Barulina 1930 Lentils of The USSR Vicia Ervilia Dark

,
SUPPLEMENT 40 th TO THE BULLETIN OF APPLIED BOTANY, OF GENETICS

AND PLANT BREEDING
E . .
*
2 0 7 6
m o w

3 , 16
8 6
H e le na BAKDLINA
OF . AI OF

With many t ables and figure s.
. . .

1930 LENINGRAD

c .g .c .p
1925 .
1926 .
_ . _ . . 19 27 .
4.
.
Map 4. The No rthern lim it o f m aturatio n o f t he c o m m o n lent il ac c o rding to th
g eo g rap hic al exp erim ents c o nduc ted by t he I nst it ut e o f Ap p lied Bo tany.
T
'60
1926 . (5952')
, , ,
, (5740')
.
1927 . (5817')
, (5915'), ,
.

. , , 1925 1926 .
( , 5523' . ., 23
52' . .)
.
,
, ,
, ,

, 57 . . (
, , .)
.

Lens ,
esc uienta. ,
. ,
1.760 . . . ( : , .)
1.550 . ( , ) ,
, , . 1926 .
( , . 1.470 .) .
,
, , ,
, , " . .
,
,
.
. . .

1.200 1.300 . . .;
2.700 . ( , ) 2.800 . (
), .

, (3.000 .).
2.080 .
( . . ).
2.100 . ( . . ) . ,
. . , 2.000 .

Vic ia Ervilia.

,
,
, , ,
( 5).

. , 1924 .
\
5. (Vlcia Ervilia
Wi l l d.) .
Map 5. The No rthern lim it o f m aturatio n o f the Frenc h lentil ac c o rding to the
( 67
:
44
/
), 1925 . 1927 . (6433')
. (6 0' ).

.
, 1924 1925 .
(
1.760 .) ( 1.550 .).
.
,

. . . ,

2.2002.400 . ,
3.130 . ( ,
\ ), , 2.700 .
.
A i t c h i so n' y Vicia Ervilia Wi lld.
4.000 (1.220 .)
]
).
') Ai t c h i so n, J. . . The Bo tany o f the Afg han Delim itatio n Co m iuissio i..
Transac tio ns o f t he Linnean So c iety, p . 59.
7.
.
Vic ia E rvilia Willd.
Wi lld. Sp ec . PL . 1800, p . 1103.M. Bi eb. Fl. Taur.
Cauc. I I . 1808.Ledeb. Fl. Ro ss. I . 1842, p . 663.Bo iss. Fl.
Or I I . 1872, p . 595. Bo nnier, Fl. c o m p l. ill. Franc e, I I I , p . 67,
tab. 154. . 830.P s p h. Fl. o esterr. Kstenl. . 1898, p . 410.
R o u y et F o u c au d Fl. Franc e V, 1899, p . 248.Bec k in Rc h b.
I c . XXI I , 1903, p . 204, t. 261, fig. 110.Aseh er s. u. G r aebn.
Syno p . VI, 2, 190610, p . 904.
Ervum Ervilia L i nn. Sp ec . PI. ed. 1. 1753, p . 738.DC. Pro d. I I . 1825, p .
367.Ko c h Syn. I. ed. 3, 1892, p . 684. St urm Deutsc hl. Fl., 1812, H. 32.
Ervilia sativa L i nk Enum . Ho rt. Bero l. I I . 1822, p . 240.
Ervum plicatum M e n h Metho d. 1794, p . 147.
V. Ervilia

. D o do naeu s (Stirp . Hist.
. p
e
m p t ., 1583)
( . 514) Mo c ho Cicere sa
tivo. a b in, Par ki nson (1. .) Orobus
(Orobus siliquis artic ulatis, sem ine m ajo re Bauh . Pin. 346). P ar
ki nso n
: Orobus vulgaris The o rdinary bitter vetc h. T o u r nef o r t
(1. .) Lens, Cicer . Ervum,
, (t. 221)
, Ervum verum
Ers. , (1753, 1. .)
Ervum . Ervilia . Lens, . monanthos,
. hirsutvm .
. Ervilia,
.
S er i ng e (in De C ando l l e Pro dr., 1825) Ervilia
Ervum.
( ., Ko c h , E ng ler , Asc h er so n
& G r aebner ) Ervilia Vicia,
: Ervum, Euvicia . .
" ,
;
Ervilia sativa Li nk.
,
, .
,
, Vicia,
Vicia.

^ _

. Ervilia,
( . .
. . . ).
.
. 29. Yicia Ervilia Wi l l .,
( ).
. ' /
5
.
. 31. . .
Fig . 29. Ervilia Wi l l d., g ro w ing w ild in Uzbekistan
(enviro ns o f Tashkent). Gro w n in irreen ho usp , Detsko ye
Sselo .
2
/
5
.
Draw n by M. P. L a n v a.
V. Ervilia ,
, ( ,
),
( 67
).
;
V. Ervilia, habitus'y .
, ,
, ( ).
7.
.
Vic ia Ervilia Willd.
Wi lld. Sp ec . PI . . 1800, p . 1103M. Bi eb. PL Taur.
<Cauc. . 1808.Led eb. PL Ro ss. I. 1842, p . 663.Bo iss. PI .
Or. I I . 1872, p . 595. Bo nnier, PI . c o m p l. ill. Pranc e, I I I , p . 67,
t ab. 154. f. 830.P s p h. PL o esterr. Kstenl. . 1898, p . 410
R o u y et F o nc au d PL Pranc e V, 1899, p . 248. k in R hb.
I c . XXI I , 1903, p . 204, t. 261, fig . 110.A sc hers. n. G r aebn.
Syno p . VI, 2, 190610, p . 904.
Ervum Ervilia L i nn. Sp ec . PI. ed. 1. 1763, p . 738.DC. Pro d. I I . 1826, p .
367.Ko c h Syn. I. ed. 3, 1892, p . 684. St urm Deutsc hl. Fl., 1812, H. 32.
Ervilia sativa L i nk Enum . Ho rt. Bero l. I I . 1822, p . 240.
Ervum jilicatum M e n h Metho d. 1794, p . 147.
V. Ervilia

. D o do naeu s (Stirp . Hist,
. Pem p t., 1583)
( . 514) Mo c ho Cicere sa
tivo. au h i n, P ar k i nso n (1. .) Orobus
{Orobus siliquis artic ulatis, sem ine m ajo re Bauh . Pin. 346). P ar
ki nso n
: Orobus vulgaris The o rdinary bitter vetc h. T o u r nef o r t
(l. e.) Lens, Cicer . Ervum,
, (t. 221)
, Ervum verum
Ers. , (1753, 1. .)
Ervum . Ervilia . Lens, . monanthos,
. hirsutvm .
. Ervilia,
.
S er i ng e (in De C ando lle Pro dr., 1825) Ervilia
Ervum.
( ., Ko c h , E ng ler , Asc h er so n
& G r aebner ) Ervilia Vicia,
: Ervum, Euvicia . .
,
;
Ervilia sativa Li nk.
,
, .
143
,
, Vicia,
Vicia.

. Ervilia,
( . .
. . . ).
.
. 29. Vicia Ervilia Wi l l d.,
( ).
.

/
5
.
. . . .
Fig . 29. Vicia Ervilia W 1 I d., g ro w ing w ild in Uzbekistan
(enviro ns o f Tashkent). Gro w n in sreen ho use, Detsko ye
Sselo .
2
/
5
.
Draw n by M. P. L b a n v a.
V. Ervilia ,
, ( ,
),
( 67
).
;
V. Ervilia, habitns'y .
, ,
, ( ).
_ 146
Vicia Ervilia "

,
V. Erviha. . ,
V. Ervilia, :
Ro vi , ( .
ar g o r vi).
( ) (kirsenneh) , , .
, ( ) .
, .
, , ( ) (
, }.
, ( ., . .).
.
( ) , .
( . ),
., , , ,
, .
( ).
p i c o lo , , ler o , zi r lo , m o c ni , c ap o g i r lo ,
vec c i o l i .
Jero s .
E r vi li e, E r venl i nse, k l ei ne
E r ve, E r venw i c k e, S t ei n Wi c k li nse, S t ei nl i nse,
E r ve, Wi c k l i nse, L i nsenw i c k e.
er s, er vi l i er , l ent i l l e bt ar de,
vesce er vi l i er e, e r vi l i e r cul t i ve.
F en h L ent i l s, blac k bi t t er vet c h. .

: ,
. Ervilia.
> ) 0 ) 0
. , ,'
, , .
, ,
, . ,
: ,
( ,

1
), , , , ,
, , , .
, , ,
( ,
,
2
).
'
, . R. M u sc h l er
3
) ,
,
ku r sene.
. . ) ff 1, 1. .
st , . Flo re de la Franc e. T. I. Paris. 1901.
K ei c h enbac h . 1903.
3
) , . '
.
. V. . 11*261927.
) M u sc h l er , . A Manual Flo ra o f Eg yp t. Berlin. 1912, p . 543.
10*
148

. , , :
,
, ;
,

1
).
, , .
,

2
).
V. Ervilia
.
,
( , ),
( , ' .).
V. Ervilia , ,
V. Ervilia.

,
.
;
L. esculenta,

3
). ,
:
. 40. V. Ervilia Wi lld.
. Ervilia
>.
m
16.4
15.36
13.5
/
0
.
11.80
7.10
17.11
9.
6.
16.
8
70
34
11
2
1
1
tS
.
30
23
24
.
47.20
33.78
60.47
16.
37.
4.
.
70
02
9S
.
5.60
5.21
2.70

.

:
= 48.63
= 22.40
= 64.40
' ) , . .
. , . . . , . . . V. 1926.
, . . . . . .
XVI. 3. 1926.
essa dz e , G. I . A St udy o f Ervum Ervilia L. ug reheliin Geo rg ia.
Tiflis. 1928.
2
) , H. H. .
1926 . . . . XVI I . 4. 1927.
3
) ( . . . 37).
J
149
.
. 41. Vicia Ervilia "Willd.
V. monanthos D e s f. ').
( 1928 . .).
346
194
27
456
1095

.
. Ervilia
var. coeru
lescens
atropunctata
int ermedia
nigra
V. monanthos

.
. . .
M. . .

. .
. .
% :
9.44
9.28
9.40
9.06
9.0
2.70
3.23
2.86
3.37
4.26
3.560.78
3.73 0.93
3.35
3.740.90
3.460.87
0.99
.46 4 4.08 25.50 67.
4.36 27.24 65.77
3.86 24.12 68.68 4.68
4.47 27.93 64.06
4.88 30.50 60.92
.74
4.55
3.38
4.30
V. Ervilia .
, , ,
.
, .
.
, ,
' *).
. . , ( ) V. Ervilia,
, .
V. Ervilia
; , , ,
. . ,
:
.
( ) ,
, :
, ( ). ( )
V. Ervilia , , .
,

3
).
, ,
, . ,
1
) . ,
.
2
) B e van, W. No t es o nAg ric ult ure in Cyp rus andit s P ro duc t s. 1919.
s
) P i e . t e r s, A. Green Manuring . New Jo r k. 1927, p . 224.
150
' ).
, .
(
V. Ervilia ).
,
, .

2
).
, , ' ) ,,
.
,
: ,

4
).
, ^
. . ,

.
56
,
. ,
.
.
{Semina Ervi).
V. Ervilia ;
,
, ,
. .
, *
.
V. Ervilia
' ). V. Ervilia
.

qcewa
B

. ^

JO)
. ( )
,
, . . . .
,
.
:
.

.
') , . . , . . .
. 1929.
3
) . . .
3
) , . ., 1. .
*) s s (I . , 1. .
) G r esli o ff, M. Besc hrijving der g iftig e en bew ehnende p lanten bij de
Tisc hvangst in g c bruik. Batavia. 1913, p . 78.
152
. 42. ,
Vicia Ervilia "Willd., .
.

. .
.

.

.
.
.

.

. . . .

. . . . .

.

.
. . . .
.

. . . . . .
.

. . .
10
456
153
Vi c i a E r vi li a Wi l l d .

.
.
I. .
1.
2.
5.
a.
1) ( . , )
2)
( )
b.
a. ( 810 )
b. ( 78 )
a.
b.
4 . . 12 ( , , . )!
. 24
5.
a.
b.
II. .
.
7.
8.
9.
a. ( 2125 ,
5 )
b. ( 1721 ,
45.5 )
a.
b. ( , )
a.
b. ( , )
a. 34
b. 45
I I I . .
10.
11.
12, ( 10 0 0
)
a. (
)
b.
a. (
56.5 )
b. (
3.55 )
a. 22 .
b. 6075 .
162
) :
,
(6) var. variegata m .
, , . , . II. . .
f) ( ),
( )
(7) var. coerulescens m .
, . , , . , .
g j ,
(8) var. tnelanosperma m .
. ( . , , ). . .
.
.
a) ,

(9) var. bicolor m .
, . , , . . ,
.
b) ,

(10) var. cypria m .
0. . . . .
. ,
( 1925 , 45.5 ).
4.55 .
. 1000 2565 .
(7.5 10 ), , ,
24 . (
12.517 , 35 ).
11 17. , (2560 ).
; ,
,
, .
: ,
, , ( , , ),
; : . , . ,
, , , . , , ,
, ,
g rex exp arsae m .
1. , , .

(I I ) var. globulosa m .
( ) . . . .
2. , .
(
).
163
) ,
. .
+ ( 44.5 ).
(12) var. minima m .
( ). .
. . . .
+ + 4.56.5
(13) var. intermedia m .
. vulgaris,
. . , . , . , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , .
b) ( ),
. , ,
.
(14) var. punctulata A b s s.
, .
c ) ( )

(15) var. maculata m .
, . , , .
d) ( )
(16) var. atropunctata .
( ). . , , ( ),
( . .), .
e) :
, ,
.
(17) var. georgica A b s s
, , , .
f) ( ),
( )
(18) var. einerea m .
, , . .
g ) , .
( )
(19) var. nigra Ab ss.
, .
11*
164
.
) ,

(20) var. vulgaris (Krn. ), m.
. , , ,
, , , . , , , , . ,
, , , .
V. E rvilia.

.
. ,
, , . ,

,
. V. Ervilia
'). pcc^,
Ervum; .
.
D e C ando l l e V. Ervilia
, .

, , >

. , . ,
,
1
.
.

V. Ervilia,
, Jiabitus'y
.
,
.
,
. , , ,
, V. Ervilia
( 11).
Vicia monanthos
5
) D e sf.
Fl. Atlant, II. 1800, p . 165. Ro uy & F o u c au d Fl. Franc e
V. 1899, p . 241Bec k in Rc h b. Ic . XXII. 1903, p . 201. t. 263.
fig. I. II. 1 7. N ym an Co nsp . Fl. Eur. 1878 82, p . 208;
Sup p l. II. 1889, p . 103.Arc ang . Co m p en. Fl. ital. 1882, p . 205.
Ervum monanthos L. Sp . Plant, ed. 1., 1753, p . 738. D C Pro dr. I I . 1825,
p : 367. Ko c h Syn. I. ed. 3, 1892, p . 684.
Lens monanthos T o u r n. Inst., p . 390. Mnch, Meth., 1794, p. 131.
Lathyrus monanthos Wi l l d. Spec. PI. III. 1800, p. 1083.
') Wi t t mack. Sitrungsber. d. bot. Vereins zu Brandenburg, 19 Dec. 1879.
2
) . monantha ,
, t u s
: . monantha ( = Y. calcarata).
2U4
e m e , h. 1924. Vererbung sstudien m it Lup inen. I. Zeit. f. Pflanzenz,
B. IX. H. 4.
R u p p e r t, H. 1921. Ap ergu ag ric o le sur la Regio n de Fez.
Ro uy, G. et F o u c aad, J. 1899. Flo re deFranc e. V. Paris.
S ak am u r a. 1920. Exp erim entelle Studien ber die Zeil u. Kernteilung
mit besonderer Rcksicht der Form, Grosse u. Zahl der Chromosomen. Tokyo.
Sanchez S a nt s ma r i a , J. I . 1925. Geografia Comercial ec o no m ic * de
Co lo m bia. Bo go ta.
S h b e 1 e r, F. 188S. Viridarium No rvegic um . B. I I . Christiania.
S c h u r , J. F . 1866. Enum eratio p lantarum Transsilvaniae. Vindo bo nae.
Sc h w ei nf u r t h, G. 1883. Neue Beitrge zur Flora des alten Aegyptens.
Ber. d. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. I.
Sh aw and Rakh al das se. 1929. Studiesin Indian Pulses. J. Lentil.
(Ervutn Lern, L n .). Mem . o f the Dep art, o f Ag ric ult. inIndia. Vo l. XVT. No . 6.
Dec em ber 1928. Calc utta.
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t
S t u r m , J. 1812. Deutsc hlands Flo ra. Nrnberg.
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Seed Coat Color. Linkage and Free Combination. Hereditas. B. XI. H. I.
Tenor e, M. 183536. Flora Napolitana. T. V. Napoli.
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zenanatomie. I. T. Abt. I. Berlin.
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W d v r t h, C. and C o le, L. 1924. Mo ttling o f so ybeans. The Jo ur, o r
Heredity. XV.
Lentils o f the USSR and o f o ther c o untries.
H elena Barulina.
(A Bo tanic o Ag ro no m ic al Mo no g rap h).
SU MMARY.
I nt r o du c t i o n.
Being in p o ssessio n o f vast w o rld c o llec tio ns o f c ultivated
. p lants, bro ug ht ho m e fro m different c o untries b\ a w ho le series o f
exp editio ns, the Bureau o f Ap p lied Bo tany o f the State Institute
o f Exp erim ental Ag ro no m y and the I nstitute o f Ap p lied Bo tany
have m ade it their p urp o se to p ublish a series o f m o no grap hs o n
c ultivated p lants. The p resent w o rk is t he first essay to g ive
a bo tanic o ag ro no m ic al w o rld m o no grap h o n t he lentil.
Our investig atio n em brac es c hiefly the c o m m o n lentil, Lens
esculenta Mo jnc h, as being o f the g reatest ec o no m ic al im p o rtanc e.
I t p artly ap p lies also to t he Frenc h lentil, Vicia Ervilia "Willd. ,
and to uc hes sho rtly o n t he Oneflo w ered lentil, Vicia monanthos
D e s f. The last tw o sp ec ies belo ng t o grain fo rage p lants.
C h a p t e r 1.
H istory of the cultivation of the le ntil.
The lentil is o ne o f the m o st anc ient c ro p p lants, c ultivated
already in p rehisto ric al tim es in the East, in Hung ary and in
Sw itzerland. Lentil o f the neo lithic p erio d has been fo und in
Euro p e in: Bo snia, Hung ary, I taly, Sw itzerland and in the So uthern
p art o f Germ any. This c ro p w as evidently adventive o f the So uth
Eastern Asia. The anc ientness o f lentil c ultivatio n in So uth Western
Asia is testified by num ero us Sanskrit nam es. I t w as kno w n to the
anc ient Eg yp tians, Hebrew s, Greeks and Ro m ans. Fro m I taly the
lentil has sp read o ver t he Alp s to Germ any, to the Lithuanians
and Slavs.
C h a p t e r 2.
The ge ography of the crop and the limits of its cultivation.
The area o f lentil c ultivatio n em brac es a c o n
Countries^
s
iderable ac reag e. Co m m o n lentil is g ro w n in USSR;
êsculenta. " o f the "West Euro p ean c o untries in Franc e, Germ any,
Austria, Hung ary, Czec ho slo vakia, Ro um ania, Sp ain,
Po rtug al, I taly, Sic ily, Sardinia; in the Balkan Peninsula: in Bulgaria,.
2G6
Greec e; in the island Cyp rus (table 1). On a sm all sc ale the lentil
is gro w n in Sw itzerland and in Eng land. I n N". Afric a the lentil
is so w n in Eg yp t, Mo ro c c o , Alg eria, Tunis, Trip o litania, Abyssinia
and Eritrea. I n Am eric a the c ro p has g ained w ide sp read in Chile.
I t is equally g ro w n in Arg entina and Brazil, so m etim es in Mexic o ,
Co lum bia, Guatem ala and in the island Cuba. As reg ards the
Asiatic c o untries, t he lentil is g ro w n o n a larg e sc ale in, Asia Mi
no r, Syria, Palestine, Transjo rdania, Meso p o tam ia, Arabia (Yem en),
Persia, Afg hanistan, Baluc histan, India, Kashm ir, so m etim es in
China.
Conntries gro ^
s
reg ards t he c ultivatio n o f t he Frenc h and
w ing Vic ia o f the Oneflo w ered lentil in o ur c o untry , the first
vilia and is o f im p o rtanc e o nly in the Cauc asus, w hile the
V. monanthos.
s e c o n
d is'no t g ro w n at all in t he So viet Unio n.
The c hief c o untries w here t he Frenc h lentil is c ultivated are:
Syria, Palestine, Transjo rdania, Asia Mino r, Greec e, t he islands
Greta and Cyp rus, Sp ain, as w ell as Afg hanistau. The area o f
c ultivatio n o f t he Oneflo w ered lentil is Sp ain and Po rtug al.
The regions of cultivation of the common le ntil in USSR.
The c hief reg io ns w here the lentil is g ro w n in USSR
the So uth East o f Euro p ean USSR (the p ro vinc es Sarato v,
Tam bo v, Penza), the Ukraine, t he Up p er Vo lg a reg io n (the p ro
vinc es Nishny No vg o ro d, Kazan, Ulyano vsk) and the Central p ro
vinc es (Tula, Orel, Ryazan). The lentil is also c ultivated in the
Crim ea and in t he No rthern Cauc asus, as w ell as invthe Trans
c auc asian and Middle Asiatic Rep ublic s. I n Siberia ho w ever the
lentil o c c up ies but a very inc o nsiderable ac reag e, its c ro p s being
sc attered c hiefly alo ng the rail ro ads. In t he Far East (the Ussu
rijsk territo ry) the lentil is so m etim es so w n.
T h e S o u t h E ast o f E u r o p ean U S S R i s t h e p r i n
c i p al c ent r e p r o du c i ng exp o r t l ent i l .
The first p lac e am o ng the g rain Leg um ino sae o f the Ukraine
is o c c up ied by the lentil, alo ng w ith p eas. The c entre o f lentil
c ultivatio n in the Ukraine are the p ro vinc es: Po do lia, Chernig o v,
Kiev and Vo lynia.
The lentil c ro p s o f t he Tartar Rep ublic are c o nc entrated in
the reg io n adjo ining the river Kam a and in t he Trans Vo lga
distric ts. In the Trans Kam a reg io n t he c ro p has g ained but little
sp read.
Befo re the w ar, in 1913, t he ac reag e under lentils c o nstituted
in Russia=4l5.058 ha. I n 1926 t he ac reag e so w n to lentils in t he
Euro p ean p art o f USSR w as 419.542 ha, in 1929it w as 426.500 ha.
Thus, USSR lentil c ro p s o c c up y alm o st the half o f
the w o rld ac reag e under lentils. USSR ho lds t he first p lac e in
t he w o rld m arket w ith reg ard to lentil p ro duc tio n; Eg yp t fo llo w s,
w ith Sp ain, Chile, Ro um ania and Czec ho slo vakia.
In Sp ain all t hree sp ec ies o f the lentil are g ro w n, t he first
p lac e being o c c up ied by Yicia monanthos. The next in im p o rtanc e
I

