4. A.1: What are the assumptions made in Slope-Deflection Method?

Assumptions made in slope-deflection method are

(i) Between each pair of the supports the beam section is constant
(ii) The joints in a structure may rotate or deflect as a whole, but the
angles between the members meeting at that joint remain the same.
4. A.2: How many slope-deflection equations are available for a two span
continuous beam?
There will be 4 Nos. of slope-deflection equations, two for each span.
4. A.3: What is the moment at a hinged end of a simple beam?
Moment at the hinged ends of a simple beam=zero.
4. A.4: How do you account for sway in slope-deflection method for portal
frames?
Because of sway, there will be rotations in the vertical members of a frame.
This causes moments in the vertical members. To account for this, besides the
equilibrium, one more equation namely shear equation connecting the joint-
moments is used.
4. A.5: Write down the equation for sway correction for the portal frame shown
below.



The shear equation (sway correction equation) is

1
= 0
4. A.6: For the portal frame shown in the figure,write down the horizontal shear
equation

The shear equation is

+ P = 0
4. A.7: Write down the Slope-Deflection equation for a fixed end support.
Assuming a beam as below:



The slope-deflection equation for end A is
M
AB
= M
FAB
+
2

2
A
+
B
+
3

= M
FAB
+
2

B
+
3

(since
A
=0)
If there is no support settlement, =0 and M
AB
= M
FAB
+
2

(
B
)
4. A.8: Write down the general slope-deflection equation and state what each
term represents.

General slope-deflection equations:
M
AB
=M
FAB
+
2

2
A
+
B
+
3

M
BA
=M
FBA
+
2

2
B
+
A
+
3

M
FAB,
M
FBA
- Fixed end moments at A and B respectively due to the given
loading

A,

B
- Slopes at A and B respectively
- Sinking of support A with respect to B

4. A.9: Mention any three reasons due to which sway may occur in portal
frames.
Sway in portal frames may occur due to
(i) Unsymmetry in geometry of the frame
(ii) Unsymmetry in loading or
(iii) Settlement of one end of a frame
4. A.10: In a continuous beam, one of the support sinks. What will happen to the
span and support moments associated with the sinking support?

Referring to the fig. support D sink by . This will not affect span moments.
Fixed end moments (support moments) will get developed as under
M
FCD
=M
FDC
= -6EI

1
2

M
FDE
=M
FED
= 6EI

1
2





SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD
Introduction
This method is ideally suited to the analysis of continuous beams and
rigid jointed frames. Using this method basic unknowns like steps and
deflections of joints are found out
Assumptions
1. All joints are rigid
2. Distortions due to axial deformations are neglected
3. Shear deformations are neglected
Applications of slope deflection method
1. Continuous Beams
2. Frames with out side sway
3. Frames with side sway
Step Procedure:
1. Consider each span of the continuous beam is taken as fixed beam find
the fixed end moments.
Clockwise are (+) Positive
Anti clockwise (-) Negative
2. Using slope deflection equations write down all the end moments.
3. Write down the joint equilibrium equations.
4. Solve the joint equilibrium equation to get the unknown rotations and
deflections.
5. Substituting the values of unknowns is slope deflection equations
determine the end moments.
6. Draw the shear force and BMD Diagrams
S.No CASES
BOTH ENDS FIXED
M
FAB
M
FBA

1

-
8
wl
+
8
wl

2

-
2
12
wl
+
2
12
wl

3

-
2
2
l
wab
+
2
2
l
wab

4

-
) 3 8 6 (
12
2 2
2
a al l
l
wa
+
+
) 3 4 (
12
2
2
2
a l
l
wa

5

-
2
30
wl
+
2
20
wl

6

+
4
m
+
4
m

7

) 3 (
2
l a
l
Mb
) 3 (
2
l b
l
Ma

Slope Deflection Equations:
M
AB
= M
FAB
+
l
EI 2
(

A
+ +
l
B A
3
2 u u (1)
M
BA
= M
FAB
+
l
EI 2
(

A
+ +
l
A B
3
2 u u (2)



-
2
96
5
WL
2
96
5
WL
4. B.1: Using slope deflection method, Draw BMD of the continuous beam
shown in Fig. EI Constant (Anna May 2012)




20
2
wl

30
2
wl +

(a) Fixed End Moments:
Span AB:
M
FAB
= -24 KNm
M
FBA
= +24 KNm
Span BC:
M
FBC
= -17.28 KNm
M
FCB
= 25.92 KNm
Span CD:
M
FCD
= -25 KNm
M
FDC
= +25 KNm
(b) Slope Deflection Equation:
M
AB
= M
FAB
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
B A
3
2 2
2
u u u
A
= 0, A = 0
= -24 + 0.33 EIu
B
(1)

M
BA
= M
FBA
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
A B
3
2 2
2
u u
= 24+0.66 EI u
B
(2)
M
BC
= M
FBC
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
A B
3
2 2
2
u u
= -17.28 + 0.8 EIu
B
+0.4EIu
C
(3)
M
CB
= M
FCB
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
B C
3
2 2
2
u u
= 25.92 + 0.8 EIu
C
0.4EIu
B
(4)
M
CD
= M
FCD
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
D C
3
2
2
u u
= - 25 + 0.8 EIu
C
(5)
M
DC
= M
FDC
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
C D
3
2
2
u u
= 25 + 0.4 EIu
C
(6)
(c) Equilibrium Equations:
M
BA
+ M
BC
= 0
M
CB
+ M
CD
= 0
24 + 0.66 EIu
B
+ (-17.28) + 0.8EIu
B
+ 0.4EIu
C

