International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 4 Issue 9 Sep 2013

ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page 3287

Modern Safety Transportation Using Smart on- Board
Unit in Vehicles
L.kavya
#1

Dept. of ECE, Sreenedhi institute of science and Technology, AP, India

Abstractthis project is about making vehicles more
intelligent and interactive which may notify or resist user
under unacceptable conditions, they may provide critical
information of real time situations to rescue or police or
owner himself. Driver fatigue resulting from sleep deprivation
or sleep disorders is an important factor in the increasing
number of accidents on today's roads. In this paper, we
describe a real-time online safety on-board prototype that
controls the vehicle speed under driver fatigue. The purpose
of such a model is to advance a system to detect fatigue
symptoms in drivers and control the speed of vehicle to avoid
accidents. The main components of the system consist of
number of real time sensors like gas, vibration, ultrasonic
sensor alcohol, mems sensors and a software interface with
GSM, GPS and Google Maps APIs for location.

KeywordsGPS, LPC2148, GSM SIM300.

I. INTRODUCTION

Car accidents are a leading cause of death [1]. Auto-mated car
accident detection can save lives by decreasing the time
required for information to reach emergency responders [2, 3,
4]. Conventional vehicular sensor systems for accident
detection, such as OnStar, notify emergency responders
immediately by utilizing in-vehicle sensors, such as
accelerometers and airbag deployment monitors, to detect car
accidents. Figure 1 shows how traditional accident detection
systems operate.
Sensors attached to the vehicle use a built-in cellular radio to
communicate with a monitoring centre that is responsible for
dispatching emergency responders in the event of an
emergency. Driving while either intoxicated or drunk is
dangerous and drivers with high blood alcohol content or
concentration (BAC) are at greatly increased risk of car
accidents, highway injuries and vehicular deaths. Every single
injury and death caused by drunk driving is totally preventable.
At present drunken drivers have increased enormously and so
is the deaths due to drunken drivers. The mail reason for
driving drunk is that the police are not able to check each and
every car and even if they catch any one the police can be
easily bribed. So there is a need for an effective systemto
check drunken drivers.




Fig 1. A Traditional Accident Detection System

Car accident detection and highway congestion control is an
emerging application for wireless mobile sensor networks.
Recent advances in smartphone technologies are making it
possible to detect car accidents in a more portable and cost
effective manner than conventional in-vehicle solutions.
Rapid accident detection and response can save lives and
reduce congestion by alerting motorists as soon as possible,
giving themtime to reroute.

II. RELATED WORK
1) Detecting Accident Without Electronic Control Unit
Interaction

Conventional in-vehicle accident detection systems rely on
sensor networks throughout the car and direct interaction with
the vehicles electronic control units (ECUs). These sensors
detect acceleration/deceleration, airbag deployment, and
vehicular rollover [7, 8]. Metrics fromthese sensors aid in
generating a detailed accident profile, such as locating where
the vehicle was struck, number of times it was hit, severity of
the collision, and airbag deployment. Without direct access to
ECUs, however, it is harder to collect information about the
vehicle.
It is therefore necessary to collect the same or similar
information utilizing only the sensors present on the unit.

2) Preventing False Positives
Vehicle-based accident detection systems monitor a network
of sensors to determine if an accident has occurred. Instances
of high acceleration/deceleration are due to a large change in
velocity over a very short period of time. These speeds are
hard to attain if a vehicle is not controlled by a human driver,
which simplifies accident detection since we can assume any
instance of high acceleration constitutes a collision involving
human drivers. Since units are portable, however, it is not as
International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 4 Issue 9 Sep 2013

ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page 3288

hard to attain such speeds. For instance, it is not hard to drop a
unit fromsix feet in the air, but dropping a vehicle fromthat
height would require significantly more effort.
III. PROPOSED METHOD

ARCHITECTURE
Utilization of On board Accelerometers to Detect Collisions.
Why it is hard to detect car accidents without ECU interaction.
To address that challenge, our systemuses on board sensors to
detect the forces and accelerations associated with a car
accident, as shown in Figure 2. The proposed architecture
platform provides an orientation sensor comprised of three
independent accelerometers that allow easy way to detect car
accidents in the same manner as vehicle ECUs.