267
jo
\ V% 0 % 94 1
jo %
UALO S
JO %
t ~ ~*
e a **
t o io en

b
e n
oo t o * < <
oo
* !C <M lO 1
^ "
4
I

t~ O> SM <M
a ~ o> i i en
oo i oo
I " CO t
41 ffl H
CO CO CO
e g ' '
T^ I ^
i
I
" = ,
<M 5
on * '
I "
* 0 0
N 10 t 0 0

' S g s S2 S 3 ^ S fi S
i t
208
is Vicia Ervilia, while the common lentil comes last. Besides Spain
ere French lentil is an important crop in Syria, Palestine,
Transjordania, in Cyprus and Greece. The acreage occupied by
this crop in the above mentioned countries is considerably greater
than that sown to common lentil. If we attempt the approximate
estimation of the acreage under lentils in all countries of the
world growing this crop (not only the common lentil, but also
the French and the Onef lowered one), it will find its expression
in about one mi l l i on hect ar es . This value gives an idea,
of the importance of the crop in the economy of the world.
Import and Export.
The countries which export lentils are USSR, Spain, Egypt,
Chile, Abyssinia, Turkey, Western Asia and India. The majority
of West-European countries, as Germany, France, England, Greece,
Bulgaria, as well as America import the lentil from other countries.
Previously to the war Russia occupied the first place among
other countries as regards the export of lentils. Almost the whole
Russian lentil export went to -Germany through Knigsberg. The
bulk of the exported lentil was supplied by the provinces Saratov,
Penza and Tambov. After the war Chile has become a serious
rival of USSR on the world market.
The limits of lentil cultivation.
The data of the geographical experiments
The latitudinal conducted by the Institute of Applied Botany
limits of the cnl-
W
i
t
h regard to the lentil uring 6 years (1923
escnlenta!
eDS 1928
)
h a v e
shown that the Northern limit of
maturation of the separate lentil varieties may
vary in dependence on the meteorological conditions of the vege-
tation period (see map 4). Thus, in the moist year 1923 not one
of the lentil varieties reached full maturity in the Northern
stations. Only beginning with 5740' North iatitude (Kostroma)
full maturation could be observed. In the comparatively dry
year 1924 the limit shifted considerably to the North. Thus, at
the Station near the Ladoga lake (59 52') and at the Novgorod
Station (58 40') almost all varieties attained maturity.
As far as may be judged from the results of the geographical
experiments conducted by the Institute of Applied Botany, the
cultivation of the lentil may be regarded as more or less reliable
only beginning with approximately 57 N. lat. (provinces Kostroma,.
Tver, Moscow).
At an elevation of 1760 m. above sea-level
The vertical (Georgia: Bakuriani, prov. Tiflis) and 1550 m.
at?"
f
f ^ " (
T u r k e s t a n :
Chim g an) t he resp o nse o f the lentil
Va
es"lent af
nS
^ enviro nm ental c o nditio ns is the sam e as in the
extrem e No rth and as a rule it do es no t reac h
m aturity. In 1926 in Arm enia (Leninakan1470 m .) all varieties
o f the lentil attained m aturity.
269
Ac c o rding to "the data o f t he exp editio n o f N. I. Vavi lo v,
t he c hief reg io n o f lentil c ultivatio n in Afg hanistan is situated at
an, altitude o f 12001300 m . abo ve sea level. The hig hest p o int
fo r the lentil w as m arked at 2700 m . and even 2800 m ., w here
this p lant is g ro w n in a m ixture w ith, w heat.
The extrem e vertic al lim it o f lentil c ultivatio n in Abyssinia
is even hig her (3000 m .) than in Afg hanistan.
Ac c o rding to the data o f the g eo g rap hic al
T h
i?
U l
?.
i t s
so w ings c o nduc ted by the Institute o f Ap p lied
cul tiva tion of . > , , , V, , ,
J
, . . , , , , . . . S f
V. Ervilia. Bo tany, t he No rthern lim it o f the c ultivatio n o f
V. Ervilia also sharp ly fluc tuates in dep endenc e
o n t he m eteo ro lo g ic al c o nditio ns o f the sum m er (see m ap 5). It
m ust be no ted t hat this c ro p m ay advanc e c o nsiderably farther
t o the No rth. Thus, in 1924 V. Ervilia rip ened even in the
Murm an reg io n (Khibiny, 6744'); in 1925 and in 1927in Arkhan
g elsk (6433') and in Severo Dvinsk (61 10').
The vertic al lim it o f the c ultivatio n o f V. Ervilia equally
asc ends m uc h hig her than t hat o f t he c o m m o n lentil.
C h ap t er 3.
The c hem ic al c o m p o sitio n and the c o o king p ro p erties o f lentil seeds.
Ac c o rding to the investig atio n o f the Bio c hem ic al Labo rato ry
o f the I nstitute o f Ap p lied Bo tany, the seeds o f leg um ino us p lants
sho w a c o nstant c hem ic al c o m p o sitio n. I n p eas, lentils, vetc hes,
ho rse beans, g ro w n in t he m o st different reg io ns o f USSR, no
c o nsiderable c hang es are o bserved as reg ards the c o ntents o f
p ro teins, ash, c ellular tissue and fat. Thus, the varietal differenc es
o bserved in the lentil w ith reg ard to its c hem ic al c o m p o sitio n
rem ain p rac tic ally unaltered in any g eo g rap hic al statio n (see table 2).
The autho r g ives t he data c o nc erning the
8^"
c o
king p ro p erties o f different lentil varieties.
lentil seeds. ac c o rding to t he investig atio n c arried o ut by
V. S. F d t v at the Genetic al Statio n o f the
I nstitute o f Ap p lied Bo tany (see table 3).
Of all g rain Leg um ino sae t he lentil sho w s the hig hest c o o king
c o effic ient. The sm all seeded varieties (Afg hanistan, India, Abys
sinia, Persia) are better c o o kers than the larg e seeded o nes (Italy,
USSR). The p o lo ur o f t he seeds do es no t influenc e their c o o king
p ro p erties. The thic kness o f t he seed c o at p lays a c o nsiderable
ro le in reg ard to t he c o o king p ro p erties.
C h a p t e r 4.
The genus Lens, its histo ry and geo grap hy.
. Fro m an ag ric ultural p o int o f view usually
the c ultivated
t b r e
P
l a n t s a r e
referred to the cultivated lentils.
Lentil. Botanically they belong to the same family
Leguminosae Juss. , sub-family Papilionatae Taub.
and tribus Vicieae Bronn. , but to two separate genera [Lens
(To urn. ) Ad ans. and Vicia L.]: common lentilLens escuhnta
290
b) Seeds w ith w ell m arked m arble
p attern . (51) var. marmorata m .
Asia Mino r (vilayet Ko nia). Co llec ted
by P. M. Z h u v s .
4. Seeds g rey, uni c o lo ured o r w ith blac k m arble
p attern. Co tyledo ns yello w (52) var. subitalica m .
I taly, Sardinia, Asia Mino r (Mersina, Sivas,
To kat).
( (j Flowers 24 on peduncle, white with light blue veins.
Calyx-teeth much longer than corolla. Leaflets of medium
size. Plant most frequently light green (yellow-green) colou-
red
g r e x europaeae m .
Pro strate habit. Late fo rm (the p erio d befo re
flo w ering is esp ec ially lo ng ' ). Seeds 35 m m
in diam eter, reddish g rey, unic o lo ured o r w ith
blac k m arble p at t ern. Co tyledo ns o rang e (53) var. prostrata m .
Franc e, Germ any, USSR (distr. Kiev).
Erec t habit.
X Po ds befo re m aturity w ith p urp le p atc hes.
Seedling s and stem s p urp le. Seeds 45 m m in
diam eter, yelJo w g reen w ith dark g reen m arble
p attern and dark p urp le sp o ts. Co tyledo ns
yello w (54) var. dupuyensis m .
Widesp read in Franc e under t he nam e Du
Puy. Gro w n also in Germ any, Sp ain, I taly,
Alg eria, Tunis, Syria, as w ell as in t he
Ukraine.
XX Po ds w itho ut antho c yan. '
1. Seeds p inkish, unic o lo ured o r w ith slig htly
m arked blac k m arble p attern (sp ec kledness).
Co tyledo ns o rang e (55) var. pseudomar
morata m .
Russia: p ro v. Sam ara, Ukraine. Distr. Kharko v.
Mac edo nia, Meso p o tam ia.
2. Seeds g reyish reddish w itho ut p attern o r w ith
blac k m arble p attern (sp ec kledness). Co tyledo ns
o rang e (56) var. variabis m.
Tripoli, Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Greece
(Thessaly), Bulgaria, France, Czechoslovakia,
Soviet Russia: Bashkir Republic, prov. Samara,
distr. Kharkov, Don province.
J
) Sometimes known under the name of cwinter lentil, as in c o unt ries
i t is so w n in fall. Seed sam p les have been o bt ained fro m Vi l m o r i n under t he
nam e Ervum Lens minor hiemalis. K o e r n i c k e in his w o rk System atisc he
Uebersic ht der Cerealien und m o no c arp isc hen Leg um ino sen (1873) desc ribes .
eryihrospermum Ro tsam ig fl Wint erlinse, w hic h evident ly c o rresp o nds to o ur
var . prostrata. Ho w ever, t he desc rip t io n o f K o e r n i c k e being c o nc ise, t he p erfec t
ident it y o f t he fo rm s is diffic ult t o est ablish.
291
3 . Seeds g rey, unic o lo ured o r w ith blac k m arble
p attern. Co tyledo ns yello w (57) var. mutabilis m .
USSR: Pro v. Ryazan, Kuban. I t aly, Asia
Mino r, Denm ark, Mac edo nia.
4. Seeds yello w g reen w itho ut p attern and
w ith dark g reen m arble p attern. Co tyledo ns
yello w (58) var. vulgaris
Widesp read fo rm . USSR, Sardinia, Greec e, (A 1.) m .
Asia Mino r, Franc e, Germ any, No rth Afric a.
C h a p t e r 7.
Treats o n t he Frenc h lentil (Vicia Ervilia W 11 d.) and t he
Oneflo w ered lentil (Vicia monanthos D es f.).
The first o f these sp ec ies has been studied w ith m o re detail.
The autho r g ives t he sc hem e o f variatio n o f t he hereditary varying
c harac ters (in all 30) o f V. Ervilia, as w ell as key to t he determ i
natio n o f its varieties. The g reatest c o nc entratio n o f endem ic
c harac ters and fo rm s o f V. Ervia is found in the eastern part of
the Mediterranean region (see map 11). In Syria, Palestine, in
Cyprus, partly in Asia Minor a 'special endemic group of V. Ervilia
has been found (called by us mediterraneae) which in its general
habit is the most akin to the wild growing lentil. In this region
dwarfy forms have been found, as well as black-seeded ones with
large and with small seeds.
The Eastern Mediterranean is the centre of origin of the cul-
tivated Vicia Ervilia.
As the distance from this region increases, the number of
characters and forms becomes perceptibly less. Thus, for instance,
in Afghanistan but 3 varieties are grown.
In comparing the scheme of variation of Vicia Ervilia with
that of Lens esculenta, we see that the characters of both species
vary on the whole in the same way. Still some individual featu-
res may be observed in the variation of the separate characters
of V. Ervilia. In the first place, the range of variation of this
species is much narrower. Difference with regard to the size of
pods and seeds is 3 times in Lens esculenta, and reaches 6 mm,
while in V. Ervia it is but I
1
/.,2 times (3 mm). No differences
have been found with regard to the pubescence of the plants, the
length of the calyx-teeth, shattering, etc.
19*
292
General scheme of the variation of Vieia Ervilia Willd.
293
Hereditary varying features. Character of features.
I. Flower charact ers.
1. Colour of corolla
2. Dimensions of flower
3. Colour of pedicel
4. Number of flowers onpe-
duncle
5. Length of awn of peduncle
a. yeowish: 1) standard without veins
(Asia Minor, Syria), 2) standard with
violet veins (Afghanistan)
b. reddish-violet
a. large (length 810 mm)
b. small (length 78 mm)
a. green
b. purple
a. 12 (Syria, Palestine, Cyprus)
b. 24
a. long
b. short
II. Pod c h a r a c t e r s .
6. Dimensions of pod
7. Colour of immature pod
8. Colour of mature pod
9. Number of seeds per pod
a. large (length 21 25 mm, width
56 mm)
b. small (length 17 21 mm, width
45,5 mm)
a. green
b. purple (Syria, Palestine)
a. straw-coloured
b. brown (Syria, Palestine)
a. 34
b. 45
III. Seed c h a r a c t e r s .
10. Shape of seeds
11. Size of seeds
12. Weight of 1000 seeds
13. Colour of seeds
a. spherical (Afghanistan: Vazirabad)
b. triangular (pyramidal)
a. large (greatest diameter 56,5 mm)
b. small (greatest diameter 3,55 mm)
a. 2260 gr.
b. 6075 gr.
a. pink
b. grey
bro w n
d. blac k
Hereditary varying features.
14. Character of pattern
15. Colour of pattern
16. Colour of cotyle dons
17. Colour of hilum
Charac ter o f features.
a. m arbly p attern
b. sp o ttiness
c . do ttiness
d. c o m p lex p attern (c o m binatio n o f
a, b, c )
a. bro w n
b. p urp le
c . blac k
a. yello w
b. brig ht o rang e (red)
lig ht o rang e (p iiik)
a. light bro w n
b. dark bro w n
IV. Veg et a t i ve c h a r a c t er s.
18. Col our of se e dl ings
19. Sha pe of l e a fl e ts
20 . Size of l e a fl e ts
21. N umbe rof pa irs of l e a fl e ts
22. Col our of pl a nt
23. H e ight of pl a nt
24 . Col our of ste m
25. Thickne ss of ste m
26. Bra nching
27. H a bit of youn g pla nt
a. g reen (Syria, islandEho do s)
b. p urp le
a. o val
b. linear
a. larg e
b. sm all
a. 612 (Syria, Palestine, Cyp rus)
b. 1117 (Italy, Alg eria, Tunis. Bul
a. lig ht g reen (yello w g reen)
b. dark green (Syria, Palestine, Cyp rus)
a. tall
b. m edium
dw arfy
a. g reen
b. p urp le
a. thic k (2,54 m m ) "
b. thin (22,5 m m )
a. fo rm s p ro fusely branc hed (7 10
and m o re)
b. fo rm s sc antily branc hed(47)
a. erec t
b. sem i p ro strate (Zarafshan)
p ro strate (Palestine, Tunis)
314
3 12 .
221
221
. . 222
223
13 .
(Lens
esc o l ent a) . . . . 2 2 *
224
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
L . esclenta. . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
231
231
. 231
. ' A B A 14 /
, ( ) .
235
, 8 234
236
. . . . . . . 244
15 .
L eas esc u l ent a , . ' .
. . . . . . . . 248
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
, . . . . . . 249
. . 249
. , . 254
. . . . . . . . . * 255
. . ^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
260
;; ' ". . . . . . 265
I, 305
307
. 309
CO N TE N TS .
P ag e
I nt ro duc t io n 1
C h a p t e r 1.
T h e h i st o r y o f l ent i l c u l t i vat i o n. . . . . . . ' 5
Dat a o n t h e c ult ivat io n o f lent il in hist o ric al t im es a
Oc c urrenc e o f lent il in p rehist o ric al t im es "
Dat a o f ling uist ic .
8
M o de r n n a m e s o f t l i e c o m m o n l e n t i l 8
C h a p t e r 2.
G e o g r a p h y o f t h e l ent i l a nd t h e l i m i t s o f i t s c u l t i vat i o n . . . . . 11
Co unt ries g ro w ing Lens esculenta . . . , H
Co unt ries g ro w ing Vicia Ervllia and V. monanthos 11
Wo rld st at ist ic s o f lent il c ult ivat io n 11
B e g i o n o f c u l t i v a t i o n o f t h e c o m m o n l e n t i l i n U S S E . 14
Ac reag e under lent il in t he So ut h East o f Eur o p ean T J S S B . . . . . . . . . . 15
Ac reag e "under lent il in t he Ukraine. . . . . . . . . . . . .
.; . . . . . . . 15
Ac reag e under lent il in o t her lent il g ro w ing reg io ns o f SSB- . . . . . . 16
A c r e a g e a nd y i e l d o f l e n t i l i n U S S E b e f o r e a nd a f t e r
t h e w a r . . . . . . . . 16
Ac reag e andyield o f lent il in Bxtssia in 1913 16
Ac reag e under lent il in Euro p ean USSE in 1926 20
S t a t i s t i c s o f l e n t i l c u l t i v a t i o n i n d i f f e r e n t c o u n t r i e s . 21
Ac reag e andyield o f lent il in Eg yp t 21
Ac reag e under in Sp ain. . . . i . ; . . . . . . 21
Ac reag e under lent il i n Greec e . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . 23
Yield o f lent il in Palest ine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . 24
St at ist ic s o f lent il la o t her c o unt ries. . . . . . . . . . . ^. ^ .
r
. . . . . . 24
I m p o r t and exp o r t . . . . . . . . . . 25
Co untries exp o rting lentil. Exp o rt o f Russian lentil 25
Exp o r t o f c o m m o n lent il fro m Sp ain . . 26
I m p o rt andexp o rt o f lent il in Eg yp t 26
Co unt ries im p o rt ing lent il 27
L i m i t s o f l e n t i l c u l t i v a t i o n . , 27
Lat it udinal lim it s o f c ult ivat io n 27
Vert ic al lim it s o f t he c ult ivat io n o f Lens esculenta . . . . . "* . ... 30
Lim it s o f t h e c ult ivat io n o f Vicia Ervilta . . . . 30
C h a p t e r " 3.
C h em i c al c o m p o si t i o n and c o o k i ng p r o p e r t i e s o f l ent i l seeds . . . 33
Utilizatio n o f the lentil in different c o untries. 33
Chem ic al.jjam p o sitio n o f tiie lentil. . 33
Co o king p ro p erties o f lentil seeds .37
316
h a p t e 4.
T h e g enu s Lens; i t s h i st o r y and g eo g r ap h y 39
Sp ec ies o f c ultivated lentil. . . . . . . . . 39
The histo ry o f the g enus Lens in lit erat ure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
The p o sitio n o f the g enus Lens in t he tribue Vicieae. I t s differenc es fro m o ther
g e n e r a , * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . , . . 4 0
G e ne r a l desc r i p t i o n o f t h e g enu s T icia L . ... . 4 2
G ener a l desc r i p t i o n o f t h e g e nu s Lens ( T o u r n e f . ) A d a n s . . . . . . . . . 4 2
G e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e g e n u s L e n s . . . . . . . . 4 3
T h e g ener al a r e a o f t h e g e nu s Letts a nd t h e di st r i bu t i o n o f i t s sp ec i es . . . . 4 3
T h e ec o l o g y o f t h e sp ec i es o f t h e g e nu s Lens. 4 7
D e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e s p e c i e s o f t h e g e n u s Lens. J. . . . . . 4 8
L e n s L e t di a da ( S e h r e b. ) A l e i 4 8
Lens mpricans ( M . B. ) G o d r . . . . , . " 50
Lens Kotschyana ( Bo i ss. ) Alef. . . . . 53
Lens orientalis ( s s.) H a n d. M a z z .... 54
Lens esculenta M o enc h . . . . . . 59
C h ap t er 5.
Syst em o f heredit ary variat io n o f t h e lent il (Lens esc ulent a) and
desc rip t io n o f sep arat e c harac t ers . .
Material and m etho ds. * . . . . . . . . .
General sc hem eo f hereditary variatio n o f the sp ec ies Lens esculenta Mo enc h .
D esc r i p t i o n o f c h ar ac t er s o f Lens esculenta
Characters of flower
4
. . . . . .
Co lo ur o f c o ro lla.
Size o f flo w er
Size o f c alyx teeth
Num ber o f flo w ers o n p edunc le
Characters of pod , . . .' . .
Sue o f p o d
Fo rm o f surfac e o f p o d (thic kness o f p o d)
Shap e o f p o d (o utline) . . . \ .
Co lo ur o f p o d .
Dehisc enc e o f p o d
Characters of seeds.
Size o f seeds. .
Shap e o f seeds (t hic kness) , __.
Surfac e o f seeds. . . .
Co lo ur o f seeds . . . . . . . .
v
P at t er n o f s e e ds . .
Co lo ur o f c o t yledo ns. .* . . . . . . . . . . . . .^
P r o duc t i vi t y. ; . . . . "
Vegetative characters
Co lo ur o f seedling s.
Co lo ur o f p lant .
Pubesc enc e o f p lant
Size o f leaflets
Shap e o f leaflets.
Num ber o f p airs o f leaflets
Leng th o f tendrils
Habit o f g ro w th
Typ es o f branc hing .
Branc hiness.
Heig ht o f p lants
Physiological characters. . '
Veg etatio n p erio d
Investig atio n o f so m e quantitative c harac ters
Biology of the lentil
317
Pag e
Germ inatio n H ?
Germ inatio n p o w er o f the seeds 119
Branc hing . 11
Flo w ering and fruit fo rm atio n
Po llinatio n. 120
Gyto lo g ic al investig atio n o f t he lentil 122
Bo o t system o f t he lent i l.
4
. . I
2 2
; ' ..' * C h a p t e r 6. ,
Cl a ssifica tion o f L ens esc u lent a. Key t o var i et i es. 123
Sho rt survey o f t he system atic study o f the lentil
1 2 3
Classific atio n o f t he c o m m o nlent il 124
Princ ip al system atic unit s : . . . I *
4
Subsp ec ies. ". * ' * : . . . . . . . * * , ^
Geo g rap hic al g ro up s o f varieties ''. ' 7
Desc rip tio n o f g eo g rap hic al g ro up s 128
Varieties . ' I f
Elem entary sp eeiee jo rdano ns **J
Ec o typ es. . . . . , . . . . , . . I
Geo g rap hkffi and no n g eo g rap hic al c harac ters I B*
System atic value o f the c harac ters ' I
3 2
K e y t o t h e va T i e t i e s o f Lens csculenta M o enc h 134
; " ' " , ; \ ~f.~' ' ' Chap ter 7.
O the r spe cie s ofcul ifya ie d l e n til . . 1
4 2
T r enc h lent i l Brvilia Wi lld. I
4 2
Sho rt histo ry o f its generic and sp ec ific nam e I
4 2
Desc rip tio n, o f w ild gro w ing V. Ervia I
4 3
General aescription 0! cultivated F. Ervuia , . ' . . - . 145
Modem names ot V. Ervia I
4
Eegion of cultivation of V. Brvilia l