1.46EIu
B
+ 0.4EIu
C
+ 6.72 (7)

25.92 + 0.8EIu
C
+ 0.4u
B
25 + 0.8EIu
C

0.4EIu
B
+ 1.6EIu
C
+ 0.92 (8)
Solving the Equation (7) & (8)
EIu
B
= -4.77
EIu
C
= +0.61
(d) Final Moments:
M
AB
= -25.4 KNm
M
BA
= 20.84 KNm
M
BC
= -20.81 KNm
M
CB
= 24.53 KNm
M
CD
= -24.53 KNm
M
DC
= 25.74 KNm




4. B.2: Analyze the continuous beam shown in fig plot BMD use slope
deflection method (Anna Dec 2009).

(a) Fixed End Moments:
Span AB
M
FAB
= -21.6 KNm

M
FBA
= 14.4 KNm
Span BC
M
FBC
= -53.3 KNm
M
FCB
= +53.3 KNm
Span CD
M
FCB
= -2.5 KNm
M
FDC
= +1.66 KNm
(b) Slope Deflection Equations:
M
AB
= M
FAB
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
B A
3
2 2
2
u u
= -21.6 +
B
EIu 4 . 0 (1)
M
BA
= M
FAB
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
A B
3
2
2
u u
= 14.4 + 0.8
B
EIu (2)
M
BC
= M
FBC
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
C B
3
2
2
u u
= -53.3 + 1
B
EIu + 0.5 u
C
EI (3)
M
CB
= M
FCB
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
B C
3
2
2
u u
= -53.3 + 1
C
EIu + 0.5 EIu
B
(4)
M
CD
= M
FCD
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
D C
3
2
2
u u
= -2.5 + 0.8
C
EIu (5)
M
DC
= M
FDC
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
C D
3
2
2
u u
= 1.66 + 0.4
C
EIu (6)
(c) Equilibrium Equations:
M
BA
+

M
BC
= 0
M
CB
+

M
CD
= 0
14.4 + 0.8 EIu
B
+ (-53.3) EIu
B
+ 0.5EIu
C

1.8 EI u
B
+ 0.5 EI u
C
38.9 (7)
53.3 + EI u
C
+ 0.5 EIu
B
2.5 + 0.8 EI u
C

0.5 EI u
B
+ 1.8 EI u
C
+ 50.8 (8)
Solve the Equations (7) & (8)
EI u
B
= + 31.9
EI u
C
= - 37.0


(d) Final Moments:
M
AB
= -08.86 KNm
M
BA
= +39.92 KNm
M
BC
= -39.92 KNm
M
CB
= 32.25 KNm
M
CD
= 37.1 KNm
M
DC
= -13.146 KNm

4. B.3: Analyze the Beam Shown in Fig by the slope deflection method.
Draw shear force and BMI Diagrams (Anna May 2008) EI Constant

(a) Fixed End Moments:
Span
M
FAB
= -75 KNm
M
FBA
= 150 KNm




(b) Slope Deflections Equation:
M
AB
= M
FAB
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
B A
3
2
2
u u
= -75 + 0.44 EI u
B
(1)
M
BA
= M
FBA
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
A B
3
2
2
u u

M
BA
= 150 + 0.88 EI u
B
(2)

(c) Equilibrium Equations:
M
BA
+

M
BC
= 0
150 + 0.88 EIu
B
+ (-75) = 0
0.88 EIu
B
+75 = 0
0.88 EIu
B
= -75
EIu
B
= -75
_____
0.88
EIu
B
= - 85.22
(d) Final Moments:
M
AB
= -112.49 KNm
M
BA
= 75 KNm



4. B.4: A Continuous Beam ABCD fixed at and D continuous over supports
B and C. The span AB = 5m carries a central concentrated load of 10KN.
The span BC 4m carries a uniformly distributed load of 4KN/m over the
entire span of BC. The span CD =6m carries a non central concentrated
load of 8 KN acting at the distance of 2m from the end D. Analyze the
Beam and Draw the BM diagram using slope deflection method. (Anna
May 2012)


(a) Fixed End Moments:
Span AB
M
FAB
= -6.25 KNm

M
FBA
= +6.25 KNm
Span BC
M
FBC
= -5.33 KNm
M
FCB
= +5.33 KNm
Span CD
M
FCB
= -3.55 KNm
M
FDC
= +7.11 KNm

(b) Slope Deflection Equations:-
M
AB
= M
FAB
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
B A
3
2
2
u u
= - 6.25 + 0.4
B
EIu (1)
M
BA
= M
FBA
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
A B
3
2
2
u u
= + 6.25 + 0.8
B
EIu (2)
M
BC
= M
FBC
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
C B
3
2
2
u u
= - 5.33 + 1EIu
B
+ 0.5EIu
C
(3)
M
CB
= M
FCB
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
B C
3
2
2
u u
= + 5.33 + 1EIu
C
+ 0.5EIu
B
(4)
M
CD
= M
FCD
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
D C
3
2
2
u u
= - 3.55 + 0.66 EIu
C
(5)
M
DC
= 7.11 + | | 0 2
6
2
+ +
C D
EI
u u
= 7.11 + 0.33 EIu
C
(6)
(c) Equilibrium Equations:
M
BA
+ M
BC
= 0; M
CB
+ M
CD
= 0
+ 6.25 + 0.88EIu
B
+ (-5.33) + 1EIu
B
+ 0.5 EI u
C

