ENGLISH REVIEWER

PARTS OF SPEECH

I. NOUN is a name of a person, place or thing.

TYPES OF NOUN (5)

1. Concrete and Abstract Nouns

Concrete Noun names something that you can perceive (see,
touch, hear or smell).
Abstract Noun names something the you cannot readily
perceive.

Concrete Nouns Abstract Nouns
refrigerator
computer
stapler
nationalism
integrity
loneliness

2. Collective Nouns
name groups of people.

Collective Nouns
team orchestra
fleet army

3. Compound Nouns
composed of two or more words acting as a single unit.

Compound Nouns
Separated full moon, post office
Hyphenated mother-in-law, dry-cleaning
Combined rainfall, starfish, haircut

4. Common & Proper Nouns

Common Nouns names a person, place or thing in general.
Proper Nouns names a specific person, place, or thing.

Common Nouns Proper Nouns
president
church
brand
Ninoy Aquino
Living Word BGC
Toshiba

5. Gerund
an -ing form of a verb that acts like a noun. For example, in
the sentence, "Reading is fun." Reading acts as the noun.

II. PRONOUN words used in place of a noun.

Antecedents are nouns for which pronouns stand.

Example: After their performance, the actors went to a party.

(Actors act as an antecedent for which the pronoun their refers to.)

TYPES OF PRONOUN (6)

1. Personal Pronouns
used to refer to (1) the person speaking, (2) the person
spoken to, (3) the person, place, or thing spoken about.

Nominative Objective Possessive
First
Person
Singular I me my, mine
Plural we us our, ours
Second
Person
Singular you you your,yours
Plural you you your,yours
Third
Person
Singular he,she,it him,her,it his,her.its
Plural they them their,theirs


2. Demonstrative Pronouns(4)
pronouns used to point out nouns.

Demonstrative Pronouns
Singular Plural
this,that these,those


3. Interrogative Pronouns (5)
pronouns used to ask questions.

Interrogative Pronouns
what which who whom whose

4. Relative Pronouns
used to link or relate one phrase or clause to another
phrase or clause.

Relative Pronouns
that which who whom whose

*Note: The compounds whichever, whomever, and
whoever are also relative pronouns.

5. Indefinite Pronouns
pronouns that are used to refer to persons, places, or
things, often without specifying which ones.
pronouns referring to an identifiable but not specified
person or thing.

Indefinite Pronouns
Singular Plural
Singular
or
Plural
another
anybody
anyone
anything
each
either
everybody
everyone
everything
somebody
someone
something
nobody
no one
nothing
one
other
little
much
neither

both
few
many
others
several
all
any
more
most
none
some
such

6. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns (8)
both end in self or selves. Reflexive and Intensive
pronouns form is the same, but their functions differ.

Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
Singular Plural
First Person myself ourselves
Second Person yourself yourselves
Third Person
himself, herself,
itself
themselves

FUNCTIONS OF NOUN OR PRONOUN (8)

1. Subject
the doer, the actor, the performer of a certain action.

Example:
Joseph did what the angel had commanded.

2. Direct Object
refers to where the action is being directed.
noun or pronoun that receives the action of a transitive
verb.
a noun or pronoun answering "whom" or "what" after
an action verb

Example:
The Lord gave signs through dreams.

3. Indirect Object
a noun or pronoun answering "to whom/what" or "for
whom/what" after an action verb.
always come with a direct object.

Example:
The Lord gave Joseph signs through dreams.

4. Objective Complement
a noun, a pronoun or an adjective that appears with a
direct object and describes or renames it.

Example:
Joseph named him Jesus.

5. Subjective Complement
a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective that renames or
describes the subject.
comes after the linking verb.

Example:
Jesus is the Messiah.
The breads are delicious.

6. Predicate Nominative
same as subjective complement but applicable only to
nouns and pronouns

Example:
Jesus is a preacher and a healer.

7. Object of the Preposition
a noun or pronoun answering "whom" or "what" after
a preposition in a prepositional phrase.

Example:
Jesus preached the gospel with his twelve disciples.

