Fluid Mechanics Lecture Notes 2012

FLUID
MECHANICS
Manila Review Institute
Chemical Engineering Review
for the November, 2012 Board Examination
junolano@yahoo.com CP No. 09185663419
Dr. Servillano Olao, Jr.
Join the yahoo groups: mrii_che_2012
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Fluid Mechanics
Fluid mechanics
Branch of engineering science that has to
do with the behavior of fluids (liquids,
gases and vapors)
Branches of Fluid Mechanics
1. Fluid Statics
Fluids in equilibrium state of no shear stress
2. Fluid Dynamics
Portions of the fluid are in motion relative to
the other parts
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2 S. Olano, Jr. MRII
Nature of Fluids
A fluid is a substance that does not
permanently resist distortion.
Some physical properties of fluids:
a) Density or relative density
b) Viscosity
c) Surface tension
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Fluid Mechanics
Types of Fluids
1. Incompressible
Density is not affected by changes in
temperature and pressure
2. Compressible
Density varies appreciably with
temperature and pressure
Pressure Concept
For a static fluid, the pressure at any point
is independent of direction.
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Fluid Mechanics
English SI
Length, L ft., inch meter (m)
Mass, M lb
m
, slugs Kg
Time, T seconds (s), hr s
Force, F lb
f
newton (N)
Density, lb
m
/ft
3
, slug/ft
3
Kg/m
3
Systems of Units
Relationship between Force and Mass: F=ma
2
2
32.16
ENGLISH:
32.16
c
ft
g lbf
s
F m lbm lbm lbf
lbm ft g lbm
lbf s
(
(
| | | |
(
| |
| | (
\ \
(
(

= = =
2 2
SI: 9.806 ( )
m m
F mg kg kg newton N
s s
(
= = =
(

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Fluid Mechanics
A. Fluid Statics and Applications
Hydrostatic Equilibrium
Force balance:
- ( ) - 0
0
c
c
g
pS p dp S Sdz
g
g
dp dz
g
| |
+ =
|
\
| |
+ =
|
\
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Fluid Statics and Applications
2 1
1 2
constant
( )
c
c
p g
z
g
p p g
z z
g

+ =
=
Hydrostatic Equilibrium,
for constant density (most liquids)
0
0
c
c
pM g
dp dz
RT g
dp gM
dz
p g RT
| |
+ =
|
\
+ =
Barometric Equation
For an ideal gas, = (pM/RT).
Substituting,
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Integrating between levels 1 and 2:
( )
( )
2
2 1
1
2 1
2
1
ln
exp
c
c
p gM
z z
p g RT
gM z z
p
p g RT
=
| |
=
|
\
(Called the barometric equation)
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2. Simple Manometers
Pressure balance at level 0:

z
g
g
H
g
g
p p
g
g
H
g
g
a
g
g
z p
g
g
a
g
g
H p
c
m m
c
c
m m
c c c c
m
+ =
+ + + = + +
) (
2 1
2 1
Simplifying gives:
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Two-fluid U-tube Manometer
Pressure balance at point 0:
|
\
|
=
=
+ =
+ + = + +
A
a
H h
hA a H but
g h g H p p
g H h p g H h p
m
m
A B B m m
m m B B m A
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
2 1
2 1

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Other Liquid Column Manometers
Viscous forces in a fluid
Rheological Properties of Fluids
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B. Fluid Dynamics (Flow of Fluids)
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Evaluation of Fanning friction factor
Fluid Dynamics and Applications
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Evaluation of surface roughness factor
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Flow of Incompressible Fluids
3. Turbulent flow in pipes and closed channels
(correlation equations for f )
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Blassius Formula: (for smooth tubes)
Colebrook Equation:
Churchill Equation:
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Non-Circular Pipes
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Friction due to Pipe Fittings
Evaluation of F
f
(for fittings and valves)
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Entrance and Exit Effects in a Pipe
Entrance Effects for fully developed velocity profile:
for laminar flow:
for turbulent flow:
L
e
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Exit Effects:
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Design Charts for Adiabatic Flow of Gases Fig. 6-21, Perry 8/ed
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Momentum Equation
dt
mv d
dt
dv
m ma F
) (
= = =
(Change in momentum)
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Coverage Chart
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Classification of Pumps
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Examples of Pumps
A. Centrifugal pumps
Dynamic pumps
B. Reciprocal pumps
Positive displacement pumps
C. Gear pumps
D. Axial flow pumps
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Examples of Pumps
Examples of Pumps
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Examples of Pumps
Examples of Pumps
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Characteristic Curves
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Characteristic Curves of Centrifugal Pumps
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Guide in the selection of Pumps
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System head vs Available head
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Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
Head available at the pump inlet to keep the
liquid from cavitating or boiling
Where: p
s
= pressure at suction point
p
v
= vapor pressure of the liquid
If NPSH <= 0, cavitation will occur
Note: NPSH(available) should be greater than NPSH(required)

v
c
s
c
a
v s
a
p
F
g
v
g
g
z
p
NPSH
p p
NPSH
+ =
=
)
2
(
2
1
1
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| || |
| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |

= == = 1 H H
m
m v
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Pitot Tube
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Pitot Tube
For Compressible Fluids:
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Flow Meters
c) Head Meters (Orifices, venturi meters,
nozzles)
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Head Meters
Evaluation of Y: f (type of fluid)
For liquids, Y = 1.0
For gases, see Fig. 10-16, Perry
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Evaluation of C (discharge coefficient)
Types of Taps:
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Friction Loss Due to Flowmeters
Rotameters
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Flow in Open Channels and Weirs
1. Rectangular Weir
(Modified Francis Weir Formula)
) 2 )( 2 . 0 ( 415 . 0
5 . 1
g h h L q
o o
=
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= == =
tan
g 2 h 31 . 0
q
5 . 2
o
2. Triangular Weir Notch
Note: Both equations apply only for water
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Discussion of Problems
NEXT
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Fluid Mechanics Lecture Notes 2012

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