2014 Spring Final Exam Review Pre-AP Biology

Evolution
1. List the basic components of Darwins theory of Natural Selection
2. Define Evolution
3. What is artificial selection/selective breeding? Why is it used?
4. Define Survival of the Fittest
5. What is fitness?
6. Explain how natural selection applies to numerous situations: Explain these two for practice:
a. antibiotic (drug) resistant bacteria
b. how a fish population can evolve to resemble the rocky bottom of a lake where it lives
7. Define adaptation and give examples
8. Compare and contrast homologous and analogous structures (provide examples)
9. Define genetic drift
10. What is reproductive isolation and what can it lead to?
11. Define Gene pool
12. Explain why an individual cannot evolve, but a population can. Use any example to illustrate
your reasoning.
13. Explain how each of the following can provide support for evolution:
a. the fossil record
b. homologous and vestigial structures
c. embryological similarities
d. biochemical (DNA, RNA, amino acid sequences)
14. Define genetic flow
15. What is speciation?
16. Know the types of natural selection:
a. Disruptive
b. Stabilizing
c. Directional
17. What is the founder effect? How does it happen?
18. What is the bottleneck effect and how does it happen?

Classification

19. What is binomial nomenclature?
20. What is a taxon?
21. In Linnaeus system, what are the two parts of a scientific name and how do you write them
correctly?
22. What is the most general taxon? Most specific?
23. List the correct order for all the taxa and give some characteristics of each.
24. Name three processes used to classify organisms.


Viruses

25. Virus
26. Draw and label the structure of a virus.
27. What parts do all viruses have in common?
28. How is the AIDS virus transmitted and how it affects the host cell.
29. What type of nucleic acid does the AIDS virus contain?
30. What is a vaccine and what does it do?
31. Name three common viral diseases.
32. Describe the lysogenic and lytic cycles of a virus. (List the steps involved.)
33. How do you treat viral diseases?
34. Describe two ways that viruses cause infection.
35. During the lysogenic cycle, what is the viral DNA called while it is embedded in the bacterial
DNA?

Kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

36. What are heterotrophs?
37. What are autotrophs?
38. What does eukaryotic mean?
39. What does prokaryotic mean?
40. Name three human uses or roles of bacteria.
41. Differentiate between eubacteria and archaebacteria.
42. List three ways that prokaryotes can be identified.
43. What are antibiotics?
44. What is a pathogen?
45. How do bacteria affect our lives and what is their role in the environment?
46. Give some examples of bacterial diseases in humans.
47. Difference between photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs.

Kingdom Plantae

Concepts:
48. Where did plants evolve from? How have plants adapted to life on land?
49. Name at least 3 characteristics of plants.
50. Where are plant hormones produced? Give examples of plant hormones and their functions
51. Different types of tropism: phototropism, gravitropism, thigmotropism, hydrotropism
52. Adaptations plants have for growth (roots, leaves, etc.)
53. Monocot vs. Dicot (know ALL differences and examples of each)
54. Vascular tissue (xylem, phloem)
55. Roots
56. Stems
57. Leaves
58. Cones
59. Stomata
60. Guard cells
61. Bryophytes
62. Sporophytes
63. Angiosperms
64. Gymnosperms
65. Tap Root vs. Fibrous Root
66. Characteristics of a fruit
67. Where does most of photosynthesis occur?
68. Parts of a flower and their functions (reproductive, male vs. female, other parts)

Kingdom Animalia- Human Body Systems

Digestion chapter 38, sections 1 and 2
Organs involved in digestion, their location, what they are made of, and their function:
69. Mouth
70. Esophagus
71. Stomach
72. small intestine
73. large intestine
74. anus
75. Pancreas
76. Liver
77. gall bladder
Concepts:
78. Chemical vs. mechanical digestion: where each takes place
79. Chyme vs. bolus
80. Function of villi in small intestine
81. All the enzymes produced by the different organs and what they help break down
82. Diagram of the Digestive System

Respiration chapter 37, section 3
Organs involved, their location, what they are made of, and their function
83. Nose
84. Pharynx
85. Larynx
86. Trachea
87. Bronchi
88. Alveoli
89. Lungs
90. Diaphragm
Concepts:
91. What actually controls your breathing
92. Function of cilia
93. Pathway of air through the respiratory system and what happens at each area
94. Inhalation vs. Exhalation: what do the ribs and diaphragm do, what happens to the volume and
the pressure
95. What gases are involved in respiration
96. Diagram from the book