4
^
Utilization of T. Ervuia~ I
48
*
Material and scheme of variation I
5 0
Classificalion ef V. Ervia
l o 9
' Key t "the va r i e t i e s of Yt Ervia
16
*
Hi* tOTy of cul t i vat i on and oxigi_n of V. Ervilw, : 164
, .I-ntil-;Tieo nonuH&os D e s f. .* . . . . 164
' * - - - -- 1 67
distribution and ori gi n. -
1 6B
C h a p t e r 8.
T h e l e n t i l of U S S R , ; . ' l
G eo g r ap h y o f di e l ent i l . fo r m s i n E u r o p ean U S S R . . . . . . . 17
Bo tanic al diversity o f t he lent il in Euro p ean. USSR and in Siberia. 172
Prac t ic al w o rk w it h t he lentil c o nduc ted by t he exp erim ental institutio ns o f
*TBBB: i . V . T S M . . . . . . . . 173
The lent il o f, t he Dag hestan SSE 181
The lent il o f the Transc auc aettn Eep ublic s 182
Th e lent i l o f Azerbaijan .
8 3
T h e lent i l o f Ar m eni a' . , . . . : . 184
Th e lent i l o f G eo r g ia. . .'. s I
8 5
T h e l e n t i l o f t h e M i d d l e A s i a t i c E e p u b l i c s . . . . . . . 185
1.
.
,

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').
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.
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.
S chwe in furth ,

XI . ,
. ,
,
;

. ( Pl in ius, Nat. hist. XVIII, 31) ,
,
, .
;

( Virgil ius, Georgica I, 228 ),
: ,
D e C a ndo l l e , A. L'o rig ine des p lantes c ultivees. (1882). 5 m e ed. Paris.
1912.
, .
, . . 1872.
S c h b e i e r , F. . Viridarium No rveg ic um . . II. Christiania. 1888.
u 11 n, 1 f u J h n. The Plants o f the Bible. Lo ndo n, 1866.
B u sc h a n, G. Vo rg esc hic htlic he Bo tanik der Cultr-und Nutzpflanzen der
alten Welt auf Grand prhistorischer Funde. Breslau. 1895.
Hoop s , Jo h a n n e s . Waldbume und Kulturpflanzen im germanischen Alter-
tum. Strassburg. 1905.
S c h we i n f u r t h . Neue Beitrge zur Flora des alten Aegyptens. Ber.
d. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. I. 1883.
W g , Fr. Die Pflanzen im alten Aeg yp ten. Leip zig . 1886.
6
, 120.000
. ,
: , ,
XII (2.4002.220 . )
.
,
.
3 Adasc h u m Adas h i m ,

das.

,

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,

,

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,

,
( . II,
17,28);
. 1. (Hebro n).
. ,
.
. . . .
Fig . I. Palestine (Hebro n). Anc ient c em etery near
Abraham 's to m b, w here Esau so ld his birthrig ht to
Jac o b fo r a m ess o f p o ttag e m ade o f lentils.
Pho t, o f N. I. Va v 1 v.

, ,
( , 4, 9).

, Seh 1 em a n n'y>

( H o o p s, 1. , . 327).
( T h eo p h r ast o s, Hist, p lant. II. 4, 2),
( D i o sc o r i des, De m ed. m at. II, 129)
, , .

,
. V ro
( ) .
.
;
,
Reva
lenta arabica", .
L en
t u 1 ,
.
L ent i s, L ens (
) ,
( ) , , ,
L i nse, 1 n s z s, ,
, 1 n s s . .
, ,
, Faba, Pisum, Cicer.
, ,
' ). .
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2
).

, .
,
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.
, 15 .
,
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4
).

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, Bielersee, Lusc herz,
(Mo nte Lo ffa), (Butm ir),
(Sc hussenried), (Ag g telek, Leng yel, Fels-Dobsza,
Ripac), . ( ).
(Petersinsel),
(Mistelbac h), (Bo urg et), . (Herac lea)
[(Dra Abu Neg g a) ].
: Brandenburg
(Niem itzsc h, Guben), (Lutzm annstein),
(Karho f), (Steinburg ) (Strieg au),
(Haute Lo ire); (Baden, Buc hs)
(Bo r, Pac eng o , Aquileja).

5
).
') H eer , Osw al d. Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten. Zrich. 1865.
2
) 1 u m e 11 e, De l'ec o no m ie rurale. Traduit p ar M. Lo uis du Bo is. T. p rem .
Liv. II, p . 159. Paris. 1844.
;1
) H u t t o n, B. 1, b.c .
4
) , . . . 1866, . 612.
r>
) H eer , ., 1. ; Bu sc h an, 1. ; H o o p s, 1. .
P ax, F. Sc hlesiens Pflanzenw elt. Jena. 1925.
H eg i , G. Illustrierte Flo ra vo n Mitteleuro p a. B. IV. T. 3. Mnchen. 1925.
Neuwei l er , E. Die prhistorischen Pflanzenreste Mitteleuropas mit beson-
derer Bercksichtigung der schweizerischen Funde. Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturfor-
schenden Gesellschaft in Zrich. 1905.
U
5 '
ift
;
8
, ,
,
, ( 1).
H eer
{Ervum lens microspermum); , ,
,
. Bu sc h an' a,

. u s h a n ,
,
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,

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.
, ,
.

.

.

L i nse

L ens H o o p s
, . . ,
.
,
.
, .
. t e t
: m asu r a, r eenu k a, m ang al y a.
m u s s o u r ' ),
m e s .
N
.
^ .
, , ;
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,
; ( , .),
( ., . .).
so c z ew i c a; so c o w i c a; ec k , ,
; ; , .
2
).
, , , ,
. ;
') P i c t e t , Ado lf. Les o rig ines indo euro p eennes. Vo l. I. Paris. 1859, p . 290.
D e C a ndo l l e , 1.
2
) , . . . 1878.
10
( ), ( ).
( , , )
( ); ; ( ,
, , . );
m asu ; ( ) ,
b e r s e m .
di e g e m e i n e L i nse ,
L i ns e ne r v e , P f e nni g l i ns e , S a a t l i ns e , L i n s e n k i e c k e i v
P l a t t l i n s e ; 1 e n t 11 e c u l t i v e e , l e nt i l I o n,
n a n t 11 e; L e nt i l , l e nt i l s ;
l i nz e; l e nt i c c h i a , l e nt ; L e n
t ej as, L en t 1 h as. 3.
ne i nt i l l a , na nt i l l a .
2.
.

, .
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S?uit a

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7 1V
).
') Annuaire Internatio nal de Statistique Ag ric o le. Ro m e (Institut Internatio nal
(TAg ric ulture). 19091921, 1925, 1926.
V)
, ,
(5 40')

1926 .
2352' . .)

,

. . (

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.

100 . (
.

(3.000 .).
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, ,
5).

5. (Vieia Ervilia
Wi l l d.) no .
Map 5. The No rthern lim it o f m aturatio n o f t he Frenc h lent il ac c o rding t o t he
( ;. *
.. . : .,.:.. .'. 11
. .
, . ,
, ,
. 7 , 4.8 .
. ,
. . ,
.
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=2.3 , =2.8 ),
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( . 29 30).

. ^ ,
, . , , ,
, . .30. VitiaErvilia WilJd. ,

( ).
1 ; 2 : 3 :
4 ; 5
( 1 < / / )
. . . .
Pig . 30. Yicia Ervilia W 1 Id.,
g ro w ing w ild inUzbekistan
(enviro ns o f Tashkent).
1flo w er; 2p o d; 3seeds;
' '
t ( 1
_ J
Draw n by A M. S h e>
1
. Asi a
n : p ro p e Ango ra, in jno ntibus c alc areis. Dykm en.
1834. Wi edem ann. Kaia guenl Dere, a 2 Jieues
aa SO d'Ouc bak. Phrygie 29. V. 1857. . a 1 s a,
Jf 1197. Syria. ATo ntium Antilibani, in decvita-
tflms prope Baalbek, alt 11501300 m. 8. m. V.
1910. J. Bor nm ller, 11727. Iter Syriac um .
P er si a: . Kirm an, in m o nte Kuh-i-Hsar
(inter Kirman et Bender-Abbas) 3400 m. s. m. 10.
YIIL 1892. J. Bor nml l ex. Iter Perrico-tur-
dcnm, 3680. T r ansc au c asi a: . 14. VL
1889. . . , . ., 3
. , . . VI.
1888. . . . ,
. 5000' 24. . 1888. . .
. Arm enia.. . In lap ido sis. . . 1922. . sell im .
: . . . .
. . . 12. V. 2. . ' . ,
. . ., Parkas im Tec hirtsc hib ThaL 23000' VIL 1881.
. g eL . ., . Jassy. p r. Usgent,56000' V. 1879.A. Beg eL I t er
Tarkestanic um . . ., . . . . 2' JT.
1916. . " . Mo nies m eridio nales: Tian Sc han o c eidentalis. In ag rls derelic td*
p ro p e statio nem riae ferreae Dehilga. 1P26. W. 22 L, V. 14 ft. Popov. .
. . : p ro venit c ulta, sp o ntanea et subsp o n
. p er o m nem p ro rinc Gaditanam ( Wi llko m m , M. Snp p lem . PL Hisp anic ae.
Stungr&rtiae. 1893). : in c am p estribns p lanftiei
Sado ro et Philip p o p o l, sp o ntanea ( T eleno T sky, J. Flo ra Bulg aric a. Prag ae.
V. Ervilia '
, ., B at t andi er et T r abu t ,
. Alg .; P i , . et Beg u i no t , . analitic a dlt alia.
19001902; F i o r i , A. Nuo va Flo ra analitic a d'ltalia. 1925;
Z g 1 e r, A. a n d D r u d e, O. Die Veg etatio n der JErde. XI. 1909,
p . 531; H alac sy, Co nsp . FL Gxaec . 1901; Ko c h , Syno p sis. 1892;
Co st e, H., Flo re de la Franc e. 1901, . I.
145 .
. . ' ) , V. Ervilia
.. ,
, , .
.
Lens orientalis (
).
, 20 60

>
,
B0
V?
e
Ervjna.
M
, ,
( ). (
), ( , . ).
, , , .
617 , .
, ;
13^17 , 34.5 . ,
, .
, , , .
, 14 ,
. ,
(710 . , 57 ), *

( . , ),
, ,
. , .
, " ,
. 610 24
, . ,
, , ; 34
, ,
( , , ). 1925
56 .
( ), (
, ). 3.56.5 ,
( 1000' ) 20 75 ^

, Lens
esadenta; .
, .
, .
,
.
, , , L. esculenta:
. ^

Si b t h o r p , Flo ra Graec a. 1833., , S t u r m (1. ) ,
G am s inH eg i (1. ).
') Sc hedae ad Herbarium flo rae Asiae Mediae ab Universitt Asiae Mediae
editum. Fasc. XIXIII. Taschkent.
. . 15. 1927.
. . . . 10
S.e !
148
149
: ~ :, :: : : ~
. , ;. ^..:. :
,
, ;
,
').
, , .
, ..
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V. Ervilia
.
*
( , ),
( , .).
, Ervilia , ,
V. Ervilia.

,
.
;
L. esculenta,
"). , .
:
:
. 40. V. Ervia Wi l l d.
. 'Ervia
< .

16.4
15.86
13.5
Is

11.80
7.10
17.11
9.70
6.34
16.11
*
S.S.
.el
2.30
1.23
1.24
47.20 : 16.70
33.78
60.47
37.02
4.9S
5.60
5.21
2.70
,/
:
= 48.63 .
== "22.40
= 64.40
. . . :
. , . . . . . ; . . 1926.
^ , . . . . . .
S11. 3. 192 .
Abes v adze, GL L A Study o f JErvum Ervia L.cngreheliin Georgia^
Tiflis. 1S2S. . " . - " "
'-') em , . . !
1926 . . . . XVIL 4. 1927.
) ( . . . 37).
' " ' . .
. 41. Vicia Ervilia
V. monanthos D es f.
1
).
( 928 . .).
^
r
i lld.
346
194
27
456
1095
*-.

.
. Ervilia
var. coeru
lescens
atropunctata
int ermedia
nigra
. monanthos

.
. . . .
M. .
.
. . .
. . .
% :
9.44
9.28
9.40
9.06
9.0
2.70
3.23
2.86
3.37
4.26
3.56 0.78
3.73 0.93
3.35 0.99
3.74 0.90
3.46 0.87
X
-3
4.08 25.50 67,
4.36 27.24 65.77
3.86 24.12 68.
4.47 27.93 64.

46 4.74
4.55
.68
.38
4.88 30.50 60.92 4.30
68 4
068
V. Ervilia .
, , ,
;
| |)) ~ , .
/ ;* .
^ , ,

2
).
^ . . , ( ) V. Ervilia,
jraM , .
*Ervia
, , ,
* . . ,
[
"" /
( ) ,
" , :
, ( ). ( )
V. Ervilia , , .
}i
:
,
[
3
).
. , " ,
^ , . , '
J
) .
.
1
*) , W. No tes o n Ag ric ulture in Cyp rus and its Pro duc ts. 1919.
3
) P i ei ^ T S . A. GreeD Manuring:. Netr Jo rk. 1927, p . 224.
150
' ).
,
(
V. Ervui ).
,
, .
% ^
, , ^) ^ ^

.
,
,
. . . , <
^ CBSS^
TfZ "

^

iSetntna Ervf).
V. Ervia
, ^ ^
, ^
. ^

. f S S S
3 2 5 ?
V ErViUa
^
r
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*^

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( .. 10)
. ( )
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,
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) . .
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) , . .. 1. .
4
) AbeF sa4ze. 1. .
"
*
152

. 42,
* '
:.' Ervia Willd., !
.
gj .

, .

.
1
1 0

. . . . . . . . I 2
. . . . I 7

.
,
.
. .
Ana

*:
.
. . . . 1 7
. . 1 2
.
.
.
. . . , .

.
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. . .

133
Vic ia Ervilia W ! I d.

.
.
I. .
1. . ' . ,
1) ( . , )
2)
( )
. .
' ' & . ' ' ' '
a. ( 810 )
b. ( 7S )
a.
b.
4. . 12 ( , , . )
. 2 4 '
2.
5.
5. a.
b.
. .
.
7.
8.
9.
a. ( 2125 ,
5G )
b. ( 1721 ,
45.5 )
a.
b. ( . )
a.
b. ( , )
a. 34
b. 45
III. .
10.
11.
a. (
)
b.
. (
56.5 )
1>. (
. 5 jatf
!
12, ( 1000
) . . 2260 .
. 6075 .
154
155
?^^\ 4\ ;
:
.
.
15.
14.
15.
16. '
17.
a. .
b.
c.
v
d.
a.
b.
c.
(
, , > . ;:
a.
b. ( )
^
.
1>. ( )
c.
a.
b.
IV.
18 .
19
20 . .

a. ( . )
b.
a.
b.
a.
b.
22.
23.
24 .
25.
a. 612 ( ,
. )
b. 1117 ( , ,
) ' '
a. ( 8 )
b. ( ,
. . )
a.
b.
_ .
a.
b.
a. (2. 54 )
b. (22. 5 )

.

26.
27.
a. (710
)
b. (47)
a.
b. ( )
c. ( , ).
V. .
28 .
19.
.
1).
. 2050
. 50100
a. 1.55 .
b. 510 .
1)

2) .
30 .
1) ( .
siphe communis G ). .
2)
(Bruchm vlicis 1 s. & )

, ,

.
' V. Ervilia .
, .
, L. esculenta ,,
3 6 , V. Ervilia" .
17
2
2 (3 ). .
, ,
. . V
, V. Ervilia

. , , . , . *
, ,
, /
, ( *
) ,
.

. V. Ervilia, L. esculenta,
iaurantiacd) {flava)
.

YJBC. 31. Vicia Ervilia Wi lld.
.

/
3
.
. ..3L .
Tig . 31. Vicia Ervilia Wi H d. Branc h, o f the Frenc h
lentil o f Syria. %
Draw n by A. M. S bep el eva.
." 33. Vieia Ervilia Wi l l d. var. variegata . , .
2
/
5
.
. . .
Jig . 33. T icia Ervilia Wi lld. . variegata ., Cyp rus
2
/
5
.
Draw n . I I . S h ep el eva.
. 32. Vicia Ervilia Wi lld. . variegata ., . .
17 */
3
( 8); 8
4
; 9
8
/s>
10 *1$; 11 xVs*
. . . .
Fig . 82. Vicia ErmiUa Wi lld. . variegata ., Cyp rus.
17analysis o f the flo w er X
s
lt (7X8); 8p o d */
3
: 9seeds X
8
/
3
;
11 1tip ulex
4
^; 11leaflet X
4
/
S
.
Draw n by A. M. S1) e p e I e a.
34. T icia Ervuia Willd. . intermedia ., .
a
/s
. M.
Fig . 34. T icia Ervilia Wi lld. . intermedia ., Geo rgia. "/
.
Draw n by A. M. S h e p e 1 e v a.
159
"' " ; : ; ; ' ; f ; ; ~ ~..
. : .. Kj^;. ^ . . (.. _v . Ervilia rp \:.r.u
(
luted).

.

,
35. Yicia Ervilia Wi lld. .
3
/
5>
' : / .' . . '.' '" '. : :/ *:^|^
;
& ] *; # ." , ^ ^
Fig . 36. Ervilia Wi lld. Branc h o f ^ J ^ t t ^ ^ nt i lj f r ^ J i u l^ a. */ ^
. ,
.
.,
V. Ervilia
. ( 3
: V* ' ' .' . . ;^-irSiZQ-rK?:''W ^ 0: ~' ^ '
1. vnlgaris (g em eine Er venli nse) sxibvar. maefosperma (g ro s
sam ig e Er venli nae) . ' '
:
:
;
' : .! ''
2. punetata (p unktierte Ervenlinse) ^^
3. pygmaea j[Zw erg Ervenlinse ').
f
J
) Tc h i li at sLeff (Asie Mineure) . (Pbrygia) var. minus
1
" * **^**' ^ * ? vi\ **V .< ^
<
1 6 0
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(grex variet at um ). " ' ' '
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Area, of distribution a/ wad vuui tn iiut iviiid
11. Vicia Ervilia Wi lld.
Map 11. Geo grap hic al distributio n o f the fo rm s o f c ultivated Vicia Ervilia Wi lld.
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Seedlings of the flat seededvetch weed
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:
, . 1878. .
, . 1866. . .
, . . 1920. , (
q ). I I I
. .
, . . 1923.
. (T riticum vulgre var.
ferrugineum AI.). . . . . . XIII. . 1.
, . . 1926. . . .
. . . XVI. . 3.
, . . 1926. .
. .
, . . 1928. . . . ., .
. . XIX. . 2.
, . . 1929. .
. . IV. .
, . . 1925. . .
. . . . I I I . 24.
, . . 1929. . .
. . . IV. . 1.
, . . 1920.
. III
. .
, . . 1921. . .
, . . 1926. .
. . . . . XVI. . 2.
, . . , . . 1929. .
.
, . 1926 1927.
. .
. .
, . 1872. *
, . .
, . . 1926.
. . . . . . . . V.
, . . , . . 1929.
. . . . . . .
. VI.
, . . , . . 1929.
. .
2 . . . ., . . . XXII. . 1.
, . 1927. . 10 .
10.
, . 19271928. . >. 24(89),
6(95).
, . . 1924.
. .
, . . 1926. . (
). . . . . . IV. 4.
, . . 1927.
. . . . . . XVII. . 2.
, . . 1926. . .
.
, . . 1929.
( 19231927 .).
. ^ . ., . . . XXI. . 1.
, . . 1927.
1926 . . . . . . XVII. . 4.
, . 1872. . .
. . . . .
. 1913. , .
. .
, . 1895. , .
.
, . . 1925.
. .
, . . 1926. .
. .
, . . 1928.
. .
, . 1927. . .
, . . 1925. , Etiella zincJcenelJa .,
. 1920 1925 .
.
, . . 1929. Gicer . (
). . . ., . . . XXI. . 1.
, . . ( ). Lens orientalis .
, ., , ., , . , . 1927.

