SCALES

I think that entrepreneurial intent scales that have been designed by Lin and Chen
(2006) and Lin and Chen (2009) and used by Lin (2008); Lin, Urbano and Guerrero
(2007); and Guerrero, Lavn and lvarez (2009) are the best. They have consisitently
worked very well for me in South Africa.

You may want to look at recent ETP publication by Kautonen et al (2013)
and Thornton (2009, ETP) for an interesting review
do you know that in st Gallen you have one of the most productive teams in Europe in the
field of entrepreneurial intention? (prof. Zellweger, Sieger and Halter, from CFB)

Moriano, J. A., Gorgievski, M., Laguna, M., Stephan, U., & Zarafshani, K. (2012). A cross-
cultural approach to understanding entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Career
Development, 39(2), 162-185.

How relevant is the competency (competence) approach for entrepreneurship
education?

HANS ZWAGA
No big deal Duncan. Competence-based approaches -especially in Entrepreneurship
Education- should not pursue "a-one-fits-all" philosophy. As there is no common
understanding on the definition of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial etc. such direction
would be "foolish". Man et all. (2002) have given a perspective on "entrepreneurship
readiness" that could be applied in curriculum construction. Based on their findings we
have constructed an entrepreneurship education philosophy Action-Reflection Learning and
Transformational Learning Theory) including assessment models (CASK)
This model is a reduction of a previous model (Compass). After testing Compass in France
and the Netherlands we have reduced the complexity and created a far more simple format
called CASK. That model has been successfully tested in the Netherlands. Further tests
are planned in Romania and France.

Have a look at: Fastr. G. and Van Gils, A. (2007) Competence Development in Entrepreneurship. In:
McChubby, M.K. et al.(Eds) The Challenges of Educating People in a Challenging World, 385-398 Man,
T.W.Y. , Lau, Th. and Chan, K.F. (2002) The competitiveness od small and medium enterprises. A
conceptualization with the focus on entrepreneurial competencies. Journal of Business Venturing 17, 123-
142 That's a good start. Indeed Gibb's work should be considered as well as Alain Fayolle, Grgoire and
Bchard. And this is an excellent link to your question: http://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/etd_coll Part of the
Entrepreneurial and Small Business Operations Commons Have a good day.
You might find it difficult to define "entrepreneurship" in the first place. "Born globals" are
specific firms that internationalize because of the way they create, deliver and extract
customer value globally. Myself, I utilize the network approach in my courses on
Internationalization and Strategic Network Management. A research network that you could
consult is the Industrial Marketing and Purchasing group. It's a global acting network mainly
advocating the network approach in business. Hkanson, Ford, Gadde and Snehota are
the core professors but there are many more. In Finland you will find Hlinen,Mller, Ritter
as proponents. Araujo is either Spanish or Mexican. Here is a website in which I found n
interesting article: http://www.essays.se/essay/df7d33c898/ Good hunting.

ENTRPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION
Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and
benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10, 75-87.
Lyon, D. W., Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (2000). Enhancing entrepreneurial orientation
research: Operationalizing and measuring a key strategic decision-making process. Journal
of Management, 26(5), 1055-1085.
Kreiser, P. M., Marino, L. D., & Weaver, K. M. (2002). Assessing the psychometric
properties of the entrepreneurial orientation scale: A multi-country analysis.
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4), 71-94.

Tomas Karlsson has a paper titled "Improving perceived entrepreneurial abilities through
education: Exploratory testing of an Entrepreneurial Self Efficacy scale in a pre-post
setting", which is going to be published soon in International Journal of Management
Education (...in 2012 I think). If you are interested, you can look out for the paper in IJME or
contact Tomas and ask for a pre-prijavascript:nt version. The paper is co-authored with
Kre Moberg at CBS (uk.cbs.dk/staff/Kre Moberg). Kre is doing research on the impact
of entrepreneurship education on students and it may be interesting to have a closer look at
his work as well.