Fig: 2 Device Sensors Provide Acceleration Information
In the event of an accident, the unit will experience the
same forces and accelerations experienced by the occupants of
the vehicle. Moreover, if the unit remains stationary relative to
the vehicle during the collision, it is possible to use the data
gathered fromthe unit to recreate and model the forces it
experienced. In this case, the unit can provide data much like
that gathered by vehicular ECUs.
















CAN:



Fig 4 vehicle on-board unit block diagram


Fig 3: Flow of operation

a. GPS smart receiver
The GPS smart receiver features the 16 channels, Ultra low
power GPS architecture. This complete enabled GPS receiver
provides high position, velocity and time accuracy
performances as well as high sensitivity and tracking
capabilities. Thanks to the ultra-low power CMOS technology,
the GPS receiver is ideal for many portable applications such
as PDA, Tablet PC, smart phone etc.

Applications:
*Automotive
*Personal/Portable Navigation (PDA)
*Geographic Surveying
*Sports and Recreation

Fig 5: GPS module



Vehicle
experiences large
acceleration
On-board unit
experiences same
acceleration as
vehicle
LPC 2148
ARM 7
MCU
MEMS
SENSOR
ALCOHOL
ULTRAS
ONIC
SENSOR
GAS
SENSOR
GPS
GSM
MAX
232
BATTERY
12V@1.5Ah
HALF
BRIDGE
DRIVER
International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 4 Issue 9 Sep 2013

ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page 3289

b. Global System Mobile Communications
(GSM):

GSM is a mobile communication modem the name stands for
global system for mobile communication (GSM). GSM can be
an open and digital cellular technology used for transmitting
both mobile voice and data services operates at the quad band
850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz frequency bands.
GSM system basically uses multiple access scheme as time
division multiple access (TDMA) technique for
communication purpose. A GSM digitizes data and reduces it
and sends it through a channel to different clients at a different
time slot allocated to them. The digital systemhas an ability to
carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates.


Fig 6: GSM modem

There are various cell sizes in a GSM systemsuch as macro,
micro, pico and umbrella cells. Each cell varies as per the
implementation domain. There are five different cell sizes in a
GSM network macro, micro, pico and umbrella cells. The
coverage area of each cell varies according to the
implementation environment.
Features of GSM Module:
Higher spectrumefficiency
International roaming facility
Compatibility with integrated services digital
network (ISDN)
Support for new services.
SIM phonebook management unit
Fixed dialling number (FDN) possibility
Real time clock with alarmmanagement
High-quality speech
Uses encryption to make phone calls more secure
Short message service (SMS)
The security strategies standardized for the GSM systemmake
it the most secure telecommunications standard currently
accessible. Although the confidentiality of a call and secrecy
of the GSM subscriber is just ensured on the radio channel,
this is a major step in achieving end-to- end security.
A GSM modemcan also be a standard GSM mobile phone
with the appropriate cable and software driver to connect to a
serial port or USB port on your computer. GSM modem is
usually preferable to a GSM mobile phone. The GSM modem
has wide range of applications in transaction terminals, supply
chain management, security applications, weather stations and
GPRS mode remote data logging.
Workingof GSM Module:
A GSM modeminterfaced to the microcontroller unit through
the level shifter IC Max232. The SIM card mounted GSM
modemupon receiving digit command by SMS fromany cell
phone send that data to the MCU through serial
communication. While the program is executed, the GSM
modem receives command signal STOP to produce an
output at the MCU, the contact point of which are used to
disable the ignition switch. The command sent by the user is
based on an intimation received by himthrough the GSM
modemas a ALERT a programmed message when input is
driven low.

c. MQ-3 gas sensor:

MQ-3 gas sensor has high sensitivity to Alcohol, and has good
resistance to disturb of gasoline, smoke and vapour. The
sensor could be used to detect alcohol with different
concentration; it is with low cost and suitable for different
application. Also it has Long life and low cost and simple
drive circuit.
Application