8. Appositive
a noun or pronoun the renames another noun.

Example:
Jesus, the Messiah, likes to preach.

III. VERB an action word

TYPES OF VERB (2)

1. Action Verbs
specifies action.

2. Copulative or Linking Verbs (be, am, is)
Instead of specifying or performing action, linking verbs
links or connects subject to other words in the sentence.

*Note: Other action verbs can act as linking verbs. Be
careful.

Other Linking Verbs
appear
become
feel
grow
look
remain
seem
smell
sound
stay
taste
turn

Example: Professor Moriones feels smart.
The apple tastes good. (The apple is good)

TRANSITIVE & INTRANSITIVE VERBS

A verb is transitive if it directs action toward someone or
something. Transitive verbs always comes with a direct
object. You can determine whether a verb has an object and
thus transitive by asking Whom? or What? after the verb.

A verb is intransitive if it does not direct action toward
someone or something. Intransitive verbs do not have
object with them.

Example:

TRANSITIVE: Paul wrote the gospel. (Wrote what? gospel)
INTRANSITIVE: The birds flew South. (Flew what? No ans)

IV. ADJECTIVE words used to describe a noun or a pronoun.

An adjective can answer four questions: What kind? Which one? How
many? And How much?

Examples:
Green fields (What kind of field?)
Six lobsters (How many lobsters?
Left window (Which window?)
Extensive rainfall (How much rainfall?)

Articles (a, an, the)
Indefinite Articles (a, an) refer to a general class of noun.
Definite Article (the) refer to a specific noun.

Nouns Used As Adjectives
pencil sharpener Monday Morning
mail clerk Pasig pride

Pronouns Used As Adjectives
Possessive Adjectives my pen, her pen, your pen
Demonstrative Adjectives this pen, these pens
Interrogative Adjectives which pen?, whose pen?
Indefinite Adjectives each cruiser, several choirs


Verbs Used As Adjectives
enlightened parents crying baby

Order of Adjectives
Article or pronoun a or your
Size large
Age old
Color green
Participate hand-blown
Proper Noun Used As Adjective French
Common Noun Used As Adjective wine
Noun bottle

V. ADVERB modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb.

Adverbs Modifying Verbs
Inflation zoomed upward.
She never cleaned the room.
He officially announced it.

Adverbs Modifying Adjectives
The solution was quite logical.
It was an exteremely sour lemon.

Adverbs Modifying Adverbs
He worked very competently.
I am not completely finished.

Adjectives or Adverbs?

Adjective: Our professor looked pensive.
Adverb: The professor looked at her notes pensively.

VI. PREPOSITIONS relates or links the noun or pronoun to other
words in a sentence.

PREPOSITIONS
aboard at between from
about because of beyond in
above before but instead of
according to behind by into
across below during near
along beneath except nearby
among beside for of

Prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, its object, and any
modifiers of the object. In the prepositional phrase by the greatest
German musician, the preposition is by, the object is musician, and the
modifiers of the object are the greatest German.

VII. CONJUCTIONS used to connect words or groups of words.
join words, phrases, or clauses.

TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS

1. Coordinating Conjunctions (7)
used to coordinate or to join individual words, phrases,
and independent clauses.

Coordinating Conjunctions
and but for nor or so yet

2. Correlative Conjunctions
always appear in pairs -- you use them to link equivalent
sentence elements

Correlative Conjunctions
bothand eitheror neithernor
not onlybut also whetheror

3. Subordinating Conjunctions
introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of
the relationship among the independent clause(s) and the
dependent clause(s).

Subordinating Conjunctions
after because lest till
although before now that unless
as even if provided until
as if even though since when
as long as how so that whenever
as much as if than where
as soon as inasmuch as that wherever
as though in order that though while

VII. INTERJECTIONS words used to express feelings or emotions.

Common Interjections
ah dear hey ouch well
aha goodness hurray psst whew
alas gracious oh tsk wow