1.88 EIu
B
+ 0.5 EIu
C
+ 0.92 = 0 (7)
+ 5.33 + 1 EIu
C
+ 0.5 EIu
B
+ 3.55 + 0.66 EIu
C

0.5 EIu
B
+ 1.66 EIu
C
+1 .78 = 0 (8)
Solve the Equations (7) and (8)
EI u
B
= - 0.22
EI u
C
= - 1.00
(d) Final Moments:
M
AB
= -6.166 KNm
M
BA
= -6.02 KNm
M
BC
= -6.02KNm
M
CB
= +4.22 KNm
M
CD
= -4.21 KNm
M
DC
= 6.78 KNm

4. B.5 Analyze the continuous Beam shown in fig by slope deflection
method. Draw Bending Moment Diagrams EI Constant (Anna Dec 2010)

(a) Fixed End Moments:
Span AB
M
FAB
= -20.83 KNm

M
FBA
= +20.83 KNm
Span BC
M
FBC
= -7.5 KNm
M
FCB
= +7.5 KNm
Span CD
M
FCB
= -30 KNm
M
FDC
= +30 KNm

(b) Slope Deflection Equations:
M
AB
= M
FAB
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
B A
3
2
2
u u
= - 6.25 + 0.4
B
EIu (1)
M
BA
= M
FBA
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
A B
3
2
2
u u
= + 20.83 + 0.8
B
EIu (2)
M
BC
= M
FBC
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
C B
3
2
2
u u
= -7.5 + 0.66 EIu
C
+ 1.33EIu
B
(3)
M
CB
= M
FCB
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
B C
3
2
2
u u
= + 7.5 + 1.33 EIu
C
+ 0.66EIu
B
(4)
M
CD
= M
FCD
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
D C
3
2
2
u u
= - 30 + 0.66 EIu
C
+ 0.33 EIu
D
(5)
M
DC
= M
FDC
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
C D
3
2
2
u u
= + 30 + 0.66EIu
D
+

0.33EIu
C
(6)
(c) Equilibrium Equations:
M
BA
+ M
BC
= 0
M
CB
+ M
CD
= 0
M
DC
+ M
DE
= 0
+ 20.83 + 0.88EIu
B
+ (-7.5) + 0.66 EIu
C
+ 1.33EI u
B
= 0
2.13 EIu
B
+ 0.66 EIu
C
+13.33 = 0 (7)
7.5 + 1.33EIu
C
+ 0.66 EIu
B
30 + 0.66 EIu
C
+ 0.33 EIu
D

0.66 EIu
B
+ 2EIu
C
+ 0.33 EIu
D
22.5 = 0 (8)
+ 30 + 0.66 EIu
D
+ 0.33 EIu
C
+ (-10) = 0
0.66 EIu
D
+ 0.33EIu
C
+ 20 = 0 (9)
2.13 EIu
B
+ 0.66 EIu
C
+ 0 EIu
D
+ 13.33 = 0 (7)
0.66 EIu
B
+ 2 EIu
C
+ 0.33 EIu
D
22.5 = 0 (8)
0 EIu
B
+ 0.33 EIu
C
+ 0.66 EIu
D
+ 20 = 0 (9)
Solve the above equations.
EI u
B
= - 13.21
EI u
C
= 22.46
EI u
D
= - 41.53
(d) Final Moments:
M
AB
= -26.11 KNm
M
BA
= +10.26 KNm
M
BC
= -10.26 KNm
M
CB
= +28.66 KNm
M
CD
= -28.88 KNm
M
DC
= 10.01 KNm

4. B.6: Analyze the frame shown in Fig by slope deflection method draw
bending moment diagram (Anna Nov 2007) (Model Example)

(a) Fixed End Moments:
M
FAB
= M
FBA
= 0
M
FBD
= 20 x 1 KNm
M
FBC
=
12
4 12
= -16 KNm
M
FCB
=
12
4 12 +
= +16 KNm



(b) Slope Deflection Equations:
M
AB
= M
FAB
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
B A
3
2
2
u u
=
B
EI
l
EI
u
2

M
BA
= 0

+ | | 0 2
3
2
+
B A
EI
u u
=
B
EIu
3
4
0 =
A
u
M
BC
= -16
+

( )
| |
C B
I E
u u + 2
4
2 2

=
B
EIu 2 16 + 0 =
C
u
M
CB
= 16
+

( )
| |
C B
I E
u u 2
4
2 2
+
=
B
EIu + 16 0 =
C
u
(c) Equilibrium Equations
M
BA
+

M
BC
+

M
BD
= 0
3
4
EIu
B
+ (-16 + 2EIu
B
) + 20 = 0
3.33 EIu
B
+ 4 = 0
3.33 EIu
B
= - 4
EIu
B
= - 4
____
3.33
EIu
B
= -1.20