. . . . . . . I I I . . 1.
, . . 1927. . .
.
, . . 1927. Vicia. .
. ., . . . XVII. . 3.
, . . 1930. . . .
., . . . XXIII. . 4.
. 1924. . .
< , . 1835. . . V. .
, . . 1926.
. . . . . XVI. . 1.
, . . ( ).
.
, . . 1926.
. . 4. .
, . . 1929. . 4 .
.
, . . 1928.
( 192326 .).
. . ., . . . XIX. . 1.
, . . 1927. Papilio
. . . . . . . . 6.
, . . 1909. Camelina
. . . . VI.
. .
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Lentils o f the USSB and o f o ther c o untries.
H elena Barnlina.
(A Bo tanic o Ag ro no m ic al Mo no g rap h).
S U*M M ARY.
I nt r o du c t i o n.
Being in p o ssessio n o f vast w o rld c o llec tio ns o f c ultivated
p lants, bro ug ht ho m e fro jn different c o untries b\ a w ho le series o f
exp editio ns, the Bureau o f Ap p lied Bo tany o f t he State I nstitute
o f Exp erim ental Ag ro no m y and t he I nst it ut e o f Ap p lied Bo tany
have m ade it their p urp o se to p ublish a series o f m o no g rap hs o n
c ultivated p lants. The p resent w o rk is t he first essay to g ive
a bo tanic o ag ro no m ic al w o rld m o no g rap h o n t he lentil.
Our investig atio n em brac es c hiefly the c o m m o n lentil, Lens
eseulenta Mo enc h , as being o f the g reatest ec o no m ic al im p o rtanc e.
I t p artly ap p lies also to t he Frenc h lentil, Vicia Ervilia Wi lld. ,
and to uc hes sho rtly o n the Oneflo w ered lentil, Vicia monanthos
D e s f. The last tw o sp ec ies belo ng to g rain fo rag e p lants.
C h a p t e r 1.
H istory of the cultivation of the le ntil.
The lentil is o ne o f the m o st anc ient c ro p p lants, c ultivated
already in p rehisto ric al tim es in the East, in Hung ary and in
Sw itzerland. Lentil o f the neo lithic p erio d has been fo und in
Euro p e in: Bo snia, Hung ary, I taly, Sw itzerland and in the So uthern
p art o f Germ any. This c ro p w as evidently adventive o f the So uth
Eastern Asia. The anc ientness o f lentil c ultivatio n in So uth Western
Asia is testified by num ero us Sanskrit nam es. I t w as kno w n to t he
anc ient Eg yp tians, Hebrew s, Greeks and Ro m ans. Fro m I taly t he
lentil has sp read o ver the Alp s to Germ any, to the Lithuanians
and Slavs.
C h a p t e r 2.
The geography of the crop and the limits of its cultivation.
The area o f lentil c ultivatio n em brac es a c o n
Co untries siderable ac reag e. Co m m o n lentil is g ro w n in USSR;
êsculenta. o f the West Euro p ean c o untries in Franc e, Germ any,
Austria, Hung ary, Czec ho slo vakia, Ro um ania, Sp ain,
PrvT+nrnsd T+.alv Sir nl v. Sar r imia
1
in +.no . ' * in 7 .
'Greec e; in the island Cyp rus (table 1). On a em ail sc ale the lentil
is g ro w n in Sw itzerland and in Eng land. I n N". Afric a t he lentil
is so w n in Eg yp t, Mo ro c c o , Alg eria, Tunis, Trip o litania, Abyssinia
and Eritrea. I n Am eric a t he c ro p has g ained w ide sp read in Chile.
Asiatic c o untries, t he lentil is g ro w n o n a larg e sc ale in Asia Mi
no r, Syria, Palestine, Transjo rdania, Meso p o tam ia, Arabia (Yem en),
Persia, Afg hanistan, Baluc histan, India, Kashm ir, so m etim es in
China.
Countries gro A
s
reg ards the c ultivatio n o f the Frenc h and
w ing Vic ia Er o f the Oneflo w ered lentil in o ur c o untry , the first
villa and is o f im p o rtanc e o nly in the Cauc asus, w hile t he
V. raonanthos.
s e c o n (
j j
sn o
t g ro w n at all in the So viet Unio n.
The c hief c o untries w here t he Frenc h lentil is c ultivated are:
Syria, Palestine, Transjo rdania, Asia Mino r, Greec e, t he islands
Creta and Cyp rus, Sp ain, as w ell as Afg hanistan. The area o f
c ultivatio n o f t he Oneflo w ered lentil isSp ain andPo rtug al.
The regions ofcultivation ofthe common le ntil in USSR.
are the So uth East o f Euro p ean USSR (the p ro vinc es Sarato v,
Tam bo v, Penza), the Ukraine, t he Up p er Vo lga reg io n (the p ro
vinc es Nishny No vg o ro d, Kazan, Ulyano vsk) and the Central p ro
vinc es (Tula, Orel, Ryazan). The lentil is also c ultivated in t he
Crim ea and in the No rthern Cauc asus, as w ell as in the Trans
c auc asian and Middle Asiatic Rep ublic s. I n Siberia ho w ever the
lentil o c c up ies but a very inc o nsiderable ac reag e, its c ro p s being
sc attered c hiefly alo ng the rail ro ads. In the Far East (the Ussu
T h e S u t h E ast o f E u r o p ean U S S R i s t h e p r i n
c i p al c ent r e p r o du c i ng exp o r t l ent i l .
The first p lac e am o ng the g rain Leg um ino sae o f the Ukraine
is o c c up ied by the lentil, alo ng w ith p eas. The c entre o f lentil
c ultivatio n in the Ukraine are the p ro vinc es: Po do lia, Chernig o v,
Kiev and Vo lynia.
The lentil c ro p s o f t he Tartar Rep ublic are c o nc entrated in
the reg io n adjo ining the river Kam a and in the Trans Vo lga
distric ts. In t he Trans Kam a reg io n t he c ro p has g ained but little
sp read.
Befo re the w ar, in 1913, t he ac reag e under lentils c o nstituted
in Russia=415.05H ha. I n 1926 t he ac reag e so w n to lentils in t he
Euro p ean p art o f USSR w as 419.542 ha, in 1929it w as 426.500 ha.
Thus, USSR lentil c ro p s o c c up y alm o st the half o f
t he w o rld ac reag e under lentils. USSR ho lds t he first p lac e in
t he w o rld m arket w ith reg ard to lentil p ro duc tio n; Eg yp t fo llo w s,
w ith Sp ain, Chile, Ro um ania and Czec ho slo vakia.
In Sp ain all t hree sp ec ies o f t he lentil are g ro w n, t he first
p lac e being o c c up ied by Vicia monanthos. The next in im p o rtanc e

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3
is View Er vb'Sn tl r ' '^ ; lentil c o ses last. Besides Pp ain
.; t is ..: iTu^craut crop in Syria, Palr-stine,
T ransjortiania, in Cyprus and "Greece. The acreage occupied by
this crop in the above mentioned countries is considerably greater
than that sown to common lentil. If we attempt the approximate
estimation of the acreage under lentils in all countries of the
world growing this crop (not only the common lentil, but also
the French and the Oneflowered one), it will find its expression
in about one mi l l i on hect ar es . This value gives an idea
of the importance of the crop in the economy of the world.
,, . Import and Export.
The countries which export lentils are USSR, Spain, Egypt,
Chile, Abyssinia, Turkey, Western Asia and India. The majority
of West-European countries, as Germany, France, England, Greece,
Bulgaria, as well as America import the lentil from other countries.
Previously to the war Russia occupied the first place among
other countries as regards the export oi lentils. Almost the whole
Russian lentil export went to Germany through Knigsberg. The
Penza and Tambov. After the wax Chile has become a serious
The limits of lentil cultivation. .
The data of the geographical' experiments
limiteofthecitl- îtb regard to the lentil during 6 years 1923
eac nlent iu1928) have sno w n that t he No rthern lim it o f
m aturatio n o f the sep arate lentil varieties m ay
vary in dep endenc e o n the m eteo ro lo g ic al c o nditio ns o f t he veg e
tatio n p erio d (see m ap 4). Thus, in t he m o ist year 1923 no t o ne
o f the lentil varieties reac hed full m aturity in t he No rthern
statio ns. Only beg inning w ith 5740' No rth iatitude (Ko stro m a)
full m aturatio n c o uld be" o bserved^ I n t he c o m p aratively, dry
year 1924 t he lim it shifted c o nsiderably to t he Torth. Thusât
the Station near the Ladoga lake (59 52') and at the Novgorod:
Station (58 40') almost all varieties attained maturity- """ .
As far as may be judged from the results of g eo g rap hic al
exp erim ents c o nduc ted by the I nstitute o f Ap p lied Bo tany, the
c ultivatio n o f t he lentil m ay be reg arded as m o re o r less reliable
o nly beg inning w ith ap p ro xim ately 57 N. lat (p ro vinc es Ko stro m a,
Tver, Mo sc o w ).
At an elevatio n o f 1760 m . abo ve sea level,
The vertic al (Geo rg ia: Bakuriani, p ro v. Tiflis) and 1550 m .
va1io n
0
o f
C
LeSs <
T u r k e s t a n :
Chim gan) the resp o nse o f t he lentil
esc ulenta.
t o
enviro nm ental c o nditio ns is t he sam e as in the
extrem e No rth and as a rule it do es no t reac h
m aturity. I n 1926 in Arm enia (Leninakan1470 m .) all varieties
o f the lentil attained m aturity.
269
Ac c o rding to t he data o f t he exp editio n o f N. I. Vavi lc v,
rLe c hief reg io n o f lentil c ultivatio n in Afghanistan is situated at
an altitude o f 12001300 m . abo ve sea level. The hig hest p o int
this p lant is g ro w n in a m ixture w ith w heat.
Ac c o rding to t he data o f the g eo g rap hic al
Th
i
Ul
i t S
V sowings conducted by the Institute of Applied
V. SSSSu Botany, the Northern limit of the cultivation of
V. Ervia also sharply fluctuates' in dependence
on the meteorological conditions of the summer (see map 5). It
must be noted that this crop may advance considerably farther
to the North. Thus^ in 1924 V. Ervia ripened even in the
Murman region (Khibiny, 67 44'); in 1925 and in 1927in Arkhan-
gelsk (64 33') and in Severo-Dvinsk (61 10')-
The vertical limit of the cultivation of V. Ervia equally
ascends much higher than that of the common lentiL
Cha pt e r 3.
The chemical composition and the cooking properties of lentil seeds.
According to the investigation of the Biochemical Laboratory
of the Institute of Applied Botany, the seeds of leguminous plants
-show a constant chemical composition:. In peas, lentils, vetches,
horse-beans, grown in the most different regions of USSR, no
considerable changes are observed as regards the contents of
proteins, ashy'cellular tissue and fat. Thus, the varietal differences
observed in the lentil with, regard to its chemical composition
remain practically unaltered m any geographical station (see table 2).
The author gives the data concerning the
cooking properties of different lentil varieties,
lentil êeds. according to the investigation carried out by
" V. S. F e d o t o v a t the Genetical Station of the
Institute of Applied Botany (see table 3).
Of all grain Legnminosae the lentil shows the highest cooking
coefficient. The small-seeded varieties (Afghanistan, India, Abys-
sinia, Persia) are better' cookers than the large-seeded ones (Italy,
USSR). The colour of the seeds does not influence their evoking
properties. The thickness of the seed coat plays a considerable
role reg ard to t he c o o king p ro p erties.
C h ap t er, 4.
The genus Lens, it s histo ry and geo grap hy.
Fro m an ag ric ultural p o int o f view usually
i three p lants are referred to the c ultivated lentils.
Bo tanic ally they belo ng to the sam e fam ily
Leguminosae J uss. , sub fam ily Papionatae Taub,
and tribus Vicieae Bronn. , but to two separate genera [Lens
(Tourn. ) Adans. and Yicia L.]: common lentilLens esculenta
#
267
Greec e: ir t i e
;
!h;jd Cyp rr. ^ l\ On a sm all sc ale the lentil
is gro w n ih Svri Dzeriaiid aij a ._ I nland. I n K". Afric a the lent:.
is so w n in Eg yp t, Mo ro c c o , Algeria", Tunis^THp o Iitania, Abyssinia
and Eritrea. I n Am eric a t he c ro p has g ained w ide sp read in Chile.
Asiatic c o untries, t he lentil is gro w n o n a larg e sc ale in Asia Mi
no r, Syria, Palestine, Transjo rdania, Meso p o tam ia, Arabia (Yem en)?
Persia, Afg hanistan, Baluc histan, India, Kashm ir,, so m etim es in
China. .
Co untries g ro As reg ards the c ultivatio n o f t he Trenc h and
w ing Vida Er o f the Oneflo w ered lentil in o ur c o untry ..the first
vilia and is o f im p o rtanc e o nly in the Cauc asus, w hile t he
V. m o nantho s.
s e c o n
d i
sn o
t gro w n at all in t he So viet Unio n.
The c hief c o untries w here the Frenc h lentil is c ultivated are:
"Syria, Palestine, Transjo rdania, Asia Mino r, Greec e," t he islands
Greta and Cyp rus, Sp ain, as w ell asAfg hanistau. The area o f
c ultivatio n o f t he Oneflo w ered lentil isSp ain and Po rtug al.
The reg io ns o f c ultivatio n o f the co m m o n lentil in USSR
are t he So uth East o f Euro p ean USSR (the p ro vinc es Sarato v,
Tam bo v, Penza), t he Ukraine, t he Up p er Vo lg a reg io n {he pro- >.
vinces Nishny .Novgorod, Kazan, Ulyanovsk) and the Central prc-
vinces (Tula, Orel, Ryazan). The lentil is also cultivated in the .
Crimea and in the: Northern Caucasus, as well as in the Trans- '
Caucasian and Middle-Asiatic Republics. In Siberia however the
lentil occupies but a very inconsiderable acreage, its crops,being
scattered chiefly along the rail-roads. In the Far East (the Ussu-
rijsk territory) the lentil is sometimes sown.
The Sout h- East of Eur opean USSR i s t he pri n-
ci pal cent r e pr oduci ng expor t l ent i l . . - .
The first place among the grain Leguminosae of the Ukraine
is occupied by the lentil, along with peas. . c jahtre\o f lent ils;
c ultivatio n in t he Ukraine are t he p ro vinc es:; '
a
' ^
>j|nra:
^* <?
s
Ki ev andVo lynia. ? ;
Th e lent i l c ro p s o f t h e Tar t ar Rep ublic , a
t h e reg io n adjo ining t h e r iver Kam a and i n t he'* Trans Vo lg a "j
dist ric t s. I n t h e Tr ans Kam a reg io n t h e c ro p h as g ained bu t lit t le' ',
sp read. .
Befo re t h e w ar, i n 1918, t h e ac reag e under lent ils c o nst i t ut ed
in R nssi a=4 l 5. 05K h a. I n 1926 t h e ac reag e so w n t o lent i ls int h e
Eur o p ean p ar t o f U SSR w as 419.542 h a, in1929it w as 426.500 h a. \
Thus, U SSR lent i l c ro p s o c c up y . alm o st t h e h alf o f'
t h e w o rld ac reag e under lent ils. U SSR ho lds t h e first p lac e i n
t h e w o rld m ar ket w i t h r eg ar d t o lent i l p ro duc t io n; E g yp t fo llo w s,
w i t h Sp ain, Chile, Ro um ani a andCzec ho slo vakia. " _
I n Sp ain all t h r ee sp ec ies o f t h e lent il g ro w n, t h e first
p lac e being o c c up ied by Vicia monanthoz. Th e next ini m p o r t anc e

UM . 0 S
QAIO S
JO %
re

! *

Si

5 1
Si SD 1
>
) 0 0 (
> 4 i CO I
0 0
^ as

coco
i^
CJ '
1 ^ | *
: t> W> 0 0
* Cd lO 1
" " 1 S " o i o I 1 ! I
f < CJ
t N .
0 0 t 0 0
i l l
Ht Oe
v so to e j ' '
o\
OB CM * CM CO > < N
un > n cqcoioii
ef* gQ 5p j g ^4 5Q <*V ^. lCJ CO CO CO
CflD
cvrco oi
> CO 0 9
^ ca
! I 1
^1 J
* * *
' t
0 0
t s
7 ?
.
1
I
* .
3s
is
1 .
g SS
3
266
Greece; in the island Cyp ru? (rnble 2 :: : . \
is gro w n in Sw itzerland and in xLnz*^ . _ . . . : , _ ^
t
is so w n in Eg yp t, Mo ro c c o , Algeria^ Tunis, Tnp o litauia, Aby_
and Eritrea. I n Am eric a the c ro p has g ained w ide sp read in
I t is equally g ro w n in Arg entina and Brazil, so m etim es in "~
Co lum bia, Guatem ala and in t he island Cuba. As reg ards
Asiatic c o untries, t he lentil is g ro w n o n a larg e sc ale in Ai
, Syria, Palestine, Transjo rdania, Meso p o tam ia, Arabia (Yi
Persia, Afg hanistan, Baluc histan, India, Kashm ir, so m e^*
China.
Co untries g ro ^
s
reg ards t he c ultivatio n o f t he
w ing Vic ia Er o f the Oneflo w ered lentil in o ur c o untry
nilia and is o f im p o rtanc e o nly in t he Cauc asus, ^^,
V. m o aantho s.
seC
o nd is no t g ro w n fc t all in t he So viet Unio .
The c hief c o untries w here t he Frenc h lentil is c ultivated
Syria, Palestine, Transjo rdania, Asia Mino r, Greec e, the
Greta and Cyp rus, Sp ain, as w ell as Afg hanistau. The
c ultivatio n o f t he Oneflo w ered lent il is Sp ain and P<
The reg io ns o f c ultivatio n o f tbe co m m o n lentil in USSR,
The c hief reg io ns w here t he lentil is gro w n in
are t he So uth East o f Euro p ean USSR (the p ro vinc es
Tam bo v, Penza), the Ukraine, ' t he Up p er Vo lg a reg io n
vinc es Nishny No vg o ro d, Kazan, Ulyano vsk) and the
vinc es (Tula, Orel, Ryazan). The lentil is also c ultivated ~
Crim ea and in t he No rthern Cauc asus, as w ell as in
Cauc asian and Middle Asiatic Rep ublic s. I n Siberia
lentil o c c up ies but a very inc o nsiderable ac reag e, it s '
sc attered c hiefly alo ng t he rail ro ads. In the Far East (the
T h e S o u t h E ast o f E u r o p ean U S S R i s t h e p x|
c ip al c ent r e p r o du c i ng exp o r t l ent i l .
The first p lac e am o ng t he g rain Leg um ino saj.
is o c c up ied by t he lentil, alo ng w itb p eas.
c ultivatio n in the Ukraine are t he p ro vinc e's; PodoliyCE
Kiev and Volynia. . * . z ~ ;\:-3fA.
The lentil crops of the Tartar Republic are concehta
the region - adjoining the river Kama and in the Transri
districts. In the Trans-Kama region the crop has gained
v
'
spread.

