is oaptured in form of database for different oomponents.
M0ULLlN0, ANAL3l3 A M0ULLlN0, ANAL3l3 A M0ULLlN0, ANAL3l3 A M0ULLlN0, ANAL3l3 ANU UL3l0N NU UL3l0N NU UL3l0N NU UL3l0N u3lN0 3AP2000 u3lN0 3AP2000 u3lN0 3AP2000 u3lN0 3AP2000 1he time required for modeling a single bui l di ng al ong wi th neoessary assignments like loading, member properties, eto is muoh more and to aooelerate the prooess, some automation was evident. 1herefore, a need aroused to develop a tool whioh oould model the building easily with minimum input and effort, thus saving time, whioh would otherwise be required for modeling of building. ln order to aooelerate the work and perform quiok analysis and design, a Miorosoft Lxoel Maoro is made. ln this applioation, two different modules are developed. 1he first module generates modeling data for geometry and loading within Lxoel, based on input defined. 1he seoond module oonverts the data produoed in Lxoel into 3AP2000 oompatible text input fil e. 1his applioation will produoe neoessary input data, viz., geometry, loading, load oombination, releases, eto., oompatible to 3AP2000, by providing minimum input in Lxoel.
0LNLRA1l0N 0l lRAML UA1A 0LNLRA1l0N 0l lRAML UA1A 0LNLRA1l0N 0l lRAML UA1A 0LNLRA1l0N 0l lRAML UA1A Basio data like number of bays in X and di reot i on, bay spaoi ng, requirement of seoondary beams, foundation level, plinth level, lintel level, roof level and preliminary sizes of oolumns & beams at various looations, wall thiokness, unit weight of materials, eto. is given in Lxoel input page. lig. 2 shows a soreenshot for the input page. "AIways aIn Ioz achIevenent, and Iozget about success" -HeIen Hayes An Applioation to Lstimate Conorete uantities in Balanoe of An Applioation to Lstimate Conorete uantities in Balanoe of An Applioation to Lstimate Conorete uantities in Balanoe of An Applioation to Lstimate Conorete uantities in Balanoe of Plant 3truotures for lossil Power Plants Plant 3truotures for lossil Power Plants Plant 3truotures for lossil Power Plants Plant 3truotures for lossil Power Plants Contributed by: Raja l. Bagga & 1ignesh v. Chokshi, L&1 Contributed by: Raja l. Bagga & 1ignesh v. Chokshi, L&1 Contributed by: Raja l. Bagga & 1ignesh v. Chokshi, L&1 Contributed by: Raja l. Bagga & 1ignesh v. Chokshi, L&1- -- -3&L, Baroda 3&L, Baroda 3&L, Baroda 3&L, Baroda cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK APkIl 2000 PA0 17 Vo|ame 1, Issae 4 lig. 1 3 lig. 1 3 lig. 1 3 lig. 1 3- -- -U view of the B0P building and lraming plan showing Column Looations U view of the B0P building and lraming plan showing Column Looations U view of the B0P building and lraming plan showing Column Looations U view of the B0P building and lraming plan showing Column Looations Bay width L m width of building B m loundation Level Bf m eight 1 m Ah
5 6 3 5 10 6 8 4 6 15 8 10 5 8 20 1able 1 Combination of Building variables and Parameters 1able 1 Combination of Building variables and Parameters 1able 1 Combination of Building variables and Parameters 1able 1 Combination of Building variables and Parameters lig.2. lnput Page to 0enerate lnput Uata lig.2. lnput Page to 0enerate lnput Uata lig.2. lnput Page to 0enerate lnput Uata lig.2. lnput Page to 0enerate lnput Uata By pressing the lRAML ioon, Lxoel generates neoessary geometry and loading data using this input page within Lxoel.
0LNLRA1l0N 0l 3AP2000 lNPu1 llLL 0LNLRA1l0N 0l 3AP2000 lNPu1 llLL 0LNLRA1l0N 0l 3AP2000 lNPu1 llLL 0LNLRA1l0N 0l 3AP2000 lNPu1 llLL ln the next step, seoond module oalled 3AP llLL' is exeouted whioh oonverts the data produoed in Lxoel from basio input to approximately 900 lines of 3AP2000 oompatible text input data within split of seoond. 1hus, with bare minimum input in input page, this applioation oould generate the oomplete input file oompatible to 3AP2000 $2k file, inoluding node definitions, member definitions and member properties, loading, analysis options eto. lig. 3 shows a soreenshot of the .$2k file generated. ANAL3l3 ANU UL3l0N ANAL3l3 ANU UL3l0N ANAL3l3 ANU UL3l0N ANAL3l3 ANU UL3l0N 1he entire data is oopied into a text file with suitable name. 1he .$2k file is imported in 3AP2000 and analysis is performed. Based on the analysis results, the RC design, based on l3 456-2000, for beams at different levels, oolumns at oorners, oolumns at gable ends, intermediate oolumns and foundations are designed using tools developed in-house. 1he suitability of assumed member sizes is verified and if the members are not suitable or praotioal, then the revised sizes are given in input page and the prooedure is oontinued until the members are safe. Results for eaoh element is oaptured in separate Lxoel file for their physioal sizes and reinforoement for further analysis purpose.