(d) Final Moments
M
AB
= - 0.8 KNm
M
BA
= - 1.6 KNm
M
BC
= - 18.4 KNm
M
CB
= 14.8 KNm
4. B.7: A beam ABC supported on a column BD is loaded as shown in fig.
Analyze the frame by slope deflection method. Draw the BMD (Anna Dec
2007)

(a) Fixed End Moments:
M
FAB
= - tm 4
12
4 3
2
=

M
FBA
= + tm 4
12
4 3
2
=

M
FBD
= M
FDB
= 0; M
BC
= - 3 x 2 = - 6 tm
(b) Slope Deflection Equations:-
M
AB
= M
FAB
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
B A
3
2 2
2
u u
= -4 +
B
EIu 5 . 1 (1)
M
BA
= M
FAB
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
A B
3
2
2
u u
= +4 + 3
B
EIu (2)
M
BD
= M
FBD
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
D B
3
2
2
u u
= 1
B
EIu (3)
M
DB
= M
FDB
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
B D
3
2
2
u u
= 0.5
B
EIu (4)
(c) Equilibrium Equations:
M
BA
+

M
BD
+

M
BC
= 0
4 + 3EIu
B
+ EI u
B
+ (-6) = 0
4EIu
B
2 = 0
EIu
B
= 0.5
(d) Final Moments
M
AB
= - 3.25 KNm
M
BA
= 5.5 KNm
M
DB
= 0.25 KNm
M
BD
= 0.5 KNm

4. B.8: Analyze the portal frame shown in fig by slope deflection method.
Draw BMD (Anna Dec 2009)

(a) Fixed End Moments:

Span AB
M
FAB
= M
FBA
= 0; M
FCD
= M
FDC
= 0
M
FBC
= - KNm
wl
30
12
6 10
12
2 2
=

=
M
FCB
= + KNm
wl
30
12
6 10
12
2 2
+ =
+
=
(b) Slope Deflection Equations:
M
AB
= M
FAB
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
B A
3
2 2
2
u u
M
AB
=
3
2
EIu
B
(1)
M
BA
=
3
4EI
u
B
(2)
M
BC
= -30 + | | 0 2
6
2
+ +
C B
EI
u u
= -30 + 0.66
B
EIu + 0.33 EIu
C
(3)
M
CB
= +30

+ | | 0 2
6
2
+ +
B C
EI
u u
= + 30 + 0.66 EIu
C
+ 0.33 EIu
B
(4)
M
CD
= | | 0 0 2
2
+ +
C
l
EI
u
= 1.33
C
EIu (5)
M
DC
= | |
C
l
EI
u + 0
2

= 0.66
C
EIu (6)
(c) Equilibrium Equations:
M
BA
+

M
BC
= 0
M
CB
+

M
CD
= 0

3
4
EIu
B
+ (-30) + 0.66EIu
B
+ 0.33EIu
C
= 0
2EIu
B
+ 0.33EIu
C
30 = 0 (7)
+ 30 + 0.66 EIu
C
+ 0.3uEIu
B
+ 1.33 EIu
C
= 0
0.33EIu
B
+ 2 EIu
C
+ 30 = 0 (8)
Solve the equation (7) & (8)
EIu
B
= 17.9
EIu
C
= 17.9


Final Moments:
M
AB
= 12 KNm; M
BA
= 24 KNm ; M
BC
= 24 KNm
M
CB
= 24 KNm; M
CD
= -24 KNm ; M
DC
= -12 KNm

4. B.9: Analyze the continuous beam loaded as show in fig by the sloe
deflection method. Support B Sinks by 10mm. Take E=2x10
5
n/mm
2
, I =
16 x 10
7
mm
4
. Sketch the bending moment and shear force diagrams.

(a) Fixed End Moments:
Span AB
M
FAB
= -60 KNm

M
FBA
= +60 KNm
Span BC
M
FBC
= 15 KNm
M
FCB
= 15 KNm
Span CD
M
FCB
= -37.5 KNm
M
FDC
= 37.5 KNm

(b) Slope Deflection Equations:
Span AB: M
AB
= M
FAB
+
(

A
+ +
l
EK
B A
3
2 2 2 u u
u
A
= 0 Since A is fixed; A = 10mm (-ve)
|
.
|

\
|

l
I
K
Since the right support settles down
= - 60 + 2EK (0 + u
B
-
6000
10 3
)
M
AB
= - 60 +
3
EI
(0+u
B
-
200
1
) (1)
M
BA
= M
FBA
+ 2EK (2u
B
+u
A
+
l
A 3
)
M
BA
= 60 +
3
EI
(2u
B
-
6000
10 3
) (2)
Span BC: M
BC =
M
FBC
+
(

A
+ +
l
EK
B B
3
2 2 u u
M
BC
= - 15 +
3
2EI
(2u
B
+ u
C
+
100
1
) (3)
M
CB
= 15 +
3
2EI
(2u
C
+ u
D
+
100
1
) (4)
Span CD: M
CD =
M
FCD
+
(

A
+ +
l
EK
D C
3
2 2 u u
u
D
= 0, Therefore, D is fixed.
M
CD
= - 37.5 +
3
EI
(2u
C
) (5)
M
DC
= 37.5 +
3
C
EIu
(6)


(c) Joint Equilibrium Equations:

Joint B: M
BA
+ M
BC
= 0
From (2) and (3), 60 +
3
EI
(2u
B
-
200
1
) + (-15) +
3
2EI
(2u
B
+ u
C
+
100
1
) = 0
45 +
3
EI
(2u
B
-
200
1
+ 4u
B
+ 2u
C
100
2
) = 0
45 +
3
EI
(6u
B
+ 2u
C
+
200
3
) = 0
3
EI
(6u
B
+ 2u
C
+
200
3
) = -45 x 3 135
Joint C: M
CB
+ M
CD
= 0
From (4) and (5),
15 +
3
2EI
(2u
C
+ u
B
+
100
1
) 37.5 +
3
2EI
u
C
= 0
15 +
3
2EI
(2u
C
+ u
B
+
100
1
+ u
C
) 37.5 = 0
EI (Su
C
+ u
B
+
100
1
) = 33.75
EI (u
B
+3u
C
+
100
1
) = 33.75 (8)
(8) x (6) EI (6u
B
+ 18u
C
+
100
6
) = 202.5 (9)
EI (6u
B
+ 2u
C
+
200
3
) = -135 (7)
(9) (7) EI (16u
C
+
200
9
) = 337.5 (10)
EI = 2 x 10
5
x 16 x 10
7
= 32 x 10
12
Nmm
2

EI = 32 x 10
6
Nm
2

32 x 10
6
(16u
C
+
200
9
) = 337.5 x 10
3

337.5 are in KNm.
u
C
= -
464
1

EI (6u
B
+
200
3
464
) 1 ( 2
+

) = -135
u
B
= -
402
1

(d) Final Moments :
From (1), M
AB
= - 60 +
3
EI
(-
402
1
-
200
1
)
M
AB
= -139.843 KNm

From (2), M
BA
= 60 +
3
EI
(2
402
) 1 (
-
200
1
)
M
BA
= -46.354 KNm
From (3), M
BC
= - 15 +
3
10 32 2
6

(2
402
) 1 (
-
100
1
464
1
+ )
M
BC
= 46.3 KNm
From (4), M
CB
= 15 +
3
10 32 2
6

(2
464
) 1 (
-
100
1
402
1
+

)
M
CB
= 83.35KNm
From (5), M
CD
= - 37.5 +
3
EI
(2
464
) 1 (
)
M
CD
= - 83.477 KNm
From (6), M
DC
= 37.5 +
3
EI

464
) 1 (

M
DC
= 14.511 KNm

4. B.10: Analyze the frame shown in Fig. by the slope deflection method
and draw the bending moment diagram.


(a) Fixed End Moments:
M
FAB
= -3 KNm

M
FBA
= +3 KNm
M
FBC
= -3 KNm
M
FCB
= +3 KNm
M
FCD
= +3 KNm
M
FCD
= M
FDC
= 0
(Therefore No Lateral loading on CD)

2. Slope Deflection Equations:
The frame and loading are unsymmetrical. Therefore the tops of column
AB and DC will sway byA, say to the right.
M
AB
= M
FAB
+
(

A
+ +
l l
EI
B A
3
2
2
u u
= - 3 + | | A
B
l
EI
u
4

M
BA
= M
FBA
+
3
2EI
(2u
B
+ u
A
+
l
A 3
)
= 3 +
3
2EI
(2u
B
-A)
M
BC
= M
FBC
+
3
2EI
(2u
B
+ u
C
+
l
A 3
)
= -3 +EI (2u
B
- u
C
)
M
CB
= M
FCB
+
3
2EI
(2u
C
+ u
B
+
l
A 3
)
= 3 +EI (2u
C
- u
B
)
M
CD
= M
FCD
+
3
2EI
(2u
C
+ u
D
+
l
A 3
)
= 1.5EI (2u
C
-
2
3A
)
M
DC
= M
FDC
+
L
EI 2
(2u
D
+ u
C
+
l
A 3
)
= 1.5 EI (u
C
-
2
3A
)

3. Equilibrium and Shear Equations:
There are 3 unenons i.e. u
B
, u
C
and A
M
BA
+ M
BC
= 0 (0)
3 +
3
4EI
(2u
b
-A) 3 + EI (2u
B
+ u
C
) = 0
0
3
4
3
14
= +
A
EI
EI EI
C
B
u
u
)
14u
B
- 4A + 3 u
C
= 0 (4)
M
CB
+ M
CD
= 0 (2)
3 + EI (2u
C
+ u
B
) + 1.5 EI (2u
C
-
2
3A
) = 0
EIu
B
+ 5EIu
C
2.25AEI = -3
u
B
+ 5u
C
2.253 = -
EI
3
(5)
0 = +
+
+
+ +
p
l
M M
l
ph M M
DC CD BA AB
(3)
( ) ( )
+
A + A +
3
12 2
3
4
3
3
4
3
B B
EI EI
u u