"v
Befo re the w ar, in 1913, t he ac reag e under lentils
in Rnssia=415.05H ha. I n 1926 t he ac reag e so w a to lentils",
Euro p ean p art o f USSR w as 419.542 ha, in 1929it w as 42f "
Thus, USSR lentil c ro p s o c c up y alm o st

* '
t he w o rld ac reag e under lentils. USSR ho lds t he
t he w o rld m arket w ith reg ard to lentil p ro duc tio n;
w ith Sp ain, Chile, Ro um ania and Czec ho slo vakia, .
In Sp ain all t hree sp ec ies o f t he lentil gro w n, the
p lac e being o c c up ied by Yicia monanthos. The next in im p o r*"'
267

.
> t o '
) OO C. (M I
1 1 * 1

t o
CO
GO
I f I
. . % . . I I ~ I ~ J 1 1 1 1
c T i î t T ' I I I o o l o l
4 <
* ) ~
O O O C O OOO
to *ie t^
t o
il I
>

CM 0 0 ' I
CO * CO t I
<
>
*
3 |
< '' 0 0

4> 0 0
' I
N aOt 0 0

. s. g
'S* *
c^ <
. 2 at
s
"m < M
m
268
is Viein Ervilia, w hile the c o ix r^r l : nzL. c;.r::t? b " .1 ~ .:'. ~ "ai n
rJ e .Frenc h lent.il is an im p o rtant c ro p in ^yric . Pa.' stine
Transjo rdania, in Cyp rus and Greec e. The ac reag e o c c up ied by
this c ro p in the abo ve m entio ned c o untries is c o nsiderably g reater
than that so w n to c o m m o n lentil. If w e attem p t t he ap p ro xim ate
estim atio n o f t he ac reag e under lentils in all c o untries o f the
w o rld g ro w ing this c ro p (no t o nly the c o m m o n lentil, but also
the Frenc h and the Oneflo w ered o ne), it w ill find its exp ressio n
in abo u t o ne m i l l i o n h ec t ar es. This value g ives an idea
o f the im p o rtanc e o f the c ro p in the ec o no m y o f t he w o rld.
Im p o rt and Exp o rt.
The c o untries w hic h exp o rt lentils are USSR, Sp ain, Eg yp t,
Chile, Abyssinia, Turkey, Western Asia and India. The m ajo rity
o f West Euro p ean c o untries, Germ any, , Eng land, Greec e,
Bulg aria, as w ell
v
as Am eric a im p o rt the lentil fro m o ther c o untries.
Previo usly to t he w ar Russia o c c up ied the first p lac e am o ng
o ther c o untries as reg ards the exp o rt o i lentils. Alm o st t he w ho le
Russian lentil exp o rt w ent to Germ any thro ug h Knigsberg. The
Penza and Tambov. After the war Chile has become a serious
The limits of lentil cultivation.
The data of the geographical experiments
limits ef the cnl- Tjjth
Te
g
a
rd to the lentil during 6 years (3923
eKnlenta!
enS 192t i
)
h a v e
shown that the Northern limit of
maturation of the separate lentil varieties may
vary in dependence on the meteorological conditions of the vege-
tation period (see map 4). Thus, in the moist year 1923 not one
of the lentil varieties reached full maturity in the Northern-
stations. Only beginning with 5740' North latitude (Kostroma)
full maturation could be" observed, In the comparatively dry
year 1924 the limit shifted considerably to the North. Thus, at
the Station near the Ladoga lake (59 52') and at the Novgorod
Station (58 40') almost all varieties attained maturity.
As far as may be judged from the results of the geographical
experiments conducted by the Institute of Applied Botany, the
cultivation of the lentil may be regarded as more or less reliable
only beginning with approximately 57 N. lat. (provinces Kostroma,
Tver, Moscow).
Ate' *' ^
a n
elevation of 1760 m. above sea-levol
The vertical (Georgia: Bakuriani, prov. Tiflis) and 1550 m.
Js (
T
"
urkestan:
Chimgan) the response of the lentil
18
^ environmental conditions is the same as in the
extreme North and as a rule -it does not reach
maturity. In 1926 in Armenia (LeniuaTvan1470 m.) all varieties
of the lentil attained maturity.
269
According -' the data of the expedition of N. I. Vavi l cv,
the I i f "tjTAi : lentil c ultivatio n in Afg hanistan is situated at
an altitude o f 12 }1300 m . abo ve sea level. The hig hest p o int
this p lant is gro w n in a m ixture w ith w heat.
Ac c o rding to the data o f the g eo g rap hic al
so w ings c o nduc ted by t he I nst it ut e o f Ap p lied
o f r> , , , I T J. L A f . , S r
V. Ervilia. Bo tany, t he No rthern lim it o f t he c ultivatio n o f
V. Ervia also sharply fluctuates 'in dependence
fy on the meteorological conditions of the summer (see map 5). It
must be noted that this crop may advance considerably farther
to the North. Thus,, in 1924 V. Ervilia ripened even in the
Murman region (Khibiny, 67 44'); in 1925 and in 1927in Arkhan-
gelsk (64 33') and in Severo-Dvinsk (61 10').
The vertical limit of the cultivation of V. Ervilia equally
ascends much higher than that of the common lentil.
Chapt e r 3.
The chemical composition and the cooking properties of lentil seeds.
According to the investigation of the Biochemical Laboratory
of the Institute of Applied Botany, the seeds of leguminous plants
show a constant chemical composition. In peas, lentils," vetches,
'horse-Deans, grown in the most different regions of TJSSR, no
considerable changes are observed as regards the contents of
proteins, ash, cellular tissue and fat. Thus, the varietal differences
observed, in the lentil with regard to its chemical composition
remain practically unaltered in any geographical station (see table 2).
The author gives the data concerning the
cooki Q
g propertied of different lentil varieties,
lentil seeds. according to vthe investigation carried out by
* ' V. S. e d t v at the Genetic al Statio n o f the
I nstitute o f Ap p lied Bo tany (see table 3).
Of all g rain Leg um ino sae t he lentil sho w s t he hig hest c o o king
% c o effic ient. The sm all seeded varieties (Afg hanistan, India, Abys
sinia, Persia) are better c o o kers than t he larg e seeded o nes (Italy,
TJSSR). The c o lo ur o f t he seeds do es no t influenc e their c o o king
p ro p erties. The thic kness o f t he seed c o at p lays'a c o nsiderable
ro le in reg ard to t he c o o king p ro p erties.
C h a p t er 4. .
* The g enns Lens, it s histo ry and g eo g rap hy.
~

an ag ric ultural p o int o f view usually
t b r e e
Plants are referred to t he c ultivated lentils.
Bo tanic ally they belo ng to t he sam e fam ily
Leguminosae J uss. , sub fam ily Papilionatae Taub.
and tribns Br o nn. , but to tw o sep arate g enera [Lens
( To ur n. ) Adans. and Vicia L.1: c o m m o n lentilLens esculenta
the
Lentil.
4t
j
s a .a
l l
I I llll
s
*

"'iBf^

1
. 2 JS . S
' , '
,

1
* (
* >
R
4
* sB

$
II
>J5 g
fi
ri ^
a

2

1 'I \
% 1
E S

1 >
1
t
(
T a b l e 2. O l i e m i c a i c o m p o s i t i o n o i g r a i n, s t r a w a nd c h a f f o f t h o l e n t i l .
(Yield o f 1926 at the Ukrain Statio n o f tlie Inst. o f Ap p l. Bo tany, distr. Kharko v).
Bota nica l'
va rie ty
Name of varie ty
and origin
H ygroscopi
cal wate r
n
% % o f a b s o l u t e l y d r y w e i g h t
A 8 h
Ce llular
tissue
a t
Nitro
ge n
ge ne
ral
Raw prote in,
N X6,25
Nitroge n
l e ss
e xtract,
substances
29
442
310
210
Ki
337
417
383
409