Circulatory chapter 37, sections 1 and 2
97. Flow of blood through the body and specifically the heart
98. Function of the septum
99. Pumping chambers vs. Collecting chambers
100. What makes up the blood, the structures and their functions
101. Hemoglobin
102. Describe the functions of the all the different types of blood vessels, their sizes, and what they
look like
103. What does the pacemaker refer to and where is it located?
104. Importance of valves, which structures they are contained in
105. What happens during a stroke?
106. Functions of blood

Endocrine Chapter 39, sections 1 and 2
107. Function of the system
108. Exocrine v. endocrine glands
109. Hormones
110. Steroid v. non-steroid hormones
111. Function and hormones of the following glands
a. Pituitary
b. Hypothalamus
c. Pancreas
d. Adrenal

Nervous Chapter 35, sections 2, 3, 5, and pp. 906
Definition and function of the following:
112. Neurons
113. Neurotransmitters
114. CNS vs. PNS
115. Hypothalamus
116. Thalamus
117. Stimulants
118. Depressants
119. Opiates
120. Cerebrum
121. Cerebellum
122. Diagram of neuron and the function of each of its parts
123. PNS, its divisions and functions of each
124. Sensory receptors: types and functions
Excretory-Chapter 38, section 3
125. Different ways you can lose water
126. Main functions of the kidneys
127. Filtration vs. Reabsorption
128. Hypertension
129. Diagram of excretory system


Different parts of the excretory system and their function:
130. Renal artery
131. Renal vein
132. Kidneys
133. Ureter
134. Urinary bladder
135. Urethra
Different structures of the kidneys and their function
136. Renal medulla
137. Renal cortex
138. Nephrons
139. Glomerulus
140. Bowmans capsule
141. Loop of Henle
142. Collecting duct

Skeletal
143. Function of the skeletal system
144. Different parts of the bones and their functions
145. Joints
146. Marrow
147. Ligaments
148. Tendons
149. Cartilage
150. Diseases of the skeletal system

Muscular
151. Three types of muscle tissue, their characteristics, and where they are located
152. Function(s) of the muscular system
153. Actin vs. Myosin
154. How the Sliding filament Theory works
155. How muscles are controlled (voluntary vs. involuntary)
156. Muscles in the arms in legs used for flexion and extension
157. Know the following muscles: Biceps Brachii (biceps), Triceps Brachii (triceps), Rectus
Abdominus, Rectus Femoris, Gluteus Maximus, Masseter, Orbicularis Oris, Orbicularis Oculi.

Integumentary
158. Function(s) of the integumentary system
159. Layers of the skin and their functions
160. Blood vessels response to homeostasis
161. Different structures of the integumentary system
162. Melanin vs. Melanocyte
163. Diagram of the skin
164. Perspiration



Immune Chapter 40, sections 2,3 and pp. 1034-1035
165. Functions of the immune system
166. What is the purpose of a fever?
167. List autoimmune diseases and how they affect the body.
168. Non-specific v. specific defenses
169. Humoral v. cell mediated immunity
170. Antigen v. antibody
Definition and function of the following:
171. Inflammatory response
172. Memory B cells
173. The four T cells

Ecology

174. Ecology and its organization -
175. Ecosystem -
176. Community -
177. Population -
178. Producers (autotrophs) -
179. Consumers (heterotrophs) -
180. Decomposers -
181. Biomes -
182. Food chain vs. Food web -
183. Abiotic vs. Biotic factors -
184. Emigration vs. Immigration -
185. Carrying Capacity -
186. Logistic vs. Exponential Growth -
187. Limiting Factors -
188. Density Dependent vs. Density Independent -
189. Trophic Level -
190. Ecological Pyramids (3) and what they involve
191. Different types of symbiotic relationships
a. Predation
b. Mutualism
c. Commensalism
d. Parasitism
192. What affects populations and what happens when resources become decreased?
193. Describe what happens to the amount of energy that gets passed on from one trophic level to
another? What about left-over energy?
194. Cycles and what types of things are involved for each
a. Water -
b. Carbon -
c. Nitrogen
195. Primary vs. Secondary Succession
196. What effect does pollution have on the environment?
197. What effect does human population growth have on the environment?