* Vehicle alcohol detector
* Portable alcohol detector

D. MQ-6 gas sensor:

MQ-6 gas sensor has high sensitivity to Propane, Butane and
LPG, also response to Natural gas. The sensor could be used
to detect different combustible gas, especially Methane; it is
with low cost and suitable for different application.
Application

* Domestic gas leakage detector
* Industrial Combustible gas detector
* Portable gas detector

E. MEMS Accelerometer

MEMS (Micro-Electro Mechanical System)-based
accelerometers are devices that measure the proper
acceleration. In relativity theory, proper acceleration is the
physical acceleration experienced by an object. [1] The
psychical acceleration is measurable by sensors. These sensors
are part of the sensing cluster of ubiquitous technologies.
International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 4 Issue 9 Sep 2013

ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page 3290

Sensing technologies make use of physical parameters from
the environment, such as temperature, pressure, force and
light. An accelerometer measures weight per unit of mass, a
quantity also known as specific force, or g-force. [2]
Measuring g-forces allows users to for instance interact with
products by means of gesture recognition.
MEMS-based accelerometers are available in 1-, 2- and 3-axis
configurations, with analog or digital output, in low-g or high-
g sensing ranges. [3]
Low g-force MEMS accelerometers:
Output: analog and digital
Number of axes: 1 - 3 axes
Range of g-force: (+/-) 0 - 16 g
Typical bandwidth: 1.6 - 2.5 kHz
Voltage supply: 1.7 - 6 V
Supply current: 145 A 700 A
Temperature range: -40 - 125C
High g-force MEMS accelerometers:
Output: analog and digital
Number of axes: 1 - 2 axes
Range of g-force: (+/-) 0 - 70 g
Typical bandwidth: 0.4 - 22 kHz
Voltage supply: 3 - 6 V
Supply current: 1.3 mA 5 mA
Temperature range: -40 - 105C

Application fields
MEMS-based accelerometers are one of the simplest but also
most applicable micro-electromechanical devices. They are
widely used in cost sensitive, low power, motion- and tilt-
sensing applications like mobile devices, gaming systems,
disk drive protection, image stabilization and sports and health
devices. [4] The best known applications are the Wii remote
of Nintendo and Apple's iPhone.


Fig 7: MEMS-based accelerometer
Ultrasonic Distance Sensor

Ultrasonic sensor provides an easy method of distance
measurement. This sensor is perfect for any number of
applications that require you to perform measurements
between moving or stationary objects.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

We continuously monitor for various parameters of car, such
as, speed, steering position, any obstacle and alcohol sensors,
as soon as impact id detected more impact related sensors
comes in pictures. The C stores all this data in the internal
memory. If the driver is found to have alcohol in the breath, it
warns and then turns the ignition off. And hence possibility of
an accident is avoided. Also we have designed an ultrasonic
sensor which continuously monitors the number of times if
any vehicle coming in opposite direction that means the driver
is reckless, in that case a buzzer is operated and our vehicle
should immediately should slow down and even change angle
of direction in order to avoid crash.
International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 4 Issue 9 Sep 2013

ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page 3291



Fig. 8 Google Map API for Vehicle Notification
If accident happened by using mems sensors we are able to
found out. After collecting all information which is stored in
internal memory, C send this data to base or surveillance unit
via SMS using GSM modem. On the base side we receive the
data such as engine speed, gas, alcohol level, impact or crash
etc. and also the GPS co-ordinates on the online Google maps.
The PC unit has the online Google earth software which
graphically shows all the data to the analyst so that the reasons
of crash or accident can be understood better.
V. CONCLUSION
Although conventional in-vehicle accident detection systems
provide emergency responders with crucial information at the
earliest possible time, adoption of these systems is limited by
their non-portability and cost. Smart on-board unit present a
promising platform on which to construct an accident
detection system. Significant challenges, however, are
associated with developing an accident detection application
for smart intelligent-based sensor networks facilitates accident
prevention and making the world a much better and safe place
to live.

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, BIODATA



Lakkakula kavya received her B.Tech degree in Electronics &
Communication Engineering fromSree Chaitanya College of
Engineering in 2011. Presently she is pursuing M.Tech in
Digital systems and computer electronics in E.C.E.
Department fromSreenidhi Institute of Science and
Technology since November 2011.