ria A 1,
vulgaris
( 1. ) m.
vulgar is
(Al. ). m.
Ptihianii m.
daghesta
nica m.
dupuyen<
sis m.
melano
m.
viola
scens m.
perstca in.
iTare loohnaya
prov. Saratov ,
prov. Saratov , .
Krapchataya
(spe ckle d) Perm
E xp. Station. .
Dymchataya,
Se le ct, of P 1.
ma n . . . .
Daghe stun. . . ,
< DuPuy, F rance
Small blackse e
Je d. Afghanis"
tan,Chekhoearai.
Afglianistan, M ni
mana . . . .
Afghanistan, Ku
ghUtan . . . .
8 ,8 8
9,26
9,68
9,57
10 ,18
10 ,19
9,66
7,38
9,4 2
9,8 7
7,77
9,68
9,96
9,25 10 ,70
8 ,68 11,44
6,81
8 ,99
9, 8 311, 74
9,68
6,81
10,42
12,24
10,07
2,70
3,37
,76
2,55
2,74
2,4 5
2,62
2,51
2,17
6,29
6,18
5,68
6,64
6,24
5,65
10, 28
7,61
8,07
2,87 28 ,10 17,76
3,48 25,52
8 ,67 2,94 27,91
6,97 3,38 27,60
3,46 8 7,8 5 9,62
7,90 3,10 28 ,8 1
17,58
19,8 8
17,35
17,87
16,86
0,98
1,0 J,5
1,67 2,4 6
1,60
1, 0 61, 68 2,50
1,10 1,8 7 2,8 4
1,01 1,69 1,81
4 . 9'
8 , 5111, 16 2,76 26,0(,
6,97 10 ,90
2,8 9 20 ,76
2,76
2,94 17,18
0 , 8 51, 8 9 8,17
0 ,8 8
1. 25
1,07
4,61
5,07
4, 88
4, 77
4, 82
4 ,8 6
4 , 53
4 ,4 0
4 ,78
28, 81 6,75
31,69 5,91
30 , 50 6,96
29,8 1 7,76
30 ,8 7 4,17
28,81
27,50 4,81
'39,87 5,0 0
9,75
9,36
7,26
7, 82
7,87
8 ,0 6
10,69
6,94
04, 64
60, 42
02, 74
63,16
0 2,67
63, 23
65, 4 0
65,0 8
6B,()5
272 273
t \ fo enc h. Frenc h lentilVicia Ervilia
. Yicia monanthos Desf. Tie lz
1 d. and Oneflo w ered
;~o sp ec ies o f Vicia are
usually referred to t he grain fo rage p lants. They w ill be disc ussed
in a sep arate c hap ter 7. The rem aining p art o f the w o rk deals o n
*the c o m m o n lentilLens esculenta w hic h is o f t he g reatest
im p o rtanc e iu c ultivatio n. The autho r g ives also a c urso ry survey
o f the w ild g ro w ing sp ec ies o f Lens,
The first" go o d desc rip tio n and draw ing s o f t he g enus
Lens w ere g iven by T o u m ef o r t . L i nne unhap p ily united t he
g enus Lens w ith t he g enus Cifier. He bro ug ht the c o m m o n lentil
to the g enus Ervum {Ervum Lens L.) to g ether w ith E. tetrasperrnum,
E. hirsutum, E. monanthos, E. Ervilia. The last fo ur sp ec ies are
referred by t he m o dern autho rs t o the g enus Vicia. During a lo ng
tim e the bo tanists fo llo w ed t he no m enc lature o f L i nu e and
o nly iu the late half o f t he XIX c entury Lens ap p ears o nc e
m o re in bo tanic al literature as an indep endent g enus. Ac c ep ting
Lens alo ng w ith Vicia as a sep arate g enus, t he m o dern autho rs,
reg ard Ervum as but a sec tio n o f the g enus Vicia.
To the tribus Vieieae belo ng 4 very related g enera: Lathyrus,
Pisum, Vicia, Lens\ esp ec ially c lo sely related are Lens and Vicia.
The differenc e betw een these tw o g enera c o nsists so m etim es o nly
in m ino r c harac ters. An extrem ely g reat andintric ate syno nym ism
is fo und in this g ro up .
Our study o f t he
4
g enus Lens w ith its sp ec ies (c hiefly t he
c ultivated lentil), as w ho le, ac c o rding, to a definite c o m p lex o f
c harac ters has sho w n ho w ever t hat t he g ro up Lens is indubitably
a sep arate g enus, delim ited fro m t he neig hbo uring o nes no t o nly
m o rp ho lo g ic ally but also p hysio lo g ic ally.
Geographical distribution o f t he genus Lens.
The g enus Lens is no t larg e, it em brac es o nly 5 sp ec ies:
L. Lenticula ( Sc h r eb. ) A L, L. nigricans (M. B.) Go dr.,
L: Kotsehyana (Bo i ss.) A 1., L. orientalis (Bo iss. ) Hand. Mazz.
and, finally, the c ultivated L. esculenta M enc jtu
The extrem eVV7estexn. statio n o f t he distributio n o f t he
g enus Dens is in lIroco-rTamnir (prow Hah a), situated at 9'
west. long, from, Greenwich, and 30 North, lat. \ L. nigricans). The
easternmost limit* of the distribution of/the species is the valley
Chimgan in Turkestan. I t is determined by 42 North, lat. and
the 39 th meridian to the East from Pulkovo (or 69 from Green-
wich) (L. orientalis). The Northern limit of th distribution of the
genus (the cultivated lentil i& here not taken into consideration)
passes through Italy (Monfalcone) at 45
C
47' North, lat. and 13
=
33'
Eastern long. {L. Lenticula), The southernmost station is Djereh,
in Persiabetween ABushir and Shirazat 29 19' North, lat. and
51 58' Eastern long. {L. orientaHs}.
"Thus, the total area of the genus Lens is comparatively
narrow in regard to latitude (from North to South) and conside-
rably stretched out as regards longitude (from West to East). The
genus Lens is a typical Mediterranean genus whose whole area is
situated in the region of the so called Ancient Mediterranean
(see map f, 7).
Description of the species of the genus
1. L. Lenticula (Schreb.) Alef.
annual, much branched, slightly
Lens.
Plant annual, much branched, slightly pubescent with
adpressed hairs. S e e dl i ngs purple coloured. Semiprostratehabit.
S t e ms thin, erect; purple coloured (with anthocyan). Leaves
ehowing 24 pairs of leaflets. o f leaf term iaates .in bristle
o r tendriL L eaf l et s sm all, lo w er o nes o rbic ulate, up p er o nes
narro w linear.. Leng th o f leaflet / p art o f m ain stem 10
11 m m , w idth 2,5 4 m m . S t i p u l es sem i h ast at e o r
l anc eo l at e, ent i r e. Pedunc les uniflo ro us, rarely blorous,m
longer than the leaf,, usually bearing rid wn as in other species.
Fl owe r s small (46 in leng th, w i,dth o f t he standard 4 m m ),
vio let blue; standard w ith blue veins
K
w ing s bluish, keel w hitish.
P edi c el s w ith antho c yan. C al yx t eet h ver y sh t fr t (m uc h
sho rter than t he c o ro lla). P o ds rho m bo id, sl i g h t l y p u besc ent
w ith sho rt adp ressed hairs, 12 seeded, readily dehisc ent, seeds
shattering . Leng th o f t he p o d 89,6 , w idth 3,54,8 m m ,
thic kness 2,52,7 m m . S eeds very sm all, reddish bro w n, w ith
blac k m arbly p attern and sp ec kles. Diam eter o f seeds 2,95 m m ,
thic kness 1,8 m m , relatio n o f leng t h
:
t o thic kness 1,6. H i lu m
linear, w hite, so m ew hat lo ng er than in o ther sp ec ies. C o t yl edo ns
o rang e c o lo ured. Veg et at i o n p er i o d fro m seedling s to flo
w ering 30 days, t o m aturity50 days
1
) (fig. 2 and 3).
H abi t at : o n tilled land, p astures, dry sto ny p lac es.
G eo g r ap h i c al ar ea. Mediterranean reg io n: Sp ain, Alg eria,
I t aly, Sardinia, Sic ily, t he Balkan Peninsula, Asia Mino r, Syria,
Palestine, t he Crim ea; t he Cauc asus.
2. L. nig ric ans (M. B.) Go dr.
Plant annual, 1030 c m hig h, p erc ep tibly p ubesc ent, sho rt
w o o lly o r alm o st villo us. S t em asc ending o r dec um bent, branc hed.
L eaves in the m ajo rity o f c ases w itho ut tendrils, but the up p er
o nes sho w a bristle; less frequently t hey term inate in a sim p le
tendril. L eaf l et s o f t he lo w er leaves are 23 p airs, sm all, o val
o r o bo vate: tho se o f t he up p er leaves5 p airs, larg er, elo ng ate
o r linear lanc eo late (up to 1 c m lo ng , 2 m m bro ad). S t i p u l es
dent at e, sem i triang ular, sem i hastate. Pedunc les 12 flo w ered,
in t he m ajo rity o f c ases so m ew hat lo ng er than leaf, term inating
in an aw n. C o r 1 la bluish. C al yx t eet h subulate, equal,
24 tim es lo ng er than the tube and" slig htly, surp assing t he
c o ro lla. P o d rho m bo id, g labro us, 2 seeded. S eeds sm all, flat
tened, bro w n (fig . 4 and 5).
J) All fig ures are g iven ac c o rdbg to the data o btained in so w ing o ut, in the
distr. Kharko v, seede o f L. Lentictila rec eived fro m the Tiflis Bo tanic al Garden and
c o llec ted in Karabakh.
E. . . 18
. _ .&)
Am. . i ^ ***. i *^
; " ; 2 7 4 . . . , , "
:
^ : ^ t v ' ^ . y : :
H abi t at : o n Cr:j sto ny slo p es; in ravines, in barren, sandy,
sto ny p lac es.
G eo g r ap h i c al ar ea. Mediterranean, reg io n. Po rtug al,
Sp ain, So uthern Franc e, Italy, Co rsic a, Sardinia, Sic ily, the Balkan
Peninsula, Creta, Mo ro c c o , Alg eria, Asia Mino r, t he' Crim ea,
; , T ^ 3 m s c a u c a s i a . i ^ v ^
:
' ' j: ' . ; ' .
:
. ' . ;. ." ' ' , "
1%
;
' "C
;
. , ' ; . .'. .. / : .
; r^\ '
:
r
^' , ; s:i;
:
:;
:
5f3. L. Eo tsc hyana (Bo ies.) Alet :
!
~
f|:ir; ~|Plant. annual, strongly pubescent with! dense long: hairs
^ ^ ^ sho rt, sp reading . Lea'yee "w i^.ji6^ft.: p âire'o |val.
o r elo ng ated leaflets, term inating in lo ng branc hed tendrils. Leng th
itik 1 ^ m m , w idth3,5 max. Stijrtile'ssem i sag it
tatej 6 &!^p ^l^dn c l*^ uniflrous, considerablyejfcrter "than
îeaf. ^ ^ ^ th> jsfig htly: sho rter ' t h an, c o ro lla. G
w hitish! P jp d^p ûbes6ent , rho m bo id elo ng ated, 16,5 m m lo ng ,
>,6JTT7 m m ^^ ^ S eeds irreg ular o val, larg e (g reatest
^diiunetw ^^^fee|&âbo ut 6 m m , sm allest4j5 5 m m ), thic kness
o f seed 32^2îm m . H i l u m very sho rt, ellip tic (fig. 6 and 7).
j 5 jTfiiscterestmg species is very rare and occnrs only, in
opotamia:
4. L. orientalis (Boise). Hand. -Hazz.
|^| ^ ^^ ^ 30 c m hig h, w ith, m edium p ubesc enc e.
' ^ %^^^^ ^1 ^_ interno des; 16^ 17; S eedl i ag s
"p nrp lel^ S i ^ ^ p ^ * habit S t em s t hin ;(1,5 thic k)^ p urp le
{an^^c ji^^^^jant . i^ro ug ho ut w ho le leng th o f stem ). L eaves
râ^^^jp ^^5is^<if, o val* * , leaflets. Leng th o f
'^^^0!^^^^^ ^ ^ \ \ . Tendrifs : S*ip ules
o blo ng ; lanc eo late, entire; F 1 w s sm all (4,56 m m I n leng th,
w idth;; o f; standard 3,54,3 m m ), p urp le blue; standard w itS blue
"veins, w ing s; so m ew hat lig hter than standard, keel w hitish. Pedic els
' p jiiê^^Xiqnsld^.Îlo w eias arrang ed by o ne o r tw o o n t he p edunc le.
PMunc l^;4^MU;to : leng th o f leaf, term inating in an aw n. Calyx
^ '^^'^ ^^ ) | than c o ro lla o r equal to itr, P d rho m bo id,
= , ^. ^^^^ ^^^ ^. m m r^bro adjc i 3,2 m m ^ thic k, 2^>eded;
etrongly^3eT^c#5ti>e^8^shattering. S e e ds small, reddish-brown
_|^ ^ |^^^^^ 4^{ ^ ^ô rêntirelVviblaîE' Diam eter o f seeda
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ r elai i ^
;XJoiyleJîjîHQgfr coloured. Hi l um white." "Weig ht ' ; f 1000
g r ai ns ^ (fig. 8 and 9). ^ :
y,; ;^4,Hab^
:
ta^;;.
;
:c c urs;'
:
M0;.Asia Media in t he fo o thill zo ne, o n
v-i^pngly'tiar^pMTOUSj.jrabbly fine-textured or sto ny so ils,
t ^^w arde<i^|p jp eô f m edium steep ness. ; ? {
1 "gjMijliil-c al
3
aj? Asia Mino r, Syria, Palestine, Meso
v
p o tam ia, Transc auc asia, Persia, Afg hanistan, Asia Media. '
Plant
J
annual, 15 to 75 c m hig h, p ubesc ent w ith sho rt hairs.
The" deg ree o f p ubesc enc e (leng th, density o f hairs) varies in tbe
275
sep arate varieties: the g reatest p ubesc enc e is o bserved in the
Indian lentil. St em alm o st erec t o r slig htly . ?; .!: .. . J
(furro w ed) w ith antho c yan o ver the w ho le surfac e o r o nly at tê
base, m o re rarely entirely g reen, as in so m e Mediterranean (Sp ain,
Po rtug al, Sic ily, Sardinia, Cyp rus, Syria, Palestine), Afric an (Abys
sinia, Eg yp t, Mo ro c c o ) and Persian varieties. L e a v e s c o m p o und,
even p innate, w ith 28 p airs o f leaflets term inating in them ajo rity
o f c ases in a sim p le, rarely a branc hed tendril, so m etim es o nly
t he rudim ent o f a tendril (fo r instanc e in the Indian fo rm ),
i e a f l e t s o val o r linear. S t i p u l es sem i hastate, lanc eo late,
entire. P edu nc l e sho rter than leaf, w ith 14 flo w ers, term i
jaating in an aw n. F lo w eT s 58 m m lo ng ; c o lo ur o f c o ro lla
varies fro m w hite t o blue, o r p ink; o f m o st frequent o c c urrenc e
is" a" / w hite standard w ith vio let blue veins o f different intensity.
Wings gro w n to g ether w ith the keel. Stam ens10, nine o f them
Tinited in a tube, w hile o ne is free; stam en tube o blique at the
. Ovary free. Style in up p er p art flattened o n do rsal side, o n
inner side hairy; in lo w er p art g labro us. As reg ards t he struc ture
o f t he style, t he g enus Lens ap p ro ac hes the g enus Latkyrus, but
differs fro m it by the stam en tube o blique at t he base. The
c harac ter o f t he style is a distinc tive feature o f this g enus fro m
so m e sm all flo w ered sp ec ies o f Vicia, akin to Lens. I n t he g enus
Vida t he style is ro und, in it s up p er p art p ubesc ent fro m all
sides. C alyx five c left, c alyx tee^h subulate, alm o st all equal,
sho rter than c o ro lla o r surp assing it, lo ng er than tube. F r u i t
p o d unilo c ular, tw o valved, flattened, m o re o r less rho m bo id,
6 t o 20 m m in leng th, 411 m m in w idth, 13 seeded (m o st
frequently 2seeded), g labro us, yello w . Fo rm s o c c ur w ith p o ds
c o lo ured w ith antho c yan befo re m aturity (Afg hanistan: Chekho sarai.
Jalalabad; Asia Mino r; var. Du Puy), and T>ro w n o r''''blac k; in
m ature c o nditio n (Afg hanistan: Jalalabad, Chekho sarai). Seeds
flattened o r alm o st glo bo se, 39 m m in diam eter, g reatly vario us
in c o lo ur, rang ing fro m lig bt g reen to p erfec tly blac k. Wei g h t
o f 1000 g rainsfro m 11 82 g r. >v
h ap t er 5. : . ' ;
System o f hereditary rariatio n o f the lentil (L. esc ulenta); de
sc rip tio n o f sep arate c harac ters.
The study o f the lentil fro m different p o ints o f view has
"been c arried o ut o n the vast c o llec tio n o f t he Institute o f Ap p lied ,
Bo tany, em brac ing at tbe p resent tim e up to 1500 sam p les. A g reat
p art o f this m aterial w as bro ug ht ho m e by exp editio ns o rganized
the. Institute o f Ap p lied Bo tany. Thus, the sam p les fro m
. Afric a, ' N. Am eric a, Afghanistan, Persia, t he Middle Asiatic
Bep ublic s (Russian Turkestan), Syria, Palestine Greec e, I taly,
Sp ain, Po rtug al w ere c o llec ted by N. I . T a vi lo y, tho se fro m
.Asia Mino rby P. M. Zlm ko vsky, fro m the o ther c o untries
by a w ho le series o f investig ato rs.
The study o f the lentil w as c arried o n during a series o f
years (beg inning w ith 1920} c hiefly o n p ure lines. The m aterial
18*
*'
276
*
;&
k
eine of the hereditary variation of the sp ec ies Lens
e scule nta M oench.
Bf:
Hereditary varying features. Charac ter o f the features.
I. C h ar ac t er s o f flo w er .
L Colourof corolla
2. Size of flower
3. Colour of pedicel
4 . Lengthof calyx teeth
5. Number of flowers on pe
duncle
6. Lengthof awn of peduncle
a. white: 1). standard almost without
reins (India)
2) standard with blue reins
b. light blue (Asia, Transcaucasia)
blue (Dagheftan)
d. violet blue (SouthE astern Afghani
stan, India, Abyssinia)
e. pink (India)
a. large (78 mmin length)
b. small (57 mmin length)
a. green
b. violet (SouthE astern Afghanistan)
a. calyx teethconsiderably longerthan
corolla
b. calyx teeth shorter than corolla
(India, Afghanistan, Abyssinia)
a. 12 ,
b. 23 and more
a, long
b. short
. Cha ra cte rs of pod.
7. Shape ef pod surface
8. Size e f pod
9. Shape of pod (outlines)
10. Size of pod apex
U. Colourof unripe pod
a. co nvex
b. flat
> * ~ *
a. larg e (15,520 m m in leng th and
7,510^ m m in w idth)
b. sm all (615 m m in leng th and
3,57 m m in w idth)
a. rho m bo id
b. o ral
a. sho rt
b. lo ng (Abyssinia)
a. g reen
b. p urp le (Asia Mino r)
vio let (Afg hanistan)
d. sp o tted (w ith vio let sp o ts) (Du Puy")
277
. 1 ,
Hereditary varying features. Character of ie features.
12. Colour of ripe pod
13. Number of seeds per pod
14. Dehiscence of pod
a. stiaw-coloured
b. light brown (Abyssinia, Asia Minor)
dull bro w n /[black) (Afghanistan;
d. sp o tted(Du Puy")
a. o ne (rarely 2)
b. tw o (rarely 1)
a. dehisc ent fo rm s (Jalalabad, Chekho
sarai)
b. no n dehisc ent fo rm s
HI. C h ar ac t er s o f seeds.
15. Shape o f seeds
16. Size o f seeds
17. Surfac e o f seeds
18. Weig ht o f 1000 grains
19. Co lo ur o i seeds
20. Character of pattern
21. Co lo ur o f p at t ern
22. Co lo ur o f c o tyledo ns
25. Co lo ur o i nil um
a. globose (relation of diameter to
thickness 1,52,5)
b. flattened (relation of diameter to
thickness 2,54)
a. large (diameter 69 mm)
b. of mediumsize (diameter 56 mm)
small (diameter 35 mm)
a. smooth
b. wrinkled ;
a. great (4082 gr)
b. small (1140 gr)
a. pink
b. yellow
c. green
d. gray
e. brown.
f. blank
a. spotness
b. dottiness '
marbly pattern
d. complex pattern (combination of
a, b, c)
a. green
b, gray
violett (blue)
d. brown
e. black
a. yellow
b. orange '
a. white
b. dull brows
278
279
KV
Hereditary varying features. Charac ter o f the features.
IV. Veg et at i ve c h ar ac t er s.
24 . Colour of se e dl ings
25. Shape ofl e a fl e ts
26. Size ofle a fle ts
27. Numbe rofpa irs of le a fle ts
28. Le ngthofte ndril s ,
29. Colour of plant
30 . H e ight of plant
51. Pube sce nce of plant
32. Colourof ste m . *
33. Thickne ss of ste m
3ft. Shape ofthe young plant
35. Branching . . .
a. g reen
b. p urp le
a. o ral (relatio n o f leng th to w idth
2 3, 6)
b. linear (relatio n o f leng th to w idth
35)
a. larg e (15,527 m m inleng th and
5,510 m m inw idth)
b. sm all (8,515 m m inleng th and
2,05,0 m m in w idth)
a. 36
b. 58
a. lo ng (3060 m m )
b. sho rt (135 m m )
a. lig ht green (yello w g reen)
b. dark g reen
g ray green
a. tall
b. interm ediate
dw arfy
a. stro ng
b. slig ht
a. g reen
b. p urp le
a. thic k (1,53,0 m m )
b. thin (0,51,5 m m )
a. erec t
b. p ro strate
interm ediate
a. p ro fusely branc hing fo rm s (614)
b. sp aring ly branc hing fo rm s (16)
V. B i o l o g i c al c h a r a c t er s.
36. Ve ge ta tion p er i o d a. early fo rm s
b. late fo rm s
Hereditary vary . i\ "ares.
37. De gre e ofsusce ptibilityto
pa ra sitic fungi {Erysiphe'
eommunis G v. f. viciae,
Uromyces ervi Wi nt er ) a nd
in se ct pe sts (Bruchus, Eiv
ella r.)
38. Productivity:
1) Num ber o f p o ds p er p lant
2) Weig ht o f seeds fro m o ne
p lant
a.
b.
a.
b.
a.
b.
VI. Anat o m i c al
39. Thickne ss of se e d coat
(spe rmode rm)
a.
b.
Charac ter o f features.
im m une
susc ep tible
'*
:
' v'. '. f '
" .
great* (80100 andm o re, up to 2O0)
sm all (4 5 8 0 ) "
hign (85 g r.) ' '
lo w (0, 5 3 g r.) '
c harac ters.
thic k (3642'm ic r.) ,
thin (3033 jnic r.)
w as so w n o ut in different p lac es: p ro v. "Sarato v; p ro v.' Lening rad,
in t he Crim ea, Transc auc asia, p ro jv. Vp ro nesh,. distr." Kharko v and
in o ther statio ns o f USSR. The fJiariW w ere.under o bservatio n
during t he w ho le veg etatio n p erio d. ^ The investig atio n' o f the
sep arate lentil fo rm s w as c arried o ut. w it h ^regard t o all c harac ters
ac c o rding .to a g eneral sc bem ie ado p ted bytthe I nst it ut e o f Ap p lied
Bo tany fo r all c ultivated p lants. I n analysing , t he quantitative
c harac ters t he m etho d o f variatio n statistic s w as ap p lied.
The rest o f c hap ter 5 is devo ted t o t he desc rip tio n o f the
sep arate c harac ters o f L. esculenUC With reg ard to . t he quantitative
c harac ters, tables o f variatio n are g iven, .ac c o rding., to t he .sep arate
years, and t he different c harac ters. .Th^lubTo g ic al'p equliarities o f
t he lentil, as g erm inatio n, geram native^|ro yr<sr o ^rihe^seeds; flo w e ,
ring and fruc tific atio n, ^ ^ în^^m c hed^. up o n' in
a g eneral w ay. Gyto lo g ic al data are^quiaUy^venl ;~.^ ?*~ "
C h ap t er 6.* *" . j : . ^/A^
Classific atio n o f L. esc ulenta. Key to the determ inatio n o f yarieties
The c lassific atio n o f t he c ultivated lentil w as first p ro p o sed
Alef eld andKo er ni c k e. . Ale feia.
v
established 7 varieties.
K o er ni c k e intro duc ed but * few alteratio ns into the system o f;
A1 e f e 1 d. The subsequent autho rs ac c ep ted he classification of
Al ef el d almost entirely, with slight modifications and additions.
In comparing the numerous samples of the lentil from the
whole world we have come to the conclusion that the existing
classification does not embrace the whole diversity of lentil forms.
This plant has proved extremely polymorphous. The number of
580 281
c har&c iers by w hic h the sep arat leuui lo rias dii it: . îead
o f the 7 8 varieties kno w n up to no w , w e hare established 58.
The c lassific atio a of t he lentil, ado p ted by us,
Princ ip al sy j
s a
m o rp ho lo g ic g eo g rap hic al o ne, being based in
S
units.
0
* *^
&
r st
p i
a c e
o n t he g eo g rap hic al p rinc ip le. The
area o f distributio n o f a fo rm w ith the o ne o r the
o ther c harac ters, o r o f sep arate c harac ters I s o f dec isive im p o rt
anc e in disc ussing the system atic al m erit o f a fo rm . Besides, o ne
m ay judg e o f t he deg ree o f im p o rtanc e o f t he system atic al c ha
rac ters fro m . their g reater o r sm aller c o nstanc y, the divisio n
being based o n c harac ters varying t he least under t he inflnenc e
o f enviro nm ental c o nditio ns. .
g
. . All fo rm s o f the lentil m ay be divided in 2 vast
sp ec es. g eo g rap hic al g ro up ssubsp ec ies (subsp ec ies o r rac es
ac c o rding to Ko r sh i nsk y, m ar d v, S e m e n v T a n
Sh ansky) , w ell delim ited fro m o ne ano ther m o rp ho lo g ic ally, eac h
w ith a definite g eo g rap hic al area: macrosperma and microsperma.
We are g iving a detailed desc rip tio n o f bo th subsp ec ies.
Ssp . m ac ro sp erm a (Baujng . p ro var.) Bar u l. lar g e seeded
lent i l.
P o ds larg e (1520 .m m in leng th, 7,510,5 in w idth),
in t he m ajo rity o f c ase.flat. Seeds larg e (69 m m in diam eter),
flattened (relatio n o f diam eter.to thic kness 2,54). C o t yl edo ns
in the m ajo rity o f c ases yello w , so m etim es o rang e c o lo ured.
, F l o w er s larg e (7 8 m m * lo ng ), w hite (standard w ith blue o r
lig ht blue veins), rarely lig ht blue. P edu nc l es w ith 2 3 flo
w ers. Calyx teeth lo ng . L eaf l et s largje (15V 27 m m in leng th,
410 m m in w idth), o val (leng th exc eeding "w idth by 33,5 tim es),
rarely elo ng ated. H ei g h t o f p lants fro m 25" "to *'75 c m . To this
g ro up belo ng c hiefly the m idseaso n varieties. They are gro w n in
the Mediterranean c o untries (Sp ain, Po rtug al, Sic ily, Sardinia,^,
Greec e, Cyp rus), in Afric a (Mo ro c c o , Alg eria, Tunis), in Asia
Mino r; in Syria, Palestine it is m et w ith c hiefly as adm ixture.
I n w estern Euro p e it is g ro w n in_ Franc a. jGerm any, Austria,,^.
Czec ho slo vakia. In USSR the larg e seeded lentil is m et w ith c hiefly;**
in the So uth East and in t he Ukraine. I n t he c o untries o f So uth
w estern Asia (India, Afg hanistan) this g ro up o f lentil is no t
g ro w n; so m etim es it is fo und in Persia, as w ell as in the Trans
c auc asian Rep ublic s. I n Am eric a the larg e seeded lentil is also
gro w n (fig. 25, 26).
Ssp . m ic ro sp erm a (B a u m g . p ro var.) B&i ul. sm all seeded
l ent i l . ~ .
P o ds sm all, m o re frequently
11
o f m edium size (6~15 m m in
leng th, 3,5 7 m m in w idth), c o nvex. S eeds c o nvex (relatio n o f '
diam eter to thic kness 1,53). sm all o r o f m edium size ( 6 m m
in diam eter), vario us in c o lo ur and p attern. F l o w er s sm all
(5 7 m m lo ng ), vio let blue, blue, lig ht blue, w hite, o r p ink.
P edu nc l es w ith 14 flo w ers. Leaflets sm all (815 m m lo ng ,
2 5 mm bro adj, elo ng ated, linear o r lanc eo late (leng th 4 5
tim es excee;i:: " ). H ei g h t o f p l ant s fro m 15 to 35 c m .
This g ro up o f fo rm s is disting uished by c o m p arative earliness.
I t is c hiefly gro w n in t he c o untries o f So uth Western and
Western Asia: India, Kashm ir, Afg hanistan, Syria, Palestine, Asia
Mino rj Yem en, as w ell as in Afric a: Abyssinia, Eritrea, Eg yp t,
l a USSR t he sm aH seeded lentil M g ro w n in t he Middle
Asiatic and Transc auc asian 'Rep ublic s (Azerbaijan, Geo rgia, Arm enia),
*we as in Daghestan. I t is grown moreover in the whole
European part of the Soviet Union (chiefly as a forage plant).
In the West-European countries: Spain, Sardinia, France, Germany,
Czechoslovakia, >ialgaria, Roumania the small-seeded lentil is
_ also met /with, frequently mixed with the large-seeded one. : ' :
~ ^ ^ ^
The sm all seeded lentil is m o re p o lym o rp ho us

^ '
t b a n t h e lar
g e seeded o ne. Within t he lim its o f
4 varieties. this subsp ec ies there m ay be m arked o ut several
f:. X:. > ": =i .narro w er g eo g rap hic al g ro up s o f varieties (g rex
varietati^^We could establish six of such groups. Each of them
is distinguished by a whole complex of morphological characters
g^common to all its varieties and not repeated in other groups. At
i
*
a
'
JTL
sam et im e eac h g ro up is differentiated g eo g rap hic ally.
0 ThuSj t he g ro up o f 4entil fo rm s p ec uliar to India, Punjab and
jggr Kashm ir, o c c urring no w here else in t he w o rld, is disting uished by
^^^^' ^ veg etative o rg ans.

^^
:
^ > reg io n o f Afghanistan, adjo ining India (Chekho sarai,
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ; I . Vavi lo v has fo und rather peculiar group
^HI ajjjaodcb&gtlie wild growing lentil species as regards shattering
^^^ ,'J3^jeMscence of the pods. ,
"""^^^ Eastern m o untaino us Afric a, in Abyssinia, Eritrea,
f^TereUtJas"în Tem en (Arabia), lentil fo rm s are g ro w n, w hic h up t o
i%
no w liave been fo und o nly in this reg io n. With reg ard t o m any
fej c harac ters (vio let blue flo w ers' w ith sho rt c alyx teeth, dw arfiness,
| earliness)^ t his g ro up is akin to the Indian and Afghan o nes, "but
^jnay |be; <sily disting uished fro m them by its g eneral habitus.
^ fo rm s are c harac terized hy a series o f features
^' the Euro p ean g ro up : leng th ô f c alyx teeth, num ber
*^~ | p edunc le, c harac ter o f branc hing , c o lo ur o f flo w ers, etc .
KrR 1 I ' ds r eadi l de^ s e nt and seeds
strew ing . To ds p urp le c o lo ured befo re m aturity,
> ,.,: gro up . w hen m ature bro w n, Qr blac k. S eeds ver y
i^: * f > s m all (3,03,4 m in diam eter), blac k o r g rey w ith
Bladep attern. F l o w ex s et bl n e, sing le o r 2 o n t he
p edunc le;^sm all (5,7 6^,0 m m ). Pedunc le antho c yan c o lo ured.
^ a l j i ^ j let h m u h s h o r t e r t h 11 a. Leaves w ith
S^p jiirsô f^yery^sm all leaflets (leng th o f leaflet 8,5 9,0 m m '
^~ ~^ 2,6 m m ). Plant dw arfy, early (fig. 27, 2H)
:^v
4
.
;
| \
;
>f|: ^; ' g rex subspontaneae m.
Cultivated in t he reg io n o f Afg hanistan adjo ining India, near
Kabul (Jalalabad, Chekho sarai).
;
282 v ; .
"I . ~ : .. . ~. ~s t r o n g l y p u b e s c e n t w i t h ^Cifr. :: , . .: ? ~i vi i ; g
a g reyisii ting e, dw arfy, early. F l o w e r s si ng l e, less
frequently 2 o n t he p edunc le, vio let blue, ent irely w hit e, o r p ink,
sm all (5,36,0 m m in leng th). a 1 t e e t h c o ns i de r a b l y
s h o r t e r t h a n c o r o l l a. T e ndr i l s sh o r t , so m etim es o nly
rudim ent s o f t endrils m ay be obervedj. Leaves with 36 pairs of
small elongated leaflets. LeDgth ôf leaflet | 2, 5 m m , w idth
2,84,4 m m . Plant s branc hing sc antily. Main stem stands o ut
c learly ag ainst lat eral o nes. Seeds reddish w it h blac t do ts o r blac k
(fig . 4547) ' '\ ^^:.:^/ \ ';'
:
^^ ^^ ^ ^
'
;
All varieties belo ng ing t o this g ro up are' endem ic fo rm s w ho se
c ultivatio n is sp read in India, Tunjabj Kashm ir;
:
4
. P o ds w i t h elo / ng a t ed ap ex, ; w h en rip e slig htly
bro w nish. Seeds bro w n w ith blac k do ts, o rblac k. F 1 6 w e r s
yi 1 e t b lue, si n g le, o r 2 o n t he p edunc l;* C al yx t eet h
m u c h sbo r t er t h an o ll # Leaves
f
;
" 37 p airs o f
elo ng ated leaflets, p o inted at t he ap ex. Leng th o f^leaflet 1315 m m ,
w idth 2,93,7 m m . Plants dw arfy^ ely (fig .. 5456)
The varieties o f this g ro up " are^g r^^în^. If o rth Eastern
m o untaino us Afric ai Abyssinia, Eritrâ^Mw ellâs ui Arabia (Yem en).
v
. : . _: ^ '':'
:
^;^: ^^0 &^' . :
:
:y..i '
XV. P edu nc l es 13, > ( llr ^ ^ p ^ ^ fi ^ i flo r o us.
F l o w e r s blu e, 1 g h t blu e, less fTequekûyc w hite w ith lig ht
blue veins. G al y x? t e in th, m ajo ritylp f ^jases a l m o st
equ alli ng ^ t beL
V
CO r o l l a; sQm et iiDt e^^^|dlt ^ it in leng th.
Leaflets sm all, narro w ^ lo^gal^^^MiwS^ÔTi^^vely e^rly and
of short habit. Seeds \df different' cblo?;| Bg^ 4J51)-
The varieties of this group-are of^sj&taally* frequent .occur-
rence in South-Western andl Western: Asi^s:;well as in Trans-
caucasia; less frequent in W^ | ^ %^|^ ^ ^ .
;
';fe. ,J?;. Pedn es"? ^ ^^^ ' ^ ^^^ ' )^
F 1 w e s w bi t e;v w ith lig M ^ ^
^ ^ . ' e^li ^ ns ^
d f ab 1 n gie ? t h:a n 1 % li a^ C ej ^ e^ ^ ^ edi u m siaed.^
Midseaso n fo rm s. Seeds' p f different* c o lo ur
in
Var i t i
g rex eiirpaeae m.
Common forms grown in USSR, in the countries of W.Europe
. Africa and in America; sometimes met with also in Asia.
-;- VL Fl owers, si ngl e or 23. on the j)eannqle. Calyx-
teeth either equal to the corolla or longer than i t. Flowers white
with blue veins. - Leaflets small, less frequently of medium size.
Seeds medi um in di amet er (56 mm),
1
mostly' convex
(fig. 52, 53) grex intermedie m,
This group o f esp ec ially frequent o c c urrenc e in Asia Mino r,
Syria, Palestine, as w ell as in USSR and in W, Euro p e.
283
c lassific atio n into varieties is in the
^ m ajo rity o f c ases based o n no ng eo g rap liic al, no t.
fluc tuating c harac ters. These c harac ters are c o nvenient fo r identi
fic atio n and are p rac tic ally m o st im p o rtant o nes, as fo r instanc e,
c o lo ur and p attern o f seeds. The g eo g rap hic al p rinc ip le p lays here
no lo ng er a p re em inent ro le.
Thus, a variety is rather a c o nventio nal unit. The variety
in. it s t urn falls into a series o f sm all taxo no m ic al units, rac es
Xjo rdano ns), differing by a num ber o f m ino r c harac ters: c o lo ur o f
seedling s, size o f leaflets, c o lo ur and heig ht o f p lants, branc hing ,
leng th o f veg etatio n p erio d, etc .
Al ef el d andK o e m i c k e did evidently
5nJ o r J h
U o t d w e 1 1 o n t b e
questio n o f t he taxo no m ic al
rac tere. value o f the sep arate c harac ters. They divided Lens
eseulenta into tw o g ro up s ac c o rding to the heig ht
o f t he p lants, t he leng th o f the veg etatio n p erio d, t he c o lo ur and
p ubesc enc e o f t he leaves. Within t he lim its o f eac h g ro up they
established several varieties ac c o rding t o the w eig ht and c o lo ur
o f t he g rain, t he shap e o f t he leaflets, the c o lo ur o f t he seedling s.
I n o ur o p inio n, suc h stro ng ly fluc tuating c harac ters as heig ht
o f p lant andleng th o f veg etatio n p erio d, c anno t serve as basis
fo r t he divisio a iBto p rinc ip al g ro up s. Likew ise, t he w eig ht o f t he
g rain and t he c o lo ur o f t he seedling s c anno t serve fo r the delim i
tatio n o f varieties. The heig ht o f t he p lant, t he leng th o f the
veg etatio n p erio d andthe w eig ht o f t he g rain dep end in a hig h
deg ree o n enviro nm ental c o nditio ns.
We have based o ur c lassific atio n o f the lentil in tw o p rinc ip al
g eo g rap hic al' g ro up s o f fo rm ssubsp ec ies macrosperma and micro
sperma, o n c o m p lex c harac ters indep endent o n enviro nm ental
c o nditio ns, qualitative, as w ell as quantitative o nes, sho w ing
a sm all variatio n c o effic ient. To these c harac ters belo ng the sharp
differenc es in t he size o f flo w ers, p o ds and seeds, the shap e o f
t he p o ds. All these c harac ters are ac c o m p anied by a series o f
o ther o nes as: shap e andsize o f leaflets, leng th o f veg etatio n
p erio d, heig ht o f p lants. ;
To t he g r o u p c h a r a c t e r s belo ng c hiefly t he qualitative
c harac ters, dep ending but lit t le o n enviro nm ental c o nditio ns, in
t he m ajo rity o f c ases desig ning narro w er g eo g rap hic al g ro tip s, fo r
Instanc e, deg ree o f dehisc enc e o f t he p o ds, p ubesc enc e o f the
p lants, relative leng th o f c alyx teeth, num ber o f flo w ers p er
p edunc le, c harac ter o f branc hing , c o lo ur o f flo w ers (Abyssiniac ,
Indian, Afghan, Asiatic lentil).
To t he var i et al c h a r a c t e r s belo ng ao ng eo g rap hic al,
qualitative c harac ters, varying c o m p aratively little under t he
influenc e o f enviro nm ental c o nditio ns, c o nvenient fo r identific atio n
and p artly desig nating ec o no m ic al p ec uliarities. Suc h are: the
c o lo ur o f the seed c o at and t he c o tyledo ns, the c o lo ur o f the p o ds,
t he shap e o f the p lant, etc .
To the r ac i al c h a r a c t e r s w e refer tbe fluc tuating ,
c hiefly quantitative c harac ters. Thus, fo r instanc e, leng th and
' ' : ' *3;^' . ' iV
;
-: ~
284
~'.i:. -. . ..'