0 8
2
2
3
5 . 1
2
3
2 5 . 1
= +
|
.
|

\
| A
+
|
.
|

\
| A

C C
EI EI u u

+

A A
3
12 33 . 1 33 . 1 4 EI EI EI
B
u

0 8
2
5 . 4 5 . 4
= +

A
EI EI
C
u

0
6
18 5 . 13 5 . 13 24 32 . 5 8
=
+ +
A A
EI EI EI EI
C B
u u

EI [8u
B
+ 13.5u
C
18.82
A
] + 24 = 0
8u
B
+ 13.5u
C
18.82
A
= -
EI
24
(6)
(5) x 8 8u
B
+ 40u
C
- 18A = - 24/EI (-)
(6) x 1 8u
B
+ 13.5u
C
18.82A = -24/EI
- - + +
___________________________________
26.5u
C
+ 0.82A = 0 (7)

(4) x 1 14u
B
+ 3u
C
- 48A = 0 (-)
(5) x 14 14u
B
+ 70u
C
31.5A = -42/EI
- - + +
_________________________
-67u
C
+ 27.5A = 42/EI (8)
(7) x 2.53 67u
C
2.07A = 0
(8) x 1 -67u
C
+ 275A = 42/EI
_________________________
29.57A = 42/EI
A =
EI
42 . 1

(7) 26.5u
C
= - 0.82A
u
C
=
EI
42 . 1
5 . 26
82 . 0

A

u
C
= -
EI
044 . 0

(6) 8u
B
= - 82 . 18
044 . 0
5 . 13
24
+
|
.
|

\
|

EI EI


EI
42 . 1

u
B
=
EI
4148 . 0

4. Final Moments:
M
AB
= - 3 +
3
4EI
(u
B
-A)
= -4.34 KNm
M
BA
= 3 +
3
4EI
(2u
B
-A)
= 2.21 KNm
M
BC
= -3 + EI (2u
B
+ u
C
)
= -2.21 KNm
M
CB
= 3 + EI (2u
C
+ u
B
)
= 3.33 KNm
M
CD
= 1.5EI (2u
C
-
2
3A
)
= -3.33 KNm
M
DC
= 1.5EI (u
C
-
2
3A
)
= -3.26 KNm





MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD

5. A.1: Define Sway? (Anna Dec 2010)
Sway is the lateral movement of joints in a portal frame due to the
unsymmetry in dimensions loads, moment of Inertia, end conditions etc.
5. A.2: Define Carry over Factor? (Anna Dec. 2009)
Carry over factor is the ratio of moment induced at the far end and the
moment applied at the near end.
Carry over factor C.O.F =
2
1
M
2 / M
=
If the far end if simply supported, there is no carry over moment. Hence
the carry over factor is zero.
5. A.3: Define Distribution Factor? (Anna Dec. 2010)
A moment which tends to rotate without translation to which several
members are connected will be divided amongst the connected members in
proportion to their stiffness.
i. The rotation of each member at A is obviously u.
ii. The Moments M
AB
, M
AC
, M
AD
will in the ratio K
1
: K
2
: K
3

Hence
M
AB
= M .
K
K
1
|
.
|

\
|

M
AC
= M .
K
K
2
|
.
|

\
|

M
AD
= M .
K
K
3
|
.
|

\
|

The factors K / EK are called distribution factors.

5. A.4: Define Stiffness? (Anna May 2009)
Stiffness is generally taken as the force required toproduce a unit
displacement (in a member or structure). It is also the moment required to
produce unit rotation at a specified point in a beam / structure.
K =
l
EI 4
(For end is fixed) 3.1 (a)
K =
l
EI 3
(For end is Hinged) 3.1 (b)



5. B.1: Analyse the continuous Beam shown in fig by moment distribution
method draw BMD (Anna Nov. 2007).





(a) Fixed End Moments:
M
FAB
= -6 KNm ; M
FBA
= +6 KNm
M
FBC
= -2.4 KNm ; M
FCB
= +3.6 KNm
M
FCD
= -5 KNm ; M
FDC
= +5 KNm


(b) Distribution Factors:
Joint Member
Relative
Stiffness
Sum of
Stiffness
Distribution
Factor
B
BA I / 6
0.167 I + 0.41
= 0.567 I
I 567 . 0
I 167 . 0
= 0.29
BC 2 I / 5
I
I
567 . 0
4 . 0
= 0.70
C
CB 2 I / 5
0.4 I + 0.2 I =
0.6 I
I 6 . 0
I 4 . 0
= 0.67
CD I / 5
I 6 . 0
I 2 . 0
= 0.33



FEM -6 +6 -2.4 +3.6 -5 +5
Distri -1.04 -2.55 +0.93 +0.46
C.O. -0.52 +0.465 -1.27 +0.23
I Cycle -6.52 +4.96 +4.485 +3.26 -4.54 +5.23
Distri -0.137 -0.33 +0.85
7
+0.422
C.O. -0.068 +0.428 0.165 +0.21
II Cycle -6.58 +4.82 -4.38 +3.95 -4.11 +5.44
Distri -0.127 -0.31 +0.10
7
+0.052
C.O. -0.06 +0.053 -0.155 +0.026
III Cycle -6.64 +4.68 -4.63 +3.90 -4.05 +5.46
Disri -0.017 -0.042 +0.10
0
+0.049
Final -6.64 +4.673 -4.672 +4.0 -4.0 +5.46

5. B.2: Using Moment distribution method draw BMD of the Continuous
Beam Shown in Fig E.I. constant (Anna May 2012)

(a) Fixed End Moments:

M
FAB
= -
8
Wl
= -45 KNm
M
FBA
= +
8
Wl
= +45 KNm
M
FBC
= -
12
Wl
2
= -36 KNm
M
FCB
= +
12
Wl
2
= +36 KNm
M
FCD
= -
2
2
l
Wab
= - 71.11 KNm
M
FDC
=
2
2
l
Wba
= +35.55 KNm
(b) Distribution Factors:

Joint Member
Relative
Stiffness
Sum of
Stiffness
Distribution
Factor
B
BA I / 6
0.167I+0.167I
= 0.334 I
I 334 . 0
I 167 . 0
= 0.5
BC I / 6
I 334 . 0
I 167 . 0
= 0.5
C
CB I / 6
0.167I+0.167I
= 0.334 I
I 334 . 0
I 167 . 0
= 0.5
CD I / 6
I 334 . 0
I 167 . 0
= 0.5






FEM -45 +45 -36 +36 -71.11 +35.55
Release +45 -35.55
C.O. +22.5 -16.775
Corrected
FEM
0 +167.5 -36 +36 -87.885 0
Distri -15.75 -15.75 +25.94 +25.94
C.O. +12.97 -7.87

I Cycle 0 +51.75 -38.78 +54.07 -61.94 0
Distri -6.48 -6.48 +3.93 +3.93
C.O. +1.97 -3.24
II Cycle 0 +45.27 -43.29 +54.76 -58.01 0
Disri -0.99 -0.99 +1.625 +1.625
C.O. +0.812 -0.495
III Cycle 0 +44.28 -43.46 +55.89 -56.38 0
Distri -0.41 -0.41 +0.24 +0.24
C.O. +0.12 -0.205
IV Cycle 0 +43.87 -43.75 +55.92 -56.62 0
Distri -0.06 -0.06 +0.35 +0.35
C.O. 0 +43.81 -43.69 +56.27 56.27 0







5. B.3: Analyse the Continuous Beam Shown in fig by moment distribution
method Draw BMD (Anna Dec. 2010)
(a) Fixed End Moments:
M
FAB
= -
12
Wl
2
= -20.83KNm
M
FBA
= +
12
Wl
2
= +20.83KNm
M
FBC
= -
12
Wl
2
= -7.5KNm
M
FCB
= +
12
Wl
2
= +7.5KNm
M
FCD
= -
8
Wl
= - 30KNm
M
FDC
= +
8
Wl
= + 30KNm

(b) Distribution Factors:
Joint Member
Relative
Stiffness
Sum of
Stiffness
Distribution
Factor
B
BA I / 5
0.2I+0.33I =
0.53 I
I 53 . 0
I 2 . 0
= 0.38
BC I / 3
I 53 . 0
I 33 . 0
= 0.62
C
CB I / 3
0.33I+0.166I
= 0.496 I
I 496 . 0
I 33 . 0
= 0.67
CD I / 6
I 496 . 0
I 166 . 0
= 0.33




FEM -20.83 +20.83 -7.5 +7.5 -30 +30 -20
Balance -10
C.O. -5
-20.83 +20.83 -7.5 +7.5 -35 +20 -20
Distri -5.06 -8.26 +18.12 +9.07
-2.53 +9.21 -4.13
I Cycle -23.36 +15.77 -6.55 +21.8 -25.93 +20 -20
Distri -3.50 -5.71 +2.76 +1.36
C.O. -1.75 +1.38 -2.55
II Cycle -25.11 +12.27 -10.88 +21.71 +24.57 +20 -20
Distri -0.52 -0.86 +1.91 +0.94
C.O. -0.26 +0.95 -0.43
-25.37 +11.75 -10.79 +23.19 -23.63 +20 -20
Distri -0.36 -0.59 +0.29 +0.14
C.O. -0.182 +0.145 -0.29
-25.55 +11.39 10.34 +23.19 23.49 +20 -20
5. B.4: Analyse the Continues beam shown in fig Plot BMD use moment
distribution method (Anna Dec. 2009)

(a) Fixed End Moments:
MF
AB
= -
(
(

+
2
2
2 2
2
2
1
l
b wa
l
b 1 wa

= - [35.55 + 13.33]
= - 48.88 KNm
MF
BA
= +
(
(

+
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
l
b wa
l
b wa

= [17.77 + 26.66]
= 44.43 KNm
MF
BC
= - 64 KNm ; MF
CB
= +64 KNm

(b) Distribution Factor:
Joint Member
Relative
Stiffness
Sum of
Stiffness
Distribution
Factor
B
BA
6
I 2

0.33 I+0.375
I = 0.705 I
I 705 . 0
I 33 . 0
= 0.47
BC
8
I 3

I 705 . 0
I 375 . 0
= 0.53

















FEM -48.88 +44.43 -64 +64
Release +48.88
C.O. +24.44
Corrected
moment
0 +68.87 -64 +64
Distri -2.28 +2.58
C.O. -1.29

0 +66.59 -66.58 +62.71

5. B.5: Analyse the frame shown in fig by moment distribution method.
(a) Fixed End Moments:
M
FAB
=
25
9 x 2 x 10
= -7.2KNm M
FBD
= 0
M
FBA
=
25
3 x 4 x 10
= +4.8KNm M
FDB
= 0
M
FBC
=
12
3 x 2
2