ANAL3l3 0l RL3uL13 UA1A ANU ANAL3l3 0l RL3uL13 UA1A ANU ANAL3l3 0l RL3uL13 UA1A ANU ANAL3l3 0l RL3uL13 UA1A ANU UA1ABA3L UA1ABA3L UA1ABA3L UA1ABA3L lor eaoh building designed, various design data has been oolleoted and stored in a tabular format. 3inoe, different oomponent vary with respeot to various ohanges in the building variables, the faotors are derived to analyze the data. ln the present study, 67 faotors are identified, but here 1 faotor is exemplified for understanding purpose. Laoh faotor represents some struotural quantity with respeot to the parameters representing the building. 1he quantities are mainly the oonorete volume of oomponent and the reinforoement quantity. All the data is oaptured in an Lxoel workbook and the neoessary faotors are also oaloulated. Laoh faotor oaloulated is then plotted on a graph to represent the variation in the struotural quantity with respeot to building physioal parameters. 3inoe, the physioal building parameters are area and volume, it is quite possible that different oombination of building dimensions would yield same floor area and volume for more than one building. 1his would yield two values of ordinate for one typioal value on absoissa. 1herefore, in order represent a unique paramet er, a paramet er oal l ed representative volume was established against whioh only one ordinate oould be represented. Representative volume = (4xLxBx(Bf/ 1f) 2 x(Bf+1f) 2 ) m 3
ere L, B, are length and breadth of bay respeotively while Bf and 1f are depth of foundation and top of roof respeotively as shown in lig. 1 earlier ln order to estimate the oonorete quantity for oorner footing, ohart shown in lig 4 is used.
C0NCLu3l0N3 C0NCLu3l0N3 C0NCLu3l0N3 C0NCLu3l0N3 lrom the database produoed and oharts following oonolusions oan be drawn: 1. 1he estimation of preliminary sizes of various struotural oomponents oan be easily made with the help of oharts produoed. 1his will help in qui ok and reasonabl y good estimation of framing element sizes and aooelerate the design prooess. 2. 3ignifioant attention has been paid to establish a database whioh helps in estimating struotural oonorete quantities for quiok estimate during proposal making and even during detailed engineering. 3. 1his database oan be kept in the oompany's repository and oan be extended by adding data of buildings aotually designed in various future projeots. "Ood doesnt nake ozange juIce, Ood nakes ozanges" -]esse ]ackson An Applioation to Lstimate Conorete uantities in Balanoe of An Applioation to Lstimate Conorete uantities in Balanoe of An Applioation to Lstimate Conorete uantities in Balanoe of An Applioation to Lstimate Conorete uantities in Balanoe of Plant 3truotures for lossil Power Plants Plant 3truotures for lossil Power Plants Plant 3truotures for lossil Power Plants Plant 3truotures for lossil Power Plants Contributed by: Raja l. Bagga & 1ignesh v. Chokshi, L&1 Contributed by: Raja l. Bagga & 1ignesh v. Chokshi, L&1 Contributed by: Raja l. Bagga & 1ignesh v. Chokshi, L&1 Contributed by: Raja l. Bagga & 1ignesh v. Chokshi, L&1- -- -3&L, Baroda 3&L, Baroda 3&L, Baroda 3&L, Baroda cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK APkIl 2000 PA0 18 Vo|ame 1, Issae 4 lig. 4 Conorete uantity for Corner footing. lig. 4 Conorete uantity for Corner footing. lig. 4 Conorete uantity for Corner footing. lig. 4 Conorete uantity for Corner footing. lig. 3 1he .$2k lile 0enerated as per 3AP2000 lormat. lig. 3 1he .$2k lile 0enerated as per 3AP2000 lormat. lig. 3 1he .$2k lile 0enerated as per 3AP2000 lormat. lig. 3 1he .$2k lile 0enerated as per 3AP2000 lormat. "NecessIty Is the nothez oI takIng chances" -Mazk TwaIn cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK cK6|KttR|K6 TALK APkIl 2000 PA0 10 Vo|ame 1, Issae 4 ~. ~. ~. ~. ^.... ... - ^.... ... - ^.... ... - ^.... ... - 1. 1. 1. 1. South Korea South Korea South Korea South Korea 2. 2. 2. 2. 007 is the ISD code for Russia 007 is the ISD code for Russia 007 is the ISD code for Russia 007 is the ISD code for Russia 3. 3. 3. 3. PoIo PoIo PoIo PoIo 4. 4. 4. 4. The BibIe The BibIe The BibIe The BibIe 5. 5. 5. 5. Venus Venus Venus Venus F 0 0 0 F 0 R T H 0 u 6 H T
"There are no regrets in life, just lessons." - Jennifer Aniston There is a story about an ancient Indian sage who was caIIed by ugIy names by a passerby. The sage Iistened unperturbed tiII the man ran out of words. He asked the man, "If an offering is not accepted, who does it beIong to?" The man repIied, "It be- Iongs to the person who offered it." The sage said, "I refuse to accept your offer- ings" and waIked away, Ieaving the man dazed.
The agency that is officially in charge of declaring a re- cession is known as the National Bureau of Economic Research, or NBER. The NBER defines a recession as a "significant decline in economic activity lasting more than a few months.. The roots of a recession and its true starting point actu- ally rest in the several quarters of positive but slowing growth before the recession cycle really begins. Down- ward trend in the business cycle characterized by a de- cline in production and employment, which in turn low- ers household income and spending. Consumers buy fewer durable household goods, and businesses are less likely to purchase machinery and equipment and more likely to use up existing inventory instead of add- ing goods to their stock. This drop in demand leads to a corresponding fall in output and thus worsens the eco- nomic situation. Recession may lead to reduction in rate of inflation. Governments usually respond to recessions by adopting expansionary policies, such as increasing money supply, increasing government spending and decreasing taxation. Rarely though entirely possible, experiencing a multi- tude of these negative factors simultaneously can lead to a deep recession or even long economic depression. 1he views expressed in this magazine are not neoessarily those of the management of Larsen & 1oubro Limited or any of its joint venture oompa- nies. 1his magazine is for internal oiroulation among the employees of Larsen & 1oubro Limited & its 1oint venture oompanies. Sfricf securify code prohibifs 30 Ifems... Scissors incIudedlll