. c o lo ur o f tLe p lants, c o lo ur ".I. ' r .,
heig ht o f p lants, veg etatio n p erio d, frac tio nal divisio n a:c Grdir
t
g
to the diam eter o f t he seeds, etc . The m ajo rity o f these c harac ters
m anifests itself o nly in c o m p ariug rac es having g ro w n under equal
c o nditio ns.
Eey to the determ inatio n o f the varieties o f Lens esc nlenta Mo enc h.
A. Po ds larg e, flat (15,520 m m lo ng , 7,510,5. m m w idth).
Seeds larg e, 69 in diam eter, flattened. Flo w ers larg e
(78 m m lo ng ), w hite w ith. lig ht Hue veins, very rarely
lig ht blue; 23 flo w ers o n p edunc le Calyx teeth lo ng er
than c o ro lla .. "* .;*
' ssp . m aero ep erm a m .
X Po ds befo re rip ening antho c yan c o lo ured
(p urp le), in m ature c o nditio n ^ lig ht bro w n,
Seedling s and stem s o f adnlt p lant also sho w ing
intensive p urp le c o lo ur.
r
' "^ '
1. Seeds yello w g reen, unic o lqured o r w ith dark
g reen m arbly p attern. Co tyledo nsyello w . (i) var. erytb.ro
Asia Mino r, vilayet Ko nia, Am asia. Co llec ted carpa m .
by P. M. Zh u ko vsky. ^ . " " ^..
:
, JtV^ ' *
1
''
m.
t
4 , V4 ^.
:
V
2. Seeds g rey w itho ut p attern.', Co tyledo ns"
yello w . . . .{fy ^
Asia Mino r, vilayet Ko nia. Co llec ted Djr; 3?
Zh u ko vsky. , .
Y
' ;. . . ^ '
XX Unrip e p o ds g reen, rip e o nes straw c o lo ured.
1. Seeds yello w g reen (o verrip e o nes p inkish and
bro w n) unic o lo ured and w ith dark g reen "m arbly
p attern. Co tyledo ns yello w ,." ". ..~~ , , (3) var. nwnmu
One o f t he m o st w idesjp read varieties. CultS , laria AL
vated in W: Euro p ean 1c o ^6Miîm de^, t E^ *
nam e Heller,. Pfenm g IjBze^*3[^1ffle^rg e?v
blo nde, etc . I n USSR Tcnqw nvfcnder t he .
o f p late like=tarelo c hnaya> lent il Thae .variety
em brac es a g reat num ber o f rac es' differing
by t he size o f t he seeds, t he' dim ensio ns o f
t he leaflets, t he c o lo ur o f t he seedling s and
o ther c harac ters. The m o st larg e seeded fo rm s
have been fo und in Sp ain, Italy, Sic ily, Sardinia.
2. Seeds yello w g reen, w ith, dark g reen sp o ts. *', .
Co tyledo ns yello w (4) var. atrovirens m .
Sic ily, Asia Mino r (as adm ixture).
Co tyledo ns o range . . ." . . *. (5) var. sicula m .
Sic ily (as adm ixture). Co llec ted by N. I .
Vavi lo v.
' . . . ; . ' 2 8 5
3. Seeds yello w g reen w ith dark p urp le m inute
do ts.
Co tyledo ns yello w (6) var. viridis m.
Greec e (Thessaly), Cyp rus.
Co tyledo ns o rang e . . . . . (7) var. Mspanica m .
Sp ain, Sic ily (as adm ixture). Co llec ted by
N. I . Vavi l o v.
;
'
4. Seeds g reysm o ke c o lo ured (o n t he edg es
t he c o lo ur is less intensive than in t he c entre),
w itho ut p attern o r w ith blac k m arble p attern, ;
larg e (78,5 m m ), flattened. Co tyledo ns yello w .
Leaflets bro ad, o val . . . . ^ . . (8) var. Ptdmanii m .
Sm o ke coloured=:ymchataya lentil. Bred by
:
I. A. Pul man at the Bogorodizk Exp. Field
(prov. Kursk).
5. Seeds grey, unieoloured and with black marble
pattern. Cotyledons yellow . . . . (9) var. m .
I taly, Sic ily, Asia Mino r. I n TJSSR m et w ith
as adm ixture to var. nummuiaria.
6. Seeds g reyish reddish w itho ut p attern and
w ith blac k m arble p attern.
, Go tyiedo ns yello w . . . . . (10) var. iberica m .
Po rtug al, Sp ain, I taly, Sardinia, Tunis, Asia
Mino r, Palestine. I n USSR as rare adm ixture.
Co tyledo ns o rang e . . . . . .(11) var. rubigi
Sardinia, Tunis, Palestine. , twsa m .
7. Seeds g reyish reddish w ith m inute dark
p urp le do ts. Co tyledo ns yello w ." Flo w ers lig ht
. blue (12) var. thessala m ,
Greec e (Thessaly). Co llec ted by N. I .
Vavi lo v.
B Po ds, sm all (615i'm m lo ng , 3,57 m m w idth). Seeds
sm all o r m edium sized ' ( 6 m m in diam eter). Flo w ers
sm all (57 m m lo ng ), o f different c o lo ur
ssp . m ic ro sp erm a m .
Mature p o ds readily dehisc ent, seeds shattering . Im m ature
p o ds p urp le c o lo ured, in m ature c o nditio n bro w n o r blac k.
Flo w ers sm all, vio let blue, sing le o r 2 o n the p edunc le. Seeds
' . very sm all (abo ut 3 m m in diam eter). Co tyledo ns o rang e
' g rex snbsp o ntaneae m *
1. Seeds quite blac k (13) var. mdano
Endem ic Afghan variety. Co llec ted by N. I. sperma m .
Vavi l o v in So uth Eastern Afg hanistan near
t he Indian fro ntier (Chekho sarai, Jalalabad).
28G
2. Seeds g reyish reddish ^rb m inute dark p urp le
(rlac iz) do ts aiid w ::. 1 2~ sp ec kles. As t o
t he o t her c harac ters quite sim ilar to t he
p rec eding variety (14) var. afghanica m .
Afg hanistan, reg io n adjo ining India (Chekho
sarai). Co llec ted by N. I . Yavi lo v.
OO Po ds no t dehisc ent w hen m ature. Seeds c o m p aratively little,
shattering . .'..:'. ^^
7
" '
:
_J')/J'._i
D Plants g rey g reen fro m stro ng p ubesc enc e (hairs so f^, dense),
o f sho rt habit, early. Flo w ers sm all vio let blue, rarely
entirely w hite, in m ajo rity o f c ases sing le, âlyxieet h
sho rter than c o ro lla o r alm o st equal t o i i / ^ ' ; ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ : / ?
5 g rex pilosae m.
f Flo w ers vio let blue, standard w ith veins, seed J V
ling s and stem s dark p urp le. , " ^
c
1. Seeds g reyish reddish w ith m inute blac k (dark ; .; .,_ ..; .'; \ \ \ ti.
p urp le) do ts. Co tyledo ns o range^**. . (15) var. indica ' .'~\
Sp read all o ver India, Punjab, Kashm ir. .'. ., .. '^..o ^./ *':^/ ;^
2. Seeds g reyish red unic o lo ured . (16) var. HL;
:
%
India. As an adm ixture to var. indica. fif > : ^ ' "
3. Seeds blac k W . . (17) var. totgrescens
Kashmir (Ravelpindi). V.

/ , /
;
%
:
#.^ ?
Flo w ers w hite, standard alm o st w itho ut veins, ^
?
^J
;:
K
seedling s and stem g reen . . . . . (18) var. leucanfha i o |
India: Calc utta, Bailho ng al, Jubbulp ur, Beng al, < J ^ VH J ^
B urma . ". ' . . '" ; ; '" ;' . ' :' "' . .': ... . ..;. ; V ^ > ' " 1 ~ ^ ' *
287
XX Po ds o f c o m m o n shap e.
Flower 13 on peduncle, blue, light blue, or white. Calyx-
teeth longer than corolla, or equal to them. Leaflets sma
f Seeds 35 mm in diameter.
grex asiaticae m.
-j- FloweTS blue. Calyx-teeth longer than corolla.
1. Seeds black, <i4,5 mm in diameter. Cotyledons
yellow. Leaflets narrow, elongated (1,52 cm
long, 4,56 mm broad). Plant of comparatively
tall habit, late,yellow-green coloured. . (22) var. nigra A I.
The origin of this form is )aot known with
certainty. The' seeds weTe received by us from
Germany (SilesiaBreslau).
2. Seeds dark-brown with black marble pat-
tern and dots, 4-4,5 mm in diameter. Coty-
ledons orange. Flowers 23 on peduncle.
Leaves with 8 p airs o f elo ng ated leaflets *
(leng th 1.21,8 c m , w idth 36 m m ). ^Seed
ling s and stem intensively antho c yan c o
lo ured . . . . . . . . . ..W '..'.(23) var. daghesta
nica m .
4 J Flo w ers lig ht blue o r w hit e (standard w it h
blue veins), 12 o n p edunc le. Leaflets sm all.
Flo w ers p ink. Seeds p russian red, no m o ttling, ;;; ' ? ^
o c c asio nal sp ec kling . Hilum p ale yello w "
varl rhodantha m .J
This desc rip tio n is based o n t he w o rk o f Shayr^'U^V^' JS^
and R a k h a l D as Bo se. ' ; : :
:
^ / ^ '^'
I $ I Plant s o f jtUe usual: g reen
v
c o m m ^ ^ ^ ^
.Pubesc enc e m edium . :: '^'^ :
;
::'
'$ / / . ^ ^
X Ap ex o f p o d v elo ng ated: Mature ^ ^ ^^
'
jr
. ' ' .. *
:
' ' ' ''.'''':'. kL^:P'* ^^^^^P^J^jf^^
1. Seeds 45 m m in diam eter, greylsh Teddisli?' "*" ;::'
' ;|
w it h blac k do t s. Co tyledo ns o rang e. . . (20) var,^' ';abyssinica
( Hchst . ) Abu
Endemic variety of North-EasterB Africa^' ^ ^ . . ; ^ ^ ,
Gro w n i n Abyssinia, Erit rea, as w e U r ^ i u ^ ^ v ^ ^ ^ ^
. Yem en (Arabia). '
. . ' ''. ''

:::
''
::
^ ^
1
,^ :
:
7^^
::
2. Seeds blac k. As reg ards t he o ther c harac ters , f

quite sim ilar t o p rec eding variety . . (21) var. coptica m . ;
Cultivated in Abyssinia, Eritrea alo ng w ith * V* ^
var. abyssinica, m o re frequently as adm ixture. ,
v
1. Seeds yello w ish p ink (seed c o at c o lo urless,
c o lo ur o f seeds dep ends o n c o lo ur o f translu
c ent c o tyledo ns). ^
Co tyledo ns o rang e.
a) Seeds unic o lo ured . . . . . (24) var. persica m .
The m o st w idesp read fo rm in Persia. I t s
area o f distributio n is: Persia, Afg hanistan,
t he Middle Asiatic Rep ublic s, Azerbaijan,
Geo rg ia, Arm enia, Asia Mino r, Syria, Pa
lestine, Meso p o tam ia, Mo ro c c o , Sp ain, Po r
tug al. I t is a p o lym o rp ho us variety, em bra
. . c ing a w ho le series o f rac es differing by
a num ber o f c harac ters: leng th o f t he
veg etatio n p erio d, heig ht o f p lants, bran
c hing , thic kness o f stem , c o lo ur and p ube
sc enc e o f leaves, c o lo ur o f seedling s, etc .
b) Seeds w ith m inute dark p urp le (blac k)
do ts (25) var. nigripun
Afg hanistan, Middle Asiatic and Trans data m .
Cauc asian Rep ublic s, Syria, Palestine, Asia
:
Mino r, Mo ro c c o . Co nsists o f several rac es.
c ) Seeds w ith blac k sp o ts c o nc entrated
c hiefly aro und t he hilum . . (26) var. metadata m .
Syria, Palestine. Co llec ted by N. I . T'a
vi lo v.
l If
288
d) Seeds w ith dark ic t s arid
sp o ts (27) var. iramc :
Rare form. Pound in Afghanistan (prov.
Herat). Persia (Meshed), Uzbekistan (Tash-
kent, Zarafshan distr). v
Cotyledons yellow. Seeds yellowish-pinkish,
without pattern (28) var. gva m.
Persia (Isfahan), Asia Minor, Spain. '.
2. Seeds greyish-reddish (slightly violet). Coty-
./ ledons orige.
a) Seeds without pattern . . . . (29) var. violascens m.
Afghanistan, Persia, Middle-Asiatic and
Transcaucasian Soviet Republics, Asia
. Minor, Syria, Palestine, Morocco, Algeria,
Egypt, Tripolitania, So dan, Greece, Spain.
Consists of a whole series of races.
b) Seeds with dark purple (black)
dots . . . (30) var. punctata
Afghanistan, Persia, Middle-Asiatic Soviet (A 1.) m.
Republics (Pamir, distr. Zarafshan), Geor-
gia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Asia Minor,
Syria, Palestine, Egypt (rare), Morocco,
Algeria, Spain.
c) Seeds with black epots concentrated
chiefly at the hilum . . . . (31) var. syriaca m.
Syria, Palestine, Asia Minor. .

,
d) Seeds w ith w ell m arked dark bro w n
m arble p attern and blac k sp o ts. (32) var. atrorubi
Asia Mino r, Dag hestan. ginosa m .
3. Seeds lig ht bro w n w ith blac k m arble p attern
and do ts. Co tyledo ns yello w . . . . (33) var. brunnea m .
Geo rg ia. . ' . J*
4. Seeds g rey. Co tyledo ns yeUo w .
a) Seeds w itho ut p attern . . . (34) var. grisea m .
Persia, Zarafshan, Dag hestan, Azerbaijan,
Asia Mino r, Sp ain.
b) Seeds w ith dark p urp le (blac k)
sp o ts (35) var. Jeazvinica m.
Persia (ELazvin). Co llec ted by N. .
vi lo v. '
c ) Seeds w ith dark p urp le (blac k)
do ts (36) var. atrogrisea m .
Sp ain, Azerbaijan.
d) Seeds w ith dark p urp le do ts and
sp o ts . . .' (37) var. punctatoma
Afghanistan (Kandahar), China. cidata m .
289
5. Seeds vello w gree ..
Co tyledo ns \ eLc .w .
a) Seeds w itho ut p attern . . . (38) var. viridula m.
Syria, Palestine, Dag hestan, Arm enia, Azer
baijan, Mo ro c c o , Sp ain, Po rtug al.
b) Seeds w ith blac k do te . . . (39) var. palaestina m .
Palestine, Azerbaijan, Sp ain.
c ).Seeds w ith blac k (p urp le) sp o ts. (40) var. macvlosa m .
Syria, Palestine, Asia Mino r, Azerbaijan.
Co tyledo ns o rang e. .
a). Seeds w itho ut p attern . . . . (41) var. virescens m .
Asia" Mino r, Persia, Transc anc asia. Rare
variety, o c c urs as adm ixture. *
b) Seeds w ith blac k do te. . . . (42) vaT. atroviri
Azerbaijan (as rare adm ixture). Co llec dula m ,
ted by N. N. Ku l eec h o v.
} Seeds w ith dark g reen m arble p at
t ern and sp o ts . . . . . . . (43) var. transeau
Rare fo rm , fo und in Geo rgia. casica m .
ft Seeds 5 in diam eter
g rex interm ediae m .
1. Seeds' yello w " g reen. Co tyledo ns yello w .
' :" a) Seeds* unic o lo ured o r w ith dark g reen
m arble p attern, flat. . . . (44) var. subnummu
Sp ain, I taly, Sic ily, Sardinia, Asia Mino r, laria m .
t he, island Rho do s, Syria, USSR: Crim ean
Rep ublic ^ Bashkir Rep ublic , Ukrainian SSR.
b) Seeds w ith dark p urp le do ts . (45) var. subviridis m .
Mo ro c c o , Sp ain, Palestine (as adm ixture).
c ) Seeds w ith blac k (dark g reen)
sp o ts . . . . . '. . . . . . (46) var. subairovi
Syxia^,Palestine. Co llec ted by N. . rens m .
\ ' '; v ilo v^
V2. Seed yeno w ish p inkish. Co tyledo ns o rang e.
r
^ a) Seeds unic o lo ured . . . . . (47) var. rhodo
\ :^~. v^ sperma m .
Sp ain, Sardinia, Greec e (Larissa), Asia Mino r,
b) Seeds w ith blac k do te. Mo w ers lig ht
blue . . '.. " .' , . .(48) var. cypria m .
Cyp rus. Co llec ted by N. I . Va vi lo v.
' c ) Seeds w ith blac k m arble p attern. (49) . variegaia m .
Palestine (Jerusalem ). 1 Co llec ted by H. I .
Va vilo v.
3. Seeds g reyish reddish. Co tyledo ns o rang e.
a) Seeds w itho ut p attern . . . (50) var. subrubi
Syria, Palestine, Asia Mino r. ginosa m .
. . . 19
.
290
) Seeds w jti; veil .^^:~; '
p attern (51.) . man>iorata m .
Asia Mino r (vilayet Ko nia). Co llec ted
by P. M. Z h u ko vsky.
4. Seeds g rey, uni c o lo ured o r w ith blac k m arble
p attern. Co tyledo ns yello w . _"'... . . (52) var. subitalica m .
I taly, Sardinia, Asia Mino r (Mersina, Sivas,
To kat).
Flo w ers 24 o n p edunc le, w hite w ith lig ht blue veins.
Calyx teeth m uc h lo ng er than c o ro lla. Leaflets o f m edium
size. Plant m o st frequently lig ht g reen (yello w g reen) c o lo u
red
g rex euro p aeae m .
Pro strate habit. Late fo rm (the p erio d befo re
flo w ering is esp ec ially lo ng ' ). Seeds 35 m m
in diam eter, reddish g rey, unic o lo ured o r, w ith
blac k m arble p attern. Co tyledo ns o rang e (53) var. prostrata m .
Franc e, Germ any, USSR (distr.