= -1.5 KNm
M
FCB
= +1.5 KNm



(b) Distribution Factors:
Joint Member
Relative
Stiffness
Sum of
Stiffness
Distribution
Factor
B
BA 2I / 5
0.4 I+0.2 I +
0.2I = 0.8 I
0.4 I / 0.8 I = 0.5
BC I / 5
0.2 I / 0.8 I =
0.25
BD I / 5
0.2 I / 0.8 I =
0.25



AB BC BD
DF 0.5 0.25 0.25
FEM -7.2 +4.8 -1.5 +1.5 0 0
Release -1.5
C.O. -0.75
-7.2 +4.8 -2.25 0 0 0
Distri -1.275 -0.637 -0.637
C.O. -0.637 -0.318
-7.83 +3.52 -2.88 0 -0.637 -0.318

5. B.6: Analyse the portal frame loaded as show in Fig by the moment
distribution method and sketch the BMD and SFD.


(a)Fixed and Moments:
Span AB : M
FAB
= M
FBA
= 0
: M
FBC
= - M
FCB

Span CD : M
FCD
= M
FDC
= 0

(b) Distribution factors:


Joint Member
Relative
Stiffness
Sum of
Stiffness
Distribution
Factor
B
BA
2
I
4
I 2
=
6
I 5
3
I
2
I
= +
5
3
6 / I 5
2 / I
=
BC
3
I

5
2
6 / I 5
3 / I
=
C
CB
3
I

3
I 2
3
I
3
I
= +
2
1
6 / I 2
3 / I
=
CD
3
I

2
1
6 / I 2
3 / I
=

(c) Moment Distribution (Non Sway):
Joints A B C D
Members AB BA BC CB CD DC
Distribution
Factors
- 3/5 2/5 -
Fixed End
Moments
22.5 -37.5 +37.5
Balancing 15.0 -18.75 -18.75
Carry Over 11.25 -9.38 7.5 -9.38
Balancing 5.63 3.75 -3.75 -3.75
Carry Over 2.82 -1.88 1.88 -188
Balancing 1.13 0.75 -3.94 -0.94
Carry Over 0.57 -0.47 0.38 -0.47
Balancing 0.28 +0.19 -0.19 -0.19
Carry Over 0.14 -0.10 0.10 -0.10
Balancing 0.06 0.04 -0.05 -0.05

Span AB:
Moment to be balanced = 14.78 + 29.60 = 44.3 KN
Horizontal reaction at A =
4
38 . 44
L
38 . 44
=
= 11.10 KN




Span CD:
Moment to be balanced = -23.68 11.83= -35.51 KN
Horizontal reaction at D =
3
51 . 35
= 11.84 KN (-)

Value of force P preventing sway = 11.1 ~ 11.84 = 0.74 KN ()


(d) Side sway. Now, let a sway force of 0.74 KN () be applied at C.
This will include clockwise moments at A and D.
9 x
16
2
3 / I
4 / I 2
L / I
L / I
M
M
2
2
2
2 2
2
1 1
CD
BA
= = =

8
9
M
M
CD
BA
=

Assume M
BA
= +9 KNm ; M
AB
= M
BA
= 9 KNm
M
CD
= 8 x (M
BA
/9) = +8 KNm
M
DC
= M
CD
= 8 KNm
There are the arbitrary f.e.m.s. for sway analysis.
(e) Sway Moment Distribution :
Joints A B C D
Members AB BA BC CB CD DC
Distribution
Factors
- 3/5 2/5 -
Fixed End
Moments
+9.10 +9.10 - - +8.0 +8.0
Balancing -5.4 -3.6 -4.0 -4.0
Carry Over -2.7 -2.0 -1.8 -2.0
Balancing 1.2 0.8 0.9 0.9
Carry Over 0.6 0.45 0.4 0.48
Balancing -0.27 -0.18 -0.2 -0.2
Carry Over -0.14 -0.1 -0.09 -0.4
Balancing 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.05
Final
Moments
6.76 4.59 -4.59 -4.74 4.75 6.35
Sway forces corresponding to the above moments.
Span AB:

Taking moments about A
1
F
BA
(4) + M
BA
+ M
AB
= 0
F
BA
= (4.59 + 6.76) / 4
F
BA
= 2.84 KN = FAB ()


Span CD:
Taking moments about D
1
F
CD
(3) + M
CD
+ M
DC
= 0
F
CD
=
3
) 35 . 6 75 . 4 ( +
= 3.7 KN = F
DC
()
Total horizontal reaction at support = F
AB
+ F
DC
= 2.84 () + 3.7 () = 6.54
KN ()
But the actual sway force is 0.74 KN. Hence the correction factor =
54 . 6
74 . 0
=
0.113.

The moments have to be multiplied by 0.113. The following table shows the
non sway, moments, sway moments after correction and the final moments.


S.No. Moments M
AB
M
BA
M
BC
M
CB
M
CD
M
DC

1. Non 14.78 29.60 -29.60 23.68 -23.68 -11.83
Sway
moments
2. Sway
moments
after
correction
6.76 x
0.113
=
0.764
4.59x0.113
= 0.519
-
4.59x0.113
= -0.519
-
4.7x0.113
= -0.537
4.75x0.113
= 0.537
6.35x0.13
= 0.718
3. Final
Moments
(1) + (2)
15.544 30.119 -30.119 23.143 -23.143 -11.112