Kiev).
Erec t habit.
X Po ds befo re m aturity w ith p urp le p atc hes.
Seedling s and stem s p urp le. Seeds 45 m m in
diam eter, yello w g reen w ith dark g reen m arble
p attern and dark p urp le sp o ts. Co tyledo ns
yello w . . . . . . . . . . . . (54) var. dupuyenstST BL'
Widesp read in Franc e under t he nam e Du
Puy. Gro w n also in Germ any, Sp ain, Italy,
Alg eria, Tunis, Syria, as w ell as in t he
:
Ukra in e . . ' ' '
XX Po ds w itho ut antho c yan.
1. Seeds p inkish, unic o lo ured o r w ith slig htly
m arked blac k m arble p attern (sp ec kledness).
Co tyledo nr o rang e . . . ' . . . . . . (55) var. pseudomar
# '
4
morata <
Russia: p ro v. Sam ara, Ukraine. Distr. Kharko v.
Mac edo nia, Meso p o tam ia. .
2. Reeds g reyish reddish w itho ut p attern o r w ith
blac k m arble p attern (sp ec kledness). Co tyledo ns
o rang e . . . . (56) var. variabis m.
Tripoli, Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Greece
(Thessaly), Bulgaria, France, "Czechoslovakia,
Soviet Russia: Bashkir Republic, prov. Samara,
,*.,- distr. Kharkov, Don province.
J
) Sometimes known under the name of winter lentil, as in some countries
it is sown in fall. Seed samples have been obtained from Vi l mori n under the-
name Ervum Lens minor hietnalis. K oerni ck e in his work Systematische
TJebersicht der Cerealien und monocarpisoben Leguminosen> (1873) describes .
erythrospermum E ck eE otsamige Wint*rlinse , which e vide ntly corresponds to our
. prostrata. Ho w ever, the desc rip tio n o f Koe rn icke being concise,the perfect
identity o f the fo rm s is difficult to establish.
291
:
~
. > : 7'. r;aic o lo ured o r w ith blac k m arble
' . Co tyledo ns yello w . . . . (57), var. mutabis m.
USSR: Prov. Ryazan, Kuban. Italy, Asia
Minor, Denmark, Macedonia.
4 Seeds yellow-green without " pattern and
with dark green marble pattern. Cotyledons
yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (58) var. vuXgarfe
"Widespread form. USSR, Sardinia, Greece, (Al.) m.
- Asia Minor, France, Germany, North Africa.
ftf"
~?''" '_ C h a p t e r 7.
- Treats on the French lentil (Vieia Ervilia Wi l l d. ) and the
Oneflowered lentil (Vieia monanthos Deef.).
. - '.'. r The first of these species has been studied with moree detaiL
4fm
'~ author gives the scheme of variation of the hereditary varying
"oters (in all 30) of V. Ervilia, as well as key to the determi-
i of its varieties. The greatest concentration of endemic
^characters an deforms of V. Ervilia is found in the eastern part of
t ê^ Mediterranean, reg io n (see m ap 11). I n Syria, Palestine, in
? Oyp rns, p artly in Asia Mino r a sp ec ial endem ic g ro up o f V. Ervilia
^ fo und (c alled by us mediterraneae) w hic h in its g eneral
* habit is t he m o st akin t o t he w ild, "g ro w ing lentiL I n t his reg io n
i dw arfy fo rm s have been fo und, as w ell as blac k seeded o nes w ith
larg e _and w ith sm all seeds.
~~ e Eastern Mediterranean is t he c entre o f o rig in o f t he c ul
Vicia Ervilia.. '
the distanc e fro m this reg io n inc reases, t he num ber o f
. c harac ters and fo rm s bec o m es p erc ep tibly less. Thus, fo r instanc e,
{_ in, Afg hanistan but 3
V
varieties are g ro w n.
/i:Jf' I n c o m p aring t he sc hem e o f variatio n o f Vieia Ervilia w ith
"' t h at o f Lens eseidenta, w e see t hat t he c harac ters o f bo th sp ec ies
*
!
t he w ho le in t he sam e w ayl St ill so m e individual featu

be o bserved I n t he variatio n o f t he sep arate c harac ters
.^ /jttyia.-- Injthe fiiit. place, the iange of variation of this
pecies is much narrower. Difference with regard to the size of
*' pods' and seeds is 3 times in Lens esculenta, and reaches 6 mm,
, -while in V-. Ervia it is but I
/
a
2 tim es (3 m m ). differenc es
. have been fo und w ith reg ard t o the p ubesc enc e o f the p lants, the
leng th o f the c alyx teeth, shattering , et c
* '^ : .
19*
I
1 ,
- ->:-* *- 'wSi^f.ssi^'Ô^
is
- %"*
292
298
General scheme of o f Yic ia Errilia Willd.
Hereditary varying features. ,

L F l owe r
L Colour, of corol l a ,
4
' *
2. D ime nsions of fl owe r
3. Col our of pe dice l
4 . N umbe r of fl owe rs on pe
duncl e , . "~
s
t' .
5. Le ngthofa wn of pe duncl e
6. D ime nsions ofpod^.
7. Colour of I mma ture pod
8. Col our of ma ture j>od
9. Numbe r, of se e ds pe rpod
10. Sha pe of se e ds '
;
11 Sixe of se e ds ; . . _~
12. We ight of 10 0 0 se e d
13. Col onr of se e de d * ~
Character offeatures.
cha ra cte rs.
a.
b.
a.
b.
a.
b.
a.
b.
a.
b.
yellowish: 1) standardwithout veias .
(Asia M inor, Syria), 2) standardwith.
;
violet veins (Afghanistan)
reddishviolet '"
large (length8 10 mm)
small (length78 mm)
green
purple
12 (Syria, Palestine, Cyprus)
2 4
long
sho rt
cha ra cte rs.
a.
b.
a.
b.
a.
b.
a.
. b.
large (length 21 25 mm, width
6 mm)
small (length 17 21 mm, width
45,5 mm)
green
purple (Syria, Palestine)
strawcoloured
brown (Syria, Palestine)
3 4
cha ra cte rs. ,
. a.
b.
a.
b.
a.
b.
a.
b.
c.
d.
spherical (Afghanistan: Vazirabad)
triangular (pyramidal)
large (greatest diameter56,5 mm)
small (greatest diameter3,55 mm)
2260 gr.
607&gr. "
pink
grey
brown
black
T
'
Hereditary varying features. Character :
14. Charac ter o f p at t ern
15. Colour of pattern
16. Colour of c o t yledo ns
17. Colour o f hilum
a. marbly pattern
b. spottiness
c. dottiness
d. complex pattern (combination of
a, b, c)
a. brown
b. purple
c. black
a. yellow
b. bright orange (red)
light orange (pii k)
a. light brown
b. darkbrown
IV. Ve ge ta tiTe cha ra cte rs.
18. Co lo ur o f seedling s
19. Shap e o f leaflets
20. Size o f leaflets
21. Num ber o f p airs o f leaflets
22. Co lo ur o f p lant
23. Heig ht o f p lant
24. Co lo nr o f stem
25. Thic kness o f stem
26. Branc hing
27. Habit o f yo ung p lant
a. green (Syria, islandRhodos)
b. purple
a. oval
b. linear
a. large
b. small
a. 612 (Syria, Palestine. Cyprus)
b. 1117 (Italy, Algeria, Tunis. Bul
garia)
a. light green (yellowgreen)
b. dark green (Syria, Palestine, Cyprus)
a. tall ' ' .
b. medium
c. dwarfy
a. green
b. purple
a. thick (2. 54 mm)
b. thin (22,5 mm)
a. forms profusely branched (7 '.
and more)
b. forms scantily branched (4 7)
a. erect
b. smi prostrate (Zarafshan)
prostrate (Palestine. Tunis)
294
Hereditary Tarying features. iiarauip r o : leatures.
Y. 1 g i a 1 c h ar ac t er s.
a. early fo rm s
b. late fo rm e
a. 20 60
b. 0100 and more
a! 1,5 g r.
. 510 g r.
{J 'S
a. im m une fo rm s
b. susc ep tible fo rm s
28. Veg et at io n pe riod, '
29. Pro duc t ivit y:, I './/1
1) numberof$ods pe rpl a nt
2) we ightof e e e dsirpnTone
plant " " rs.T'' * '
50 . De gre e ofsusce ptibility;
to fungi pa ra site s (Erysi
phe commtmu G r e v. viaee)'
and insect pests (BnA
7ts Mnls. * Bej ); -
to the determination of . ' ~ Vic ia Ervilia Willd.
A. Im m ature p o ds slig htly p urp le c o lo ured, m ature o nes lig ht
bro w n (leng th 2125^jm ia|fyidtli' 5 ^ 6, jam ). 'Greatest diam eter
o f seeds o n an averag e; 5^ 6,T >' minJ3e*eds in majority of cases
with dark pattern w eig hiô f100ft grains 60 75 . Flo w ers
7 8 m m lo ng , standard and w ings , m o re or less reddish p urp le*
standard w ith dark .vio let veins, (in so m e fo rm s o f Asia
Mino r) standard yeno w ia^^n.tho xi.t/ veiris; Flo w ers1, less frequently
2 o n p edunc le.* 8' '6^12 p "alrs o f leaflets. Leaflets c o m
p aratively sm all (leng th' 18 fr *
5
7 w idth 33,5 trim ).' Plants
grey green, o f sho rt habit (20 30* c m in heig ht), c o m p aratively
early. Gro w n in Mediterranean c o untries; Syria, Palestine, Cyp rus,
Creta, Asia Mino r (c hiefly vilayets JNigde; Xaisarie, Ko nia, Mum ),
Greec e, Sp ain, T " * * '
1. Flo w ers
v
yell(
Seeds
:
4
'
o ut veins.
s
(1) ' .' paRidi
Asia Mino r {vilayet Aidin, Deniz). Bare form, flora m.
occurs as admixture: ^Collected by P. M. Zhu-
kovs t y. ~ *' '
t <*
2. flo w ers lig ht reddish p urp le; standard w ith
dark vio let veins.,: vVvc / ;Al '
:
''
Co tyledo ns, fro m brig ht * o rang e to lig ht
o rang e. ' . ' ^ .
a) Seeds g reyish p ink, unic o lp nred o r w ith
sc arc ely p erc ep tible g rey sp o ts, so m e *
tim esno t m anifesting itself v, . . (2)var.
Syria, Palestine, Asia Mino r, Cyp rus.
gvogri-
sea m.
295
b) Seeds covered vrith uniform, blending,
light brown marble pattern . (?>) var. syriaca ..
Syria, Palestine, Cyp rus, Sp ain, Mo ro c c o ,
Asia Mino r.
c ) Seeds w ith dark bro w n o r blac k sp o ts.
Larg e sp arse sp o ts c o nc entrated c hiefly
near t he hilum , . . . . . (4) var. palaestina m .
Syria, Palestine, Cyp rus, Asia Mino r, Mo ro c c o .
d) Seeds w ith m inute blac k (p urp le) do ts
o n g reyish p ink g ro und . .; . (5) var. nigripunc
tata (Al.) m .
Syria, Palestine, Cyp rus. Co llec ted by
N. I . Vavi lo v.
e) Seeds w ith c o m p o und p attern: bro w n
m arble p attern all o ver t he seed and
blac k do ts near t he hiluni, no t infre
quently in fo rm o f strip es . . (6) var. variegata m .
Syria, Palestine, Cyp rus, Tunis. Co llec ted
by K. I . V a v 1 v.
f) Seeds g rey (sm o ke c o lo ured), c o lo ur
varying fro m lig ht g rey (lig ht bluish)
to dark g rey . (7) var.
Palestine, Cyp rus, Greec e, Asia Mino r,
Sp ain.
g) Seeds blac k, hilum w hite . . . (8) var.
coenUes
cens m .
Asia Mino r (vilayet Ko nia, Nig de,
Afium Qarahisar). Co llec ted by P. M.
Z h u ko vsky.
Co tyledo n's yello w .
a) Seeds g reyish p ink, unic o lo ured o r w ith
sc arc ely p erc ep tible g rey sp o ts . (9) var.
Palestine, rete,
?
*SDain, Asia Minor. Rare
form found as admixture.
b) Seeds with hrown spots, concentrated
chiefly near the hilum . . . (10) var.
Cyprus. Collected by N. I. Vavi l ov.
melcmo-
Rperma m.
cypria m.
B. Immature pods green, mature ones straw - coloured (length
1725 mm, width 45.5 mm). Greatest diameter of seeds on an
average 3,55 mm. Seeds unicoloured or with pattern. 1000 grains
weigh 2565 gr. Flowers large (7,510 mm long), yellowish,
standard with violet veins; 24 flowers on peduncle. Leaves
with 1117 pairs of leaflets; the latter comparatively large (length
12,517 mm, width 35 mm). Plants light green, tall (2560 cm).
Most widespread group, grown in all places where F. Ervilia is
cultivated. Very often met with as admixture to common lentil.
Grown in all countries of South-Western Asia: Afghanistan, Persia,
Uzbekistan, Trans^lttcasia (Armenia, Georgia. Azerbaijan). Daghestan,
1. ii. ?
'

' \ %
f
. *
296
as ve: ' :- ' - Mediterranean countries: Asia Minor, i?I'.~z. Rhodos.
Aigc:.- . . . . taiy, Malta, Sp ain. In "Western L u : . ; ; .Zîgaria,
Czec ho slo vakia, Germ any, Franc e
g rex exp arsae m .
1. Seeds o rbic ular, yello w ish p ink, unic o lo ured.
Co tyledo ns o rang e . ^ , . ( ) Var. globulosa m.
4
A%hanistan (Vazirabad). Oo Uec ted ^ . I .
Vavi lo v.
2. Seeds o f usual shap e: triang ular p yram idal.
a) Seeds g reyish p ink, unic o lo ured o r
' . w ith sc arc ely p erc ep tible g rey sp o ts.
Hilum bro w n.
Co tyledo ns fro m brig ht o rang e t o lig ht '
o rang e.
, f Seeds very sm all (g reatest diam eter
44,5 m m ) . ,. , ^ ^ . (12) var. minima m .
The Crim ea, valley o f Baidary. As adm ix
ture to c ro p s o f c o m m o n lentiL Co llec ted
by H. :
ff Greatest diam eter o f seeds 4/5
;
6,5 m m .
Hilum bro w n . . .. . (13) var. intermedia m.
Alo ng w ith var. vuigaris, t his is o ne/ o f
t he m o st w idesp read varieties o f t he
w o rld. Asia Mino r; Sp ain, Italy,' Greec e,
Algeria, Tunis, Afg hanistan, ._ Persia,
Uzbekistan (distr. Ferg ana), ' Azerbaijan,
Geo rgia, Arm enia, Dag hestan. ./
a) Seeds w ith bro w n, unifo rm ' (blending )
m arble p attern! So m etim es so m e o ? t he
seeds sho w an additio n g reyish sp o ts.
Gro und g reyish p ink . . . , (14) var. punctuiata
Geo rgia, Arm enia. '",.. A b e s s.
b) Seeds w ith dark bro w n (o r blac k) sp o ts
near t he ^?;/
:
^%t, .^> < l| l m .
c ) Seeds w itb ' m m irter" blac k; (p urp le)
do ts . , ' . . . !.'
:
'"v* . ,;\. (16) var. cArojnm
Asia Mino r, Dag hestan. ' ?.. 4. * ~ ' etata m.
d) Seeds w ith c o m p o und p attern:, sm all
unifo rm , bro w n m arble p attern and
blac k sp o ts near t he hilum . Gro und
g reyish p ink . . . . . . . . . (17) var. georgica "
' ' . ' Ab ess.
Azerbaijan, Geo rgia, Arm enia, Alg eria,
Germ any, Czec ho slo vakia.
e) Seeds g rey (sm o ke c o lo ured), c o lo ur
varies fro m lig ht g rey (lig ht bluish)
t o dark g rey . . . . . . . (18) var. einerea m . *
Sp ain, Creta, Asia Mino r.
297
f) Seeds blac k, hilum w hite. Co tyledo ns
lig ht o rang e (19) var.
Geo rg ia, Dag hestan.
Co tyledo ns yello w . Seeds g reyish p ink,
unic o lo ured o r w ith sc arc ely p erc ep
tible g rey sp o ts . . . . . . . . . ... (20) var.
Mo st w idesp read fo rm . Afg hanistan, Sp ain,
I taly, Greec e, Mo ro c c o , Alg eria, Tunis, Asia
Mino r, Bulg aria, Czec ho slo vakia, Franc e,
Germ any.
mgra
A b e s s.
vulgaris
Ern.
Chapt er 8.
The lentil of USSR.
Lens esculenta is grown all over "USSR, while Vicia momnthos
is entirely missing. The cultivation of Vicia Ervilia is of importance
only in the Caucasus.
The lentil grown in the European part of the Soviet Union,
as well as in Siberia, shows no great diversity. The large-seeded
lentil in all probability has been introduced into our country from
the "West, the small-seeded one being adventive from the East.
To the large-seeded group belong forms being of importance for
export. The small-seeded forms are used for forage.
The centre of the large-seeded lentil, are the provinces
adjoining the middle course of the Volga, and the Ukraine^ The
small-seeded lentil gravitates towards the North and East of USSR.
For the territory of proper ^Russia, the Ukraine, the Tartarian,
Tchuvashian, Crimean Republics, Siberiawe have established 10
varieties: var. nummularia, Pulmanii, itaJiea, iberica, subnummularia,
dupyensis, wdgaris, pseudomarmorata, mutabis, variabilis.
Only during the very last times the Russian experiment
stations have begin to devote their attention to lentil breeding.
Smoke-coloured = Dymchataya lentil has been bred by I. A. P 1
m an in p ro v. Kursk.
The I nst it ut e o f Ap p lied Bo tany is eng ag ed in t he p ro p ag a
tio n and testing o f t he p rac tic ally m o st interesting lentil varieties
o f different g eo g rap hic al o rig in^
The lentil o f t he Transc auc asian Rep ublic s: Geo rgia, Arm enia,
Azerbaijan has m uc h in c o m m o n w ith t hat o f t he neig hbo uring
c o untries o f So uth Western and Western Asia. I t em brac es
m o reo ver a c o nsiderable num ber o f endem ic elem ents. All Trans
c auc asian Rep ublic s g ro w alm o st exc lusively sm all seeded lentils.
Valuable p rac tic al p ro p erties; o f t he Transc auc asian lentils
are their earliness, dro ug ht resistanse and t he hig h c o o king
p ro p erties o f their seeds. "
The varietal and rac ial diversity o f the lentils o f t he Middle
Asiatic Rep ublic s: Turkm enistan, Uzbekistan, t he Tajik Rep ublic
is sim ilar to t hat o f the nieg hbo uring c o untries, esp ec ially Persia.
Alm o st exc lusively sm all seeded lentils are gro ^rf
1
in Turkestan.
: !
298
9.
The lentil o f Asia.,
The lentil o f So uth Western Asia: India, Kashm ir, Afg hanistan,
Persia sho w s t he g reatest diversity o f fo rm s. A g reat num ber o f
endem ic c harac ters has been fo und> in these , c o untries w here
exc lusively t he sm all seeded g ro up is gro w n.
The p rinc ip al c entre o f lentil c ultivatio n in India are t he
Central p ro vinc es, the United p ro vinc es, Beng al and Madras.
Over the w ho le o f India, Burm a, Punjab, Kashm ir a sp ec ial ende
m ic g ro up , c harac terized by stro ng p ubesc enc e o f t he veg etative
o rg ans, is g ro w n. I t is rep resented by varieties: indica A1.,
unicolor ., leucaniha m ., rhodantha in. and nigrescens m . The
Indian lentil, alo ng w ith t he Arabian o ne, is o ne o f t he earliest
in t he w ho le w o rld. /
I n Afg hanistan nine lentil varieties have been established.
The m o st interesting is the endem ic g ro up o f sm all seeded lentil
fo und by N. I . Vavi lo v in the reg io n o f Afg hanistan adjo ining
India (Jalalabad, Chekho sarai). This g ro up rep resents t he extrem e
m ic ro fo rm , t he term inal link, as it w ere,' o f the* g eneral c hain o f
variatio n o f t he c ultivated sp ec ies, ap p ro ac hing th<j latter to the
w ild g ro w ing sp ec ies. . . ^! . __

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Barulina 1930 Lentils of The USSR Vicia Ervilia Dark

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SUPPLEMENT 40 th TO THE BULLETIN OF APPLIED BOTANY, OF GENETICS

Eegion of cultivation of V. Brvilia l

The sm all seeded lentil is m o re p o lym o rp ho us

^^^^' ^ veg etative o rg ans.

. . ' ''. ''

2. Seeds blac k. As reg ards t he o ther c harac ters , f

t he w ho le in t he sam e w ayl St ill so m e individual featu

Hereditary varying features. ,